Good morning guys. Good morning. Good morning. Welcome to splitting hairs the hairdresser's podcast From freesaloneducation.com, which I never remember to say I've decided that I Always forget something and that's probably one of the most important things. I should remember is This podcast is live on freesaloneducation.com and YouTube and we're recording it for iTunes So you can get it on there look up splitting hairs and also The hairdresser's podcast you can look up freesalon education and you'll find it on there But this is the basically the only podcast for hairdressers. That's live for sure and You know, so we're happy to be here. They got Drea with me. I got Brian I'm Matt and we're we're gonna share some industry news with you guys We want to talk about what's going on what happened at the AMAs with hair and And some new products that are coming out. So let's kick it off I want to talk about Definitely subscribe to us if you're not subscribed and Also follow us on Facebook Drea is on Facebook right now She's gonna be typing some questions out there for everyone, but follow us its gratitude salon education And you can also follow us on Twitter at salon education. So and Instagram is underscore Matt Beck hairstyle Drea Day. I like to get those out at the beginning because You never know if they're gonna hang out till the end. Let's just get it out of the way. So, okay Now let's talk about I want to get some questions from social media Okay, papers are all out of order. There we go Thanks keep it fun. That's fine. So so we got a Derek McMaster from Facebook He says any advice on cutting extensions to make them blend with hair now My personal thing is if you're cutting if you're gonna cut extensions or a wig You're not gonna cut it the same as you would cut normally Some extensions you can but just to get you're not gonna get a precise haircut with extensions from my experience with them So what I find is techniques like the teasing technique cutting them dry to create that blend works really well for me You guys have anything? Yeah, I have I always cut Extensions dry. I've been to a couple extension classes where they recommend using a razor to help blend them I just don't like a razor and block on dry hair. I think yeah, I think it feels awful. It's Makes a weird noise Yeah, that's like kind of what it is to me I hit the sound so I'd never do it Fair enough. I worked a lot with clip-in extensions and with those You know, they're not gonna be in the exact same place every single time So there's it'll I almost felt like there was no reason to kill myself to make sure it was Perfectly in the same spot because it's never gonna be in that spot again So I actually did do just a lot of like almost concave layering with razor on dry. Sorry glad you weren't there but really just to give it sort of a and a Blended but not necessarily precise kind of end result so that when they stick them in their own hair wherever it sort of Blends in yeah Yeah All right, that's official check check off the list Rosina says can you please share with me what the ratio of sinker lift to developer was that Brian used on his ombre balayage technique? Actually with the sinker lift. It's probably the one lightener that I don't Mess around with the manufacturer Suggestion because I like the consistency that you get when you do the manufacturer suggestion Which I believe is a rounded scoop of sinker lift to two ounces of developer. Yeah, that tends to always be a nice creamy Consistency and the good thing about you got you can't play around with lightener And I think a lot of people try to just add whatever but sometimes when you do that it expands, right? And you're gonna get more running. You're gonna get water your water water rear Watery or lightener So you could get dripping bleeding all that so it's really not a good idea to try to mess with it too much I know as hairdressers we like to get really you know creative and change things like rules don't apply But sometimes it's good to follow the rules and understand that you know It could affect your outcome on it, but you know sometimes we do play with it a little bit I guess right, but I suggest you know try following the rules first Yeah, if it works and then go from there Don't just assume that you know better than the people who made it, right exactly All right now we got Michael Taylor who you know is always an avid He adds a lot of content to our Facebook and everything we enjoy. What do you write? So He had a good question last week for us that said what branches of current social media web Do you find the most helpful efficient rewarding for promoting yourselves and your business? Facebook Twitter Google Yelp, etc. Etc. I still feel as though word of mouth is really my favorite of all But I am giving it a good go on Facebook, which he actually I've noticed he has been And you know we've only known for a little bit, but he does post very often and I think he he posts interesting things So he said walk-in business seems to be the thing a thing of the past with the growth of internet It seems in this current market having web presence is only the only way to grow a new business But which online outlets beyond a salon website have driven the most traffic through your doors and I'm gonna say Because I take care of all the social media for the salon for the most part And our website Honestly, the website is the biggest thing you have to have the best-looking website in town And I know that it's beyond a website But we use a company called Wix and it's awesome because you can just easily put together a website anyone can do it and It just works really well for us like last night. I updated it with our Black Friday specials In three minutes, you know, so just keeping current. That's the thing You can't have a website for your salon that always looks the same and that's it the same goes with your social media If you're trying to grow Facebook you got to keep it current you got to keep adding content to it and trying new things I think the the biggest reward for us Has been I would say the website more than and I don't think we get a lot of clients from social media YouTube has helped I think there's a difference between what's gonna work as far as building the brand of the salon And then what's gonna help individual stylists because I know my big thing that's helped me the past couple years is You know you you come to find out which clients have their own little presence on social media Yeah, so I just sort of make sure to throw in there. Oh, this is a really great blowout new color This better be your next, you know profile picture Whatever and then it ends up happening and you kind of stalk it a little bit and see people ask oh I like that where'd you go and I've actually gotten a pretty decent little Branch out from that. That's perfect because that is exactly what That's the problem with what people do on social media is that they're always posting like come in and get a haircut I'm not busy. I'm not free. I'm free right now. Come on in and no one's gonna come in and take advantage of that But if you post ideas on your current client, I think that's a great great idea That's that's something that can work I don't think but I think like I said that's a little bit more of an individual stylist basis Right, like he's got to do what he's got to do social media or internet wives for the salon Right, but then push the people within the salon, but I think our job is Running social media for the salon is is more communicating with the current guests that we have right and building that up and getting them to post on your Facebook so posting pictures of celebrities or whatever and get their reaction to it And then their friends are gonna see that on yours that they their friends need to be jealous Of what they're doing with you and that's gonna make them want to come to you They all snag a picture with them and then tag them in it So the their frenzy on their page and be like, oh, I want to have fun with my hairdresser Yeah, yeah, that's a good It's true story it's got to be fun. It is fun. Yeah Okay, so hopefully Michael. I hope they that helps you out I think that Google you need to make sure that you have your whole Google page filled out It should be pretty Google is the number one way that people researched. You know like that I say pretty Google is the number one way that people research So half the slums you go on to and I look at the other slums in this town And I love it because I go on there and they don't have a profile whatsoever So I already win, you know, like we're my goal is to make sure that I'm always number one on Google And the way to do that is to use Google products have YouTube love you have Your Google plus account set up all of those things you have to do because that is how Google recognizes you. Otherwise, they don't even know you exist So you can't just have a web page put it out there and and be number one on Google then Yelp. I hate Yelp Yelp can go to hell to be honest, but I But you know, you got to have it we have one review up there We've actually had 25 reviews, but Yelp doesn't think they're real so they hide them But at least the one review we have right now is five stars and it's from like three years ago You know, so what are you gonna do about that? I was gonna say cuz I Take I take a lot of the appointments for the salon and a lot of people say Yelp is the reason why they come in here Yeah, which is crazy. I know But people don't understand what a business goes through on Yelp, right? So I wish Yelp would figure their stuff out because they have a good product Kind of I mean they have a good concept of a product. They just need to change it Please post your thoughts on Yelp below and hopefully Because I haven't met one person that owns a business that likes Yelp But and then Twitter we started tweeting Recently we have almost a hundred Twitter followers I Like Twitter because it's helped me connect like today. We're gonna showcase some products from color track So for me connecting with other businesses following other businesses see what's new what's going on I like Twitter for that. I don't I don't know I haven't figured out how to make that transfer into a client relationship But I have you know from this business from freesaloneducation.com business I have found that Twitter is great. So that's why I'm on it. I'm trying to be more active on that You guys tweet Not that often. I mean, I think that's that's gonna come down to a Are you in an area in a social environment that is real big with Twitter? Because I mean different parts of the country world everything, you know Your client base might be huge with that and then of course you got to get all up in it. I Haven't had much to do with it. I forget that it's there. Yeah, but So Twitter I won't knock it right. I mean you can't really go wrong Just having a profile and everything make sure that tonight Maybe not tonight tonight tomorrow's Thanksgiving. Maybe you're busy tonight, but You know go out spend the weekend Or just a couple hours and not a couple hours. That's that's my life Spend a half an hour every night and go on and create profiles on everything that you can possibly think of right so and that's that's the goal because Google isn't just looking at Google products. They're looking at yellow pages They're looking at all these different Superpages different things that that then they're gonna suck in all the information to find about your business So the goal to get people to notice you and to recognize you is to create a profile on everything You can possibly think of even if you don't