Live from Austin, Texas, it's theCUBE. Covering OpenStack Summit 2016, brought to you by the OpenStack Foundation and headline sponsors Red Hat and Cisco. And welcome back to Austin here at the convention centers. We wrap up our coverage of the OpenStack Summit 2016 along with Stu and Brian. I'm John Walls and gents, before we bring the curtain down here, we've heard three days from a lot of people, from a lot of different brands and a lot of walks of this community. We've heard their takeaways. Where are you guys on this, on this one-time phenomenon, now very much a practical concept or an applied concept? Stu, what do you think about OpenStack and what have you picked up this week? Yeah, so we talk about the progress that's happened. Six years seems like a long time, but we understand in technology waves, it's really a short time. And I think the community should be really excited and have that humble brag about what they've done in this relatively short period of time. In the time that I've watched OpenStack since the beginning, but I've been to a few of these summits, we've gone from kind of the building of it to really putting the solutions out. You're starting to see people talk about OpenStack can be used in a lot of different consumption models. Some of those seem to be simpler than others and some big use cases. NFV was a big takeaway here. Containers maturing in the ecosystem is there. And I really liked how we kind of dig into how OpenStack's fitting into that multi-cloud world. Really OpenStack is the on-premises piece of what a real hybrid cloud could be or what Wikibon we call true private cloud. So the difference, of course, is public cloud has the agility, the flexibility and the simplicity that IT hasn't had. There's a good light, Tom Holland who had talked about networking and said, we're trying to fix some of the sins of IT. I had a line to talk to the Rackspace guys. We need to get IT out of doing this stuff.  It's like, there are people that know how to build data centers well and most companies aren't that. There's kind of a line that I look at in the sand and say, you need to understand the skill sets to understand what your business is. If you were a digital software company there's certain set of skills that you need.  There's certain things that you'd be able to say, hey, I should just be able to get a SaaS application or to have it as a service. So OpenStack, where it fits in the overall ecosystem I think is getting a little bit clearer. And so I'm buoyed by how things are going. Brian? I think I came into this week a little bit skeptical about OpenStack, not holistically, but the last couple of years have been a little bit of a roller coaster ride. We've seen some transitioning communities coming over towards OpenStack, some former VMware people trying to figure it out. We've seen a lot of companies trying to figure out if they can make sense of open source as a whole. This week was encouraging. There's a lot of energy from the community. Obviously there's growth, but it's encouraging to see we've got more deployment models, more ways that customers can consume it. We've seen more and more customers who are being outward and open that they're using OpenStack to help them on this digital transition. And I think in general, there's much less skepticism about how is this gonna work and what's going on. We had a number of people both on and off camera who told us, you know, people were worried that anybody was gonna make any money. They felt very confident that we're sort of at a tipping point of where we're gonna start to see all this investment from vendors and the community start to become profitable and commercialized. So I think I walk away a lot more positive from this week. I walk away feeling that the community is starting to move in a more positive direction. And I think it's going to be kind of an inflection point. I think they're going to figure out where it's going to go. Is it going to be Telco and NFV, Dominate, is Enterprise going to be equally weighted? Those are going to be fun things to watch over the next six months to a year.  You've been around the block with regard to OpenStack. It seems like, at least if I'm hearing you're right, it's gone from, I think I can too, I know we can kind of environment. At least there's a growing sense of confidence, monetization is here. And then you look at the partners that are involved here and the people that picked up on this, that it's a real deal. Stu, is that accurate? Yeah, it's our job to try to synthesize what's going on. Two years ago, it was kind of, the momentum's there. Not quite too big to fail, but enough people and enough resources being thrown at by a large enough community that was there. Last year, it was kind of the red flags of all at least been identified and we have the past to get things going. And now, getting past the moving, the building of things and rolling things out, the execution side of things. And we'll see how it monetizes. I mean, a big question we've still had is, where does OpenStack specific make dollars? And where does OpenStack just permeate into the ecosystem and becomes part of the piece of it? We were talking to one company that said, you have something that's open and maybe nobody makes money. It goes free and it gets out there and it can be very important. And think about where Java went. Sun made Java tremendous to the ecosystem, but didn't make them stay around. And so there's different ways as to how Open Source fits into the community. There's a whole lot of companies, both from the startup standpoint and the stalwarts in IT, that are leveraging OpenStack, part of that community and moving things forward. Brian, there's a lot of discussion about speed, obviously in this space and getting things done. They have a distribution schedule. It's pretty aggressive in some respects. Every six months they come up with new releases, what have you. Is there a clash at all just as going forward between those who