Oh, my name is Kyle and I run the YouTube channel Saga and apparently I got punched by Antifa today. You did? Well, no one can seem to find the bruises. I didn't get punched. I did get one of their flags, which I should have bought for this video, but I didn't.  So I'll wait until you get the flag. So we're sitting on stage having a conversation about free speech and about some important philosophical issues, and suddenly we hear a noise, I think, from the car from outside, and clearly there was some security that they were trying to hold these guys back and they just rushed them and they broke through. It turns out one of the security guys got injured, it sounds like. Yeah, yeah. Got a hit in the head, and then they rushed us straight and said, grab Kyle's microphone. And well, they tried for a while. I was just holding it and they were just trying to get it out of my hand. They surrounded us and they didn't really hit us or anything. I mean, it seemed like Bill Cowards generally started yelling and everything, but then we started calling them fascists and the audience really rallied on our side and cornered them. Yeah, lots of people came down and helped us out, and it was great. And they captured the flag. Yeah. Let's show them the flag. Yeah, yeah, yeah. This is the Antifa flag, I guess, and they lost the flag. If you're playing capture the flag, we won. I think we did. Good job. Absolutely. This is my trophy and I'm taking it off. So unfortunately, as a consequence of all that, the event was canceled, the administration and he thought, they started the fire alarms and they threw smoke bombs. Yes. And the administration felt like it was unsafe partially because the fire, I guess, system was out and they were worried. That was the result. Yeah. They ushered us out through the back. But we got together with you and about your people who were part of organizing the event and came to participate and we found our location and we had a nice, more intimate event. It's sad because 200 plus people didn't get to see this and didn't get to participate. We still had a good time and we videotaped it. Yeah, well, we'll put it up on the internet so they can watch it from the comfort of everything. Yeah. And that's what we were going to talk about. This is the crazy thing, right? We were going to talk about Iron Man's morality, it turns out. That's what you wanted to ask questions about. And to fulfill that is such a threat, right? Just our presence in campus was such a threat that they were willing to use violence, literally violence against us, administrators, other students, you know, to shut us down, to prevent us from talking about philosophy, morality, because maybe they're small. Maybe they realize that actually philosophy and morality drive the world. I don't think that's possible. True. Okay. Granted.   So they're the losers. We win. Amazing. Thank you so much, guys.


When I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I see what's become of the political list. Could they be killing themselves? I think they were seeing some collusional guys. I do tell a socialism with the way Russia and China have given it away. I really hate to criticise, but I gotta say, looking at the polls, they will never get their way. They're down with the homies, but they don't understand.


Like I'd actually kick it with her Yeah, I'm not the time you see a woman and in a funny show and they're just like like they're just they're not people Well, it's because they're created by Desires of other people right a lot of female characters are created by like here's what I want in a woman Like when we were doing Lucky Louie, I had a lot of fights with some of the writers about Pamela Because I wanted she's supposed to be a nurse an overworked nurse mother With a husband that doesn't really earn any money and they wanted her to be a sweet. Yeah sitcom wife So there was always this kind of like, you know, it was just so hard and it taught me why Like we did an episode about her having an orgasm and She realizes that she hasn't had one before and that she's 34 and then her role she was then And then she's having her first one and she's like what kind of what am I how could this have been? They're all this time and I never had one and then it through the whole the rest of the episode I'm trying to make her have another one It was a one of my favorite episodes Dan Mince wrote it With another guy Dan Aaron sure something like that anyway doesn't well matters, but but they so I'm trying to make her and and my neighbor his wife keeps screaming and and and in Sexually coming that I can hear it through the wall. So one day I knock on the door and I ask him How do you make your wife come that hard and he goes and he's kind of staying office What are you saying? I'm like last night I could hear her coming. He's like I was out of town. That's But Pamela so so the thing that happened was that in the end I can't try to make her come again after that first time and I can't do it And finally she goes can we just go back to where you come and I watch my shows because I hate this and That was her because we had another solution to it, but she I asked Pamela. What are you? What would you do in this situation? She said I wouldn't want the coming after I don't want it Let me watch my show. This is sexist. It's a chore. Just do it. You come It's gross and I saw I put that in and the and one of the writers objected saying I want her to claim her power I want her to have her orgasm and it's her choice. Yeah, well folks don't get to live that way And it's also not fun to watch and it's not it's not where people meet and love each other is in their strength It's in there. It's in their weakness, right? So I think that that's what I always loved about her as a character and as a writer and all these things is That she shows her weakest self shows her, you know, how hard it can be


If I pull a foil in today's video, I must open a vintage Yu-Gi-Oh-Pack. What's up guys we're back with another if I pull a foil we open a legacy pack video. I've done a few of these go check the playlist out if you guys have not seen the other ones but first we have a giveaway. I'll be giving away this Error Elemental Hero Wild Heart that is sealed so it's supposed to be a secret rare instead it's an ultra rare. All you have to do is like the video be subscribe turn on notifications and let me know what you want to see which of these vintage packs do you want to see open. So for our vintage pack lineup we have Cross Souls First Edition which is about eight years old at this point. Then we have Extreme Victory which is over 10 years old. We have a generation force slightly after the extreme victory so we'll kind of put them in order there like that. Then we have a power of the dual so you've opened a bunch of these on the channel but still have not pulled the cards that we're looking for the Chimeritech Ultimate Rare please. Then we have an Invasion Accounts this is a reprint but of course it's a classic and then an original magic ruler pack so if we pull a foil we will be rolling a die to determine if we open one through six whichever one it is and what do I mean by foil. For some it's going to be a ultra rare because if it's a guaranteed super rare that's not a foil because they're in every single pack. Maybe it's an ultra rare if it's one that doesn't guarantee foils it'll be a super rare so we'll explain that as we go through but I have about 20 packs that we're going to open today they're all pretty nice actually uh some mostly newer stuff but let's see if we can get something out of Cybernetic Horizon guaranteed super so with ultra rare plus we'll count as a foil here that's what we're going to do I'll try and say it every time we get to a new one. Crescia Reclusio let's see if we can pull something big more regenerator Cyber Dragon Vi-v-air I should say. Hans Zimmeriger Cosmic Brain or Cosmo Brain that's a blue-eyes card uh back in the day you know uh or at least in dual links we've got a universal adapter oh that's a vorticular drum gun so this is a guaranteed super so it does not count as a foil so the first pack a dud for us but no big deal we move on to Dimension Force this is another set uh that is guaranteed super so we're going to be looking for an ultra rare or anything better than that two pull of foil star lights in here we could potentially get the uh Ghost Bell and Haunted Mansion that would be pretty awesome we got the Reaper Fum we have the uh Bufo Leucola okay branded loss I don't know these cards Hydra we got Reverse Jar pretty cool the Ichiroki Ichiroku's Ledger Book we've got the Predaplant Triantis and a Scareclaw Slash I think this is actually kind of a cool archetype the Scareclaw stuff but that's a guaranteed super so no foil now we open up a set that's actually kind of old so you guys get a nice little old pack maximum crisis six years old at this point Ash Blossom first ed potentially you could be in here let's see if we can pull it Ash Blossom first ed is still pretty expensive so let's see if we can grab it uh Spiral Power with the True Draco Apocalypse this is the first printing of Ash Blossom isn't insane it's been six years Zephyr War we have uh Turquoise Wonder Cobalt Sparer I'm literally saying everything wrong this is impressive I already do this but this is worse Cateroost we have a Performapal Sky pupil and subterrifying this this also is guaranteed super so unfortunately nothing there all right let's try an Ignition Assault we could pull the Lightning Storm Starlight Rare out of here I mean the chances are about one in eight cases because I think this is before they added a fit starlight but one in eight cases is still pretty rough so let's see if we can pull it okay I did the I did the uh thing wrong but that's okay the the foil should be at the back it's a guaranteed foil let's hope it's a Starlight Rare Bellcat Fighter Guard Ghost Megaleth Emergence Megaleth Hageth we've got a Mayakashi's Magnescript and uh oh a Secret Rare Peakery at Ignister that is indeed a foil Secret Rare is the highest rarity besides of course the Starlight so our first foil pull our first chance at a legacy back all right we are starting from left to right one through six let's see what we can roll with the die a six right off the bat we are starting off with a magic ruler original pack okay that's a big roll first foil we're already opening something big let's go magic ruler original print can we get a blue eyes tune dragon how cool would that be even unlimited would be huge original cards you can tell one two three four we have an october sir hungry burger a classic commencement dance the metal fish malevolent nuzzler ancient one of the deep forest fire kraken dark witch and is this the foil potentially hero shadow scouts are just a regular rare out of our magic ruler pack but our first vintage pack opened we still got a lot of packs to go so we could see more all right magic rule we do have a backup so we have another magic ruler pack now that could be rolled so we'll see if that happens next up dimension four's first edition i didn't have great luck with this set when i opened it up personally so let's see if we can turn that around right now dogmatic atergy got heroic challenger morning star ancient warriors savage surprise chain divine dragon titanum makai hi we've got the alternative the i these are just too long heroic challenger or champion ice jade curse and we've got a performer pal lady angel this is when they got rid of rare so there's no rares but there are supers in every pack okay let's try a dark wing blast first ed you guys know this is a great set there's a lot of great cards in here cash heroes are getting more support in the upcoming set which yeah i mean heaven knows they needed more of those they i don't think they did but who knows one two three four they are getting more that's all that matters let's get a starlight rare or you know super rare with the there's a lot of good supers a lot of good ultras secrets i mean there's amazing stuff in this set we've got a tessia pendulum bayrock dragon tilting entrainment tear elements heartbeat ninjitsu art tool iron digger go to cosmos and a cash hero birth just a super rare right off the bat no rare like kind of throws me off because i'm like rare and then the foil doesn't happen in these it's time legendary