really use it add pictures add Content your description everything and then your business is gonna be more known out there because it's on more things So I think we got to move on from that But what did Michael say Michael says perfect answer to my question. Thanks guys. I agree. Yelp is a mess Awesome. All right. So next one is Nicole and this one's definitely shot over there towards Brian and then we'll get Dreya's take on it, but She's has a question she says yes estimation point The new palmitch will shines XG. I'm guessing she wants to know more about that Palmitch was coming out with a new color color line. It's actually out already So the shines XG. It's the new Demi permanent I think what's cool about this that has me excited is you know, if you're working with palmitch a lot ready Then it's cool that we're now getting a Demi permanent that's gonna give great blending and up to a level of lift Most thing that I'm excited about is the actual palette Like I'm really really excited for the v-series because finally we're getting an actual violet color That doesn't have a brown base for a red base because I know I have some clients that have been looking for that And so I can stop trying to create it and just hoping for it. I'm gonna have it It sort of lives in between where we are right now as far as having like the the PM shines and the color It's definitely a little bit more opaque. Yeah, you know, whereas a lot of times I like to with my guests do you know a full foil of highlights and then go over with the shines Like the actual PM shines just to sort of marry everything together, but still see the highlights This is gonna be a little bit too opaque for that But the good part of that is it's gonna blend out gray really well. It's just yeah It's a nice puzzle piece for fitting right in there But what we noticed with it was really shiny. Yeah, it did cover the grape really well It makes the hair feel really great made the hair feel great. So, you know, I think it's a it's a win I think every slant should have that product. Yeah, I'm looking forward to it. Yeah We actually have to pick it up whenever we get Okay, but I have played with it. So after the holiday we will have shines XG in the salon They just got it into our local Cosmo Prof and Thanksgiving holiday or like Valentine's Day holiday. I don't know yet. I Don't know depends on how the wind blows. We'll see Do you have a I know dre I don't think you've touched it. No, I haven't actually played with it yet, right? but the input that I've been hearing from a Lot of my friends in the education everyone else that has it everyone else who has it We haven't even got as educators we haven't even got it yet. Oh my gosh, so So, you know, yeah, it can't be that urgent yet I mean, we haven't even got it in our kit, but I think what I'm most excited for is To be able to use it on my blondes as far as low lighting or the ones that want to go a little deeper for the winter And but then I know they're gonna want to go back to being bright and sunny for Brought and sunny Britain sunny for this summer. So good call So we excited for now. I am too. Okay. So we had a contest that Actually, we need to start looking through those We had a contest we're gonna go through and we're gonna pick The funniest one. So whatever one makes Drea laugh right now. So Drea I need you to do some research. You're in charge of picking the winner of this. Okay So the contest was create a caption for this photograph. That's not Drea. I'd like to point out By the way, I thought it was it's not it's not Drea. We actually stole this picture, but Well, it could have been Drea She did she did I was talking to her after this was posted and she goes Drea Why did you let them do that to your head? You we should have we should have done that to you actually we should have called the cap company and had them send us a Fresh cap for you. So this was insert a caption here. So Drea is gonna go through them She'll let us know by the end of splitting hairs that who the winner is on that So just you take a look at this picture. You added a caption to it. There were some pretty funny ones So she's gonna have a hard time. The other thing I want to mention is that we now our shop is open We now have a shop. What? Yes, just in time for Black Friday Just in time for Black Friday, which I'm gonna announce today that we have 20% off All scissors because the wonderful people from Mizutani said They would love for us to do 20% off for their great customers so if you go on our store the coupon code is holiday and You type that in you'll get 20% off. These scissors are actually I Used them. I thought they were over a thousand dollars scissors turns out their $450 regular price So $450 and you get 20% off so you get $90 off of that Unbelievable you can hook yourself up with some brand-new scissors for for the holiday season. So and I got such an education on scissors and Kiyoshi from Mizutani said to me he goes Matt, I don't want you to send the scissors back to me I'm gonna send you more and more and just when you have 12 of them I want you to hold them all up in the air and take a picture That's adorable. I know it's hilarious and he gave me such an education on scissors So I will be creating a video that explains to you why to buy the right pair of scissors And I know how you make them. I know how the metal is mixed. I know everything now. Let me know make it swivels Yes swivels are coming. All right. All right, and then we have Black Friday coming up and small business Saturday Which most of us have small businesses and we need to take advantage of Black Friday So if you look at this flyer, this is one I created yesterday This is what we're gonna run for our salon. So I think it'll be you know, good information for you guys We're gonna run a gift certificate deal. Dre is laughing. That could be a good sign What one are you laughing at? Which one they can't see it Danielle Parker's she included photos in her She included it after photo. Oh, yeah, that one was funny. Okay, so Black Friday sale We're running a deal on gift certificates It's gonna be if you buy a hundred dollar gift certificate you get a $20 add-on So it's a 20% add-on to your gift certificate And then we're gonna do a special price for if you buy a $200 gift certificate you get $250 on there We're also gonna do 30% off all products Friday and Saturday, which will be hopefully a big deal I know Brian's clients will jump in on that for sure true story and then 30% off all pre-ordered blow dryers irons Anything for the holiday. So 30% off that as well So that's gonna be our big Black Friday deal if you don't have one yet You still have today to create one. Bless you. Thanks. Bless your child So you still have time to create one So make sure that maybe tonight you take that time to create that for your business because you got a you know Play along with what's going on. All right. Now we're gonna move into Trending dresses All right, so this week we've had a couple different things go up, but we wanted to first talk about the AMAs Yes, and there's one direction. There's one direction. There's one direction. We could take this back to this slide We're just going to give you a preview. There we go. What's coming up? All right, so we did have some technical difficulties about getting pictures in so Yeah, me and Jaya have a bad email communication. I don't know what keeps happening. That's fine. I found them You found them. I found them for you. So let me know who you want to talk about and then we'll I'll show you All right, we can just go and order I guess Let's just roll them all out. Yeah, let's just roll them all out We got to screen to watch let's kick off with we only have about eight minutes left So let's let's fly through these we have Rihanna her half done style. Yeah, your name.  It's just wrapped up there, but it is I mean I get trying to be edgy and all that but she just looks so elegant that night I feel like there were other like doing that with maybe a finger wave set or Something that if you were gonna set the pins in there and have the intentional halfway done look I think there could have been slightly more elegant. Am I the only one that liked this? Yeah, yeah, I thought it was so first off I don't agree with them saying that this is like, oh, she's so daring. She's so daring look at her She's an icon that I think that's silly But I think that I think it was kind of cool it was it was out of the box a little bit and I think you know, I think the Bobby pins helped Well, like the style that was the intent was to do something that this is how it would look about two hours before It's done, right and I just don't know that this was the best set to go with Yeah, I would love to know the thought process behind the style because everyone I feel like thinks that she had this all like plan to It was either just not done But you know what I think it I think it's cool. I thought it looked cool and it looks sleek and nice You know, I'm doing a video on this Okay, I'm gonna do a video. All right, so There you go. Be ready for that. All right. I can't wait to hear this one All right Taylor Swift. I love it. I hate it Love it.   That's actually a much better picture than she looks like normally I watched the AMAs that night and I think for someone who was the go-to hair inspiration a couple years ago She has a haircut that looks like she did it herself The color looks like it hasn't been done in years and the style just looks like she blew it out herself on an airplane with the little Plug-in blow dryer. It's no it does look like before the iron was invented a little bit Yeah, it's a little it looks like she did all of this herself, but you got a look at this is We're hating it, but maybe this is like it is bringing back some some of the past in this big hair Oh, it reminds me a Bon Jovi Yeah, I mean and when when you watch it the way she moved I felt like the layers were too heavy. It didn't have a good flow to it. I miss The nice polished everybody wants Taylor Swift's curls kind of hair. Yeah But she can't stay like that forever. She's got to change it up. Well, we could at least get better with the time Yeah, I just love the texture of it. I like the texture looks like she used like that powder product or something Okay, all right moving on Brian does not like this. So all right. So now we have We talked about her a couple weeks ago. Yeah, this isn't new. This isn't new, but um, I Don't know. I just with her having roots now it bothers me and it looks dirty Grungy, right? I love the look when she originally did it I think for the AMA is especially when you're gonna perform with the host you could have redone it, right? Yeah, but I thought I think I like her though You're seeing a lot of celebrities with the funky colors and the roots I know, you know and I had a picture of more of them. I'm not mad at the root I wish that she had amped that green and pink back up Yeah, like when she was on stage you lost it and I spent half the time she was performing going Is it is it still in there? Yeah, I honestly when she came out, I was like, oh, it's gone I thought it was gone and then it obviously is not in the light, but Okay, Taylor commented. What do you say? I Really dig the idea behind Rihanna's rap expose bejeweled clips and all I Jeweled I just am not in love with the actual outcome presented The clips I think should be grouped together on the hairline to look like a decorative piece instead of Spread randomly throughout Michael is very specific. Hey, I'm with him. I like it. All right now. We have Kelly Osborne I got a couple a couple different