want to accelerate that change and the implementation of that into the enterprise? And how do you settle that? Is that just the maturity of a market too that you kind of come to a natural rhythm or is that a big challenge going forward for these folks? Well, change is always a challenge in technology because it's always a little bit harder than you think it's going to be and you're always a little more optimistic than maybe it's ready to be. But I think at the end of the day, the big things to me are a couple of macro things. Number one is the mobile world is moving and growing faster than sort of the fixed desktop world and so forth. So there's an expectation that things are going to move fast, things are going to be available 24 by seven. That to me is huge. And the other thing is, what I heard more and more was, what OpenStack is about is less about kind of replatforming the old, which was about going slow, about managing risk, about those sort of things. And this is really about trying to make your business more ready for these digital environments, which has to go fast. Nobody, in the business world, nobody's going to wait for you to sort of catch up. Your competition's going to outflank you. You've got to keep up. So I think there will be a natural sort of rhythm of how fast these will happen. But like I said, we're also seeing more options that are out there. We're seeing cloud providers that are offering this. We talk to Rackspace, we talk to some others, talk to ZeroStack. They're trying to be part of that thing that says, hey, if you want to go fast, we're ready for you. And then we had Cisco and Red Hat and some others who go, if you want to build this yourself and work at that pace, great, we've got an offering for you as well. So I think those things will naturally work themselves out. But I think at the end of the day, there's really nothing advantageous in business to be going slower when your competition can go fast. Sure. John, if I could just build on that, because there's kind of two pieces here. On the one hand, we said to really be successful in OpenStack, if you're going to kind of do the whole OpenStack, you need to do something big. This should be something important and get the buy-in. And I always look at how big of a chunk and how big of a bet do you need to do something. And that could be a little bit daunting to some. On the other hand, we've got the new consumption models that are lowering the friction and allow me to just leverage it and get my job done. Maybe I'll even think about the fact that it's OpenStack. We talked to ZeroStack today and in some ways they look like a hyper-converged appliance, but their messaging is that they've got the ease of use and operational model of the public cloud, like AWS. And it's not until the second meeting that somebody says, oh, and underneath here is OpenStack. So I had actually said last year in talking to some startups, you know, I feel OpenStack is going to be successful when we start seeing lots of solutions that get out there. And it's not until you dig into the details that components of OpenStack are in there and we're starting to see some early indicators that that could happen. And it could be like Linux did in the past, you know, permeate the ecosystem without having to be, you know, OpenStack as the thing. I know we had a great week here. We talked about it for those of you who might have seen our day three preview. You heard just a great discourse on the outstanding selection of barbecue here in the Austin area, amongst other highlights of the social scene. But for the schedule for you two, I know EMC world's coming up next week, but Brian, give me a little rundown of your calendar here over the next three, four weeks and what you're gonna be up to. Yeah, so the next, a lot of travel will be at EMC world. We're gonna do a little bit of work, maybe over at Interop as well on the Cloud Track Chair over there. So, but heavy on EMC world next week.  We'll be having some coverage there from a research perspective. DockerCon's coming up in June. We'll be at Red Hat Summit. Probably make a stop at Velocity Conference in between those two because it's on the West Coast and we're out there. So a lot of focus on, you know, we're gonna walk away from here, which is open infrastructure.  And so us gathering a ton of information for our research but also the CUBE's gonna be at all those events as well. Yeah, still no rest for the weary, right? Yeah. You're pounding the pavement as well. Absolutely. And all those stops are probably more. Yeah, but Brian and I get to, you know, stop at home real quick each at our respective places before. We'll be together in Vegas for the EMC world stuff. Well, he's out at DockerCon. I'm actually gonna be at the Nutanix.next conference, which is also in Vegas. And then we'll, you know, sync back up for the Red Hat Summit towards the end of June. I've got some analyst events in between where you kind of dig in deep as to where some of the technologies are. From my standpoint on the research standpoint, we've got the update coming for Wikibon's server sand research. So that was kind of, you know, our work that kind of laid out what we think is hyperconverged is the first instantiation of it but it's our umbrella for where kind of compute and storage are coming together. We've kind of called it, you know, the headlines, the death of the storage arrays, we know it. It'd be interesting to see EMC world will have a lot of discussion on that kind of technology. I've also been digging into just that whole cloud storage standpoint has been making a lot of momentum.  So different ways of consuming storage is something, you know, we're trying to understand. So yeah, lots going on on the research side. You know, Brian's been pumping out a ton of great research. So there's pieces of it you can see on silkenangle.com. Reach out to us if you've got questions, if you're seeing a title and want to find out more, you know, we're happy to help.  