Good morning everybody. Bonjour My name is Jay pipes. I work at Marantis and This is Peter boros. He works at Bracona today. We're going to be talking about MySQL In its relation to OpenStack what works what? doesn't really work very well, and we're going to be showing you some Analysis of the MySQL query load that is generated By the various OpenStack services during Some runs of the rally benchmarking program So We're going to talk a little bit about our setup. We used an Amazon web services virtual private cloud For a whole bunch of nodes to do the testing. So we're going to talk a little bit about Our initial setup and then what we actually ended up using Based on Some problems we ran into with the first setup and then we're going to talk about how we analyze the the MySQL query loads that were generated from the rally tool and we're going to show you output of rally and PT query digest with in Peter's going to talk to you a little bit about how Galera cluster works Compared to a standard MySQL master master server or master slave service setup So What did what did we plan on doing for this talk? So we we really did want to Isolate the interactions between the various OpenStack components Nova Neutron Cinder all that kind of stuff and The back-end database server right we were not interested in you know, whether Zen is faster than KVM or or any of the stuff that goes on at the vert layer We are strictly trying to Examine the database communication between various nodes within the OpenStack services layer and the database and we're trying to identify The types of bottlenecks on the database side of things that that occur under Realistic workloads now there's a little bit of a trade-off there is because we're using the fake vert driver in Nova So, you know, it's not actually creating a VM and plugging in networking and all that kind of stuff We're able to execute a rally boot and and delete scenario or of tens of thousands of VMs Of course, that doesn't represent a real Real-world timing because obviously those VMs are going to be created very quickly in comparison But it does allow us to isolate on the database layer and take a look at the types of queries that are generated from the Nova and Neutron Cinder Glant services for that type of payload so We used multiple Amazon web services instances installed with OpenStack services. We used unmodified Icehouse packages for this Unmodified MySQL Prokona packages for MySQL Galera cluster a lot of what we talked about today By the way, we'll talk about Galera cluster and Prokona extra DB cluster, which is Prokona's Modified enhanced version of The upstream MySQL Galera cluster, but a lot of what we talk about is completely applicable to Anyone who's running in just a standard MySQL master slaves setup as well The queries that are generated are the exact same regardless of whether you're using a cluster database setup like PXC or you're using MySQL master slaves. So of all the people here, how many people use standard MySQL master slave replication? Okay, about 15-20 percent. How many people use MySQL Galera cluster? How many people use a combination of both? Okay, anyone use Postgres or another database DB2 or Okay You have one person Postgres Sorry, cool So yeah, we tried as much as possible to stick with unmodified packages of everything because that's really what people are using and We used a set of Ansible playbooks anyone love Ansible like I do Down with Chef So we we had a lot of fun actually working together on this set of Ansible playbooks and you can go to GitHub and and fork the the code and Investigate sort of how we set up Precona Extra DB cluster nodes with the bootstrap node and multiple other Precona nodes and all the open stack services of the network node and all that kind of stuff If you're interested in that so Yeah The the the things that we were interested in like I said are the database layer Things that we didn't need to worry about whether for instance Tenant VM to VM communication worked right we're not interested in that because what we're what we're doing is as a fake vert driver And there's no there's no actual VM that is created, right? So we didn't have to worry about that we didn't actually have to worry about actually starting a VM, right? we're waiting polling for Livevert KVM to actually start the VM instance So there's a lot of things that we didn't have to worry about so we ran into some some scaling bottlenecks sort of right away one of those was the the controller and and Peter's gonna talk a little bit about The first set of problems that we ran into when trying to actually put load on the database So at the first glance we were we were using seven AWS instances One controller node one compute one network a separated out got error cluster extra db cluster and one rally benchmarking node. These were pretty beefy machines C3.8x large instances and What we saw so this is just you know writing the playbook based on the install guide so installing OpenStack based on the install guide and The database issues we discovered this this is actually not a title slide So this is what we discovered based on this so the database workload was so light It was barely measurable if I would give you a book with the data You would be able to cope with the query workload manually literally so We started Investigating what the bottleneck is and the first that we ran into is then that by default Neutron server is is a single thread and that they top a CPU core So we set API workers and RPC workers the next bottleneck we run into this is actually different in Juneau in Juneau You can have multiple keystone processes, but Keystone in ice house is if you are not running it in Apache. It's a single demon So it was again a single core bottleneck Why running? It in Apache we ran into that bug. So that's the only Modification we meet made to keystone. So so it works We and we also put the queue on a non-controller node the network nodes load was really low So we figured that we could put the queue there First we actually put the queue on a separated node But the network node needs to needs to be able to reach so the DHCP agent of neutral needs QXS. So it's It's good if it's if it's there What we ended up having is one controller node. We want more in the future. We will see what you will see why We created 10 compute worker node one network and Q node Three extra db cluster nodes and one node for rally benchmarking the computes were Not as beefy as as the others, but the the bottleneck bottleneck wasn't the and the reason why? we didn't need or want to to use C3 8x large instances for the Compute nodes is that the Nova compute Damon is a single process single threaded so Putting it on 24 core Virtual machine makes absolutely no difference whatsoever But having ten of them as opposed to putting ten thousand instances on a single compute node does Make an impact in the query generation So obviously remember the the objective here is to stress the database out and we we tried as much as possible to stress the database out You know one one other thing which we had to you know configure Which is not usually in a production environment that despite we were running with fake Nova driver We know was still counted quotas So we weren't able to start that many virtual machines So we had to set the CPU and memory over commit rate to something like 1 million So right there's there's the CPU allocation ratio and RAM allocation ratio settings in Nova comp and they control When you when you schedule an instance onto a Nova compute worker The way that it checks its resources and determines whether it has capacity to run that VM Is it has its its set of physical RAM and and and cores and then there's an Overcommit ratio called allocation ratio and we can we adjusted that by a factor of a million For each Nova compute worker because obviously they're not actually using resources So we were able to do that to get around You know the issue with the scheduler would think that a compute node Was full when in fact it's it's not at all Okay, so yeah, we enabled the first fake vert driver we put 10 compute nodes to have a little bit more realistic Set up so that it wasn't a single record in the compute nodes table that we had more than one record in the compute nodes table more than one record in the services Table which is if you're familiar with Sort of how Nova works internally. There is a service group API that has actually foreign key relationship to the compute nodes table So for each compute worker that's gets spun up There is a record in the compute nodes table and then two records in the services table one for the network topic and one for the compute topic and so There is a set of periodic interval tasks that run that update the the schedulers Or rather the databases idea of the resources that are consumed on Compute instance and so we up the number of compute nodes to try and make that a little more realistic than a single Provider of a million VMs so We we set the quotas to negative one we actually ran a number of benchmarks to see if setting the know-op quota driver Or setting quotas to like a hundred thousand pretendent would make any difference and It does not so we just set quotas to negative one Which means unlimited and has a few short circuits within the quota DB driver For the negative one unlimited thing But we found that it didn't really make much of a difference whether we set it to a hundred thousand where it would actually be doing calculations of quotas or negative one where it's just doing some short circuiting quota calculations and Then we we originally we originally had pki set up kept running into issues with it the first issue we ran into was the The Keystone auth token middleware kept Not closing file descriptors, and so we'd have a bunch of zombied Defunct processes that are trying to do SSL certifications for the tokens Then when we tried to do multiple controllers, we ran into More issues with with pki. So then I just said okay Let's just put it on you you it tokens because that's going to stress the database out even more anyway, so The we we did set the the token driver Or token back end to uuid and in the keystone conf Which does generate a little more traffic to? Well quite a bit more traffic to the keystone endpoint so Okay, so what we tested We used rally so after you install rally we in the playbook We have rally installation as well it installs from the git repository and you point it to a deployment rally can actually deploy deploy an open stack Cluster to you for you as well. It has a pluggable deployment mechanism So what we actually want to do in the future is to plug in or our ansible playbooks Which are creating this AWS thing into rally So we are running a single rally command to create the environment benchmark it then tear it down So it how many people are familiar with rally by the way raise your hand if you used it Raise your hand if you're familiar with it Okay, and it's an amazing tool. It's it's really good. I really like it. I'm I'm doing I'm doing a lot of database benchmarking and You know not not necessarily open stack and I really liked it So you create a deployment configuration We created one for a for an existing cloud you can run rally deployment check to to see if Everything is available and then you can you can create Task descriptions. So for example, this is the boot and delete server test You give the flavor the image name This is the this is the net ID of a shared shared network in in neutron Rally right now actually needs this because it creates the users for for the benchmark So it creates its own users and then at cleanup stage it it deletes them And it doesn't yet create It doesn't yet have a facility although there's a patch in review right now To create a separate non shared network for each tenant during the the pre deployment phase So that's that's the reason that we have a shared network for all the tenants And since we're not really stressing we're not benchmarking networking itself. We didn't care too much I have a feeling that the the database traffic on the neutron side Will be slightly different with non shared networks because the code paths are a little different and how it determines which network to to put a put a VM into but For the for the for these benchmarks we use to share that work So with that configuration we run a thousand times with the concurrency of 24 So it creates a thousand VMs and then deletes it and it creates 50 tenants and 10 users per per tenant Okay, and Rally also because it's great. It is creating it its own users It has the facility to specify different quotas for the rally users You can just set minus one to them and you will be able to create as much VMs as you want This is the common you use to start the rally task and after it it ended you can use rally task list to to see or even