angles of this hairstyle Let's get some thoughts on this. I dig it. It's super accessorized You know, she's known for having this super bold hair. Anyway, so what are you gonna do for an award show? Make it even more interesting to look at. Yeah, and I think it's not a highly technical style either She's got some fake hair in there. She's got some weird headbandy kind of clips put in there to make it have Something going on. I'm all about accessorizing. Yeah, and have have fun with an upstop I mean, this is like it's trying to take it like, you know to a different level I guess not a different level, but Just adding like the spikes in and stuff and not not like necessarily being a pretty updo, right? It's it's a cool looking thing. So I like it bring it. All right, Christina Aguilera Still going with the fake hair just like Kelly with the fake braid saw that quite a bit that night. Yeah, I Loved it. It was simple. It was pretty I have already mentioned I think that the person who did it could have gotten the blonde braid to match her hair a little bit closer Yeah, because she's just she's got that perfect hair color right now and the braid was a little off But yeah, if anybody was sitting there thinking, oh my gosh, how did they braid the front like that? Yeah Hopefully that was not happening, but it did look good. It was cool. It's a simple. It's a curtain cord wrapped around her head Yeah All right. This has been a big deal about Justin Timberlake's hair It's so funny to me and modern slime posted yesterday. They're like he it's big news He had a straightener like no kidding He has for a while not that not that they did anything wrong, but it's like We definitely knew that I mean he He didn't grow out of his curls Yeah, that's seven-year change didn't happen with him So but people are loving his hair. They want to see us do a Tutorial on it so I definitely I want to aim for that soon, but you know, I love I'm digging his style I like everything. I think he's great. I think he's a good Talented person and he's got great hair. So spot on. Yeah now There's our male lady she always She was pop.  All right, Lady Gaga. Oh Lady Gaga, I love the hair until it got in too close and then I just realized it was a Half-assed wig like the hairline like we get it. We know she wears fake hair I thought that looked great for the performance in a great movement. I'm sitting there thinking how could I do that? What would I create that with and then I just saw a really bad wig line? Yeah? Yeah I don't know nothing. They didn't Yeah, I don't care No words for that. All right, and this Jennifer Hudson I wanted to bring up because I think She's been rocking this short hair for a while. Yeah, it's good. So I think that's all I have to say about it. Yeah, I'm happy with it. Looks good and good. Yeah, this is hilarious to me What in the world is she doing with herself? She's trying to be a pony and Christina loves her She's like no, she's up there, but she is so this is the one thing I said to my my mom My mom is the same age as JLo. So like when my mom was like sitting Really? Yeah, I think so. Yeah, how old is JLo? Can you research that for me? I think she's like 40.   You're about to be surprised. I Got a young mom. So do I I'm pretty sure I think I think JLo is like 48 Really? Isn't she? Well the intent of this because at first I wanted to dog on this too when she first came out But then I realized if you paid attention As she was going through when they were changing her dresses on stage They were also changing her hair on stage. Yeah, so that by the end of it She ended up with just a ponytail So it had to like they wanted that huge ponytail for the end for all the dancing and you know What are you gonna do with a ponytail? Can you imagine? I mean just think about hair shows that we've done the chaos Oh my god behind trying to change her outfit and throw her hair in a ponytail even a simple ponytail trying to do that You have 11 seconds to change her dress and her hair. Yeah. Go. Yeah topsy-tale. She's 44. She's 40 Okay, she's not the same age as my mom Sorry Matt's mom. There's there's a little bit of it. Sorry I doubted you.  I'm like mom. You're like almost the same age as JLo Funny how that conversation changed. I know Whatever Okay, so now the last ones Just one thing I wanted to mention about one direction showed them earlier, but the difference in hairstyle I think that anytime there's a boy group It's a great inspiration for for different looks and you know, I think it's cool You can see like a tight fade on one real clean cut longer hair that would be a good curly hair kind of style on This I'm glad they're going a little bit more polished. Yeah, like just seen in the magazines where they used to look like just kids Yeah, they look like stylish dudes. Yep stylish dudes Okay, Macklemore always rocking that haircut. Do you think he'll ever change that haircut? I don't think he needs to I think he's awesome. I don't really care what he does to be honest and then good old Miley. I Don't even care about her hair. She hasn't changed it But this picture just cracked me up. So I decided to add it So we have this picture. We talked about Miley Cyrus last week and we were talking about well Actually, no, we were talking about people that bleached her eyebrows, right?  She's long hair again And it's more on the platinum side With that root action going on.  That might be a wig Considering she's got a pixie. It's dark, right?  She had come out. Nope full-on like Yep, there you go and Jessica Alba has moved towards a honey blonde with I think this is nice because it is softer I think this shows off having that darker root area much better than You know different looks Yes, I think it's softer. It blends more. I'm not mad at the dark root Yeah No, she needs it because she's one of those people that is not supposed to be a blonde Right. So the only way to pull it off is to have the darkness somewhere in there. Fortunately, this was only for a role that she's playing so My guess is it's not gonna last much longer than the Movie it does look good though. Yeah. All right some hair industry news. We have tg Launched a new men's product, which I want to get my hands on and try it out But you know, I don't know anything about it. So I can't really share too much But it is a it's a new product line from tg and we're running out of time anyway So but we'll get our hands on it. I want to try it for you guys. It's be just make sure You check we'll check that out for you We also have a review coming up on our Mizutani scissors that I will share with you guys This is our package that we got last week. We opened it up We've used the scissors throughout the week and these are actually the exact scissors now That we have for sale on our website They're $450 but again use the the code holiday if you listen to splitting hairs and you will get 20% off Great scissor Comes in from five inch to six and a half inch So you can customize your size left hand right hand whatever you want and then Mizutani said that they will also send A ys part the Mizutani comb with that the spray bottle and the oil Everything that we got in our package last week. So fancy make sure you check that out Mizutani scissors has been a great add-on to our collection of great partners Along with freestyle systems, which is our beautiful hanging blow dryers behind us and and millennium software so Great group of companies that are supporting free education and giving us great products that we can use and show you guys Please check out our store on freesaloneducation.com and our podcasts and everything subscribe to us on youtube Check us out on itunes as well And you can find that all on freesaloneducation.com. So you guys have anything else to say? Can I pick my winner? Oh, yeah So the winner of our contest Is because i'm still laughing about it danielle parker danielle parker come on down Okay, danielle parker wins the uh, what are we giving her? Oh the ys park Comb tail comb and clips so we'll put that back up on facebook with her Caption so that everyone can enjoy it the way the tray. Yes Yes, we will post we will post it up and we will reconfigure it. He'll be her own Her own photo. So um, all right guys leave any comments and questions below and again Thank you so much for listening to us every week Wednesday morning around 10 a.m Whenever we can get the computer going and working it's a soft and and again follow us on instagram underscore matt beck dre day hairstyle h a r e h a i r e h a r e f q um, maybe we should just post our Names on facebook We do well we could post them on facebook So we'll do that and then we put them below on the video too. So it's fine Subscribe to us and uh, we will see you next time on splitting hairs. I need to find the music Thanks. Thank you guys. Bye. We will see you next time


Yn y cwbl a bwysig ar gyfer mae wedi gyrsdur o'r amser ac mae'n gweithio i'r ffordd y gallu iawn. Mae angen i ddim yn ymddylch ac mae'r prynsgwyr i ddiddordeb yma. Y gwasanaeth gwaith yma ymddylch chi am y gweithio gyda'r Calloway B21? Mae'n gweithio gyda'r cyflym. Yma'n gweithio'n dod, mae'n gweithio a bwynt gweithio ac mae'n gweithio'r Calloway PXG 0-11. Mae'n gweithio'r Masuno STZ ac mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'r Calloway B21 Cwm yw ymwneud ysgawid y bydd ymddir iawn i'r hollwch i'w defnyddiaeth eu llarn. Mae'r hollwch yn ni'r hollwch wedi ddechrau'r llarn ffôn ym Ym Mhysgwyno'r chest i'w'r llarn i'n gwybwyn ddakodd ac i'w fath o土i'r hollwch chi ar y bydd ymwneud. Felly rydw i'r hollwch y byddai wedi gwneud y byddio hefyd i'w mynd i ei wneud y byddai. Oni'r hollwch chi'n bryd yn cael ei bod yn y cerdd yn ei gofyn. ac rydw i'r ffordd i'r bwysig o'r llwyll ar gyfer. Felly yn cael ei gael. Rhywb i'r wneud o'r llwyll, ond mae'n gwneud yw'r ffordd o'r llwyll, ond yn y Cymru, mae'n 10,5 o'r gweithio, mae'n bwysig o'r dwylltyn i'r arddangos, mae'n gofynu'r 9 o'r dwych. Yn amlwch yn meddwl, rydyn ni'n dweud, Ar y cyfnod drosaeth Cymru, ar gyfer ddauan cwm yn ei ddweud cyfa iddyn nhw, yw'n cael ymarfer i gael'r hiwn. Mae'n golygu ddweud y mae'r llenig. Mae yna'r acurus ei chyfgirio. Mae'r rhwng y cofnogaeth, efallai'n golygu'r menu o'r hoffa'u gweld o'r rhwng. Mae yna'r rhwng o'r hoffawr a'r rhwng o'r hoffawr. Rhaid, mezuno STZ, 10,5 gradi yn ddod, mae'n ystod o'r llwyddau. Felly mae'n gweithio'n ddod 1 o 2, felly ddod 1, felly mae'n 9,5 gradi. A'n mynd i'n gael ei hynny'n setel ar y B21. Ond yna, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'n gwneud o acurus, mae'n gwneud o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r clwb 3. Mae'n gael ei gael, mae'n gael ei gael ei gael, mae'n ddod sig i'r ddod o'r lwyddau yn gweithio. Rhaid, mae'n ddod i'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n ddod o'r ddod o'r clwb 3. Felly mae'n ddod o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r lwyddau. Mae'n gofyn o'r mezuno STZ, mae'n gweithio fyll hon i ddod o'r fel y Lwydschyr, maen nhw mae'n gwneud o rheiddoedd i'r clwb, ..wedd yn y gweithio'r cyfrun yma. Wrth gwrs pethau ar gweithio y darllen yn ddechrau. Lloria gwnaeth o ddadwyl y 190 o ddergoeth. Dwi ddim yn y ddechrau genAm hwn o'r ffini, Be ddweud yn gweld, mae'n swyddi fynd. Fy oedd yn meddwl mewn cyfrwm darllen, ddiwyd, neu roeddenie'n ddiwedd tarmach. Ychwaneg yw'r rhydwch 40 o ddedgoeth efallai. A that's all fun. Yw eich ddweud o ddim yn ddechrau a ddim yn fan. I'm just panig in to see I have to press it. I think I've got one more button to press before we go. First ball is up for Missounau. I'll tell you briefly how I think about the club's sort of performance as well as we go. But don't forget it's all about yardage. How far can we get that ball down this runway. First one. Ond mae cyfle yn y ddiddordeb, o gyd wedi bod yn ni oedd y taw ar y sgwrll. Slyw ddiddordeb yn ar gwyd yn yr awd. Ond mae'n cael eu datblygu fighting. Ychydig yw ddiddordeb isgwyr o gyd y wych neu ddiddordeb a'r ddiddordeb sy'n mor gyd bryd. Rwy'n cael eu gwneud. Gyd y fyddio, gyda un bêl. 275. Felly tro, fyddio'n meddwl ond wedi gyd. Alwch, wych yn ddaw'n ddaw'n gwrdd. Wych yn ddaw'n gwrdd, mae'n ddaw'n gwahol gwahol. Mae'n ddweud. Mae'n ddweud,りu'n ddweud yn gwrdd o'r ddweud ond mae'n gwybod, a fyddwn yn ddweud. Wel, mae'n gwrdd y rôl, ond. Rwy'n ddweud. Mae'n ddweud o'n ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud, mae'n ddweud o'n ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'r barch yn meddwl gwaith byrdd. Dwi ddweud sut yn dod yn p MJ. Ond dyna rydym wedi weithio'n cyflawni, ond mae'n cyd-ddiwedd yn y ddim. Mae'n gwneud y ddiwrnod i fy nghymoedd cyffredin. Yn y gallu bod yn cyffredin, y gallai mawr yn gwybod buty多 y first ball, bobl dwi'n gwybod ddysgu'r 17 mark. Mae'n iawn ar gŷt y wneud hynny. Next one. Now I can't see that but it seems really decent ball. Yeah, I've got it bouncing. That's a great ball. That's a great ball. We'll get the next ball lined up so that we don't lose any time. That's got to go past it. It's gone past the 280. 