In addition to Brian and me, you know, there's many other shows going on in between the rest of the team. We've got a John Furrier, Jeff Frick and Peter Burris are all out at an Oracle event right now in Las Vegas. I know Dave Vellante actually gets a week when we've got two events that he's not on the road, which is a rare thing, but he'll be at EMC World. He got a week off? Many shares things. Dave never takes time off. He's probably on the phone right now or watching us as we speak. My phone's not buzzing just yet, but yeah. And some thank yous to hand out to because obviously this can't get off the ground without the sponsorship help on one side. And the great crew support that we have as well here. Yeah, so I'll take that just because, you know, once again, the community's phenomenal here.  Big thanks to our anchor headline sponsors, Red Hat and Cisco and additional sponsorship from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, NetApp with the solid fire team and EMC. So phenomenal there. And yeah, wow, I'm John, first of all, thank you. It's been great, you know, new addition to the team. Thanks for having me. Appreciate you coming on, you know, Brian, it's good to see you again.  Sam, you know, our... We can't forget Sam the Lionheart. What was Sam's new title? Barbecueber. Sam the Barbecueber. Barbecueber. So Sam... And you know, Cast of Thousands helping out with social, online, everything else. So, you know, it's a community that we're happy to be a part of. That's great. Well, good. Well, thank you again both for making me so much at home here and thank all of you for watching. Here on theCUBE, we wrap up our coverage here at OpenStack on now to EMC World in Vegas and we'll see you there next week. Until then, have a good one.


T F N N headline news update Good morning everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien company alive from T F and N headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida 10 a.m. Eastern time on Friday morning 30 minutes into the trading day We got markets and positive territory right now Nasdaq actually the index in the negative by five points trading at 81 80 Amazon and negative territory, but we're more than a hundred dollars Above where it spiked to on the low last night. We'll get over to that in a moment S&P's up four points right now trading at three thousand and eight Dow Jones up forty two trading at twenty six thousand eight forty nine Nasdaq as I mentioned negative by six points trading at eighty one seventy nine gold contract catching a bid up almost twelve dollars at fifteen Sixteen sixty we've got oil negative twelve pennies at fifty six eleven notes and bonds basically flat though ten year minus one tick the Thirty year flat and the dollar index a little strength up a hundred and thirty four ticks at ninety seven seven sixty four And we're gonna start it off with the giant Amazon. Why not? Amazon coming out with their earnings last night missing on earnings missing on earnings per share Revenue not a problem guiding for next quarter down. They're looking for 80 to 86 billion dollars in revenue next quarter The estimate was about 87 billion dollars in revenue You see the spike a low of sixteen eighteen, but check out that run. We're now trading at seventeen fourteen down I say only only about three point seven five percent that had been down about nine to ten percent on the initial spike lower Jumping over to the charts will start things off on the indices will start it off on the Dow All the indices getting a little bit of a pop right at the opening bell the Dow trading up twenty six thousand seven ninety four right now Nasdaq one hundred trading at seventy nine sixty eight S&P's trading at three thousand and eight kind of right at that higher level. We had at seven a.m. And also at about three a.m. Eastern time There's a crude oil chart just under fifty six dollars trading fifty five dollars and ninety seven cents Gold contract catching a bid just peaked about fifteen twenty briefly now trading fifteen sixteen forty one and The Euro US dollar back and off a bit a little bit of Euro weakness a little bit of dollar strength one ten ninety three Stay tuned folks coming back at ten o'clock with Tom that of course we got fast market by TD Ameritrade thinkorswim at eleven Basil Chapman at noon Steve Rhodes at one Dave White live at two o'clock Tom O'Brien live at three. Stay tuned folks We'll be right back


Hello everyone, in today's class on advanced characterization technique, we are going to talk about a new characterization technique known as grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. In the last class, we had studied small angle x-ray scattering and we understood that how small angle scattering can help us about the distribution of sizes as well as shape of different particles and precipitates in a variety of materials. We also know that with the increase in research going on in nanotechnology, there is a lot of need for characterization technique that can be used to characterize small scale sizes and shapes on the surface and for that we need to use a technique which is essentially known as grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. Now if you remember, we had talked about grazing incidence while we talked about normal x-ray diffraction. So we can have either a normal incidence wherein the x-ray beam is incident on your sample in a reflection or in the transmission mode while in case of grazing incidence the beam is almost parallel and makes a very very small angle with the sample under consideration. The most important point that I would like to emphasize here onwards and that is why I am sticking on this particular slide is that what all techniques we are going to talk from here on in the course of this lectures is that are pretty sophisticated techniques and these are not the techniques which essentially are available you know in laboratory and like you just pick up your sample and take your sample over there to do the characterization.  