if it's not it didn't end yet and You can use rally task report to generate a report in my report You will my reports you will see that the rally task didn't end there were some issues with the cleanup stage, but I Talked to Boris yesterday. By the way, if you are using rally join open stack rally IRC channel Boris helps it help is just amazing and and the tool is and the tool is Really good as well. We'll show you the reports in just a bit. Yeah, they get produced So but before sharing the reports, let's talk about Galera and how how does it work a bit? So, you know Based on based on what I talked to people, you know, I think this kind of gets you the big picture But not too much details. I could go on and talk about the details for two days or so The cluster can be seen as a meeting Right a cluster has a cluster uiD and I like this meeting on a logistics from Alex say your chunk of codership that When somebody leaves the meeting There is still a meeting going on. So that's one cluster node Stopped or failed or something Then when he comes back he joins the meeting again There is the meeting going on and there are less and less people Right less and less nodes in the meeting and when the last node leaves there are no there is no cluster uiD anymore so When a previously failed node or stub node comes back Then it will start a new meeting and Others will join to to this meeting this new meeting is the bootstrapping process of extra extra DB cluster So if you did service my SQL bootstrap PXC, it's actually the start Start the new meeting thing. So it starts up a new cluster and the other nodes will join to that Okay, I would like to talk a bit about how replication works, especially because of the select for update issue We you know at the at the last summit with the with the database panel discussion. We discussed it Also, I have a blog post on perkona.com slash blog which explains This this select for update issue in depth like what is exactly causing it? How can you you know? How can you work it around? Why is it there and stuff like that? But in a nutshell Go ahead and replicates in right sets a right set is practically a row based my SQL binary log event and some metadata The some metadata is good for two things You can compare two right sets and tell if they are conflicting or not and you can tell if a right set is applicable to the database so Whenever a node node writes it goes through a process called certification Certification involves two steps first is that the right set is compared to every other right set in the in the node skew and Because we can write on any node the in its queue it can have rights from you know from From multiple other nodes and if If it doesn't conflict with anything it checks if it's applicable to the database What do I think about when I say applicable to the database? For example, if you have an update or Or a row image which has a before and an after image as well Then you have to have the key which which it updates right if you don't have that That key then that row based row based event is not applicable to my SQL Replication will fail in this case So after the third certification is successful on the on the nodes It sends it in parallel to all the other nodes in the cluster. So this is the replicate part and when it gets back when it gets back from the The acknowledgement from the other nodes that they received the the right set the comet is finalized the remote nodes will certify the right set similarly, but since GT IDs are assigned Based on the group communication that is established the certification process is deterministic So the first node doesn't have to wait for the results of the certification on the remote nodes Similarly with the with the full transaction So this was the autocomit case single statement transaction with the full transaction the case is similar What is really interesting from this is where the mechanics described here kick in They kick in at the at the comet phase and this is really important because that's the reason why select for update Doesn't do what you expect it to do because until you commit the the record level locks are not Are not replicated across the cluster. They are only locking on the local node and this is why Select for update kind of works when When you only have a single writer node because then You know DB's standard pessimistic locking mechanisms will will kick in So so much for Galera if you if you want to talk about it in more detail You can come to our booths and or hit me up anytime if you see me Okay, so the workload we did rally boot server and boot and delete server scanners the boots are so With each test we booted tank a nodes and Then we run a boot and delete with 5k. So we just booted 10,000 left that alone and then run a boot and delete for for 5000 Boot and delete is a more realistic workload for for production database iterations because it's a good mix of read and write query and you know it it It stresses the database with with log heavy queries. So But we wanted to have something that already so Okay, all tenants in the rally scanner. You are used the same shared network This is what Jay earlier talked about and this is the this is the patch which will allow rally to create its own networks Okay, so for analyzing the my sql load we were using pt query digest This is the description of pt query digest from our website but pt query digest is practically an aggregator for my sql slow query logs During the benchmarks We set long query time to zero meaning it will log every single slow query and Returned on per corners enhancements to slow query log So we have a number of additional metrics in the slow query log with which pt query digest can work with This is a slow query log event. So if you issue this update query This is what you will get in the in the slow query log for example The inodb stuff here is per corner specific like logging the transaction ID logging the various inodb metrics and and things like that and This is an example how to kind of abuse pt query digest. It's really just the just a slow log aggregator so it's not all it It can use for more than just generating the list of queries that consume the most time Here we are using a filter with with which we can inject actual per code and dumping a single slow log event into JSON format. So yes, it's it's pearl. Sorry. Yeah, it's pearl All per corner talk it is pearl Okay, so we from the workload we generated the the regular pt query digest, which is just the top queries but Because some of you are not using Galera and you know people were running into issues with Galera I would like to share that how can you analyze your workload if if it's Let's say Galera compliant, right So apart from the top queries, we were generating a Digest from the transactions with the most rows affected Why is this important if that these are the large transactions, right? If many rows are affected the transaction is large if you think about the mechanics We we talked about if you hit a large transaction in replication Then it will get certified and it will get into the queue of the node Right and Galera has parallel replication because we know that the right sets in the queue are not conflicting because of the Certification what happens if I have a long-running transaction in the queue with many other otherwise short transactions Let's say if I have a queue of 10 transactions nine of them taking 50 milliseconds one of them taking two seconds My replication will be stored for two seconds Right, so long-running transactions can cause replication stores in In the regular my SQM master slave word. This is manifest So these long-running transactions long-running rats are manifested as slave like typically So just just to make it clear All of these PT query digest commands are applicable for both Galera and standard my school master slave replication It's just interpreting the The results of these reports is slightly different depending on whether you're using Galera cluster Or rather whether you're using standard master slave replication, but the commands work identically against Galera or standard my school Okay, another way of getting Getting the large transactions is to examine the transactions with the highest statement count I wish for an example of that We will get the largest statement by By rose affected the queries that write the most so we filter out We filter out everything which is not a right in there and For the select for update issue for determining it before going for Galera or before going to multi node writer is that we grew by the time spent in record lock weights because the record lock weight can potentially You know can potentially cause the cause the select for update when the deadlock issue with with Galera because if the So in in a sink in case of a single node if you if I update the same record They will the second update will wait on on the first First transactions record lock while in Galera's case if this happens on two nodes One of them will win and the other will have a certification failure. So With this command you can determine if or or how does select select for update on multiple writer nodes affect you just one second before we go on so what Peter just said about on if you if you have multiple writers going to multiple Galera nodes, right and Two separate writers go get on two separate nodes and they update the same record for instance the compute nodes table Or a usage record Reservations or quotas that kind of thing where you have a highly contentious row it's not like the The the nodes are then going to have different representations of the data, which would be data corruption, right? It's just that one the first one will succeed and the other will issue a certification error and what that manifests is What it manifests as is an in a DB? Deadlock error, which is why we say it's a deadlock. It's not really a deadlock It's a certification timeout, but the error code that gets popped up through the various sequel alchemy layers within the open stack services is actually an inner DB deadlock Which is why a lot of people confuse the two things, right? Okay, so this is the html output of rally and this is booting 10,000 servers so the performance was Was really you know consistent here? This is running it against one database node if we ran against a multiple one the performance is So the average response time is increased a bit more And we have some errors King and those errors are and those errors of timeouts, right the certification timeouts With the boot and delete server setup, I try to go fast because we are almost out of time with the boot and delete server writing to To several nodes actually significantly improves performance Despite the fact that we will hit the the hit the deadlocks So if the application gets a you know an error from my SQL Because it draws back the transaction for whatever reason it should know how to handle that and it should know how to how to retry So and some of the code in some of the services does know how to retry it successfully So there is a decorator within Nova called retry on deadlock Which Does exactly that it retries when it sees an inner DB deadlock Sometimes that works just fine. Sometimes it's it doesn't work so fine but The errors that you see in the success here are all related to that inner DB deadlock Which is manif or the certification timeout, which is manifested as an inner DB deadlock The important thing to point out here though is that we've got 14% or so of the 5,000 Total requests to boot and delete a server That are resulting in this do you do you see this if you run? Tempest for instance against the production cloud. Yes tempest will because it's right It's run sequentially and it does boot and delete and reboot and terminate all that kind of stuff stop pause All in rapid succession all within the same tenant. You will hit the inner DB deadlock issue Do you see it a lot in production? No, I mean you can forcefully produce the deadlock issues, but Here what we're doing is we're just doing database stuff. There's really nothing else going on It's like just hammering the database. So we're able to reproduce this issue successfully and consistently But in real production environments with real workloads where you're doing you know block copies for for images and Snapshots and doing virtual is you know the vert the vert layer itself and spinning up a VM It's really not something that I mean at AT&T We ran into it like I can count on one hand the number of times that it happened in real production workloads So just make a note of that So yeah At the end thanks so at the end We were we use the C3 that 8x large instances with 32 cores the controller nodes cores were completely saturated and The database node was using like one and a half one and a half core Yeah, so that's how far we could load it. So in