duelist duels from the deep not the best set ever made but there are two packs in this blister which is pretty cool so double chances at a legacy pack opening which is i'm sure what you guys all want so i'm going to do the the first legendary duelist duels from the deep and then we'll see if we can get a foil these are not guaranteed foil so this is where if we pull a foil at all it will be a legacy pack marwood rocker torrential i mean that's a pretty good card marincess bubble ring and it will be next i have no idea okay marincess pascalas and number 71 reburion shark so there was no foil in that one but don't worry that's why they are double trouble like team rocket let's do this we have pulled one foil so far number c101 silent honor dark we have to see that as a common we got karyu shen does okay it's the second slot does that mean we got a foil dark reef we've got the full armor and black ray lancer and said a whale okay still not a foil and uh okay it's just random i guess they're just different spots well i thought that was going to be a foil based on the placement but i was wrong next up battles of chaos a fan favorite and one of my personal favorites because you know magikaribo dark magician stuff some blue eyes jet dragon star light dark magician randomly in the pack so if we do the pack trick right here which we're going to something wacky could happen we'll have to find out let's let's hope it does shining uh piece philia that would also count as a foil it is guaranteed foil in here but we have the dark magician obviously that counts serpent strike ice jade erosion brandy disciple we got a noru aries the vernal dragon the anabemaru a soul sweeper tribe divide and a white relic of dogmatica okay we have one foil so far we got to pick this up guys let's go back to maximum crisis first edition can we get ash blossom and joyous spring first edition i am down to do let's do three i think we have the set rotation yeah it's like pokemon diddy ghost gift exchange kaiser sea snake speed roid skull marbles we got the disciples of the drago phoenix the dark contact with eternal darkness and fairy tale luna actually a pretty good card there's another one after it we could have done for a pretty good card just a super though so this is guaranteed luna is a pretty strong card though i'm gonna set it aside but no foil for that one now let's try our favorite set ever dawn of majesty foil for legacy pack here it comes will we get the starlight stardust and then have to open a vintage pack right after that that would be quite the treat for you guys as well and me as well if i pulled the stardust i would be okay with that let's see if we can make it happen one two three four i think you still have rares in this set we have the alve in the essence of vanity mutual reflying sting magic you duo beast king unleashed alien stealth buster monster assortment glacier aquaman door jar of generosity and trick star festival wow these are rough so far just one foil here's one we haven't tried yet this is probably going to be a hard one to get a foil because you have to get either an ultra or a collector rare you guys know how i feel about these collector resets but king's court was a pretty fun one let's see if we can potentially get lucky here and pull a collector rare that would be pretty awesome you don't really like usually pull a random collector out of a random pack it's pretty tough we're just going to flip this over because i don't know what the pack trick is pendulum transfer zw tornado bringer it might be next for all i know golden idol oh no it might be at the end actually on this wicked avatar unexpected die we have a warrior returning alive and we have a joker straight we did get an ultra let's go so that is officially a foil out of king's court who would have guessed that one of the hardest to pull a foil out of you actually get one so that's a good thing it's time to roll number two okay we got the fourth one that's power of the duelist you guys favorite set power of the duelist first edition we have seen this quite a bit i've had great luck with this set i haven't pulled the cards i really want but i've pulled a lot of ultimate rares so i would love to continue to do that so let's do four from the back come here take over dragon dark neos ultimate rare we got flare neos ultimate rare all that stuff we're also starboard we got ambulance roid common soul destiny you're a blade master d spirit wonder garage alien gray synthetic seraphim and neospatian aqua dolphin that is a super and yes that's a foil so they do stack we will be rolling again for the neospatian aqua dolphin we do have an extra power of the duelist so that will be replaced time to roll again one through six here we go oh it was a two okay a two generation force first edition let's go leviathan dragon ghost rare i have pulled one for someone else but not for myself so i would love to do that right now one two three we have crash bug x we have opened a lot of the set and not had luck for ourselves wind up dog element two euro flash we got gusto codor cracking goblin burg treaty of uniform nomenclature we have the fish and swaps and damage vaccine max that is not a foil but that's okay we got to open two vintage packs there that pack will be replaced by a judgment of the light first edition okay next up we have chaos impact first edition yes ip mascarena potential starlight rare let's see if we can get it one two three four how crazy would that be we have dances with beasts desert locust promenier the burning star promenier we got the bayonetta the painful barrel okay these are insane the gladiator beast comeback gladiator beast that recently it's crazy finish track brutal dozer action magic double banking peaceful burial okay so there it is in the overburst dragon so we will not be pulling a fifteen hundred dollar starlight today here we go back to dimension force you got to imagine that we can do this we can pull some amazing cards daifo first dead star lights let's go can we get a starlight from daifo one two three four or any foil at all we have the therion reaper foam where rocks sea string madden them in your list we got the sarcophagus the krotangu the hydra we got a rucks and spads are right to the therion cross not a foil unfortunately not to worry we still have more battles of chaos i know you guys wanted to see more so here we are battles of chaos dark magician in a random slot in the pack i'm expecting it to happen if that happens and we get double foils out of this that'll be two two legacy packs just calling it out now one two three four that'd be pretty sick we have agdoic serpent strike ice jade erosion mad hacker s force lup lup swell we got the fire opal head ghost rick siren the miroi the dream mirror trader and oh we got a rucks and spatula we place police and nordic relics savalin savalin savalin all right not a foil okay i brought a couple of interesting ones we got synchro storm light addition so these are very difficult to pull foils out of at all this doesn't count this little bonus card even though it is a super rare technically we have two packs here these are both like three card packs so it's going to be tough to pull any sort of like rare at all out of this so we'll see if we can even do that synchro storm light pack even get barren that'd be crazy we've got leer list speedroid and pin of revolution that's a rare okay that's actually a good thing out of these let's try the second one synchro storm light addition can you pull us a foil come on give us the barren ultra rare quill bolts speedroid and a floor sync run okay we tried we gave it our best effort okay okay one of our best packs today most successful i mean one of two because like one was a vintage pack pulling a foil so two of the regular packs of bold foils one was a collector rare set gangscore let's see if we can go back to back that would be pretty impressive can we get a collector rare was at the very back pendulum exceeds gold nye's idle ultimate shield we've got the rescue rabbit wicked dreadroot consteller told me m7 and thunder speed summon so no we cannot go back to back but don't worry still a couple packs left let's try this out the final battles of chaos pack we need something guys this has been a pretty rough opening we haven't had a lot of good pulls uh so far we had one secret rare one ultra and then we pulled a super out of a vintage pack come on battles of chaos let's go one two three four give us the dark magician right at the front that'd be awesome dog matta cacabre we got the groza dyno morphe a lurch we got the dyno morphe shield rock scales pretty cool looking card doll happiness we got the silver silver vine sin re we got the sword soul strife and Nordic smith a baldy come on stop tempting us like this we think that we have something and then we don't two packs to go power of the elements a great set super super strong in the meta a lot of really good pulls here all we need is a foot doesn't even have to be a good card you just gotta believe here guys one two three four this is the blister opening for you where sometimes they just don't go that well inoc sentry of the goatee melphi walle the a second the bicorner goatee the pit night early the venus lift of the flowering fields marftronic telephone the ravenous vendred vanguard of the underground emperor and a sprite jet not a bad card but another super that leaves us with our final pack and this is the biggest one we have for the current packs rising rampage the first set with star lights we could pull apollos out of here starlight rare or or secret that'd be good as well but the starlight rare is big big money the first ever one of the first ever star lights the other just three others in the set so any of those could be pulled here we go world legacy bestowal we can do this some more repulsion draw discharge reptilian lamia psychic fervor marincess current we've got a some morgue onslaught and we have shaman of the tinny that's an ultra okay mug of the tinny also not bad shaman of the tinny look it's not the you know link monster we're looking for but it is an ultra rare which means we will roll the die one more time at least unless we pull a foil again we'll roll it again here we go one through six three extreme victory all right extreme victory and if we pull a foil here any foil we'll open another pack so we'll see what happens can we continue you know this could go on infinitely if we just keep pulling foils we'll have to see what happens one two three i'm gonna do three from the back here scrap kong come on let's get that tour guide from the other world secret rare and then roll again go to the mech lord emperor we've got stapling ceiling ceremony of makaton jet falcon we got contract with the aquamere car curry cash shed we've got hush psychic cleric and out of the blues or ending it off at least with the legacy pack but unfortunately no foil there if you guys enjoyed this video make sure to subscribe to the channel for more epic content like this shout out to toe and foe show dax or j t cho puffins of doom or nestle d and a dizzy flexi boy hop is choice three through three my cycle james jance tcg trusted cards america doitzer supreme sage 21 frankie martinez and a thai show ian moosa junior barting mimic gecko shadowfall and thomas mclean thank you guys for supporting the channel and i'll see you guys in the next one peace