282, 283 maybe? What have we got? 283. Right, we're creeping up. Here we go. Here we go. Here's a big one. Again, I can't see it into the blue clouds. It seemed really good. Where's it gone? Oh, wow. I've leaked it outright. Well, there's nothing like how it felt. It's a worse shot of it. Maybe you got a little bit quick on that one. First sort of real bad ball. 283 to beat still. Again, seemed okay. Leaked it out. I've got that one. Leaked it out a little bit to the right. It's not got that ball flight. It's going to turn the ball over, which is the one that you need to get cheating. I think that will end up just in again. We're in the first cut. It would have been a fairly long ball as well, that. Yeah, it was. But not in play. I've got time for one more. Quick, come on, hurry up. 11 seconds. Nah. Had to rush it. 283 is going to be the best ball I'm afraid. It's down the middle, that one. It will chase. But nowhere near good enough to get past that sort of 283 mark. No. Poor. Not the best performance by me. We're not going to blame the club too much there. So we've got 283 to beat. Let's have a look at the numbers that I was referring to, just to pay attention to at the end. So only a 222 carry. Ball sweet on 143. Again, quite a way down from what we were achieving last week, which is probably the telltale sign of my performance and my swing speed. We'll go straight into the PXG. Let's see what this thing has got. Have I got to press a button again? I think I may have, you know. Do I? I get this wrong every time, yes. So again, don't forget your comments down below. What's the best driver you've been sort of trying so far this year? Or is it the one that's still in your bag? Let me know. Are you chasing distance or are you chasing dispersion? That's not a bad start. It's a little bit heavy. It should be down the middle. It's a decent start. Again, that sort of hard face of the PXG is the one thing I'm not overly keen on. What's that 2-7s shot, is it? What do we get? It's a benchmark, 2-7-6. Now, that's a decent ball again.  That's how I would think. It feels like that one could be good. What have we got? Oh yeah, go ball. That's going to get past it. It's not going to get. We've got past 280. We have just about, yes, bang on 280. So far, the best ball we've got. That's terrible hand. That's not the shot we wanted. We might just hang in on that left hand, so no. Or is it? I might just hang on. So we're just about hanging on the fairway, but that's only a 265 shot, so we're going to need a bit more. How many shots have we got left? Maybe two. Again, we've got some nice consistency with the shape here, and that's not a bad ball. I think that's going to, again, got that ball flight that I keep referring to. It's going to chase, but I don't think it's got 280 in it. No, I didn't think so. It's close again. It's close to 278 maybe. Oh, we've got 280 that was. A couple of decent balls. How many have we got left? We've got two more. That's got, again, that low ball flight. It should be chasing. We've got some decent balls. A performance on this has been really consistent down the middle. Far better than what I was achieving with the Mizuno. But that, again, is going to get right up to that. It's close. It's right behind it probably 281, is it? 280. Right, 30 seconds. I'm not going to get two in, so I'm going to take me time and see if we can get one decent last ball. I think I've leaked it out right. I can't see it. I've lost it, but it definitely wasn't good enough. Shall we reload and see if we can get one more in?  Just when the performance of the PXG had done so well, as soon as this lands, I'm going to hit it, see if we can get one more shot in. Come on, hurry up. 10 seconds. Rushed. Should be okay in terms of, yeah, a bit of a low scooter. It'll stay in play in a performance of the PXG overall, that one leaked ball and that, yeah, terrible rushed finish. It's not the best, but it's setting the mark again. Let's wait and have a look this time at the carry distance. Only 226 carry. Oh no, it's our last ball, sorry. 280, we'll need to have a look at that 280 ball and see what that did in terms of carry. But yeah, decent enough performance, but nowhere near, but this is the interesting one for me. Don't forget, this was the reason this sort of part 2 to this video. It was all about my own club, the Big Bertha, the one inch short shaft, this B21, this sort of almost ignored this drive for so long and in the end couldn't ignore it any long when it's in my bag right now. The question is, will a one inch short shaft, it's got 280 to beat, can it do it? If I'm honest with you, I forgot what no did in the first round, can you remember that? Let's see if we can mean it doesn't make a difference and stick to 280-5 in there. That's a half decent start, we've got that ball flight turning over, that's that sort of low chase that I want, but not enough carry, it's not going to reach 270. Not the start we wanted for the B21. Can we get better? Right. Again it's much easier to get that ball sort of turned over if you want with it, manipulate the ball a little bit more, but I don't think again we've got to carry on it. So don't forget to reiterate, I said at the beginning I don't think this is going to do it in terms of yardage. But in terms of consistency, maybe, but we've got we've got two balls in the fairway but we're going to need a bit better than that in terms of yardage. Oh, that's a ball, you know. That's a great drive if it's got it coming back. Come back. Now then, let's see what this thing does. It might have the the problem is it is, you've got the high launching ball but then you lose that low spinning one which is exactly what it's done. So it looks nice, but it doesn't travel as far. So, back to the sort of do you know what? I mean, it's so obvious to me that this driver is so much better in my hands than those either too and it might get there in terms of yardage but it's certainly, that's having a good go that one to be fair. Go! Go! That's 280, is it? 282, is it? We've got it. 283! I can't remember what Missouna did with the first ball but I think that's possibly got it, you know. I was just saying it wouldn't get it on distance and it might have just done that. Another good ball. I was saying basically that, you know, in terms of performance wise, this club in my hands, I've got far greater control with it and even though we may give up distance but it's very marginal what you are giving it up and that's another decent ball. Sort of near that 280 mark, 278 maybe? We've got 283. It's still that one to beat. We've got one, maybe two more. That's got that lower ball flight. I just don't know if it's got enough carry-on. I'm going to reload so we can pinch one last ball if we're quick, but I don't think we will. Go. No. No, not enough again, but look at that in terms of the balls on the fairway. How many seconds have we got left? We've got one more in it. Come on, hurry up. Four. Nah, had a time. Right. Had a time and had a breath. I'm going to have to probably look back over these numbers but I think it's fair to say that at 283 the big bertha came out on top. The interesting thing for me this week and look at that one 48 ball speed on that last shot. The interesting thing for me was that big bertha. I'm so slightly relieved if you like that it did really well in terms of the dispersion and it didn't really lose out in terms of distance and if we did get that one ball 283 to be the leading ball then it did lose anything and it showed the key to me it was all about finding the centre of the club face is where the ball speeds are really at and that certainly came on with that sort of... with the B21. So assuming I haven't got this wrong B21 comes out on top 283. The other two clubs were literally again a yard or two apart and I think that's the point again just if you put these in a chart we had 293 last week 292 and 291 with the ping and the other club that we put in the callaway epic speed so these are 10 yards off this morning but I would guess that I'm going to have a close look at it my swing speed is probably that little bit slower and what will be the biggest difference between the two so in terms of my performance this morning with three drivers yet again only a couple of yards between the best and worst that we could find nothing to split them but for me I'm really pleased with the B21 performed as well as it did so that's it as ever and again I'm going to say it one last time it's a bit of fun it's not to find out which is best like I said even in terms of how I would set these clubs up I would certainly be putting a little more loft on them for me on a personal level this is all out distance just a little bit of fun hope you enjoyed it any ideas as to who you want to see next if we do one of these in another couple of weeks we'll put three more drivers up in the test and see if we can beat that one at the top of the pile which is the sim at 293 but for now hit that like button comment down below and I'll see you all soon I need a breather and a cup of tea


President Mohammad Buhari has joined the African ambassadors to continue to give preference to the protection of the interests of the African continent and her people. The president made the call in cell during an audience with the African group of ambassadors accredited to the Republic of Korea on the sidelines of the First World Buyer Summit in Seoul. The president's media aide, Fermi Adishina, in a statement quoted the Nigerian leader saying that the economic prosperity and development of Africa is the collective responsibility of Africans in leadership positions. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