order to load it We will need tens of controller nodes, right which we plan on doing some more benchmarks and publishing those on our blogs But the key here is that even in a manufactured Benchmark where we're trying to stress the database We're we weren't bottlenecked on the database issues at all We were doing I don't know 2,600 transactions a second on the my school node, which is nothing I mean it like you say on a 32 core box. It was using like a core and a half. That's it but the Python Controller API services conductor all those kind of things were Maxing out their CPU. So we were hitting CPU issues on the controllers way before and issues with the message queue as well and that may have been because of the sort of awful networking in AWS VPC, but The point being the database was not the bottleneck And now some digests so This is first I would like to show you that Let's begin with the with the regular digest output so this is pt query that pt query digest output for the first case when we write only to one database and And Creating 10k virtual machines So what you see saw the fields in the slow log you see an aggregation here For example the total time the total total walk-rock time spent in the database is Almost a half an hour You see an aggregation for minimum maximum average Execution time 95th percent higher, you know standard deviation and median for each each slow log event also So all the other things which you saw in the slow log and aggregated like this including how many you know DB pages did we eat how many bites did we eat how many you know DB operations did we do and things like that? after that you find a profile a profile means that For example, we have the first query with this fingerprint which is comet It takes up most of the most of the time which is spent in the database the second query which has this fingerprint which is Which belongs to neutron takes nine percent of it and so of all the queries run during the rally payload or benchmark all of the query payloads out of that Not the commits, but the next one nine percent of all those queries was to get port bindings in neutral of All the queries nine percent Okay, so let's examine And that's the boot server not the boot and delete So that's 10,000 just boot boot 10,000 servers So this is the query we are talking about for new neutron port binding delicious, isn't it? And what's the what's the issue with this? So this is a this seems to be an easy fix because we see that it's Unindexed and you can check if it's really unindexed That it examines So you should compare the rows examined and rows sent here It examines Ten and a half thousand. Yeah, on average. Let's use average five thousand five thousand to return Zero point seventy five So there yeah, there's there's no index on the queries that are there on the fields that are used in the where or Group by condition in that particular monstrous query And that's the reason why there is a Full scan of the of the table, okay? So full scans tend to you know blow up over time So let's see what happens in the next test where we boot and delete after this with it boot and delete The same query takes almost half of the 50% of the total of the data this time So Yeah, so it's proportional with the with the amount of data we We have there. So this will kind of you know Blow up if your database will get larger and larger But I'm not sure who has a database with 15,000 nodes who has 15,000 VMs running But because they also include deleted instances, right? I mean for instance the you know the upstream CI system any any given minute is running 500 to 900 nodes that are running open-stack tests So yeah, I mean there's a lot of deleted instances out there also notes that the second query in the boot and delete is Select instance metadata That is a table in Nova that contains it's called instance system metadata and Whenever you boot an instance We get we grab a bunch of information from the flavor for the instance type like number CPUs number amount of memory used and we Archive that information in the instance system metadata table. So for every instance that you start up. There's between 10 and Maybe 45 on average Records in that instance system metadata table. So it's an exponentially growing table and unfortunately the Column types in that table are varkar 255 and text or something So not exactly the most efficient storage and it blows up significantly very quickly and as you can see that the 13% or so of all of the queries executed are on that table So for this you see full join as well But it's a kind of misleading because it's a full join because it has this so this is the whole query Again juicy Because it has a table sub query. So I'm highlighting the part from select and this select returns only Only one record. So this is my this queries result will be will generate a TMP table the N on 1 TMP table and You know, it will be a full join against it But it's a table with a with a single row and how can you tell it otherwise? Again, you can examine the rows examined and the rows sent So on every one let's use the maximum here, but the average is pretty close. Just the maximum have, you know, wrong numbers So it examines 15 rows to return Return 16. This is not that bad. This means that you cannot have this this much within next thing So it's it's what you're you talked about that. It's it's the structure. What It means it means that it's the structure which we which we can help it help it with Okay, so let's examine something else Let's do We're getting close to time as well, just like, okay, so I probably just rambling too much The the other thing that we probably want to point out is the rollbacks. Yeah, so let's go on the rollbacks so Let's examine the record lock weights, right? So here we group group by Spending time in Waiting for a no DB record locks So if you check Here is record lock weight. We spent a total of 45 seconds here during the test waiting on the record locks But the maximum of is like 300 milliseconds, right? And it's It's this query. So this report with group by the record lock weights Yeah, no the for update and Let's check the second query. Oh Look what's there? Let's check the third one. Okay. This is an insert probably waiting on a select for update Well, it's an insert into the reservations table Which is highly contentious because there are updates and inserts going on and deletes at the same time So most of the record lock weights here are coming from these these select for updates So this way you can you know with this report generated You can determine how much? How much conflicting rights that will affect you When moving to Galera final one, let's put on the digest transaction most statements Yes, so Here we have we are grouping here by you know DB transaction ID So this is not a query. This is an inno DB transaction And let's check. What is the what is the top thing here, right? What? Transact a transaction with with 1000 queries You can grab in the slow log like this to get all the events belonging to a transaction and If you grab out commits and sets you will see the actual sequel of the given transaction and You can see that I forgot to reset the slow log After deploying the cluster. That's the issue here, right? So The the next the next Transaction with the most throws affected affects only 30 so we don't have particularly large transactions only at the time of initialization I think we we need to wrap this up because yes another session coming up So thank you very much. We appreciate you being here and please please come and talk to both of us We can talk about this all day long


Our guest for today is Dr. Jania Likise, Professor and Head of the Department of English in Naglund University. She has been a dynamic figure in the academic field and has contributed to academics through her writing as well as the medium of speech. Her area of specialization is in British fiction. Her published works, among many include quality issues on higher education with special reference to Naglund and from oral to written narrative, a study of Naga experience. She is the author of the book An Introduction to Naga Languages and has also co-authored the book Traditional Idiomatic Expressions of the Angami Nagas and Introduction. We are honored to have such a prominent figure who has greatly contributed in the field of education in general and we are hoping to learn something new from you this morning. So ma'am now I give you the time. Thank you for the introduction and a very good morning to all of you dear staff and students of Tetzel College. It is a pleasure to be part of your special occasion 2020 postgraduate Freshers Day. Yes, it is good to see Tetzel College growing and excelling over the years and I wish each and every fresher all the very best as you embark on a new journey in this college. Yes, we do not know what the future has in store for us. We do not know what 2021 will unfold but we can all prepare ourselves by learning from our experiences. Experiences both good and bad. So this morning I thought I will share with you a few things which have been on my mind as the year comes to an end. We all know that because of COVID-19 we were transported into a different world. A strange world, the so-called world of new normal of masks and sanitizers of quarantines and lockdowns. And yes, it was full of confusion and fear, suspicion and rumors, threats and blame games.  However, in spite of all this emotion and chaos, the guiding light or the silver lining is a fact that our frontline workers kept doing what they had to do each day. Yes, and someone shared about a story about what was happening in one of the quarantine centers of how as the returnes were returning and flooding into the quarantine center from all over the place, they were overwhelmed by the enormity of the situation. This was something which they had not tackled before. They thought they were prepared but suddenly they found themselves in a state of unpreparedness, so to say. But in spite of all these, they sat down to work and started doing what they had to do each day of how at the end of the day they were so relieved and happy, even though they were so tired of having done the day's work as best as they can. As such, reflecting on the year 2020, we can learn some major lessons. Today, let us be reminded afresh that we must never lose sight of our God-given qualities of loving kindness or fellow-feeling with our people in times, even in times of crisis and uncertainty and stress. Let us not forget to do what must be done, what the task is at hand. So too, students may dream of the future, of being successful in life, but if they do not do the work at hand today, the seemingly small things attending classes, writing their assignments, performing their tests and their regular studies, they cannot expect to be successful because these seemingly small things are the stepping stones to future success. Again, COVID-19 has further digitized our world. Yes, we have now, our world is so full of the online classes, of the online examinations, of the webinars and of these virtual events and programs like the one that we are having today. Yes, technology, internet, mobile phones can help us so much. They are great aids. But let us remember that they must not consume our days and nights even. And we should be aware that the dangers are just a click away. COVID or no COVID, our society is again prone to indulge in negative tribalism. It is only natural that we love our own tribe, but that does not mean that our members can do no wrong, can commit no mistake, and the other is always at fault. As part of higher education, you are in a good position to lead the way towards better understanding and lasting peace in our society. In conclusion, to sum up, one, never let go of one's God-given values and goodwill, even in times of stress, uncertainty and crisis. Two, do today what must be done, trying to excel in the seemingly small tasks at hand, and you will be investing in the future success. Three, use technology but not ruled by it. In using social media, remember to be part of the solution and not part of the problem. So, never go to social media when you are angry, spurred by the movement. Four, unity of the people can be very fragile. Down with negative tribalism, you lead the way for lasting peace and unity. Begin with you today. Thank you.


In this study, researchers investigated the potential therapeutic benefits of olurapine for diabetic rats. They found that olurapine reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, improved kidney function tests, and decreased diabetic complications such as leukocyte infiltration and glomerulosclerosis. These results suggest that olurapine may be a promising treatment option for diabetics. This article was authored by Hassan Ahmedband, Golem Reza Shah Savari, Majid Tawafi, and others.