So let us start talking about grazing incidence small angle scattering in the present class. So as I had already mentioned grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering is a variant of small angle x-ray scattering but it is used extensively for carrying out characterization on the surface it has it was developed by Levin et al in 1989. So you can realize that this technique is not something that is pretty old in fact there have been less than 15 years this technique has evolved. However, the development in this technique has been tremendous in the last 15 odd years and this technique is used extensively in almost all synchrotron sources all over the world because it is essentially applicable to study polymer films nanoparticles at interfaces implanted systems porous materials and deposited embedded or stacked semiconductor nanostructures. So you can see the tremendous implication that GSEC offers for characterization not only pertaining to semiconductor materials characterization but also for surface related issues like surface chemistry as well as catalysis. Another important aspect that has been investigated extensively using GSEC has been quantum dots which have been obtained by state of the art processing techniques like molecular beam epitaxy and liquid beam epitaxy. The most important part and the biggest advantage that GSEC offers is that we can really monitor the evolution of size, shape and morphology as well as the distribution on the plane or a 2D distribution while the deposition is occurring. So this way it offers us a tool to constantly monitor the evolution of these nanoscopic structures and the ability to play with the processing parameters or rather the deposition parameters to control the size, shape and morphology of the quantum or rather the nanoscopic entities to be processed. So not only does GSEC provide information about the morphology it also gives us information about the structure of the material. We won't be talking much about the structure part but I am just trying to touch upon this aspect just to let you know that GSEC can give us some information about the chemical structure as well as the morphological structure of the material. It gives us information in the same length scale as that of GSEC ranging from about 10 to 1000 and strong. In addition it can give us information about in plane since grazing incidence x-ray small angle x-ray scattering essentially is a surface characterization technique. It gives us information not only in the plane but also out of the plane or normal to the plane which is very very important for doing what is known as x-ray reflectivity and like I had already mentioned in the last class small angle x-ray scattering is complementary to say characterization techniques like SCM, TM and atomic force microscopy. Similarly GSEC is also complementary to something like SCM and atomic force microscopy. At the same time as we discussed in the last course or the last slide we figure out that GSEC is absolutely essential and absolutely state of the at when it comes to studying in situ studies on deposition of various materials. The best part about GSEC is that simply by varying the probe depth the depth to which the x-rays are penetrating we can study subsurface information. We can obtain significantly important subsurface information using GSEC. This is particularly important for studying subsurface damage caused during say something like implantation. The other important aspect which is very important which is very peculiar to GSEC is the ability to study in situ deposition and catalysis. At the same time like we had discussed in the last class that small angle x-ray scattering also provides us if not directly in a indirect way the chemical contrast between different phases we can also use GSEC and separate out chemically distinct entities in GSEC. However having said that I hope you appreciate that in grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering the entire diffraction is occurring from a very very small volume of material and since the volume of material is very very small the kind of intensity that we are going to get is also going to be very very low and therefore we need a synchrotron source which gives us very high brilliance and intensity to obtain good amount of data using grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. In the last class we had discussed that for small angle scattering a synchrotron is essentially good. However you can always do small angle x-ray scattering using say a rotating anode or a microfocus tube. However in order to do grazing incidence small angle scattering it is almost always better to use a synchrotron source as the results obtained will be of high fidelity using a synchrotron source. So let us first try to understand what exactly or how really it works out in case of grazing incidence diffraction. So let us look at the grazing incidence geometry first. So if you look at the grazing incidence geometry here I have shown a thin film deposited over a substrate. Here you can see I have kind of exaggerated this incident angle say theta i and you can see how the incident beam on the substrate gets diffracted at the same time since it is incident on the sample at a very small angle we do get a diffuse scattering or due to specular reflection and this is if you can imagine it is going mostly perpendicular or at an angle away from the substrate plane. At the same time we also have a refracted beam which is going over here. Now I hope you appreciate depending on the incident angle we can have various situations. This is what is depicted in the next slide. Herein it is shown that for an angle theta incident angle theta which is less than a particular critical value which will be described in the next graph or next image you see there is no refracted beam. At the same time there is no beam along the surface. So there is just an incident beam which just bounces off from the surface of the