As golfers in 2023 we are spoiled for choice from every brand no matter what your handicap or what you like the look of what you like the sound of every loft option every bounce option they all seem to have you covered and now Callaway have introduced another product that you didn't know you needed this is in fact Callaway's new apex utility wood and what that means is it's not a fairway wood and it's not a hybrid either wow that's incredible isn't it so the question is what is it and who's it designed for so first of all what about the size and profile it's bigger than a hybrid but it's smaller than a fairway wood you've then got three loft options you've got 17 19 and 21 degrees those loft options mean that it's a potential replacement for both your three and four hybrid and also potentially your five and seven woods now i've actually asked for the 21 degree and the reason i've done that is because i find that to be the most versatile loft certainly for me because what i'm thinking of i'm thinking of playing it from the tee and also from the fairway and also potentially from the roof so that 21 degrees gives me plenty of flexibility that i don't think is in that 17 and 19 option and from our dry ball data it looks like the ball carries around 200 with a full swing with a respectable three and a half thousand rpm and i'll talk further about dry ball data later and how it impacts on the overall performance of this uw club because we will of course be ranking this club in every separate department in our new ticks every boxes format and that's a prime example of that flexibility and that ability to dig the ball out of what was a pretty heavy lie there and the utility wood with 21 degrees just cut through that grass i really like that option i prefer that than a hybrid in that case and probably prefer it than the bigger profile of the fairway wood as well but in terms of carrying a ball 200 yards while i already have a hybrid can do that and i already have a seven wood that can do that so why would i want the callaway utility wood well for me there is one singular reason that you would choose to play the callaway uw over a hybrid and a fairway wood that is such a solid strike and a fantastic ball flight but the reason has zero to do with performance at all and it's all to do with profile and shape because the only difference that this thing does significantly difference is it looks different like i said it's bigger than a hybrid smaller than a fairway wood and to be honest with you i love it i just love the profile at the address position it gives me everything i want i'm not sure length of shaft i think it's 41 and a half inches in terms of length and i've got plenty control over it sometimes hybrids do get a little bit small for me and fairway woods are supposed on the bigger side and what they've done with this is they've just got that happy medium between the two so for me the one main reason that you would look to change this is because you prefer the way it looks than the other options today's video is brought to you in partnership with hot golf the online golf mega store bringing you the hottest deals in golf and of course the club's featured in today's video find the link to the hot golf website in the description below and check out some incredible giveaways and offers now i said it was the main reason but there is another reason which we'll talk about very very shortly it's a lot to do with this weighting system that callaway have introduced in this and another driver that was quite different in some sort of performance as to quite what you might expect but before we get to that i just want to start on our tix aller box is format let's start by the looks of this thing now i'm going to talk about the looks in terms of shelf peel first of all now when you look at it what it's got is a weighting system that is pushed forward you've also got some rails on there which you can't remember the terminology for them it's on screen for you now but it's to aid turf interaction and i'm not going to quantify whether that is a success or failure or not but from a looks perspective from underneath shelf appeal i've got no problems with it it looks fine but i think for me where it particularly looks good is that address position and it's not necessarily about the looks it's more to do with the profile but either way we'll just give it a very simple and straightforward tick in the looks department that's a super ball again super ball flight are able to just step on that one a little bit and flight it down a little bit lower and that's again something that we'll talk about well now let's talk about on-course performance because that's the next tick in the box that i really like in terms of what it's done out here on the golf course so don't forget we play it from the tee we play it from the fairway and i've also played it from out of the rough and on each occasion it's done exactly what you'd want this type of club to do and when i see this type of club i want versatility in a club that's got 21 degrees in it it performs far better than i could with a four iron and it does things slightly differently than like i said a hybrid and a fairway wood so in terms of on-course performance it's been superb and a definite tick in the box the next thing i want to talk about is that sound and feel box there's another really good shot you know solid again the sound and feel is not necessarily something everyone's going to buy a hybrid or a fairway wood for it's not something you pay a lot of attention to but for me it's always key and i think that Callaway have got this really spot on because i found a lot of the paradigm line up to be a little bit too soft a little bit too muted in many ways and with this it's spot on and it feels like that the ball is firing out there it's zipping off the face without making some kind of loud bang when it goes off there and i think again that's got something to do with where this weight is positioned which i'll talk about very very shortly but in terms of sound and feel 100% another tick in the box for Callaway now the other piece of our criteria is dry ball data and it's hard to have a barometer because what do we measure it against in terms of there is no other utility wood that i can compare it to so what i'm going to look at right now is some standard numbers that i would expect to be looking to get with a 21 degree hybrid fairway wood equivalent and for me what the utility wood does particularly well it hits all those parameters but the particular bit of interest for me in the 21 in particular is that high launch angle that descent angle reasonable spin number and all over it's just a good mix up of numbers that mean whatever type of shot you're looking to play whatever whether it's a par 3 and you're looking trying to stop the ball on the green you've got that descent angle to do it you've got the ability to flight it down and lower that launch angle which like i said that means another set of numbers again but trust me out here on the course we've seen the ability to do that so the flexibility that this offers means that those parameters for me in terms of dry ball data are 100% hit in terms of what i'm looking for at least from a 21 degree club in the bag so it's another tick in the box and we've only got forgiveness really to consider and how do we consider whether this has been forgiven or not because quite honestly i've hit it from the center of the clubface on pretty much every shot that's the right club that's another solid and straight shot as well but forgiveness i mean i'll say that if there's anything with that one in particular maybe a little bit off the bottom grooves and it was a shot earlier on though we hit off the fairway where i commented to anabiana camera that it did far better than it should have in terms of got a little bit of ground before ball so there the two shots alone that i'll base the sort of forgiveness element is very hard one to pass judgment on the ball hasn't done anything really different in terms of where if it's on a clubface and it's ended up in a similar sort of position in the case of i've ended up carrying in and around that 200 yard mark so forgiveness it's an odd barometer but we'll put it in there and we will say that it's got a tick in the box so i think that's all five isn't it it's a Callaway product that ticks every box and for me that one thing that i've held on to talk about throughout is the the waiting system being pushed forward because it's a weird one this club in Callaway's sort of description is aimed at the better player it is in the apex pro lineup but for me it's a very playable club it's a very forgiving club like we just spoke and that weight push forward often suggests otherwise because weight forward generally means a more lower spinning it means CG is pushed forward so it's not really helping in terms of launch as well so it does everything that suggests it is in that better player category but somehow the way this club is set up and they did it in a driver as well i think it was the big birther B23 that came out this year as well where weight was pushed forward but they still maintained launch and forgiveness and i think they've got a similar setup in terms of technology in this club as well so two things that really stand out for me shape and profile is one of them second one being that weighting system is not a negative it's very much a positive in my opinion or whatever's going on inside of there there'll be all kinds of batwing technology we've got these rails on the bottom that are doing special things as well the overall thing is it ticks every box and it is a definite interesting product for me the problem it causes me is that how do i get it in the bag and what am i going to remove to replace that's the big question anyway if you've got this kind of dilemma if you're looking for this kind of club it's got to fit the bill it's got to be worth a try and i'm pretty sure that you'd be super impressed with what this apex utility would do and it's certainly worth one for consideration right i'm all done i'm finished you've got plenty more content to come from portal championship golf course thanks for joining us and i'll see you all soon


Ultimately the the way that the universe collided was I was later to learn and I certainly didn't know that day that the woman the mother That my client killed Was John's wife Yep at one point in the courtroom. They said they wanted 15 to life. Yes. They did. Yes. They did so at that point No negotiations.  So we are bare minimum 15. Yeah, it's 15 It's like 15. It's basically I got the you know, yeah, go ahead and we walk in a trial and the first time That we're picking a jury and remember exactly the last courtroom on the fourth floor I walk in and and I knew that I was gonna spend the next week or two weeks in that courtroom And I was gonna be eyeball to eyeball with John and his family And at my client's family on one side and this is like a wedding We got the friends of the bride friends of the groom at both sides of the deal and all of a sudden You know, I had the right thing to do is you know, I can't ignore John And I probably should have said something earlier to him in the case But I was hoping that we'd be on and past it Because there is nothing more uncomfortable than face-to-face talking to the person that lost their their their wife That their son their daughter and your client killed them Because you don't have a whole lot of credibility and you're not the good guy as far as the family goes Generally, you're the scoundrel That's trying to keep the murderer out of prison where he or she deserves to be and that was me


We're here at the ID TechEx show with PST, this is Professor David Britton. David, tell us what you're up to. OK, well what we have is a printable silicon temperature sensing technology. So everything here is printed and one particular application we have demonstrated here with thermal imaging maps, which is connected wirelessly to the computer. So if I take the nice warm water and I put it onto here, you see it reads the temperature display there. Oh yeah. How sensitive is it? What's the temperature? This one will activate at any temperature, but it's typically about on that would be about 0.1 degrees Celsius resolution. But of course this is just a visual display so you can't actually see it. The other application is which we actually produced with other partners for you last year. The battery is a little bit weak so I'm going to make sure it's connected. This is the switch. It says use five cents a cup so I have five South African cents. I connect it there and when it's connected, would you like to pass me the hot water? Maybe just put it onto the sensor. It's already reading warm and it's probably actually going to go to hot. Yes? Oh yeah. And now if we take it off it'll come down again. So you make the printed sensor here? Yes, we make the printed sensor. And all it's doing is this is a hybrid system. So there's an EM microelectronics chip which has been programmed so it's reading the analog to digital input. And there's just three levels. So if it's below, the output is below certain voltage, it will read cool. Within a range from warm and above then the coffee or in this case the water is too hot. Excellent. Very cool. Thank you.