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Okay, my name is Omu Tidebemerian. I work at Greenwich Mansion Bank as an investment banking analyst. How basically can I do this? I do a bit of an analysis, I do research, I prepare the investment season for companies as well as investment memorandum. So yeah, I got to hear about it. It just comes from LinkedIn. That's how I get about it. It's just kind of been like a very night experience from the phase one to the phase three, which gives you this zeal to move on. When you complete the phase one, you're going to the phase two, you're going to phase three. So it has been a very interesting bootcamp training. I've learned a lot, perfected my Excel. Now I know that I can be the three statesmen, Kenansha and Medina, part of myself. Yeah, you can do it. If I can do it, you can do it. I recommend it to everyone that is going to be in a financial space. I want to explore the financial service sector. Yes, you should do the bootcamp.


Oh, that was a crazy place because it turns out that while we were at the Alexis Park management change a couple of times, so every time management would change, they're like, so what is this weird group and what do they do and why are they here? And I remember the last time management changes, the third time it changed, it was the last year we were there. And the new CEO or president is there. And we're in the meeting, it's the pre-con meeting two days before the conference starts. And the CEO is like, I still don't understand why we're having you here. We make no money from your event. This is a loss for us. Why are we even doing this business with you? And on our side, the whole hotel property is full. We drink you out of house and home. How can this be money? If you can't make money under this situation, you're never going to make money. And it was just completely black and white. We just couldn't communicate with each other. And then it turned out during the convention and after it, it found out that their CFO was embezzling money from them. Somebody else was raiding all their tills, stealing all the alcohol out of a cold storage room and blaming us for it. So the books were cooked and they thought it was because we were a terrible group. It turned out no, they just had criminals working for them, stealing all the money. So even when it's completely outside of your control, you can still be tainted with being a bad group, you know, you just can't control it.


Yeah, shall we start now guys? Yeah, okay So first three cases we had discussed Now the last one is hydrolysis of salt salt of weak acid and weak base weak acid and weak base for example We are taking Cs3 COOH weak acid and a base is an H4 OH weak base, okay So when this reaction takes place It forms CH3 COOH NH4 That is a base and water ions we have in this salt are We have CH3 COO minus and NH4 Plus right and both will get hydrolyzed over here Right, both will get hydrolyzed so the reaction would be for hydrolysis if you see the reaction CS3 COO minus plus NH 4 plus dissolved in water Forms CS3 COOH and NH4 OH This is what the reaction we have Okay If the concentration of this salt, I am assuming C and C initially Because it comes from the same salt ions. So we have the same concentration zero and zero Then it becomes C minus CH C minus CH This is CH and this is CH K H if I write down It is concentration of CH3 COOH divided by Concentration of CS3 COO minus Okay, N2 Will have concentration of NH4 OH concentration of NH4 H4 plus Okay, and Just to get an expression. I am multiplying here H plus Multiplying here OH minus and to cancel out this will multiply H plus and OH minus in the numerator Can we do this? Yeah, can you do this guys? What is this then? This is 1 by this is 1 by k a This is 1 by k B for a base and And this is KW. Okay, so the expression of K H would be KW by K into KB Remember like I said in the beginning that whatever is weak that will come here in down expression of K H Here it will come down since we have both acid and base weak over here. So both will be here K into KB Yeah, one second. I'll go back. Yeah done Okay, okay, this is one thing now when you write down the expression of K H in terms of H and C concentration will write down this as CH into CH like this, okay Concentration will get cancelled. So it is H is Square by 1 minus H is square Okay, so if you find out H from this Okay, so we'll write down here 1 H by 1 minus H equals to root over of K H, which is further equals to K into KB. Is it clear? So this is also important if you find out K H H in terms of K H here Then what we can write? root over of K H Is equals to H by 1 minus H So H equals to what we can write. So the hydrolysis degree of hydrolysis equals to root under K H by 1 plus K H all these expressions are important, correct? Since we need to find out the pH here so H plus concentration we require So for H plus concentration, you need to write down the expression for K K is equals to CS3 COO minus H plus divided by CS3 COOH Okay, CS3 COO minus the concentration you see we have C into 1 minus H H plus you let it be as it is CS3 COOH is CH we have here. C and C will get cancelled We'll write K A is equals to concentration of H plus 1 minus H by H Now you see 1 minus H by H Here we have H by 1 minus H So if you revert this you'll get this expression here So this equals to H plus concentration you let it be and 1 minus H by H from this if you write down it is K A into K B by K W root over of it When you solve this because we have this expression you see I'll write down this in the next page We have K A is equals to H plus concentration K A into K B by K W root over of it This K A and this K A will get cancelled. We are left with root over of K A here Hence that H plus concentration equals to K A into K W by K B root over of it Right important relation this one also now from this you can easily find out pH So pH is equals to 7 plus half of pK A minus pK B Copy this down Should I go back? Did you write down this? Done No derivation is not uh, you don't have to memorize derivation formula. You must memorize the final one Because since we have three four formulas, no like this one is important H plus K H formula is important H formula is important So that's why I did this right Now you'll see in the previous one In the previous one We had either strong acid or a strong base based on that we can say The solution is acidic or basic But here in this case both acid and base are weak Correct So we cannot say directly whether the solution is acidic or basic It depends upon obviously you see the pH value we have this So whether the solution is acidic or basic it depends upon the value of pK A and pK B Correct So we have three possibilities here based on the value of pK A and pK B What is that possibility? I'll tell you there are three possibilities case one if pK A equals to pK B In this case pH is equals to what? seven and hence neutral solution case two if pK A Is greater than pK B This is true then we can also write k A is less than k B We know pK A and k A are inversely proportional So if k A is less than k B pK A is greater than pK B If pK A is greater than pK B then we can say pK A minus pK B is greater than zero hence pH is what? Is greater than seven because seven point seven plus something we'll get no Seven plus something pH is greater than seven So the solution is what? The solution is basic another thing Since k B is more It is basic Right, we know more value of k more acidic the compound is more value of k B more basic the compound is Similarly if k B is more then basic and the last case is the other one like the third possibility Where k A is less than k B greater than k B So the case three we have here k A is greater than k B When this is true This is also true this further means pK A minus pK B Less than zero It means pH is less than seven once again pH is less than seven which makes the solution acidic That is also true because k is more than k B Is it clear? Okay Now you try this question You need to find out the pH Calculate the the pH of solution formed by mixing First question 100 ml of 0.1 molar CS3 COOH And and 100 ml of 0.1 molar NaOH First one is this The second one Of 0.1 molar NH4 OH With 100 ml of 0.1 molar HCl Third one I'll go back wait 100 ml of 0.1 molar HCl And 100 ml of 0.1 molar NaOH Last one Is 100 ml of 0.1 molar NH4Cl 100 ml of 0.1 molar CS3 COOH This is the four question we have One more data is given over here like Ka value is given Ka for acid That is CS3 COOH Is 2 into 10 to the power minus 5 And k B value for the base Which is NH4 OH Is 2 into 10 to the power minus 5 Try this Done The first one 8 point something close I guess Okay, see in the first one See the number of Equivalence or millimoles whatever you say If you find out for this the number of millimoles It will be 10 millimoles Here also it is 10 millimoles Right It means both will get neutralized completely And when this reaction takes place it forms a salt Which is CS3 COOH Na And water Since it gets neutralized completely complete neutralization So it is a case of salt hydrolysis We can apply the formula of pH For the salt of weak acid in a strong base Since the base is strong, so it is basic pH would be more than 7 so 7 plus half of pKa Plus log C pKa value for this is 5 minus log 2 that is 4.7 7 plus half of 4.7 plus log C The concentration of salt would be what? The one that reacts equal amount it will form That would be 10 1 5.7 5.7 by 2 2.35 2.85 Yeah, it's 10 by 10,000 correct So we can write 10 to the power minus 2 So 4.7 minus 2 2.7 2.7 by 2 Is 1.35 so answer would be 8.35 we get okay Similarly, this is a strong acid This is a weak base Acha 4.7 you can get like this See k value is what? 2 into 10 to the power minus 5 pKa is what? 5 minus log 2 Yes Log a into Log a into b is log a plus log b Got it It's 4.7 pKa b is also 4.7 only here Okay, so number of millimoles if you calculate here Because it is it is millimoles So if you convert this into moles 10 by 1000 you will need to write down 10 millimoles we have no Okay So number of millimoles here it is again 10 And here also it is 10 again So we'll write down the pH For acidic solution Which is 7 minus half of pKa What is the formula plus or minus c? pKb Plus log c Because base is weak so we have b over here So 7 minus half of pKb again 4.7 And log c is 10 millimoles so 10 to the power minus 2 So same thing 7 minus 1.35 That is 5.65 isn't it minus 2 4.7 minus 2 is 2.7 2.7 by 2 is 1.35 1.35 so 5.65 Is this right? Let's check the calculation once clear Try this one third one is 7 Because both are strong acid and a strong base Right with see it's not like only strong acid is strong base is the condition here. Obviously answer here is 7 But you need to calculate the number of millimoles here If it is equal Then only we have complete neutralization see this 10 millimoles Suppose you have 15 millimoles here, then the solution will be basic And then we can use the formula of mixture of acid and base Are you getting my point 5 millimoles extra So OH minus concentration would be 5 divided by 100 plus 100 And then POH and then pH Did you get it? In this one, tell me fourth one. Oh, it is there's a mistake in this It should be NH4 OH Not NH4CN Okay, NH4OH right on 11.7 you are getting It is weak base see this one is The weak base and this one is the weak acid Number of millimoles is same 10 and 10 we have here Okay, so we can write down pH is equals