So we'll start with an introduction to computing.  We call him Mr. Dumbo, who represents the machine. We'll look at Dumbo's memory capacity. We'll figure out how Dumbo interacts with us. Then we'll look at the Dumbo's computing capabilities. Specifically, how does Dumbo execute instructions? Finally, we'll look at the most important aspect of our computing model, namely the ability to store our instructions. That is what makes Mr. Dumbo very peculiar. We'll end with two sample programs written in a programming language called C++. Many of you would be familiar with that, but what is important here is the model of computing that we are going to use. We are not going to discuss the underlying hardware with which computers are made. Our objective here is to learn how to compute using whatever hardware we have. An analogy that I can think of is that if you are learning to drive a car, you need not know how the internal combustion engine works, how is the petrol or any fuel is burnt inside, how the walls move, etc. You need not know that in order to drive the car well. However, later on when you have learned to drive the car well and reach your destination, you might wish to know more about the internals of the car. So that is the approach that we are going to follow in the computing. So here is my Buduram computer. We call him Mr. Dumbo. So what are the characteristics of Mr. Buduram? First, Mr. Dumbo has several assistants. We call them junior Dumbo's. I have shown two of them, but there could be many more. One of them could represent the hardware which basically executes my instruction. In which case that junior Dumbo will be really junior junior Dumbo because he would be at the bottom line executing my instructions using and or nor gates of the electronics. We are never going to touch that particular aspect in this course. We will assume that somebody does that job well. On top of it are layers which are called software layers. A software layer which handles, for example, input output. Another software layer which handles command and control the machine. A third layer which is actually a combination of hardware and software which handles actual computations. All of these tasks are relegated to junior Dumbo's. As far as we are concerned, we interact with senior Dumbo using a mechanism which is artificial actually, but that is what has been implemented through what we call programming language, compilers, operating systems and so on. Again, we need not understand those details as long as we understand how to make Mr. Dumbo do our bidding. That's our restricted view of computing. So again to repeat, we have one major Mr. Dumbo or senior Mr. Dumbo and a whole lot of junior Dumbo's. What are the capabilities of Mr. Dumbo? Dumbo cannot do anything on his own. Fantastic capability. But Dumbo can execute instructions absolutely correctly. Somebody has to give instructions to Mr. Dumbo. Obviously, we as prospective computer programmers propose to give instructions to this Mr. Dumbo. Now what instructions can we give Mr. Dumbo? We'll have to analyze that. We'll discuss that when we discuss the computing capabilities of Mr. Dumbo. Obviously, like God, we cannot say let there be light. Mr. Dumbo cannot switch on lights. Mr. Dumbo can do limited things. We'll have to examine what exactly Mr. Dumbo can do and where to give only those instructions which Dumbo can execute. Basically, he can do arithmetic operations, logical comparisons. He can manipulate strings. He can take a long name and break it into two pieces, three pieces called making substrings. He can add numbers. As we shall see later, he can even calculate logarithms. He can calculate sine and cosine. He cannot of course solve symbolic manipulation. He cannot solve differential equations through symbolic manipulation. It essentially does numerical computations or symbolic computations. So essentially, our friend Dumbo can operate upon and manipulate values and produce resultant values. That is Dumbo's limited capability. Since Dumbo can compute, we call him a computer. So that is the genesis.  An additional feature is he can execute instructions very rapidly because he doesn't have to move furniture or something. He has to compute. He has to compare values. He has to take this. He has to do some manipulation. Those things he can do very fast. When computers begin their life in late 40s, do you know when the first computer program was executed in this world on a digital computer? 1949 in a British lab. It tried to calculate the factors of a given number. And it could execute a phenomenal 1,000 instructions in one second. Today's Mr. Dumbo can execute more than a billion instructions in one second. So that is the rapidity with which technology has grown. Of course, for us it means that our program will get executed faster, will get our results quickly. Don't forget that there are still problems lying on the critical part of the spectrum which take even today the fastest computers could take days and months to solve those problems. We shall refer to these problems later on in the course when we discuss more complex problems. So, since Mr. Dumbo can compute, we call him a computer. Once again I repeat, he can execute instructions absolutely correctly and pretty rapidly, but he cannot do anything on his own. There is an additional problem with our friend Dumbo. He cannot remember anything. So for example, if I ask you to add two numbers, let's say 5 and 12, you will come up with an answer 17 without writing it down on a piece of paper. Because you would be storing 5 and 12 as two numbers in your mind. And in fact you can do mental arithmetic and store the results 17 also in your mind. Human beings have phenomenal memory capacities. Mr. Dumbo unfortunately cannot remember anything in his head. So therefore he requires something else. Much like we have notebooks, books, registers, whatever. So we will model a gadget for Mr. Dumbo to remember things. We will use a cupboard with different drawers. The drawers will work as memory. Each drawer is a memory location. So Dumbo's memory, see he is now laughing because he can remember things. Provided they are kept in these drawers. These drawers are named A, B, C, D, E, F, whatever. In fact they need not be A, B, C, D, could be Alpha, Beta, could be Abraka, Dabraka, any name. Because curiously it is not Mr. Dumbo who gives these names. We suggest to Mr. Dumbo that these are the names that you should give to the values that you are going to store in these names. So we have to supply all these symbols. Dumbo on his own cannot do anything. Why names? Why not numbers? Well, it could be any symbol real. In actual practice later on when we will consider the hardware, we will find out that corresponding to a drawer in my cupboard there is something called a hardware memory location which contains so many bits or bytes which will be used to store a value represented appropriately in a binary format. We shall discuss all of these things in due course. Right now we presume that there is a higher level model of computing that we are developing and therefore our Mr. Dumbo uses a cupboard with drawers to store values. Each drawer is a memory location and it is named uniquely. So what you can see is these drawers are currently closed. If you open them you can see a value inside. So each drawer contains some value. For example, you may have a number say 437. Let's say it is stored in a location named B. So I have shown here the drawer B containing a value 437. What is 437? An arpeggio number. 12 minus 17 minus 2000, 99,200 something, whatever. Can we store absolutely any number? Can I store a number with 200,000 digits? Well, our Dumbo is good but he is still ordinarily not that capable. So subsequently we will have to discuss the limitations that Dumbo has on representing numbers. What is the largest value? What is the smallest value? Can it represent fractions as values? Actually not. But can it represent decimal values stored equivalently in binary format or something? Answer is yes. Those values are represented in a particular format called floating point format. We shall discuss the floating point format later. But it is possible for Mr. Dumbo to store values like 2.3174 or minus 28.294, et cetera, et cetera. We shall see how that can be. Essentially numerical values can be stored. Mr. Dumbo can also store character strings. So this is the name Ranadeh. Ranadeh incidentally is Professor Abiram Ranadeh, my boss currently. The head of the computer science department and a very distinguished professor. He taught CS 101 earlier so I have chosen his name. So if I want to store his name, his name could be stored in let's say a memory location called F where I have shown the value as being stored as Ranadeh. So is this clear? Dumbo uses memory drawers to store values. Each drawer is uniquely named. Obviously if you have two drawers with the same name B, then you'll have problems. Because later on if you ask Mr. Dumbo to look at a value in location B, which B does he use? Can you afford to have in a housing colony two houses with exactly the same address? There will be a lot of confusion. So unique names are required to identify values. There are some more peculiarities of this memory. Each location can contain only one value and not multiple value. This is so different from a piece of paper which I have shown lying inside the drawer. For example, if this is the piece of paper that represents my memory, so I can not only write 437 here, but if I want in the same paper I can write 23.987. I can write my name Fatak as a string. So how many values does this paper have now? Three values. Unfortunately Mr. Dumbo has very limited memory capacities. These three values will have to be stored in three separate locations. There is no concept as of now that our Mr. Dumbo has to store multiple values. Later on we will discuss more abstract structuring of these data values when we discuss arrays for example or linkless or queues and such things. We'll find out that there is an abstraction capability available with Mr. Dumbo where he can put together a set of values, classify them as a separate structure. Still an individual value is what will occupy the memory drawer in the memory location. The values in locations are normally unknown. Suppose there is a location, let's say we call it beta. So this is the name of the location. This is one of the drawers that Dumbo has. What is the value inside? Now that is a major point to be remembered. If you have actually a cupboard you can have drawers containing nothing. Right? You can have drawers in which you have not put anything. Unfortunately Mr. Dumbo's drawers are not permitted to have nothing. Even if you want to say that drawer contains nothing you have to give a value to Mr. Dumbo to store it inside called null value. Otherwise there will always be some value. What will that value be? Since we do not know that value we will generally put an unknown value as a question mark. So ordinarily a memory location will contain some value which is not known. So how does a desired value get into a location? A desired value gets into a location in either the two ways. Either we supply a value which Dumbo stores there in that location or Dumbo calculates and puts some value there. These are exactly two possible ways in which a desired value can get into a memory location. There is absolutely no third way. No value through black magic can come and sit into a memory location. And please note as I told you earlier none of these activities namely supplying a value to Mr. Dumbo which he stores there or Dumbo calculates something and puts a value there. None of these things can happen automatically. Dumbo is incapable of doing anything on his own. So for each of these we will have to give an instruction to Mr. Dumbo which Dumbo will execute, carry out. It could be either a value to be taken from me and put it in the memory location or it could be a computation which the Dumbo does and puts a value. Is that clear? So this is the memory model of our computing that we use. To recapitulate again Mr. Dumbo can execute instructions, can manipulate data values, can also exchange values with us