Now that we've seen that it can be pretty hard or even impossible to establish if something is indeed true but that trying to falsify claims can help us understand the world, let's take a look at how we can rely on the things we think are not false. Let's first consider the invention of the wheel. Arguably, the wheel is one of the most impactful human inventions and we have tested and optimized it. The wheel is a very sophisticated piece of technology and that's why the phrase you don't need to reinvent the wheel makes so much sense. Let's say you wanted to invent a wheel that can be used for a very specific purpose such as for race cars, high-speed bikes, heavy trains, landing jumbo jets and so on. In this case, you wouldn't have to reinvent the concept of the wheel first in order to be able to develop it further. Instead, you can rely on the general principle of what a wheel is and then build on it. This intuition of relying on things that work without having to reinvent them time and time again is at the core of philosophical approaches that deal with paradigms, research programs and research traditions. They too hold that once you have established that something works or more specifically it is not false. Then you don't have to prove it again and again if you want to do something new. The idea is that we can rely on things we already knew are probably not false. That means once we've corroborated a certain theoretical speculation, we can integrate it into our belief system and keep using it without having to reexamine this principle time and time again. Instead, we can refocus our resources on building on this corroborated idea. These systems of effects, questions and research practices rely on are referred to as paradigms, programs and traditions, a terminology introduced by philosophers such as Thomas Kuhn. Another way to think about such paradigms is as a set of knowledge you carry with you when you go on vacation in a foreign country with a very different culture. You already know some things about how people interact with each other, which helps you recognize behaviors in this new culture again. Although you might be used to people greeting each other with a hug, you might be able to recognize that a behavior constitutes a greeting even if it looks very different. Let's say if people rub their noses. If you rely on a paradigm that makes it easier for you to see instances of certain principles in this paradigm applied to different situations. While it's definitely efficient to accept some things as established, corroborated and traditionally agreed upon, there are some struggles associated with paradigms and traditions as well. First, consider that rejecting an established paradigm may not be well received. If you criticize and attack a central tenet of what's regarded as an established theory, those uphold the theory may not be welcoming of your criticism. Think of an example where we use a certain belief system in everyday life, which is traditional and well established. Many things come to mind. Now consider how the supporters of this belief system would react if one is critical of its central pillars. For instance, imagine what would happen if you criticize the existence of money and you wanted to abolish it. How would people react who've relied on the use of money all their life and worked hard to amass it? There are many examples where we can witness difficulties to depart from what appears to be an established paradigm, from legalizing gay marriage to welcoming refugees. Now, this example doesn't necessarily have much to do with truth, but it helps illustrate why it can be difficult to change existing paradigms. When it comes to science and asking about truth, we have seen extreme paradigm shifts in how we think about the world. Consider that draining blood from the bodies of sick people used to be the most common medical practice performed for centuries, because the then accepted belief about health held that imbalance of bodily fluids was the cause of illness. Today, bloodletting is only performed when indicated by a few very specific diseases and it's otherwise considered pseudoscience. But imagine how tough it must have been to challenge this paradigm about bodily fluids if everyone believed it for centuries. So tough, in fact, that bloodletting is practiced in alternative medicine until today, even though it has been shown that it's actually harmful to drain blood in cases other than the few illnesses where it is required. Typically, it takes more than one challenge of a paradigm until it will be abandoned, and also a viable alternative paradigm to switch to. Sometimes it can take an outright crisis to foster paradigm shifts, which are basically a form of revolution of thought. In addition to stifling criticism, paradigms and traditions can become problematic when they restrict the types of questions you can ask and the types of questions that you can get answers to. You probably know the saying that if all you use is a hammer, everything starts looking like a nail. This principle might also hold for paradigms and traditions. If you only look at the world through the lens of your particular research program, you could miss out on questions that lie slightly outside your field of sharp vision, and the answers you give may be different depending on which glasses are used to find them. To illustrate the first point that you may not ask certain types of questions, let's go back to our logical positivists and deduction. That is drawing conclusions from the true statements. If you only use deduction and you don't ask inductive questions, you would be quite restricted in the way you look at the world. The tools incorporated into the paradigm of deduction cannot be applied to inductive questions. To illustrate the second point that the answers you give to a question will be different depending on the paradigm you rely on, let's consider another example. In North American culture, let's say that's our paradigm, putting a child on the head or tuzzling their hair is used as a sign of affection. In a different paradigm, let's say that of Sri Lanka, the same behavior would be considered highly invasive and rude as the top of the head is considered sacred. In another example, Germany is well known for its cuckoo clocks. And such clocks make popular tradition inspired gifts. However, many Chinese people would consider receiving a clock as a curse, as the phrases for giving a clock and attending someone's funeral sound alike in Cantonese and Mandarin. Depending on your paradigm, the same behavior could be seen as an affectionate gesture or an insult as a nice gift or a curse. Now, of course, in these examples, there is no objective truth about what these gestures mean. It's all about the social norms you're used to. But this goes to illustrate that the paradigms you're used to can influence how you interpret the world, also when it comes to truth. If you'd like, you could pause the video here and do the following exercise about paradigms and traditions. Instead of focusing on scientific paradigms and traditions in this exercise, I'd like to invite you to focus on your personal everyday paradigms. I'd like to ask you to assess the way you are thinking and see if it might be the case that you follow your own personal tradition of thought. First, identify a way of thinking you use in everyday situations. These could be things like your political beliefs, your beliefs about gender, your beliefs about veganism, or religious beliefs. Then ask yourself, how you would react if someone challenged this belief? How would you react if someone told you that the way you were thinking through the lens of this specific belief was limiting and that you were missing important aspects outside of the field of vision that your belief system grants you? Finally, ask yourself if this might mean that your beliefs tempt you to treat everything as a nail. Meaning that you might see manifestations of your beliefs proven, proven right, although that is not necessarily the case. Now, let's turn to another exercise. To understand better how paradigms and traditions influence the way we see the world, research a historical paradigm that was used in an area of science that you are interested in. For example, you could read up on the theory of bad ether being the cause of diseases, the ether theory in physics or about phrenology, the theories in psychology that ascribed personality differences to body types or bulges in the skull. Find out if this way of thinking was used in related areas as well, for instance. Was bad ether also thought to be the cause of mental disorders? Were differences in body morphology also thought to be the cause of other psychological functioning? Let's say of things such as intelligence. Then find out how this paradigm was challenged. What arguments did opponents of this view use to convince others that it was not a description of reality that actually worked? And finally, how was this area of science revolutionized? Which other paradigm gained popularity instead? In this part of the course, we have taken a look at how to rely on existing theories, paradigms, and research programs. We have seen that it makes sense to accept that some parts of our knowledge seem to be not false and to integrate them into a paradigm or tradition. At the same time, we have seen that relying on such paradigms too much can be problematic because we may not be able to shake them again. And we may use them even if it's not actually appropriate. This concludes this chapter of this course. Overall, we have taken a look at some basic questions of philosophy of science. One central idea in this philosophy of science is that we need to put our theoretical speculations to the test. In the next chapter, we will work on understanding how such tests work, and how to design them yourselves.