to 7 plus half of pKa minus pKb Right, so what is the value of pKa and pKb? pKa and pKb is same Yeah, pKa, kb value is will be given in the question. I don't what are you doing Anusha? pKa pKb value is equal no Yes When it is equal Then it should be seven only right? Why? These two are equal so it will be zero Kansas out And pH equals to seven Simple right? So these are the simplest questions I discussed but always you see whenever you have acid based neutralization First of all you count the number of millimoles or milliequivalent Right based on that you can no think about the formula that you should use the condition Okay The next topic we need to understand here is Write down the heading buffer solution BU develop ER definition write down a solution which Resist the change in pH the change in pH on addition of on addition of a small amount of acid or base Is called Is called a buffer solution These are the solution which resist the change in pH Okay, when you add a small amount of acid or base to it See first of all, it does not mean that the pH change is zero It resists the change in pH to a certain extent Okay Next time write down This does not mean This does not mean That the pH will not change But it means The pH Change Would be Would be lesser than Would be lesser than The change That Would have occurred That would have occurred Had it Not been Had it not been A buffer Solution Copy this down first Okay, so the solution is what These are the solution Which resists the change in pH When you add a small amount of acid or base into it Right, there will be a change in pH but that change will be too less Or lesser than the change If it was not a buffer solution Right, so if you have two solutions Right, one is buffer other one is not a buffer solution Add equal amount of acid or base to these two solutions Then you would observe that in the non-buffer solution The change in pH is more Than the buffer solution That is what the Meaning of buffer solution we have Okay, it's very important Like, you know There are many different solutions which act as a buffer solution Right, and it tries to maintain the pH If I take one example You have an acid, weak acid, correct And it's salt with a strong base So this combination of weak acid and the salt with a strong base Gives you a buffer solution Okay Buffer solutions are of three types In this also we have You know A pH calculation that we need to do Okay, so that's what I said That buffer solution or salt hydrolysis Whatever it is First of all you need to identify That What condition we have here Accordingly you can use the formula of pH Okay, just a second So Buffer solution you see We have three types of buffer solution The first one is Acidic buffer See in the In human body also if you see Blood has a certain pH value Correct If you, you know, eat something like Which increases the pH H plus concentration Or pH of the blood Right Then you will feel uneasy Because the pH of the blood has been increased Right So There is a mechanism By which, you know, the reaction that happens There in the body It tries to maintain the pH of the blood If it works well Then you won't feel that that uneasy You will be better in some time But if it does not go well Then again you have to take some medicine In order to control the pH of the blood So that everything is fine Right So basically we have a lot of examples Food preservative also we require a certain pH So we mix certain things So that it maintains the pH of the, you know Of the substance over there So that the food, you know, keeps fresh Or, you know, will be fresh for a certain period of time So we have a huge application of buffer solution I'm not talking about a specific kind of buffer solution Whether it is acidic or basic But application is huge Like few examples I have given you So the question is how this solution works Like how it maintains the pH of its own solution Again, I'm repeating myself But I say that it does not, you know Change the pH of the solution It does not mean the change is zero We'll have a change But that change is very less, very small Which won't affect much Okay Or we can say the change is lesser than the change Had it not been a buffer solution Okay, that's what the meaning These theoretical questions also sometimes they ask What is acidic buffer and how it is prepared Acidic buffer again the same example we have for buffer solution Acidic buffer is the solution of Copy this down It is the solution of Weak acid And it's Salt with strong base Could you give me one example of this One second guys Yeah Give me one example of this CS3-CONA, yes No, yes We can take CS3-COOH One second guys Okay So what I said here Solution of weak acid and it salts with strong base So you see here We have a weak acid CS3-COOH I'm taking And salt of this weak acid with a strong base NaOH layer So it forms what? CH3-COONA Plus H2O So when the reaction takes place Between a weak acid and a strong base Here like this If this is present in excess Then this would be the limiting reagent Right It gets consumed in the reaction completely When the reaction gets over Then in the reaction what all things are left We have CS3-COOH as left And CS3-COONA present So when this combination is there Like the combination of A weak acid And it's salt with strong base That is CS3-COONA This forms an acidic buffer Got it? That's why you see In salt hydrolysis also we have the same reaction But the condition is this too must be equal If it is not equal suppose We can write this is either it is excess Or NaVA Is more than NBVB If this is the condition we have NaVA is more than NBVB Correct? Then it is the condition of buffer solution Buffer solution forms in this case And hence we use the formula of buffer here Yeah we have the mechanism We'll discuss how it resist the change in pH We'll discuss that But first you understand this We'll discuss the mechanism Copy this down So now you understood the reason Why in the salt hydrolysis We were talking about equal equivalence Of this and this You understood it right? Clear? So you must keep that in mind Whenever you get this question First of all you calculate The number of equivalence of acid and base And accordingly you can use the formula So this is an example of acidic buffer CS3-COOH With CS3-COONA Okay Now how this buffer solution works You see There are two reactions here CS3-COONA It gives CS3-COO-NA plus Reaction one Other one is CS3-COOH Which gives CS3-COO-H So this is the reaction we have In the solution we have this ion present Now what happens You are adding a small amount of H plus Acid add We are adding acid It means H plus we are adding So what happens is The extra H plus that you are adding To maintain the pH This H plus It will consume So that the H plus concentration is maintained So what happens This extra H plus is taken up by CS3-COOH minus And then the second reaction The second reaction goes in backward direction Reaction two Goes in Backward direction Backward direction To maintain the concentration of H plus H plus Okay If you add a base OH minus you are adding OH minus you are adding Then this H plus Reaction two Goes in Forward direction To maintain the concentration of H plus So what happens is OH minus that you have added This OH minus will take this H plus Forms an dissociated water molecule And this reaction goes in Forward direction The H will be maintained H plus concentration will be maintained The use of this is what This minus When H plus it consumes No, it goes in backward direction Correct Further dissociation of this is resist by this Because these two has one common ion present So we have here a common ion effect H plus it consumes Forms a weak electrolyte CS3-COOH Which dissociation is further suppressed By the presence of this common ion And that is how the H plus Concentration is maintained Got it understood? Yeah, tell me guys Sometimes they ask theoretical questions also on this Like how this works Which reaction goes in which direction Okay that also you have to keep in mind Okay We have a question in this We call it Henderson's equations Right Okay There's two moments If I write down the expression for Ka here It is Concentration of CS3-COO-H plus Divided by CH3-COOH H plus concentration we need to find out So H plus equals to Ka Concentration of acid Divided by The concentration of the salt CS2-COO-H is nothing but the salt If you take log both sides Minus of log Minus of log H plus Is equals to minus of log Ka Plus Minus of log CH3-COOH CH3-COO-H Minus of log H plus is pH Minus of log Ka is Pa P Ka Plus this minus I'll take it up and then we'll revert this So log of Salt Concentration By acid concentration This one is Salt CS3-COO-H coming from the salt And this one is acid This equation we call it as Henderson's equation We'll discuss a bit more about it in the next class Acetic buffer But this is the equation of acidic buffer Understood? Yes guys, understood, clear? Any doubt in this? Okay So next class we'll continue with this acidic buffer Then we'll see basic buffer and salt buffer Okay I will share one PDF today You solve that, okay? Assignment Bye, take care Thank you


Neil Leslie Diamond is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. His career began in the 1960s and he has sold over 120 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. With 38 songs in the top ten, he is the second most successful artist in the history of the Billboard Adult Contemporary Top Ten charts. His songs have been covered internationally by many performers from various musical genres. Diamond was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2011. Additionally, he received the Sammy Kin Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000 and in 2011 was an honoree at Kennedy Center. On the hot 100 in adult contemporary charts, he has had 11 number-one singles, Cracklin' Rosie, Song-Sung Blue, Long Fellow Serenade, I've been this way before, if you know what I mean, Desiree, You Don't Bring Me Flowers, America, Yesterday's Songs, Heartlight and I'm a believer. Sweet Caroline is played frequently at sporting events, and has become an anthem for the Boston Red Sox. Early Life and Education Diamond was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family descended from Russian and Polish immigrants. His parents were Rose, Nay Rappaport, and Akiba Keev Diamond, a dry goods merchant. He grew up in several homes in Brooklyn, having also spent four years in Cheyenne, Wyoming, where his father was stationed in the Army. When he got in Brooklyn he attended Erasmus Hall High School and was a member of the freshman chorus and choral club along with classmate Barbara Streisand. They were not close friends at the time, Diamond recalls, we were two poor kids in Brooklyn. We hung out in the front of Erasmus High and smoked cigarettes. After his family moved he then attended Abraham Lincoln High School, and was a member of the fencing team. For his 16th birthday, he received his first guitar. He was 16, and still in high school, Diamond spent a number of weeks at Surprise Lake Camp, a camp for Jewish children in Upstate New York, when folk singer Pete Seger performed a small concert. Seeing the widely recognized singer perform, and watching other children singing songs for Seger that they wrote themselves, had an immediate effect on Diamond, who then became aware of the possibility of writing his own songs. And the next thing, I got a guitar when