substrate. So this is what happens below the critical limit which is the theta critical or theta c in case of any substrate or any material. However when you increase the theta incident which is over here you see that at a particular angle you do get a diffracted or reflected beam but in addition to that you get another refracted beam which just travels parallel to the surface of the substrate. So this the angle at which this particular phenomena occurs is known as the critical angle. This essentially ensures that if your theta is less than theta c you do not get any beam that gets refracted. However at theta equal to theta c you do get a condition where your beam does not get refracted but in fact it runs parallel to the substrate surface. Now you can imagine that if you are at theta equal to theta c you are going to get some information of the surface what all you are having on the surface. At the same time when you have angle which is more than theta which is more than the critical angle you do see that you do get a refracted beam also. So now you can imagine by just that by just changing the incident angle we can get a lot of information from the substrate. Imagine now let us go to the previous slide and look at a realistic situation wherein we not only have a substrate but also we have a thin film or say something like a quantum dots different morphology or say nanoparticles which are deposited on the surface of this substrate. So you can imagine that by choosing a proper combination or rather a proper value of theta we can get different conditions and obtain a lot of information which is pertaining to within the surface or normal to the surface or subsurface in grazing incidence geometry. Now this particular point is exploited extensively while doing grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. So in this figure we have shown how exactly a thin film is deposited on a substrate and how when a high intensity x-ray is incident at a particular angle say alpha i it gets reflected at a particular angle alpha f which is not shown over here but we will have a look at it later and there is another angle omega which is or rather xi in which there is in plane diffraction or rather in plane diffraction. So you can see that there is one condition where there is out of plane and in the other case there is diffraction within the plane which is along the direction parallel to the surface of the substrate and therefore the scattering vector is given by q parallel while the normal vector the scattering vector in the direction normal to the substrate plane is given by qz. Now how do we choose a critical angle for doing grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering on a film deposited on a substrate. So I hope you appreciate that we can have two critical angles over here one for your film or a nanoscopic particles that are deposited on the surface and other for the substrate itself. So we choose depending on what kind of information we need obviously we are more interested when we are studying say a thin film or the nanoscopic deposited particles we are more interested in these particles and therefore we want all the information the diffraction information from these particles. So we want that we do get some information from we get maximum information from these particles therefore I hope you appreciate that my theta has to be greater than the theta critical from theta critical of the particles or of the thin film. Now this is very essential to ensure that my x-rays get refracted let us go back to the previous slide and have a look. So if my film if my theta is greater than theta c of the particles this will ensure that my x-ray is passing through the particle and this can give me a lot of information about the structure as well as morphology of the particles. However or thin film for that matter however if my theta c is higher than that of the theta critical for substrate then my information what I am getting for the nanoscopic entity either a thin film or a particle will also contain some information of the due to substrate refraction this is something that I want to avoid since my area of interest is only the nanoscopic film or the particles. Therefore I have to choose a critical angle for my thin film or nanoparticle on a substrate assembly such that the angle lies in between the theta critical of the substrate and that of the film. So that I get some signal from the rather most of my signal is coming from the thin film as well as I get some signal from the substrate but there is no refraction occurring in the substrate. Now this is also very very important if at all say I am doing implantation studies you know what happens during implantation during implantation we have heavy metal ions or heavy ions colliding with the substrate. So you can imagine that there will be a lot of damage caused in the substrate depending on the energy of the ions and this damage can vary depending on the depth right the distance from the surface. So if you want to study the subsurface damage that is occurring due to implantation you can always play with the incident angle the theta so that we get information from different depths. So this is one parameter which is used routinely to control the information the extent of information that we are getting during grazing incidents small angle x-ray scattering.  