What's up everyone it's your girl Kenzie here from Lane Sports Cards and I'm ripping another personal hair for Paul A. We've got another 21-22 National Treasures basketball. All right Paul, had a nice first box there for you. Let's see what we can get out of this one. Good luck. It really has been a crazy week one Brandon. Absolutely insane. First up we've got 60 out of 75. Anthony Edwards. Go with the Ant-Man Auto we just pulled you. We've got one-of-one printing plate of Robert Covington out of Prism Basketball. Robert Covington. Jersey Treasures 58 of 99. Devin Booker.  That's a lot of rain. 24 of 25 on the Retro Jumbo Materials. Karen Butler. Flippers on that one. 24-25. Then we've got Crossover. RPA 55 of 99. Brandon Boston Jr. BBJ. Brandon Boston Jr. 55 of 99. And we've got Redemption. Rookie Materials. Autograph. Triple. Car number 14 of Jonathan Kominga. Nice hit there for you Paul. Kominga on the RPA Redemption. Very nice. Warriors hit. We'll make that redemption for you. Then we've got a little Bobon on the Jumbo Jersey to 99 for the Mass. Timeline Materials. 60 of 99. Got a little that ball looks in his hands. That's crazy. Dude is huge. Jersey Treasures 52 of 99. Mike Conley for the Jets. Then we've got Lasting Legacies. 96 of 99. Montemores for the Nuggets. Montemores. Nugs. And last but not least we've got 22 of 25 National Treasures. Dante Devin-Chenzo for the Bucks. Devin-Chenzo. Alrighty Paul. That will do it for your box. Congrats on those hits. Thanks so much for hopping back in. We do appreciate you. We'll get these right out to you.


Hello, I'm Daza Greenwood of law.mit.edu, and this panel discussion is with some of the key authors and contributors to the MIT Contact Tracing Privacy Principles, and we're going to unpack some of commentary to help understand better what these privacy principles are and to highlight some of the key issues and options that they reveal. So first up, I'd like to introduce my colleague, Brian Wilson, who is the editor-in-chief of the MIT Computational Law Report, through which we have published the first draft and we will publish subsequent drafts of the MIT Contact Tracing Privacy Principles. And Brian, could you put a little color on that, please? Sure thing. We started these Contact Tracing Privacy Principles back in March, and our goal was to kind of develop a way that people who were interested in understanding the tensions around contact tracing, especially with regard to privacy rights, epidemiological effect, how they could get involved and understand and develop some best practices around what we're doing, where we should go, and so on and so forth. And so as a publication that's interested in convening key stakeholders, producing content and having conversations, we thought a great way to do this was through drafting some principles, holding these ongoing conversations, and coming up with more and more rich materials. So we started that by first drafting a series of these privacy principles, and that was our version 0.1. And so in the expanded version, 0.2, we then went on to add a little bit of commentary, and this is where this stage of the principles comes in. We want to really inform the thinking behind actually how we develop these principles and set forth kind of a way that people could contribute and provide feedback. And so that's most of the background about where we've been and really excited to get to where we're going. And as you'll see from the great speakers on this call, we're going in some really interesting directions, and we've put a lot of really good thought into this. I'm excited for them to get a chance to introduce themselves and talk about the great work that they've been doing. Indeed. Thank you very much, Brian. Hold on a minute. Speaker view. I may have to manually switch the screen here. Thank you, Brian. And so speaking of our speakers, we are joined by, I think in order of their remarks, Ajinta, who's the founder and CEO of ClinIQ Health, a digital health platform that has spun out virus IQ, public health projects, providing a digital screening platform for virus disease detection and prevention. So that couldn't be more relevant today. Ajinta is a physician innovator with 20 plus years experience in medicine across the UK, Australia, and the US health care systems who is passionate about health technology innovations across medical devices, drug discovery, and drug health. With a special interest in artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies, Ajinta is an advocate for human rights, meritocracy, diversity, and inclusion. So I will introduce our other two speakers in turn right after Ajinta has an opportunity to talk to us a little bit about one of our most important principles, identity control. And if it wasn't obvious, you can see the entire list of principles at law.mit.edu, as Brian said. And we're going to just do a bit of a deeper dive through commentary and panel discussion to highlight some of them. And the first one is identity control. So Ajinta, thank you for joining us today. And thank you for all your contributions to this open collaborative drafting process that we've been convening at MIT. And won't you please share some of your thoughts on this principle? Yes, thank you, Jasmine. Thank you to the group for these important work that's being done. So I think I was going to touch on two limbs of identity control. So the right to control and informed consent. When we talk about right to control, some of the topics will be around de-identification and anonymization, pseudonymization of data. And one thing that's important to make clear is that identifiability is really a continuum. So you have the continuum from fully identifiable data where the person's name and the record sits in an easily correlatable manner to the anonymized, fully anonymized data where it's almost impossible to re-identify that individual. There's a lot of debate around re-identification and the ability to do so, particularly in current kind of innovations. And I think there's also another way to classify personal data de-identification. That's pseudonymization, where the process of the personal data is sufficiently separate, where the personal data is sufficiently separate from their medical record. And it would be quite difficult to put those two records together, unless it was intended to be done as such. There's also a common kind of theme around the recent contact tracing and recent innovations in that we need to move towards some sort of decentralization process, where there's minimization of data use and the purpose of that data use is limited. So there's various apps around the world that are using things like the DP3T protocol. And that really places greater control to the individual, and the individual then is able to permit sharing of their data, as opposed to the individual having to pass over control to a third party entity. When we talk about informed consent, this is coming, taking a lot from sort of medical practice. We talk about materiality. So this is where consent has to be given and the individual has to be informed of anything that is material to them. So the test is materiality, where a person may consider something quite important to them, and that needs to be disclosed to them and informed. And so I think with a digital tool such as these apps, where consent is taken, say maybe at registration, and then that consent remains quite static and irreversible, one could say that there might be breaches in terms of informed consent. And what we think is there's a body of evidence around dynamic informed consent that consent should be, even within these digital tools, should be granular, should be changeable after the fact, and the GDPR also states that people should be able to delete their record as and when they wish. And the dynamic informed consent would enable people to delete kind of elements of their record, not necessarily all of their record, or revoke their consent at any point in time. So that's just some of the topics that I wanted to touch on. I was going to interrupt you from time to time with the question, but that was so clear, I think it really spoke for itself. So I guess, well, I do have one thing, I suppose, which is for informed consent in the context of a contact tracing, say application, like a consumer application on a mobile phone, what would be a good, how could that actually be accomplished in a legitimate way? Currently, the screens of dense legal information don't really seem to inform, they're more of a facade. What would be a design pattern or some example of how informed consent could be legitimately applied in the context of a contact tracing app on a smartphone? Yeah, good question. There are various tools that have implemented designs like this, so there's an Australian genomic centre that has done it, virus IQ has implemented a design for informed consent. So what we have is a privacy notice, which you're welcome to scroll through and then press I agree at the end, which then commits you to that privacy notice.  So it asks you whether you want to receive notifications, or whether you want to opt in to share data for research purposes, whether you want to opt in to share data for various other reasons. And it also has a clear statement at the bottom, which says that this consent can be changed at any time, and should you wish to let your record at any time you can. So then the user, I should say, can go into their profile and at any time change that consent mechanism. And should the platform change or data usage change, then the person can receive a notification with a new consent that they may have to make. And that would be considered dynamic informed consent. The consent has to be given in plain, or the information has to be provided in plain English. So what we've opted to do is give brief information and then have this quite lengthy, detailed information page that they can go to, which would be on the website, as opposed to in the app itself. So I think that's one way of doing things. You can see from, if you go on to European websites, such as Bloomberg, particularly for advertising and marketing purposes, they have granular informed consent and they have a switch tab which says, do I consent to this particular activity or not, such as cookies, control, et cetera. So a lot of this comes about GDPR as well. Perfect. GDPR, I'm getting a little bit of a feedback. So maybe if you're not speaking, if you can mute. The GDPR benchmark is, of course, a very solid standard and it's increasingly becoming a global standard now. And in the success of the low bar that I was alluding to with the click through contract that's two characteristic in other parts of the world. And then I also heard you really referencing your rich background in medicine and in healthcare. And the types of consent, the consent paradigm in healthcare is also a higher bar. And so it sounds like this would be what we're really saying is appropriate for how to treat the consent aspect of a contact tracing app. So thank you very much, Ajenta. That was very helpful. And let's let us move on. Our next speaker and also a contributor to the MIT contact tracing privacy principles is Mark Potkowitz. And Mark is an attorney and director of the Legal Innovation Center at Ulster University in Belfast, Ireland. Mark has a background in federal legislative policy in Washington, D.C., United States, where he worked on a range of matters related to privacy, technology, national security, intelligence, and defense. Mark teaches an undergraduate and he teaches undergraduate and graduate law programs at Ulster University and is the course director for the new corporate law and computing, LLM and MSC. And it's not on his formal bio here, but I also might mention that he was a student at Brooklyn Law School and is one of the leaders of our favorite civic group, Legal Hackers. So Mark, welcome. And I believe you wanted to help unpack some of the complexity behind this principle of proportionality that contact tracing apps that the risk to privacy ought to be proportional to their effectiveness at containing COVID-19. Oh, thank you very much, Dazza. And thank you for having