and Dumbo cannot remember anything. So he stores values in a memory which is modeled by a cupboard containing drawers. Each drawer has to be uniquely named and we have to supply the name for that drawer. The values inside that drawer will be the values corresponding to that name. So when we say beta for example or we say A or we say B or we say D we actually refer to the value inside the drawer and Mr. Dumbo is capable of looking at the value or putting a new value there. How do we exchange values with Dumbo? So Dumbo uses a card. Does this look like a card? It has wheels. So Dumbo has his memory is generally he is the computer for us. We are sitting outside somewhere. So remember what I said? Dumbo can take values from us and give values to us. He uses a card. That card is called data bus for short. Actually very curiously the computer scientists have goofed up and they have called this path as the bus. So this path that you see, this is called the bus. Now bus ordinarily for us means a vehicle which runs on a path. But forget the nomenclature. For us the bus means the path and the cart on it. And this cart or a wheelbarrow or whatever you may call, it can move data between us and computers. So he can put a value in a location as instructed or can copy a value from a location and give it back to us. Is this clear? That's how Dumbo exchanges values. But Dumbo does anything only if instructed. So what kind of instruction should we give Mr. Dumbo to collect a value from us or to give us a value? Here is an instruction which we give Mr. Dumbo to read a value from us and put it in a memory location. So look at this carefully. C in greater greater B, semicolon. Looks like a funny instruction, right? Suppose you want to ask somebody to keep something in a drawer. What will you say? Take this pen and keep it in the second drawer. You can understand that instruction very easily and you expect the other person also to understand it. But Mr. Dumbo is very peculiar. He understands instructions given only in a certain way. In fact, all the instructions that he can understand together constitute a language which we call a programming language. It is different from English, different from Marathi, different from Hindi, Hebrew, Spanish, whatever. It's a different language. It's a computer language. There are many computer languages. We shall look at that later. But our Mr. Dumbo, we shall call him C++ Dumbo. You may want to note down this moment. Can you read this? Who is C++? It's not Marathi. It's not Hindi. It's the name of a programming language which computers used. It's actually written as C++. Why such funny name? All computer languages have funny names. We shall see the history of programming languages sometime later in the class. These names are given by computer scientists who invent these programming languages or who define these programming languages. Now the individuals have their own idiosyncrasies. So I can't define any language. So original languages of the kind that we use which are called higher level languages were named first as abbreviations. The language called FORTRAN, for example. This stands for formula translation. And this was the first higher level programming language introduced in the world in 1956 by a group of computer scientists, some working for IBM Corporation and some who were users of IBM machine. So since 1956, this higher level programming language came into being which has studied the subsequent abstraction such as compilers and operating systems required to actually make the instructions written in this language run on a hardware computer. But as I said earlier, that does not concern us. Similarly, there was a language called COBOL. This language COBOL which stands for Common Business Oriented Language. This was defined in 1960. This was defined in 1956. Then there was a language called ALGOL which stands for algorithmic language. In fact, we shall see later that the computer's instructions that we write which are collectively called a computer program often refers to the instructional implementation of an algorithm that we have in mind to solve a problem. And then there have been languages languages. So the present C++ Dumbo that we are discussing has its origins in a Dumbo called C-Dumbo which was a C programming language understanding Dumbo. And the programming language was named C because somebody has just few years earlier had defined a programming language called D. So you can see how nonsensical things end up confusing us at the end. Nevertheless, we'll take our Dumbo to be a C++ Dumbo. So coming back to our slide, in C++ the instruction to say, please collect a value from me and put it in your drawer is read as C in greater, greater B. That is why the natural questions which should occur to you is why C in? Why not simply say input or because the computer is going to read a value from us? Why not say read? Or since computer is going to get a value from us, why not say get? Now these are questions which are no answers. I mean, you can argue about the word in any language. Forget the computer programming language. For example, if I want somebody to go very quickly to my office and get some paper, I'll say run. If I have to do the same thing in Hindi, I'll say bhaagoh. Now somebody who is Tamil will say what is bhaagoh or somebody who is Spanish will say what is run. These questions are no answers. Somebody decided to name these things like this. There is an additional thing. In English or in Hindi, if I make some small spelling mistake, the fellow can still understand the written instruction. Like instead of bhaagoh, I say bhaagoh, he can still understand that I mean running or something. But in computer programming, Mr. Dumbo is so dumb that unless the instruction is exquisitely correctly spelled, Mr. Dumbo will get confused. So we have to say, for example, to get a value b, we have to say c in greater, greater b semicolon. Again, why greater, greater, why not less, less? Well, we shall see less, less very soon. But these are peculiarities of symbolism that people have used to define. Nevertheless, the purpose of c in greater, greater b is that if we tell Mr. Dumbo, c in greater, greater b, what Mr. Dumbo will do is take the card, bring it to us, collect the value from us, carry it all the way to the major Mr. Dumbo, who will put it in the memory location which will be named as b. This is very clear. Please understand that when this value is put in, no matter what existed in the location b earlier, that will be destroyed. Old value will be destroyed. Please remember what I said. There's never an empty drawer. So that drawer contains something. It might even contain the same value that we have supplied. But that is incidental. It contains a question mark as far as we are concerned. That question mark will be wiped out and this value will be put in. Let's do a quiz.  The value 32 goes there. I again give in an instruction c in greater, greater b. What will Mr. Dumbo do? He will say, boss, you just give me a value. Or he will take a value but say, no, no, I have just put a value. I will not do anything with it. Or it will take the second value, religiously wipe out the old value and put the second value in. What do you think it will do? Last one. Remember, Dumbo is Dumbo. He cannot think. It does not have common sense. So if you give him an instruction c in greater, greater b, five times, he will religiously collect five values from you. And only the fifth value will be there in the location. He is Dumbo. Dumbo can also give us values from locations. The instruction to do so, so c out less, less g. What it means is, look up the value in g and give that value to me. So Dumbo will copy values from his memory locations and present these to us. The values in locations are undisturbed. This is the difference between getting values in and giving values out. Getting values in destroy the existing contents. Giving value out is merely, he reads up the value from that location, sort of copies it, and the copy is kept in that cart, and the cart is pushed in. The value remains in that storage. In short, an output operation or exchanging values to us does not destroy the contents of memory locations. But getting value in destroys the original contents and the new contents replace them. There is simple and common sense. Anybody has any confusion here? Please raise your hands. Okay, so there is simple concept. There is a useful variation. Ordinarily, if I say c out greater, greater g, the following may happen. Suppose the value of g is 12.24. This is what I see. Now if I have given instructions to compute only one thing called g and the Dumbo gives me that value, I know it is a value for g. But suppose I have asked Mr. Dumbo to compute 25 different things and then give me all those 25 different things, maybe one after another. I have given a sequence of names in the desired order. But when the values come to me, I will only see the value. I would know which value is what. Would it not be nice if I had, for example, the value of g is, you agree that this will look better? I can understand things better. So to permit that, Mr. Dumbo actually has a variation of the instruction of c out, which says value of count is c, for example. So I have here a string which is printed verbatim by the computer to me. And then will be shown c, whether you put a comma or whether you put another less less depends on the syntax. We will discuss the exact spellings et cetera, et cetera later. This is just to build a model of computer. So you are very clear on exchanging values between Dumbo and us. Good. Now we go over to the computing capabilities of Mr. Dumbo. Oh, here is some trying out of Mr. Dumbo's input output. Notice that I give him these two instructions. Give value for b. Why am I saying this? Suppose I had said only c in greater, greater b. What would happen? Dumbo will come to a cart and say, give me a value. But even I won't remember what value I have to give him, whether it's for b or a or d or whatever. So it is nice to give first an instruction which will tell me later what value I am supposed to give. So give me the value for b. This will first come out. This c in greater, greater b will actually permit this junior Dumbo to take a value, say 437, and store it in b. You'll recall we had this value 437 in b in our memory model. And we had a string stored in location f. So let's look at the next one. Give value for f. So we give this value. There is a small trickle here. When I say run a day here, how do I know it means the word r, a, and a, d? Of course that's what I mean. I don't mean Professor Rana Day himself, right? There will be no point in carrying Professor Rana Day inside a memory location. So to indicate very clearly that I am giving actually a string value, the value that I should give should always be written using a double apostrophe here, a quotation. So whenever we give a value, we would delimit that value on either side by a quotation mark. This means that a string is being given. What will get stored in f is, of course, the string without the quotation marks. But this is an absolute discipline that we have to follow. Whenever we give a string value, an actual value, it has to be in quotation marks. We shall see variations thereof when we are giving bulk values of 815 names, et cetera, how exactly that is handled. So is this clear? Okay. Now we look at Dumbo computing. Let's assume that using that input and output, we have stored two numbers in drawers or locations called A and B. Let's say A contains 35, B contains 12. We said earlier that Dumbo can add these two numbers and store the result in some other drawer called sum. Even here, the drawer containing 12, which is drawer B, we presume that A contains 35. So here is a sum. Why I have shown a question mark? That's because I don't know what value it is. I presume that A and B are to be added, so I have determined the values in A and B by, let's say, giving the input to that Dumbo. But sum, I do not know what it is. I don't care. This is the current situation. But if I want Dumbo to do this, we have to give Dumbo an instruction. The computational instruction that is given is sum equal to A plus B, same equal. There's another instruction to C plus plus Dumbo. It does not mean that I am giving him a formula saying A and B together always add up to sum. That's not a formula. It is actually a formula insofar as the right-hand side of that equal to simple is concerned. The equal to symbol is to be treated as an operation of assigning a value to a symbol. So sum is a symbol which I am computing. Right-hand side is A plus B. Mr. Dumbo is expected to calculate A plus B and put the value, resultant value, on whatever is the symbol which is there on the left-hand side of the equal to sign. This is in fact called an assignment statement, as we shall see later, where this is a variable to which we are assigning a value and named a drawer in which that value will be kept. Very obviously, while right-hand side can have a very complex expression and we shall see what are the rules by which we can write an expression, on the left-hand side there must be exactly one name. So because only in one name the final value can be stored. This is an instruction that we give to Mr. Dumbo. Mr.  