So we have the beam incident at alpha i and the wave vector corresponding to it at K i this gets scattered at K f the scattering vector is K f while the angle here is alpha f at the same time this is normal the scattering here is out of the plane at the same time there is going to be some scattering which is going to be in plane and this is shown over here which corresponds to this scattering vector Q y and angle of 2 theta f right. So we have these two scattering vectors Q z and Q y one out of the plane and Q y which is in the plane right so we get information all the information related. So you know that Q y and Q z will be in the reciprocal space right but Q y will contain all the information corresponding to what is happening in the two dimensions while Q z or Q z will consider all the information in the reciprocal space in the direction normal to the surface of the substrate. So I have again another schematic which is shown over here borrowed from very nice review paper which have extensively followed by renowned etel. So this shows essentially the realistic picture of what exactly is happening during G-Sax. So you have the incident beam and you see all these nanoscopic things means we are really talking about very small dimensions means G-Sax is used to essentially probe very very small dimensions of the order of few nanometers. So the structure is essentially similar to like this and this essentially shows what kind of events that you can expect during G-Sax and what kind of signals that you can get. Here again it is shown you can see that this sample rotation is provided about omega just to improve the statistics and this is how and we can have note down the value over here note down the pattern the scattering pattern as a function of omega. So let us now go into and understand try to just touch upon the physics of grazing incidents small angle x-ray scattering well I would like to mention that it is a pretty involved subject and I am not going to touch upon all the details of you know the scattering or diffraction theory associated with grazing incidents small angle x-ray scattering. But what we are going to try and do is just to get a feel for things and see how the kind of knowledge that we have gained while deriving structure factor for normal diffraction as well as we derived what are known as the form factors right in the last class how these can be extended to understand how does grazing incidents small angle x-ray scattering works. So you know that incident x-rays are at alpha I are scattered along kf in the direction 2 theta f and alpha f right like if you go back to the your slide you see that you know there is this kf and there is 2 theta f which is kf in the direction theta alpha f and which is out of the plane as well as in the plane it is reflected at 2 theta f right. So this is what is given over here you can always define a corresponding scattering wave vector using the geometry as q x y z 2 pi by lambda and this particular matrix remember this is in 3D. Now if you remember in small angle x-ray scattering we also had a term which was q what we got was 4 pi by lambda and there was a sin theta term if I remember it correctly. Now I hope you appreciate that we talked about this in small angle x-ray scattering right like the angles we are talking about are going to be very very small and since the angles are going to be very very small in order to detect these very small angles that sample to the detector distance has to be very very large therefore we looked that you know even in small angle x-ray scattering this distance was as large as 1 meter. Now when we are talking about the grazing incident scattering the same rule applies and we have a sample detector distance as large as 1 to 4 meters. So this is quite huge however if you go to even what is known as grazing incidents ultra small angle x-ray scattering where the diffraction occurs at very very small angle less than certainly 1 degree you see the distance can be as large as 1 to 12 meters but this is only possible or rather only used when we are using a synchrotron light source. So you know that the scattering intensity in the lateral direction what all intensity that we are getting can be given is iq and this iq is related to the form factor f which is nothing but which carries the information of the shape of the sample in the reciprocal space and your sq which is known as the interference function this in fact is very similar to what is what we studied what is known as structure factor. Now this I hope you appreciate and understand that here we are talking only about 2D structures so what all structures we have in 2D they can have lead to a particular structure factor like we have for simple say FCC or BCC you can do that and in fact we will be going through one example over there but the most important point is so our sq carries the information about the spatial distribution right while the f carries the information about the shape of the particles right so the actual intensity that we are getting is a combination of these two and we know that this we had studied in the last class itself that the shape function what we are having so we can derive shape functions take the Fourier transform because remember what all in the real space what we are having the particle or your the particle or quantum dot for that matter is going to have a size shape and morphology in real space however you have to appreciate that the entire information is has to be mapped into the reciprocal space and therefore you we had studied that you know your reciprocal space is nothing but a Fourier transform of the real space right so all this shape size and morphology are going to be modulated in a particular way to obtain a particular Fourier transform so the size shape and morphology that we see in the real space is it is will be if you take a Fourier transform of this size shape you can get a corresponding Fourier transform which corresponds to a particular size shape of the particle in the reciprocal space at the same time when we talk about all this simple transformations you have to keep one thing in mind that one thing which you had taken for granted was that all this involved scattering only once and that too kinematic scattering so this is what is known as a Perth approximation however I hope you appreciate that in G. Sacks geometry the Perth approximation may not hold true now let me just go back and tell you what exactly is born approximation so if you look at this particular image you can see that you know you just have one condition so there is one scattering right from one of these blocks or