me here and speaking on this wonderful panel that we've put together. And this is a complicated issue and everybody should feel free to jump in and ask me to explain if I'm using terms of art that might not be things that you've commonly been exposed to in the past. This issue of proportionality is complex because whenever it comes to things like fundamental liberties, like privacy, we need to take on balance what it is that we're sacrificing and the benefit that we're drawing from that sacrifice. So often when courts look to these issues, and I'm speaking of this from a U.S. perspective, you will have some sort of balancing test where a number of factors are used to determine what the outcome should be based on certain fundamental principles. So here, when it comes to contact tracing and the privacy risks, we really need to consider what the public good is versus the potential private harm. As I've discussed other places, we have certain relationships that we cherish in the United States between people like lawyers and their clients, like priests and their penitents. In some jurisdictions, in most jurisdictions, in fact, there's an obligation for doctors, for instance, to have doctor-patient confidentiality that's observed. Independent agencies, the federal government, have certain privacy protections as do members of Congress. The list goes on, and when you look at privacy implications of contact tracing apps, you could certainly see a circumstance where relationships between people are jeopardized based on the knowledge of them coming into contact with one another, such as lawyers and their clients. Certainly, you can imagine a circumstance in which the CEO of a publicly-traded company routinely begins to meet with a lawyer at a firm which is known for doing bankruptcies and how that could have a significant implications. You could certainly have an instance where the CEO of a company is going to see a doctor regularly who is a well-known oncologist, and that could have significant circumstances. You certainly could see other instances in which you have people under witness protection or police informants or other people in different circumstances who are being put into compromising positions because some of their data could potentially be collected or improperly shared by contact tracing authority. A lot of these concerns are not hypothetical. Under the metadata program revealed by Edward Snowden with respect to the National Security Agency collecting Verizon business metadata, we saw drastic and wide violations of privacy in all of the types of relationships that I've discussed so far. You could certainly see an instance where somebody may try to weaponize a contact tracing solution to tag protesters or dissidents in a particular jurisdiction to map out a network of how they interact with one another through false reporting and contact tracing. There are certainly risks of people with access to the data improperly sharing it, either by accident or in some act of negligence. And as we've seen in the past, there are instances of something called parallel construction in which a law enforcement agency has access to information that they cannot get admitted in court and will find some other reason to stumble upon something like a drug deal or a robbery when there's no reason that a law enforcement officer would be getting a cup of coffee at four o'clock in the morning a mile away in the opposite direction from where he or she lives. So while these are the more drastic examples and some people may think they're hyperbolic, we have a lot of documented cases of these types of things being very, very real. So this isn't to say that contact tracing is fundamentally flawed on principle. And this goes back to the idea of proportionality. What is important is that we have the technology in place that accounts for these types of risks and that we have legislative regulatory or statutory measures that help correct for the potential abuse of these types of programs, whether deliberately or through carelessness. I could continually, I could go on for a while about additional examples and speaking to U.S. case law. But there is one- A lecture, that's for sure. And I know that to be sure. But I would like to ask you if you could focus on one specific thing, which is that, I guess I'd say that asset that we get from the common law of judicial balancing tests, which you were starting to allude to. And I'd like to hear more about that from you. So you just sort of spent the first few minutes talking about there are risks. So we've got risk on one side of the balance. And then the other side of the balance, at least as we have construed it in the MIT contact tracing privacy principles, is the justifying effectiveness at the app at combating COVID-19, in this case. So just to be very blunt, an app that has no effectiveness at combating COVID-19 would justify no risk in privacy. An app that could eradicate COVID-19 tomorrow may justify a greater risk to privacy. So that would be a policy quick. And then there's some curve in the middle there. Sure. Or be proportional. So that this concept of a judicial balancing test is one way we can find precedent and lawyers love precedent that perhaps we can apply to this new scenario. And I'd love to hear you zero in on that. Sure. So when we talk about balancing tests, there are various jurisprudential approaches that judges take. Some abhor balancing tests because they think it's an opportunity for a judge to submit his or her own opinion in lieu of the law. And I'm sorry to jump in, Dazza. You had mentioned something before about the camera switching. So I can only see you. Oh, you can? Oh, that's funny because I'm... How about now? I'm still only seeing you. Maybe I inadvertently clicked on something. So in that case, I apologize and I will go back to the explanation that I was doing before. That's all right. Since we're doing a live production here, others? I can see you, Mark. Okay, fantastic. I just wanted to make sure because with the transatlantic discussion, I just wanted to make sure that there wasn't some issue with the technology that would have an issue. So as I was speaking in response to your inquiry about balancing tests, I was saying that there are varying jurisprudential approaches to balancing tests. The idea is in law, we don't like always to say that this is strictly how things happen. David Hume made the distinction between the is and the ought. And I think it was Lyndon Johnson who said, give me a one-armed economist so that they can't say on the one hand but then on the other. And I think that a lot of law is on the one hand, but then on the other. So when it comes to certain types of legal doctrines, for instance, lawyer-client privilege, the presence of a third party in the conversation eradicates lawyer-client privilege full stop. So if I was meeting a client in a public restaurant, that would be terribly bad practice because that would not be protected by lawyer-client privilege unless I was in a secluded area. However, there are a lot of other instances where a totality of circumstances approaches taken or judges will weigh a varying number of factors in making what the determination is. And depending on what matter at the bench, depending on the nature of the matter at the bench, they will apply different balancing tests. So when it comes to privacy in the United States, we had initially had a theory in which only a physical trespass on property would be deemed a violation of privacy. For those law nerds out there, this was a 1928 Supreme Court case called the United States versus Olmsted. Fast forward to 1967, there was a case called Katz. So whereas in Olmsted, a telephone tap was put miles away from the house in the Supreme Court Chief Justice Taft writing said there was no trespass, therefore there was no privacy violation under the Fourth Amendment. So in Katz, what the government did was put a tap on the outside of a phone booth. Since they didn't put it inside, they thought they recovered. They said, no, no, no, no, we've put it on the outside. And so there was no trespass inside this phone booth. Well, the court said, well, no, when Katz went into the phone with the close of the door, he took steps to secure his privacy. He took steps to close himself to the world, and therefore the Fourth Amendment doesn't protect a place. And this is the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The right to be secure in our persons houses papers and effects from a reasonable search and seizure. So this Fourth Amendment... Spotlight, that word unreasonable. How do you say unreasonable? It's a balancing test. Right. And so the initial, the pendulum in a sense was toward what we think is unreasonable, right, this 1928 decision going to Katz saying, well, we put it on the outside of the phone booth and the court said, no, no, no, that's not the case. It was actually, I believe, Justice John Marshall Harlin II, who had said in his concurrence the reasonable expectation of privacy, which ties into this magic word that we lawyers love, the reasonable person, the reasonable expectation. So when it comes to these types of contact tracing solutions, we need to think about this idea of what is reasonable. And this goes back to this notion of the balancing test. So what do we think is the benefit and what do we think we are willing to pay for that benefit? And when I mean pay, I don't mean currency. I mean, pay is in our privacy and personal data. So it is really challenging, especially when we don't necessarily have the legislative framework in place to provide the types of protections we see in other areas. So without going down the path of different standards of guilt when it comes to Men's Raya, what we will say is in short, a lot of legislation gives a high degree of protection to government officials and government programs when they act carelessly or recklessly. In other words, a lot of standards that we would use to get evidence suppressed in these types of cases that was improperly turned over or liability to attach to government officials is often a standard of something higher than recklessness. Often knowingly, someone must knowingly do something.  Right. So we need to make sure that the people have this data. Qualified immunities come into the public spotlight a lot lately. In section 1983 as well on the federal scale. Yes, absolutely. Or and so just to start to wrap because we have, we do have another speaker. It's so there's several factors that one takes into account that a judge might take into account in weighing whether, for example, a search was reasonable unreasonable, you know, plain view, and these other things that you were alluding to. And then we are really opening the question to ask. We're not concluding it, but we're saying one of the principles is there ought to be some factors that are objectively measurable that can demonstrate effectiveness of a contact tracing app in order to justify whatever the countervailing risk to privacy is from use of that app or arising from the use of the app downstream with the data. And one might imagine and I'm just brainstorming here with you, but like hospitalizations. So measure deaths is a measure that we're already using to attribute to cause of death being COVID-19. You know, propagation rate of a spread in a hot zone through testing could be a measure. We can look to epidemiology and public health for classical measures of effectiveness countermeasures for containing and ultimately eradicating epidemics and pandemics. So does that sound about right for how we might translate these jurisprudential principles into this context of proportionality for a contact tracing app? They're very well put, Dazza. I think that the one thing I would like to add with respect to this whole notion is that I don't mean to seem very negative and I come from a background in which we did see a lot of abuse of programs that were designed to surveil not designed for a public health purpose. So perhaps I'm bringing maybe I'm not being a skeptic but being a bit of a cynic. And I think that I should I should encourage everybody when it comes to these to be a skeptic in the