How do I do that? So Mr. Dumbo again uses one of his assistants. Some junior Dumbo's come in. Let's call him junior Mr. Dumbo. What he does is he actually uses rough sheets like I have these pieces of paper to do the computation. Much like what you would do in a complex arithmetic. So whether it is simple or complex, Dumbo has no other way. What Dumbo's assistant will do is that he will first access the location A, copy the value 35 onto a register. Then he will open the register B, look at the value 12, copy into another register. Then he will actually add these two values on that piece of paper or register. The addition will be 47 naturally.  The location sum will now contain value 47. An extremely simple exercise where I am going through this is exactly how a new value can be computed and put inside any memory location and there is no other way. One way was getting a value from outside and putting it in. The second way is compute using any complex formulation that you have but ultimately that computational result will get a value which can be put inside a memory location. So this is what Mr. Dumbo does. I have shown here a table on which he sits. He is the assistant. So he should actually be a shorter fellow. He sits on this table. He opens up draw A, gets value 35, opens up draw B, gets value 12, adds these two, gets the result 47, takes this value 47 and puts it in the location called sum. I am explaining this elaborately to also to indicate that it is not in zero time that such computations can be done. A lot of work is involved. Excess memory, open drawer, copy value. Except that Mr. Dumbo does this very fast but just to give you an idea to execute any one instruction that I give or to copy one value from memory on to the register to sum two numbers, any one of these things. If Mr. Dumbo takes one unit of time then if Dumbo has to do five or seven things it will take seven units of time. If Dumbo has to execute 1,000 things for solving a very complex expression such as computation of logarithm of a value by summing up an infinite series after truncating it after so many terms it may take much longer. Even the longest time it may take but we are trivial because it might be a few microseconds for us. But few microseconds is thousand times more than a few nanoseconds. You should remember that later on when we discuss the computational complexity of our algorithms when we compare two different ways of computing and find out which one is faster or which one requires less memory these issues will become very important later. So coming back to the computing model I think it is very clear that Mr. Dumbo through the use of these local registers can do some simple computation. So going back to the original instruction then A and B will continue to hold the existing values 12 and 35 and the location sum will now contain 47. We now have two basic capabilities of Mr. Dumbo understood in our model and we have also understood how to give instructions to Mr. Dumbo. The first capability is collecting values from us putting them in memory locations and giving any value back to us. That is we call input-output capability. The other capability is computing capability and assigning the resultant values to a particular memory location of our choice. That is the computing capability. Together with the input-output capability the model is now complete and we can actually make Mr. Dumbo do some useful work for us. But how do we give instructions? How many instructions will we have to give if we have to add two numbers? Agreed? First I have to give a value. Semi-colon. We agree that I will have to give these four instructions to my friend Dumbo. First read a value A, next read a value B, next calculate A plus B and assign the value to some and next give me back that sum. How do you propose to give these instructions?  Dumbo can do a little better than that. But it is extremely useful to remember that that is not how normally machines behave. Most machines take one instruction at a time and execute it. Suppose you are driving a car. What do you do? You first start the car, get out on the highway, put it in the gear, press accelerator, the car moves forward. You find a buffalo in between, you press a brake, car stops. If there is no traffic on the road and you are riding a bicycle, again the way you will instruct the bicycle is when you press the pedal it will start moving. When you rotate the handle right, the bike will turn right, rotate it left, bike will turn left, etc. Suppose you know exactly the route map from your hostel to this place. You will still have to keep giving instruction to a bicycle every time you want it to execute. Can you prepare a set of instructions knowing exactly the road map from your hostel, let's say hostel 5. Everybody has seen hostel 5? Which hostel you are most familiar with? Any hostel? Fine, fine, lots of hostels. But effectively you will have to get the bicycle out of your hostel gate, turn right or left appropriately, take the road and when you come near the convocation hall, stop the bike and then get into the class. But can you give all these instructions on a piece of paper and show it to your bike and just sit quietly so the bike automatically moves? Doubtful. In fact not possible. Most machines behave like this. But our Mr. Dumbo is a very special machine. We can write all our instructions in advance and give the entire lot to him and tell him I have written these 5, 10, 1,000, 10,000, 50,000 instructions. Please execute all these instructions in the given sequence. First this, next this, next this, next this, next this. That is the specialty of the friend Dumbo who is actually a computer. This collection of all instructions is called a program. So a computer program is nothing but a collection of instructions which we write in advance. Naturally we can't write the instructions in isolation. We'll have to think about which memory locations to put what values in how to compute and appropriately where to give input instructions, output instructions, computational instructions, etc. and a lot more which we shall study in this course. But the fact is that all these instructions can be put together in a single lot called a computer program and Mr. Dumbo can store this program inside. This is called stored program computing and the architecture of computers is therefore called a stored program architecture. This was the biggest logical invention of the last century. Till then computing machines were there. You are familiar with calculators. So earlier calculator if you take any calculator you'll put a value then press plus then put some other value press equal to you'll get the result. You are giving instruction calculators following it. Today you will find there are many programmable calculators. Programmable calculators are nothing but a junior Mr. Dumbo who can actually take a whole lot of my instructions in advance and automatically execute. But Dumbo perfected it for the first time in 1949 when the first computer program was executed where you collectively put all the instructions. I'll repeat again. Mr. Dumbo or C plus plus Dumbo or for that matter a Fortran Dumbo or Algol Dumbo or any Dumbo or the real computer which we shall be working with. These are all spatial machines. They can store pre-written instructions somewhere inside and automatically execute them. Where does Dumbo keep the program? Remember we started by assuming that Dumbo cannot remember anything. Yes Dumbo cannot remember anything. So what Dumbo does is it uses some space from the same cupboard. It has one big cupboard. It uses some space of that cupboard to store data values and some other space to store the instructions of my program. Logically these two are separated out and we have to inform Mr. Dumbo that what we are giving you is a program and later on when program is executed all instructions are executed by Dumbo in the given sequence what we give or get our data value. So there is a mechanism to tell Mr. Dumbo that what I am giving you is a program and then all instructions of the program will be taken by Mr. Dumbo and stored in a separate sort of space. It may use ten drawers. It may use twenty drawers. It may use hundred drawers. It may use two drawers. It depends upon how many instructions I am giving. Would those drawers also be named A, B, C, sum, etc., etc.? Fortunately not. We do not have to worry about how Mr. Dumbo stores those instructions. Actually Dumbo will use memory locations more like numbered locations. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. And those individual memory locations at the level of hardware will not necessarily contain all my instructions which I give to a C++ Dumbo. All these instructions will be translated with the help of additional junior Dumbo's called compilers about which we will talk later who will translate all these instructions into bits and bytes that the original Mr. Dumbo can understand and carry out those instructions. But we need not bother about that. All we assume is that yes, our friend Dumbo is capable of collecting instructions from us as a whole which we call a computer program. We give it to him to begin with. Mr. Dumbo can store this program inside those drawers and can carry out instructions one by one automatically. And we also necessarily confirm that the instructions are kept somewhere else. Imagine what would happen if the instructions are kept in my data drawers. So suppose my data drawer called C contains an instruction and somewhere I have an instruction which says C is equal to 25. So that instruction will go away and the value 25 will go there. That is not to be permitted obviously. Now here is a complete program so let us look at this program. You will notice that in this program there are some instructions which we have already seen. For example, C out less less, give two numbers. C in A, C in B, sum is equal to A plus B. C out, sum is sum. You can all recognize these instructions. We just saw them as instructions pertaining to Dumbo having to collect two values from us A and B calculating sum is equal to A plus B and giving us back that sum. But in this program or the collection of instructions we suddenly have extra instructions. Let us read and try to make sense out of these extra instructions. There is a very funny thing here. It says hash include I O stream. What is this? We do not know. The correct answer is we do not know. So this is actually an instruction which our C plus plus Dumbo understands that the subsequent instructions in the program which are given will require the help of one Mr. Junior Dumbo who is called the I O stream Dumbo. I O stream is the name of another Dumbo who will actually handle input output for me. That is the meaning. We need not understand that meaning. For the time being we will keep this instruction always as the first instruction of my program. The next instruction says using namespace STD. STD actually stands for standard.  