we got back to Brooklyn, started to take lessons and almost immediately began to write songs, he said.He adds that his attraction to songwriter was the first real interest he had growing up, besides helping him release his youthful frustrations. Diamond also used his newly developing skill at writing lyrics to write poetry. By writing poems for girls he was attracted to in school, he soon learned it often won their hearts. His male classmates took note and began asking him to write poems for them which they would sing in use with equal success. He spent the summer following his graduation as a waiter in the Catskills Resort area. There he first met Jay Posner, who would, years later, become his wife. Diamond next attended New York University as a pre-med major on a fencing scholarship. His skill at fencing made him a member of the 1960 NCAA Men's Championship team. However, he was often bored in classes, and found writing song lyrics more to his liking. He began cutting classes and taking the train up to Tin Pan Alley where he tried to get some of his songs heard by local music publishers.By his senior year, and just ten units short of graduation, Sunbeam Music Publishing offered him a 16-week job writing songs for $50 a week, and he dropped out of college to accept it. 35 years later, in 1995, New York University gave him an honorary degree. Later in his career he said, if this darn songwriter thing hadn't come up, I would have been a doctor now. Career The 1960s After his 16 weeks at Sunbeam Music were up, he was not rehired and then began writing and singing his own songs for demo purposes. I never really chose songwriter, he says. It just absorbed me and became more and more important in my life. Diamond's first recording contract was built as Neil and Jack, an Everly Brothers-type duo comprising Diamond and high school friend Jack Parker. They recorded two unsuccessful singles, You Are My Love At Last BW What Will I Do and I'm Afraid BW Till You've Tried Love, both released in 1962. Later in 1962, Diamond signed with the Columbia Records label as a solo performer. Columbia released the single at night BW Clowntown in July 1963, which Billboard gave an excellent review, but it still failed to chart. Columbia dropped him from their label and he was back to writing songs, in and out of publishing houses for the next seven years. He did songwriter wherever he could, including on buses, and used an upright piano above the Birdland Club in New York City. One of the causes of this early nomadic life as a songwriter was due to his songs having too many words, I'd spent a lot of time on lyrics, and they were looking for hooks, and I didn't really understand the nature of that, he says. During those lean years, he was only able to sell about one song a week, barely enough to survive on. He found himself only earning enough to spend 35 cents a day on food.However, the privacy he had above the Birdland Club allowed him to focus on writing without distractions, as he explained, something new began to happen. I wasn't under the gun, and suddenly interesting songs began to happen, songs that had things none of the others did. Among them were Cherry, Cherry and Solitary Man. Solitary Man was the first record that Diamond recorded in his own name that made the charts. Diamond spent his early career as a songwriter in the Brill Building. His first success as a songwriter came in November 1965, with Sunday and Me, a top 20 hit for Jay and the Americans. Greater success as a writer followed with I'm a believer, a little bit me, a little bit you, look out, here comes tomorrow, and love to love, all performed by the Monkeys. Diamond wrote and recorded the songs for himself, but the cover versions were released before his own. The unintended, but happy, consequence was that Diamond began to gain fame not only as a singer and performer, but also as a songwriter. I'm a believer became a gold record within two days of its release, and stayed at the top of the charts for seven weeks, making it the popular music song of the year in 1966. And the grass won't pay no mind brought covers from Elvis Presley, who also interpreted Sweet Caroline, and Mark Lindsey, former lead singer for Paul Revere and the Raiders. Other notable artists who recorded his early songs were the English hard rock band Deep Purple, Lulu and Cliff Richard. In 1966, Diamond signed a deal with Bird Burns's Bang Records, then a subsidiary of Atlantic. His first release on that label, Solitary Man, became his first true hit as a solo artist. Diamond later followed with Cherry, Cherry and Kentucky Woman. His early concerts saw him as a special guest of, or opening for, everyone from Hermann's Hermits to, on one occasion, The Who. As a guest performer with The Who, he was shocked to see Pete Townsend swinging his guitar like a club and then throwing it against walls and off the stage until the instrument's neck broke. It was the first time he had seen a band beating up their instruments and amplifiers until they were smashed to pieces. Diamond began to feel restricted by Bang Records. He wanted to record more ambitious, introspective music, like his autobiographical Brooklyn Rhodes from 1968. Finding a loophole in his contract, he tried to sign with a new label, but the result was a series of lawsuits that coincided with a dip in his professional success. He eventually triumphed in court, and secured ownership of his Bang Aram Master Recordings in 1977. The 1970s. In 1968, Diamond signed a deal with Uni Records, this label was named after Universal Pictures, whose owner, MCA Inc., later consolidated its labels into MCA Records. The label is now called Universal Records. In 1970, he moved to Los Angeles. After Brother Loves Traveling Salvation Show in February 1969, his sound mellowed, with such songs as Sweet Caroline, 1969, Holly Holly, 1969, Cracklin Rosie, 1970, and Song Song Blue, 1972, the last two reaching number one on the Hot 100. Sweet Caroline was Diamond's first major hit after his slump. Diamond stated in 2007 that he had written Sweet Caroline for Caroline Kennedy after seeing her on the cover of Life in an Equestrian Riding Outfit. However, in 2014, he said in an interview on The Today Show that it was written for his then wife, Marcia. He could not find a good rhyme with the name Marcia, and therefore used the name Caroline. It took him just one hour, in a Memphis hotel, to write and compose it. The 1971 release I AM. I said was a top five hit in both the US and UK and was his most intensely personal effort to date, taking upwards of four months to complete. In 1971, Diamond played seven sold-out concerts at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. The Outdoor Theatre, which was noted for showcasing the best of current entertainers, added a stereo sound system for the first time. Diamond was also backed by a 35-piece string orchestra and six backing singers. After the first night, one leading newspaper called it the finest concert in Greek theatre history. He added a quadrophonic sound system for his performance, to create full surround sound. Diamond recalled, Hot August Night captures a very special show for me. We went all out to really knock M dead in LA. The August 24 performance was recorded and released as the live double album Hot August Night. Hot August Night demonstrates Diamond's skills as a performer and showman, as he reinvigorated his back catalog of hits with new energy. Many consider it his best work, critic Stephen Thomas Earlwein called Hot August Night the ultimate Neil Diamond record. Which shows Diamond the icon in full glory. The album became a classic, and was remastered in 2000 with additional selections. In Australia, which at the time had the most Neil Diamond fans per capita of any country, the album ranked number one for 29 weeks and stayed in their top 20 bestsellers for two years. In the fall of 1972 Diamond performed for 20 consecutive nights at the Winter Garden Theatre in New York City. The last occasion when that historical theatre had staged any one man shows had been when Al Jolson had performed there in the 1920s and the 1930s. The small, approximately 1,600 seat, Broadway venue provided an intimate concert setting not common at the time, with every performance reportedly sold out. It also made Diamond the first rock-era star to headline on Broadway. After the Winter Garden shows, however, Diamond announced that he needed a break, and he engaged in no more live performances till 1976. He used those four years to work on the score for Hall Bartlett's film version of Jonathan Livingston Seagull, which is described below in more detail, and to record two albums, serenade and beautiful noise. He said years later, I knew I'd come back, but I wasn't sure when. I spent one year on each of those albums, I'd been on the road six years. I had a son two one half and I felt he needed me more than the audience did. So for four years I devoted myself to my son Jesse. He also said he needed to get back to having a private life, one where he could be anonymous. Diamond returned to live shows in 1976 with an Australian tour, the Thank You Australia concert, which was broadcast to 36 television outlets nationwide. He also again appeared at the Greek Theatre in a 1976 concert, Love at the Greek. An album and accompanying video DVD of the show includes a version of Song Song Blue with duets with Helen Reddy and Henry Winkler, aka Arthur the Phone's Fonzarelli of Happy Days. He began wearing colorful beaded shirts in concert, originally out of necessity so everyone in the audience could see him without the aid of binoculars. Bill Whitten designed and made the shirts for Diamond from the 1970s till approximately 2007. In 1973, Diamond switched labels again, returning to Columbia Records for a million-dollar advance per album contract.His first project, released as a solo album, was the soundtrack to Hall Bartlett's film version of Jonathan Livingston Siegel. The film received hostile reviews and did poorly at the box office, and the album grossed more than the film did. Richard D. Bach, author of the best-selling source story, disowned the film, and both he and Diamond sued director Bartlett, though for differing reasons. In Bach's case, it was because he felt the film omitted too much from the original novella, whereas in Diamond's case, it was because he felt the film had butchered his score. After Jonathan, Diamond declared, �I vowed never to get involved in a movie again unless I had complete control.� Bartlett angrily responded to Diamond's lawsuit by criticizing his music as having become too slick, and it�s not as much from his heart as it used to be. However, Bartlett also added, �Neil is extraordinarily talented.