sense that they should want more information and want demonstrable facts rather than just presuming the worst. I would say as a lawyer I'm trained to presume the worst and prepare for the worst. Which is why my comments seem to be very distrustful and negative. I don't mean them to be that way. I'm just accustomed to preparing clients for the potentiality of something going horribly wrong. So that when things don't go horribly wrong they're pleasantly surprised. Right. Yeah, well said. Yeah. And in that spirit you know MIT you know we're an engineering school. We prize innovation. You know it's it's all about taking risks sometimes in order to make the world better. But the more we can engineer into the new innovation in this case contact tracing technologies ways to solve for all of the requirements and some of them are legal requirements. They're not all technical requirements or business requirements. The better we think that innovation is. So we want innovation not devastation. From something new. And thank you for highlighting that spirit. So now we move on to. Ryan Carrier. So Ryan is executive director of for humanity. Ryan founded for humanity after a 25 year career in finance. Ryan's global business experience risk management expertise and unique perspective on how to manage the risk led him to launch the nonprofit entity for humanity. And he's done this personally and I can say from our collaboration it's definitely a passion. Ryan helped lead the effort to create independent audit and governance of contact tracing as a trust enhancement initiative to aid contact tracing authorities around the world. And this has been a perspective that we've been very glad and grateful that Ryan has shared with our volunteer experts drafting team that has been working on iterating these MIT contact tracing privacy principles. And Ryan is going to provide some commentary and some depth on two of the privacy principles transparency and accountability. They're of course connected. So Ryan thank you for joining this panel and for your contributions to the privacy principles. Take it away. Well it's been my pleasure and thanks to you Dazza and the rest of the panelists and all the team on the drafting side that have done such great work. It's really valuable because we come from the perspective and kind of the thread of the JINFA to Mark to hear of before any of this matters about contact tracing we have to get usage. We have to get trust in the system for us to reach a certain level according to Brookings it's about 60% adoption of contact tracing technology before it even matters. And unfortunately all around the world we are short of that we are short of that level. And so a big part of all of this work and all of these principles is how can we raise that trust level from the perspective of the public. And so the two two areas that I've been focused on or that we've been focused on is independent governance the idea that there is an entity or a body that exists on behalf of the traced behalf of the people who will be examined in this in this process who don't really have a voice and unfortunately those who are in the authority the contact tracing entities or the technology companies they have a belief and I think unfortunately it's a mistaken belief there's a there's a trust gap here between their trustworthiness just in general it's not necessarily even on this matter but just in general their trustworthiness versus the public's perception of it and unfortunately the public's perception of it is really all that matters because and that's why we've seen such low adoption rates and such challenges. So the theory or the idea here is that independent governance can be and represent that voice where the mission is solely to look after the interest of the population of the contact traced. It is it exists and it works because we do believe the contact tracing is a valuable tool of public health plain and simple we've seen proof of it over decades and we want to find a way to enhance that trust so that more people are comfortable with that and obviously with informed consent and with good proportionality as Ajenta and Mark have talked about those are steps in the right direction and unfortunately we probably need more and so the idea of of a group that's looking after the interest of the trace to help meet and bridge that trust gap is key quite frankly and so it would be reasonable also then to ask well if you've got independent governance what information are they governing on or how are they adjudicating the value or the trustworthiness or even the process of these contact tracing systems and the answer to that is independent audit and so what we've constructed with the four humanity fellows which are experts from from all around the world who have poured in on the audit is this idea of getting complete transparency and thus when you have complete transparency you have complete accountability the idea that you can look question by question there's 238 questions and there will continue to be more as we evaluate and identify the information that needs to be uncovered on behalf of this Board of Governance to fairly understand and to work with the contact tracing authorities to do what they say they're going to do and to meet the thresholds of trust that are required for adoption and so we we think about the audit in it's it's five general ways and then there's a couple of elements that that relate directly to the technology so we look at it from a perspective of ethics bias or equity or eliminating bias is what we want to really say privacy of course trust which is a bit of a catch all that's really things like disclosure and transparency but also control and safety and then finally cyber security or or security in general those are the kind of the five primary principles but then we also look at the technology itself we look at the launch protocol how these things start and an important element is also the expiry when does this go away when do we need to stop contact tracing and very importantly as a JINFA referred to at the very beginning where does this data go and what gets done with it and importantly if I've been traced and provided some of that data did I consent to that data and that usage and another further example of that informed consent is we don't know when the pandemic is going to end we don't know when we will no longer be contact tracing and that's okay so it's okay not to be to throw a date out there August 31st 2020 we're shutting it all down that's silly that's not an appropriate approach what's appropriate is to say when we no longer need it from a pandemic point of view and thus as we move along if this let's say God forbid this tracks for another 18 months which isn't out of the wood you know it's not it's not crazy talk right maybe we need to go back and seek further informed consent to continue to to use the contact tracing system and acquire this data because maybe we only ask for it for a three, four, six month period and so it's examples like that where we are asking those detailed questions about the contact tracing authority and getting documented provable evidence of how they are implementing each of these steps along the way that gives us the confidence to fairly adjudicate the process and remember the point is not to take this information and run to the press and to say look how bad this is that doesn't help anybody that doesn't enhance any trust that doesn't allow the contact tracing technology or system to be trustworthy the point is to work with the authorities and to find the best practices and to achieve the things that will allow for that trustworthiness for that trust from the population being traced and this isn't just a national or state or provincial thing interestingly many of the discussions that I've heard have been that contact tracing may become bigger and more relevant at the corporate level where I think some of these issues become even bigger and more worrisome and thus having this infrastructure where we can enhance trust I think is vital to making and keeping the mission here is very simple contact tracing is a valuable tool of public health let's wrap it in bubble wrap belts and suspenders and just let it do its thing if you want to get other data if you want to track other things do it in another fashion let's keep contact tracing for public health and let's build confidence in that here here so independent governance to manage and be the responsible party for independent audit and independent audit to ensure trustworthiness to among other things create the conditions for broad adoption which is what's that's a prerequisite for contact tracing to be or for the technologies to be useful and effective and also to avoid abuses you know hence to be trustworthy one little thing I wanted to follow up on the example you gave which I hadn't known of before was one way to contain in time consent to make sure that it's active only so long as needed might be to have it automatically expire after say 18 months so if just to see if I understand that correctly if the pandemic were to continue for 20 months and let's say like WHO and in the U.S. you know you know our HHS and and others were to declare the pandemic and epidemic you know public health emergency over in you know 20 months say then is the idea that people would need to re consent after 18 months is that is expiring it prior to the end of the you know objective end of the pandemic is that really proportional because I'm just wondering because if people don't if people don't there'll be a lot of attrition whenever any time you ask for a user action and then yet the pandemic's not over yet and if there hasn't been a material change in the terms or anything else I wonder if that's really in you know when you weigh all the equities and the pros and the cons kind of pushing the right direction for trustworthiness and mass adoption and effectiveness it's actually a great question with with some very cool layers in it so let's start with the first which from the perspective of the audit and governance is ensuring that you don't have even a conflict of interest at the authority level right is the authority the one who also calls pandemic or epidemic and thus they're inherently conflicted and to be fair that is a genuine concern right that if this is just government and they're the only ones making the call and not relying on an outside authority like WHO well then why not just always have a pandemic right always have it in place and never have to worry about the expiry and that is a concern and it hurts trust and then to take it to your point of well let's let's go with the assumption that it's going to go at the system the contact tracing system will be in place for as long as it is needed that's wrapped up in the same theory of well it's just going to go on and on and on forever and I don't trust the authority to act accordingly and so if we're building up trust just the fact that you've shown a willingness to end this and in conjunction with end it to delete properly right to say we no longer need this data and we are getting rid of it and getting rid of it properly and then to do what you say you're going to do which doesn't always happen as we well know that will also enhance trust you're absolutely right it comes at the risk of that having to re-opt in but it is definitely considered I'm pretty comfortable with this but I won't speak for my colleagues that a layered a layered approach to consent in specific with how I'm being treated and what the new question is and look 18 months versus 20 months yes it's kind of there's going to be a lot of people like aren't we done but if we're talking about six month intervals in an 18 or 24 month cycle you know then I think you get used to the process and you kind of embrace it and you're more along the lines of I'm glad that they're thinking about it this way and I feel confident that when the time is up that they'll do what they say they do because they continually are asking for me to stick with it so you're right I do think there's there's attrition I think there's concern about these these kind of layers of consent but I think it's