What is namespace? Well, you remember we said that all drawers are given names. What kind of names can be given? This is one program. I can actually as we shall see later I can give Mr. Dumbo 20 different programs together. I might be using the same name in one program to mean something and another name in another program same name in another program to mean something else. There could be confusion. So there is a definition called namespace, the space from which names are chosen by me. And I have to actually qualify each name that I use in my program with that namespace. So instead of doing that I am saying using namespace standard. Basically what I am telling Dumbo is, Baba, I don't understand this complex mechanism. I am doing some simple things. So use all my names in the context of something standard. I don't want to be bothered further. Again, we do not know the complete meaning of these two lines. It is like this. Let's say Swahili which is a language spoken in Africa someplace. Anybody know Swahili here? No, good. What you do? Oh my God, dangerous fellow. So suppose we have Mr. Dumbo who understands only Swahili. Then we might have simple instructions like read this, read this, calculate this, give me this. But that Mr. Dumbo needs to understand so many other things about my program. I don't know how it is to be said in Swahili. So I will ask some expert who will say first say this, then say this, then say this. So I will mug it up without understanding. And I will reproduce that followed by my instruction. That's exactly what we are doing. Our C++ Dumbo we know can read values of A and B, calculate some and give us out that value. All other things are we take it as something standard. Something abrakadabrakad. Some black magic. Something standard. So in all our programs we'll write these two things. Please notice a special line here which says slash slash. And then curiously an English language sentence here. Slash slash. Again an English language sentence. What these two sentences say? This program takes two integer numbers as input and calculate their sum. So what does Mr. Dumbo do? The first two sentences we said are instructions to our C++ Dumbo of some standard kind. But what is this third and fourth line of my instruction tell Mr. Dumbo? Any guess?  But if I have never written a program in my entire life I will presume that this is some kind of instruction which is trying to tell Mr. Dumbo in plain English what I am trying to do. The actual fact is Mr. Dumbo does not understand English. It is the C++ Dumbo. So very obviously this line is not meant for Mr. Dumbo. So for whom this line is meant? For us who read this program. Imagine such programs are printed out on a piece of paper and you suddenly see a program to figure out what that program is doing. Ordinarily you will have to go through all the instructions and execute them exactly like Mr. Dumbo does to understand what that program is doing. That is idiotic. So we would expect any human being who has written a program for our C++ Dumbo to be kind enough for other human beings and write a few explanatory pieces in plain English. That is what is written here in these two lines. However, since these two lines do not make any sense to our C++ Dumbo for him it is Greek and Latin, not C++. So to tell him don't worry, please forget these lines. We put these two slashes here. So these slash slash and slash slash. Any line in my program which begins with a slash slash in a C++ program means it is a comment line that comment is meant for me and my fellow human beings. Mr. C++ Dumbo, please ignore these lines. So even if there is a valid instruction written in this line Mr. Dumbo can understand C++ Dumbo will ignore that because it is a comment line. So we are already looking at a very formal structure of a formal programming language called C++ and trying to understand how C++ programs are written for our Mr. Dumbo. First two lines, some standard abracadabracad, we don't understand what they do. We guess that these will permit Mr. Dumbo to understand our program properly and we put exactly as they are without any thinking. If we don't put them, my programs will not run plain and simple. Mr. Dumbo cannot understand it. Later in this course, we will understand what exactly is the meaning of this. The next two lines, well, they are comments for me. Mr. Dumbo has nothing to do with them. The next line, int main who is int, well int is a short form for integer. Ordinarily you associate integer with numbers. Integer, string, fractions, etc. But why are we saying int main, opening bracket, closing bracket?    So instead of saying I am writing my main program I have to tell Mr. Dumbo something like int main, opening bracket, closing bracket. Again we will take it as a gospel truth for the time being. We will not wonder why such silly thing is required to be done. We will assume that that is how the C++ Dumbo understands a program. The program itself is written inside one pair of brushes. So this is an opening brass and this is a closing brass. Can you see that? So whatever is written after opening brass and whatever is written after closing brass before closing brass is the program actually. The instruction. We generally write an opening brass on the same line as int main opening bracket, closing bracket. Then write all my instructions and at the end after the last instruction I write a closing brass. That is to be the standard way in which we will write programs. Of course there are variations possible. As we shall see these brasses can physically appear somewhere else along with the first line at the end of last line etc. But this is a practice we will follow. Why? Because we want our human colleagues to read this program easily. So if everybody uses exactly the same standard way of writing then anybody else reading this program will say the program starts here program ends here. That is the purpose. Let's analyze subsequent lines. Int A, int B who are these jokers. Well, remember we said we are going to add two numbers to get the sum. We also said that there are no names to the drawers originally to begin with for C++. We have to supply the names that we want to use to store values. This is our way of saying that I am going to use two names A and B and each of these two names will store integer values. That is the meaning of the word int here. Int means integer. A is a symbol which means there is going to be a location in your memory called A in which you are going to require to store integer value. Int B. This is not an instruction to carry out any action. This is actually a preparatory instruction. Before you carry out the instructions which I give please make these preparations. What Mr. Dumbo will do is it will take a level A, stick it on to one location take a level B, stick it on to another location. Then follow the instructions. I hope you can all understand these instructions very easily. See out given two numbers. C in greater greater A, C in greater greater B. Sum is equal to A plus B. C out less less. Sum is sum. Return zero. Who is return zero? Why should I return zero to anybody? I should return 25, 47. I should return the value of sum. Well, the value of the sum is being given to me by Mr. Dumbo. So how do we interpret this return zero? So actually if you recall just to give you an analogy we said that my program will be executed not by the main Mr. Dumbo but by a junior Dumbo. What actually happens is Mr. Senior Dumbo gives him these instructions after setting up the memory locations and so on. And at the end when Mr. Junior Dumbo has given us the value of sum the Junior Dumbo actually hands over control to Senior Dumbo and that's how it works. So it is his way of saying return but why not only return why return zero? Well, the Junior Dumbo either has carried out my program instructions correctly or he has goofed up he has found some mistake. For example suppose I ask him to divide A by B and the value of B is zero. Now we know that anything divided by zero is infinity. But since infinity is not a number which either Junior Dumbo or Senior Dumbo understand we will get confused. And when he gets confused he will run to Senior Dumbo saying so that indication of is a value other than zero here. So if the return is not zero then the program has not been executed correctly if return is zero program has executed correctly. Again we will not bother about the semantics of these additional instructions at this moment. We will just take it to mean that always in a program where the main instructions are input, output and computations we shall precede these instructions by these standard things. We shall always precede the actual instructions by commands which are meaningful for that program. I should not write the same comment everywhere that is not standard. And at the end of all my instructions I will say return zero semicode. Is that clear? This is how our Mr. Dumbo behaves. He is asking some question because he has done some C++ programming so he is trying to figure out what is the problem with this program. Actually there are many problems with this program. They are all there by design. He is mentioned one of them which most of you would not be able to spot out now because if you are not executed a C++ program you do not know where Mr. Dumbo will shout at you saying I do not understand this but consider this simple I have said int a, int b how many symbols I am using? a, b and a fellow called sum what should we sum? Suppose we leave it to Mr. Dumbo and Mr. Dumbo interprets as a character string calculates a plus b takes the numerical value converts it to some arbitrary character z and gives us z instead of a numerical value. It will be nonsense. So what I must do here I must say int a, int b, int sum I must define every symbol. This is one error I am pointing out. There are many errors and one of the assignments in your first lab will be to find out such errors, correct them and run that program correctly. Here is another program which converts temperatures from degrees centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit.  Here the only thing of importance is my centigrade values and Fahrenheit values may be fractional values may not be integer. C and float f instead of int I am saying float c, float f all I do is I ask for centigrade value, get in the value for c I do the computation c multiplied by 9 divided by 5 plus 32. Everybody is familiar with this formula? Standard form. So c plus plus Dumbo fortunately understands this calculates f and c out f it will give me 9. There are two quizzes which I wanted to conduct here but there is no time so I will not have quizzes now.