� Often his arrogance is just a cover for the lonely and insecure person underneath. Despite the controversy surrounding the film, the soundtrack was a success, peaking at number two on the Billboard Albums chart. Diamond would also garner a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and a Grammy Award for Best Score soundtrack album for a motion picture.From there, Diamond would often include a Jonathan Livingston Seagull suite in his live performances, as he did in his 1976 love at the Greek concert and for his show in Las Vegas that same year. In 1974, Diamond released the album Serenade, from which long-fellow serenade and �I�ve been this way before� were issued as singles. The latter had been intended for the Jonathan Livingston Seagull score, but Diamond had completed it too late for inclusion in the same. That same year he also appeared on a TV special for Shirley Basie where they sang a duet. In 1976, he released Beautiful Noise, produced by Robbie Robertson of the band. On Thanksgiving night, 1976, Diamond made an appearance at the band�s farewell concert, The Last Waltz, performing Dry Your Eyes, which he had written and composed jointly with Robertson, and which had appeared on Beautiful Noise. He also joined the rest of the performers on stage at the end in a rendition of Bob Dylan�s I Shall Be Released. Diamond was paid $650,000 from the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, to open its new $10 million theater for the performing arts on July 2, 1976. The show played through July 5, 1976, and Drew sold out crowds for the 7,500-seat theater. A Who�s Who of Hollywood attended opening night, ranging from Elizabeth Taylor to Chevy Chase, with Diamond walking out on stage to a standing ovation. He opened the show without music, but rather a story about an ex-girlfriend who dumped him before he became successful. His lead in line to the first song of the evening was, �You may have dumped me a bit too soon, baby, because look who�s standing here tonight.� He performed at Woburn Abbey on July 2, 1977, to an audience of 55,000 British fans. The concert and interviews were taped by film director William Friedkin, who used six cameras to capture the performance. In 1977, Diamond released �I Am Glad You�re Here With Me Tonight,� including �You Don�t Bring Me Flowers,� for which he composed the music and on the writing of whose lyrics he collaborated with Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman. Barbara Streisand covered the song on her songbird album, and later, a Diamond Streisand duet, spurred by the success of Radio Mash UPS, was recorded. That version hit No. 1 in 1978, his third song to top the Hot 100. They appeared unannounced for the Grammy Awards ceremony in 1980, where they performed a duet of the song to a surprised and rapturous audience. His last 1970s album was �September Mourne,� which included a new version of �I�m a Believer.� It and Red Red Wine are his best known original songs made more famous by other artists. In February 1979, �The Uptempo Forever in Blue Jeans,� C. O. Ritten and jointly composed with his guitarist, Richard Bennett, was released as a single from �You Don�t Bring Me Flowers,� Diamond�s album from the previous year. In 1979, Diamond had collapsed on stage in San Francisco and was taken to the hospital where he endured a 12-hour operation to remove what turned out to be a tumor on his spine. He said he had been losing feeling in his right leg for a number of years but ignored it. When he collapsed, he had no strength in either leg.He underwent a long rehabilitation process just prior to beginning principal photography for his film �The Jazz Singer, 1980,� he was so convinced he was going to die that he even wrote farewell letters to his friends. The 1980s. A planned film version of �You Don�t Bring Me Flowers� to star Diamond and Streisand fell through when Diamond instead starred in a 1980 remake of the Al Jolson classic �The Jazz Singer� alongside Lawrence Olivier and Lucy Arnaz. Though the movie received poor reviews, the soundtrack spawned three top ten singles, �Love on the Rocks, Hello Again,� and �America,� which last had emotional significance for Diamond. America was the story of my grandparents,� he told an interviewer. �It�s my gift to them, and it�s very real for me, in a way, it speaks to the immigrant in all of us.� The song was performed in full by Diamond during the finale of the film. An abbreviated version played over the film�s opening titles. The song was also the one he was most proud of, partly because of when it was later used, national news shows played it when the hostages were shown returning home after the Iran hostage crisis ended, it was played on the air during the 100th anniversary of the Statue of Liberty, and at the tribute to Martin Luther King and the Vietnam Vets welcome home concert, he was asked to perform it live. At the time, a national poll found the song to be the number one most recognized song about America, �More than God Bless America.� The failure of the film was due in part to Diamond never having acted professionally until this, his first attempt. �I didn�t think I could handle it,� he said later, seeing himself as a fish out of water. For his role in the film, Diamond became the first ever winner of a Worst Actor Razi Award, even though he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for the same role. Critic David Wilde, nevertheless, noted that the film showed that Diamond was open about his religion, who else but this Jewish Elvis could go multi-platinum with an album that featured a version of the Coal Nidra. Diamond later told the Los Angeles Times, �For me, this was the ultimate Bar Mitzvah.� Another top ten selection, Heartlight, was inspired by the blockbuster 1982 movie E.T. The Extraterrestrial Though the film�s title character is never mentioned in the lyrics, Universal Pictures, which had released E.T. The Extraterrestrial and was the parent company of the Uni Records label, by then referred to as the MCA Records label, for which Diamond had recorded for years, briefly threatened legal action against both Diamond and Columbia Records. Diamond�s record sales slumped somewhat in the 1980s and 1990s, his last single to make the Billboard�s Pop Singles chart coming in 1986. However, his concert tours continued to be big draws. Billboard magazine ranked Diamond as the most profitable solo performer of 1986. He released his 17th studio album in 1986, headed for the future, which reached number 20 on the Billboard 200 rank. Three weeks later he starred in Hello Again, his first television special in nine years, where he performed comedy sketches and sang a duo medley with Carol Burnett. In January 1987, Diamond sang the national anthem at the Super Bowl. His America became the theme song for the Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign. That same year, UB40�s reggae interpretation of Diamond�s ballad red-red wine would top the Billboard�s Pop Singles chart and, like the Monkees�s version of I�m a believer, it become better known than Diamond�s original version. The 1990s During the 1990s, Diamond produced six studio albums. He covered many classics from the movies and from famous Brill building-era songwriters. He also released two Christmas albums, the first of which peaked at number eight on the Billboard�s album chart. Keeping his songwriter skills honed, Diamond also recorded two albums of mostly new material during this period. In 1992, he performed for President George H.W. Bush�s final Christmas in Washington, NBC special. In 1993, Diamond opened the mark of the Quad Cities, now the I Wireless Center, with two shows on May 27 and 28 to a crowd of 27,000+. The 1990s also saw a resurgence in Diamond�s popularity. Sweet Caroline became a popular sing-along at sporting events, where it came to be played to entertain and energize the fans and the teams. It saw usage for Boston College football and basketball games. College sporting events in other states would also play it, and it was even played at sports events in other countries, such for a Hong Kong 7�s rugby tournament or soccer match in Northern Ireland. Most notably, it became the theme song for Red Sox Nation, the fans of the Boston Red Sox. The song also came to be played during the 8th inning of every New York Mets home game. The New York Rangers also adapted it as their own, and would play it whenever winning at the end of the third period of their games. The Pitt Panthers football team would also play it after the third quarter of all home games, with the crowd cheering, �Let�s go Pitt.� The Carolina Panthers would play it at the end of each home game whenever they would win. The Davidson College pep band would likewise play it at every Davidson Wildcats men�s basketball home game, in the second half. The 200s. In 2000, Johnny Cash recorded the album American 3, Solitary Man, and won a Grammy Award for his cover of Solitary Man. A more severely stripped-down-to-basics album, 12 Songs, produced by Rick Rubin, was released on November 8, 2005, in two editions, a standard 12-song release, and a special edition with two bonus tracks, including one featuring backing vocals by Brian Wilson. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard chart, and received generally positive reviews. Irlewyn describes the album as �inaugurably Neil Diamond�s best set of songs in a long, long time. But 12 songs also became noteworthy as one of the last albums to be pressed and released by Sony BMG with the extended copy protection software embedded in the disc. See the 2005 Sony BMG CD Copy Protection Scandal. In 2007, Diamond was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame. On March 19, 2008, it was announced on the television show American Idol that Diamond would be a guest mentor to the remaining Idol contestants, who would be singing Diamond songs for the broadcasts of April 29 and 30, 2008. On the April 30 broadcast, Diamond premiered a new song, which he called Pretty Amazing Grace, and which came from his then recently released album Home Before Dark. On May 2, 2008, Sirius Satellite Radio started Neil Diamond Radio. On April 8, 2008, Diamond made a surprise announcement in a big screen broadcast at Fenway Park, that he would be appearing there a live-in concert on August 23, 2008, as part of his world tour. The announcement, which marked the first official confirmation of any 2008 concert dates in the US, came during the traditional 8th inning sing-along of his Sweet Caroline, which, as stated above, had by that time become an anthem for Boston fans. On April 28, 2008, Diamond appeared on the roof of the Jimmy Kimmel building to sing Sweet Caroline after Kimmel was jokingly arrested trying to sing the song dressed up as a Diamond impersonator. Home Before Dark was released May 6, 2008, and topped the album charts in New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. On June 29, 2008, Diamond played to an estimated 108,000 fans at the Glastonbury Festival in Somerset, England, technical problems marred the concert. In August, Diamond allowed cameras to record his entire four-night run at New York's Madison Square Garden, he released the resulting album in the United States on August 14, 2009, on DVD, one year to the day of the first concert. Hot August night NYC debuted at number two on the charts. On the same day the DVD was released, CBS aired an edited version of the DVD, which won the ratings hour with 13 million viewers. The next day, the sales of the DVD surged, prompting Sony to order more copies to meet the high demand. On August 25, 2008, Diamond performed at Ohio State University while suffering from laryngitis. The result disappointed him as well as his fans, and on August 26, he offered refunds to anyone who applied by September 5. Diamond was honored as the Musi Cares person of the year on February 6, 2009, two nights prior to the 51st annual Grammy Awards. Long loved in Boston, Diamond was invited to sing at the July 4, 2009 holiday celebration. On October 13, 2009, he released A Cherry Cherry Christmas, his third album of holiday music. The 2010s. On November 2, 2010, Diamond