valuable from that trust enhancement perspective got it okay good thank you so and there you have it and that's some of the quality of thought which has gone into the MIT contact tracing privacy principles and the commentary which we're currently developing and you've all gotten a nice sneak preview of just now and so let's wrap up this panel discussion with some closing thoughts from each of the panelists and then perhaps Brian can tell us more about about what we can expect behind the curtain for a rollout of the content and how you can get involved so first things first maybe we can do it in order of the speak that you spoke and Jinta would you share any oops I didn't switch the camera can you share any final thoughts with us please yes well I wanted to make one comment actually in terms of what Ryan was talking about with the contact tracing and duration of time that the data needs to be kept in terms of a disease process like any virus you'd like to keep the contact tracing practice ongoing beyond the pandemic requirement because this virus is endemic now so it will persist beyond the pandemic you know titling or that period that's determined to be a pandemic so we need to keep the I think you're the only health professional among us could you just take a moment to describe to me and everybody therefore probably many others what do you mean by it's now endemic all right so what I mean by it's endemic I mean to say that the virus is here to stay so the virus has now entrenched into our environment and it's going to keep circulating so with SARS and even H1N1 even last season we've had cases of H1N1 so these viruses are not we haven't managed to eradicate it and now that it's persisted it will remain in our ecosystem wanting to contact tracing up how long we hold the data though is up for debate my view would be that you would not need to hold the data beyond 30 days on any one user I say that because the validity of that that diagnostic test or the screening result what a screening test result that you've incorporated in your contact tracing is no longer valid after 30 days because that one person has now technically recovered so they're no longer an index case and no longer contagious and they would need a new test to determine whether they remain contagious so really you don't need to keep anyone's data beyond a certain time period which is actually well within the pandemic zone so in terms of proportionality and privacy principles you could make a very good argument to say that we don't need to even keep data till the end of the pandemic period we just need to cycle the data through and the idea of so this goes back to my closing so I will make my closing thought now without taking too much more time that we need innovations that balance both data minimisation and purpose requirement with that emphasis on user agency and interoperability to support the sharing of the data in ways that benefit the user so it is in the user's interest to share it for research say for epidemiologists it may not be in the interest of the user to share it with say their local restaurant that they've gone to for one instance et cetera so that's my closing thought thank you thank you Agentha and we're so fortunate to have you with your background working with us on this and I believe our next speaker was Mark did you have any any kind of closing thoughts you'd like to share well I agree with everything that's been said so far as a lawyer and not a medical professional I'm not going to try to wander off pieced into the requirements with respect to medical data although it does seem to me that there is a temptation to overemphasise a lot of the potential drawbacks and try to minimize the potential benefits I was recently on a panel discussion about the issues of COVID-19 contact tracing and privacy and the question that was asked of every panelist was would you download what was then the active beta sort of the test of the national health services UK app onto your cell phone and there was a a lot of questions there and the majority of us have more than one cell phone and our answer was yes I would probably download it on one of my devices which goes to show that there are these competing elements because obviously if I download it on a device that I don't carry with me it is not doing the thing that it says it's supposed that it's supposed to be doing right I do it on a developer device that I keep in a faraday cage under the basement exactly so I still think that we are very conflicted with this and while there is a lot of potential benefit we need to be cognizant of and go into this with eyes open so that we can all make informed decisions with respect to our informed consent here here thank you mark and Ryan any closing thoughts that you care to share sure it's to agree with my colleagues first and foremost they're absolutely right and all of that is vital and just to remind those who would be watching this out there that there's actually something that has to happen first and that is people have to trust the contact tracing technology and use it and we need to take whatever steps we need to to reach that threshold of usage otherwise there is literally no point so it might come at the sacrifice of some things it might come at the sacrifice of large pools of aggregated data the UK suggested before they scrapped that they were going to keep the data for 20 years and there was a general uproar in the community because it's the exact opposite of the direction that kind of best practices were headed which how do we get rid of this data quickly and so there's that temptation to always want this data it might be great data but if it keeps people from signing up you'd never get the data anyway so that proportionality that Mark spoke about is absolutely key we have to get people using this tool and trusting it and taking it with them and turning it on and keeping the Bluetooth on or whatever technology we're using and if none of that happens then honestly this unfortunately this whole conversation is irrelevant and so all the steps that we can take to achieve that is kind of the path we have to start perfect thank you Ryan and good luck with the recent launch of your initiative for humanity thank you so Brian Wilson oh let me switch the camera Brian Wilson our erstwhile editor-in-chief of the MIT computational law report where we have where MIT has published the Contact Tracing Privacy Principles do you have any closing thoughts or perhaps opening opportunities for others who may want to contribute sure I think I I think I have kind of a little bit of both but you know the closing thought would be you know I think this quick overview that we've just gone through with regards to the commentary of the Contact Tracing Privacy Principles and how there's so much nuance to this discussion at a lot of different angles I think that perfectly encapsulates you know what goes on in the meetings that we have where we do these drafting you know collaborative drafting sessions and we get people's feedback from a bunch of different backgrounds doing a lot of different things and so I think you know hopefully this is something that people find interesting and people find appealing and if so there is a way to actually get involved one of the things that we're looking to do kind of further down the road map is you know really build up this commentary and keep that that continuous process of improvement with these principles going so that you know even down the road these can still be useful they can still be relevant and they can still take into account the context that's going on globally and even to some extent in more localized ways where people have expertise that they can specifically contribute so I think you know would love to encourage people to join up with us at law.mit.edu there's information there about how you can get into contact with us how you can get involved in projects like these and I would encourage anybody who's interested from any sort of background whether it's you know law computer science epidemiology public health even you know things like design things like user experience things like art things like storytelling you know those are all pieces that need to be baked into this recipe in order for us to wind up with something that is widely digestible widely usable and that gets to that threshold that everybody had kind of touched on where you know there's enough people using this in order for it to be something that that is useful and so I that's the the kind of call that I have for everybody who's out there watching this and thanks so much for co-hearing all these people together and facilitating something that's good and useful thank you Brian so in case you missed it if you want to get involved it's law.mit.edu and then just click on contacts it's right in the top contact us it's on the top menu bar felt the form you can get involved if you'd like to provide questions or comments or other resources on our MIT contact tracing privacy principles you'll see near the top of the page under our special release of materials on COVID-19 and countermeasures the first article is the privacy principles if you click on that we've got a link at the top of the page to a form where you can comment on what you've heard today or comment on the principles the commentary the assessment framework any questions or comments or contributions or ideas we love ideas that you'd like to share you can do so there under creative commons and that gives us the opportunity to openly share it out with the world as we curate everything that we're collecting so as Brian said I want to thank everybody for your contributions you three panelists have been really important to our joint effort at developing some thought leadership and making it available now when it can still really make a difference in combating COVID-19 so with that thank you very much and this panel is adjourned


Game day in Nashville, first home game, better stay hydrated, that feels good to me, I gotta enjoy it bro, we gotta love it, it's gonna be fun, game day baby, let's do it.


Suppose f of x is a function of x. So remember that a function is a relationship between variables that has one output for any given input. So for any input value x, there's a unique output value f of x. Now if we look at the graph of y equals f of x, then any input value x gives a unique output value y. And what this means is that we can decide from the graph whether we have the graph of a function. So for example, we have a graph. Does the graph shown represent that of a function of x? And let's explain why or why not. So consider any point on the graph. How about this one? Now this particular point has a particular x value. And the thing to notice is that for the particular x value of this point, there appears to be one and only one y value, since there are no points directly above it or directly below it. So whatever determines the y values of the points appears to give a unique value of y for any x. So this is the graph of a function of x. How about a graph like this? Well again, let's consider any point on the graph. And here we see something different. For some points, there are no other points with the same x value. So for this point and this point, there are no points above it and no points below it. But for others, there are additional points with the same x value. These are directly above it or directly below it. And the important thing to recognize here is that for these points, the same x value gives more than one y value. So whatever determines y can't be a function. And this leads to an important result, sometimes called the vertical line test. The graph of a function of x can't cross over itself. In other words, we can't have a portion of the graph that's above another portion of the graph. And this leads to something called the vertical line test. And we won't tell you what that is because it's important to remember, don't memorize procedures, understand concepts. The important idea in this case is that graphs that do cross over themselves have multiple values of y for the same value of x.


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