released The Album Dreams, a collection of 14 interpretations of his favorite songs by artists from the rock era. The album also included a new slow tempo arrangement on his own song, I'm a Believer. In December, he performed a track from the album, Ain't No Sunshine, on NBC's The Sing-Off with Committed and Street Corner Symphony, two acapella groups featured on the show. The very best of Neil Diamond, a compilation CD of Diamond's 23 studio recordings from the Bang, Ununxa and Columbia catalogs, was released on December 6, 2011, on the Sony Legacy label. The years 2011 and 2012 were marked by several milestones in Diamond's career. On March 14, 2011, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at a ceremony at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. In December, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Kennedy Center at the 2011 Kennedy Center Honors. On August 10, 2012, Diamond received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In November 2012, Diamond topped the bill in the Centenary Edition of the Royal Variety Performance in the UK, which was transmitted on December 3. He also appeared in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. On April 20, 2013, Diamond made an unannounced appearance at Fenway Park to sing Sweet Caroline during the 8th inning. It was the first game at Fenway since the bombings at the Boston Marathon. On July 2, he released the single Freedom Song, They'll Never Take Us Down, with 100% of the purchase price benefiting one fund Boston and the Wounded Warrior Project. Sporting a beard, Diamond performed live on the West Lawn of the US Capitol as part of A Capital Fourth, which was broadcast nationally by PBS on July 4, 2013. In January 2014, it was confirmed that Diamond had signed with the Capitol Music Group unit of Universal Music Group, which also owned Diamond's UNI MCA catalog. UMG also took over Diamond's Columbia and Bang catalogs, which meant that all of his recorded output would be consolidated for the first time. On July 8, 2014, Capitol Records announced, via a flyer included with Diamond's latest greatest hits compilations, All Time Greatest Hits, which charted at 15 in the Billboard 200, that his next album, Melody Road, which was to be produced by Don was and Jack Knifley, would be released on September 30, 2014. In August, the release date was moved to October 21. In September 2014, Diamond performed a surprise concert at his alma mater, Erasmus High School in Brooklyn. The show was announced via Twitter that afternoon. On the same day, he announced a 2015 Melody Road world tour. The North American leg of the world tour 2015 launched with a concert in Allentown, PA at the PPL Center on February 27 and ended at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado on May 31, 2015. Diamond used new media platforms and social media extensively throughout the tour, streaming several shows live on Periscope and showing tweets from fans who used the hashtag number Tweet Caroline on two large screens. The San Diego Union Tribune wrote, This, my friends, wasn't your grandfather's Neil Diamond concert. It was a multimedia extravaganza. Twitter. Periscope, it was a social media blitzkrieg that, by all accounts, proved to be an innovative way to widen his fan base. In October 2016, Diamond released Acoustic Christmas, a folk-inspired Christmas album of original songs as well as acoustic versions of holiday classics. Produced by Wiz and Lee, who had produced Melody Road, the idea for the album began to take shape as the Melody Road sessions ended. To channel the intimate atmosphere of 60s folk, Diamond recorded Acoustic Christmas with a handful of musicians, sitting around a circle of microphones, wires and, of course, Christmas lights. In November 2016, Diamond's 50-year anniversary world tour was announced, to begin April 7, 2017. In pop culture. Diamond has always had a somewhat polarizing effect, best exemplified by the 1991 film What About Bob? They're the protagonist posits, there are two types of people in the world, those who like Neil Diamond and those who don't. The character of Bob attributes the failure of his marriage to his fiancé's fondness for Diamond. Another example of this love-hate dichotomy was shown in the Becker episode It Had to Be You, largely devoted to ridiculing Diamond and his fans. In the 2001 comedy film Saving Silverman, the main characters play in a Diamond cover band, and Diamond made an extended cameo appearance as himself. Diamond even wrote and composed a new song, I Believe in Happy Endings, especially for the film. During this period, comedian-comedy actor Will Ferrell did a recurring Diamond impersonation on Saturday Night Live, with Diamond himself appearing alongside Ferrell on Ferrell's final show as a not-ready-for-prime-time player in May 2002. America was used in promotional ads for the 2002 Winter Olympics. The Finnish band him covered Solitary Man on their album, and Love said no, the greatest hits. According to Cotton Incorporated, Neil Diamond might have been right when he named his 1979 number one hit Forever in Blue Jeans 81% of women are planning their next jeans purchase to be some shade of blue. The song has been used to promote the sale of blue jeans, most notably via Will Ferrell, impersonating Diamond singing, for the gap. Ironically, Diamond himself had performed in radio ads for HIS brand jeans in the 1960s, more than a decade before he and Bennett jointly wrote and composed, and he originated, the selection. In 2008, Diamond gave filmmaker Greg Koh's permission to use his songs in a documentary. Koh's, a director from Philadelphia, had met a popular Milwaukee, Wisconsin duo Lightning and Thunder, composed of Mike Sardina, who did a Diamond impersonation, and his wife Claire. Koh's followed them for eight years and produced the film Song Song Blue, but he needed permission to use Diamond's songs. The movie was sent to the singer in January 2008, at the recommendation of Eddie Vedder, a supporter of the film and of the duo. Though Sardina had died in 2006, Diamond invited his widow and her family to be his front row guests at his show in Milwaukee, where he told them he was moved by the film. Personal Life Diamond has been married three times. In 1963, he married his high school sweetheart, schoolteacher Jay Posner, they had two daughters, Marjorie and Ellen, before they separated in 1967 and divorced in 1969. He then married production assistant Marcia Murphy, with whom he had sons Jesse and Micah. This marriage ended in 1940 or 1995, sources differ. He began a lengthy relationship with Australian Ray Farley in 1996, after the two met in Brisbane, Australia. The selections on the album Home Before Dark were written and composed during her struggle with chronic back pain. On September 7, 2011, Diamond announced his engagement to his then 41-year-old manager Katie McNeill in a message on Twitter. On April 21, 2012, they married in front of family and close friends in Los Angeles. Diamond said that his 2014 album Melody Road was fueled by his relationship with McNeill, explaining, �There�s no better inspiration or motivation for work than being in love. It�s what you dream of as a creative person.� I was able to complete this album start it, write it and complete it under the spell of love, and I think it shows somehow. In addition to serving as Diamond�s manager, McNeill produced the documentary Neil Diamond, Hot August Nights NYC.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer Andrew Johnson. Sailors and their families are bracing for super typhoon Neoguri in Okinawa. Neoguri is expected to make landfall as a Category 5 storm, with winds reaching 150 miles per hour. The majority of it really is focused on making sure that we're prepared for high winds and water damage. So everything that you can see that's loose, needs to be secured, equipment that can be damaged by high winds needs to be secured as well. Base leaders are encouraging families to prepare for the storm. For the families, I would like to encourage them to check their emergency kits and make sure they're ready for the typhoon coming. Sailors should stay informed, make a plan and be ready throughout the typhoon season. For a list of what should be in your emergency kit, visit the Ready Navy website.


Classroom activity that are great for kinesthetic learners, telephone. This game will help your students practice word pronunciation and articulation of sounds that they're not used to making. Have all the students sit or stand in a line or a circle. Make up a phrase or sentence and whisper it in the first student's ear. That student then whispers the phrase to the next person, and so on and so forth. If anyone would like the phrase repeated to them, students will say operator. However this can only be done once per person. At the end of the game it's always really funny to see how different the phrase turns out. Note, another option is to separate the class into two groups and see who gets closest to the original phrase. There are more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


Good morning all and very happy to see you all taking your time out and coming for this great workshop. So I will just introduce what is Fossee and who are the team members and what all things we do. So just let me just show you first starting with the Fossee website. So we are the Fossee group. So this is a project funded by the Ministry of Education under the national mission on education through information and communication technology. So ours is a project which is going on for the past 10 to 12 years. And we are doing a good job that is why we are continuing for such a long time. So this is our webpage. Hope you are all able to see it. Can I get a thumbs up or something from anyone that they are able to see it? Just can anyone? Yeah, okay. So this is our webpage and these are the various projects which we promote. So one of them is Python. So you can go to all these projects through this homepage. And we are a group who is promoting free and liberate open source software. So Python is one among them. So I will just go to the Python page. So this is the Python webpage. So we mainly are doing workshops in Python. So which one of them you are now attending. So our PI is Professor Prabhu Ramachandran who is actually leading the Python effort under Fossee. And he's also a faculty member in the aerospace engineering department at IIT Bombay. And I am Usha and I am one of the managers in the Fossee group. And I look after the overall work of the Python team. And I have two team members in the Python group. One is Angit and the other is Prathamesh. So both of them are with us for quite some time and they are very experienced Python developers. And they will be actually taking the various topics today and tomorrow. And Professor Prabhu we are he's very busy. So we are trying to get some time out of his schedule to meet all of you. So probably today and tomorrow he will be able to spend some time with us. And I hope you all have installed Python and are ready for this workshop. There are some preliminary requirements which the team had asked you to prepare before coming for this workshop. So if you have done it it will be a very smooth experience for you. I hope you all have done your homework and I think you are all ready for the workshop. So I will just ask Angit and Prathamesh to take the stage and start the workshop. Thanks.