one of these dots of atoms or cluster of atoms which we see over here it can be a quantum dot or a nanoparticle however this is not the only case that can be expected like we can have a case where in let us assume that if you are incident at a different angle you get first reflected from the surface and then you bounce off and you go through this particle right there is a distinct probability of this happening let me just go and show you what exactly I mean so let if you go to the surface and we have say something like a pillar over here in case of born approximation we know that you know there is only single scattering while you know that in this kind of a case that is not necessarily true so we can have a situation where your incident x ray first gets reflected from the substrate and then it gets scattered right and I hope you appreciate that there can be a plenty of other options that can happen right like you can go like this get reflected okay or rather okay I will just have to dump this off I have made a mistake here okay so let us go back and have a look what exactly can happen in this geometry so this is something what we are having so this is a substrate right and say this is my something like a quantum dot so the born approximation essentially talks about single scattering event right single kinematic scattering however in this case I hope you appreciate that we can have a situation where the beam gets first reflected right from the substrate and then it gets scattered or it can get scattered through this one right through your substrate and then again get reflected right so all these multiple scattering events can occur in the grazing incidence geometry therefore we do not it is generally understood that this normal born approximation of single scattering is not at all valid and instead we do get different scattering events that lead to different scattering cross section and therefore there is a need to account for all this in the calculation now this is very complicated and I am not going to touch upon it but this is what is known as or these corrections considering all these events is accounted for in what is known as diffracted wave born approximation and it includes entire examples or entire category of reflection and refraction events that can be that can occur during grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering right so let us again go back and look at the geometry so I am I see all the angles what we are talking about are pretty small the alpha i alpha c or alpha f are pretty small but just for the sake of simplicity I have kind of blown them up so that we can appreciate it so you can imagine that what actually is happening again the same image that your sample incident the x-rays are incident the wave vector kf it is incident at k i rather incident at an angle alpha i so what we see is there is a specular peak right now the specular peak as I hope you appreciate gives you a lot of information in the this is all along z right so this is qz and this alpha f that you see that is along qy so this gives you information about the in plane information right in the reciprocal space while qz gives you out of plane right so you get what is known as the specular peak now this specular peak gives you the information which is normal to the surface of the substrate right or film therefore it can give you information and specular as the name suggest can give you information about say something like the thickness of the film right like and this is classically known as x-ray reflectivity while the second peak that you get is essentially what is known as the yoneda peak which gives you the maximum scattering in the z direction now talking about specular peak I hope you appreciate that in the form factors calculation we had seen that how we get a lot of a bumps right like you get first a valley let me just go and draw it right so this is something what we had got earlier so this was i versus q and this was correlated with the size of the particle in our small angle x-ray scattering similarly we can use the specular peak that we are getting to measure say something like the period right if you are having thin film like what is the thickness of individual film so that information can be obtained using a specular peak I will talk about in details in the next slide but what I want to want you to remember is that the specular as well as the yoneda peak okay which occur which showed a fraction in the z direction gives you a lot of information about in a direction perpendicular to the substrate of the film okay so in these specular peak there is no information on the lateral surface there is only information for along the direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate and it is best to measure the average thickness of all the particles of average thickness of the film that we are having and this gives rise to a technique known as x-ray reflectivity however I hope you appreciate that if you are interested only in obtaining information perpendicular to the direction or perpendicular to the plane of the substrate you do not really want any information about the plane of the surface and therefore the plane of the substrate and therefore to obtain very good x-ray reflectivity data you have to ensure that there is no scattering in this direction and this gives rise to a particular condition wherein you have 2 theta f equal to 0 so essentially this is achieved using this figure shows a very nice way wherein you increase alpha and alpha f right symmetrically to probe the reciprocal space perpendicular to the surface and while doing that you have to ensure that your 2 theta f is actually 0 so that all the information that we are getting is only along the z and this is very important because the interference now why do we get all these speckle pattern that I showed you this is due to interference between layer and substrate or if there are multi layer film you get interference between different layers or layer and vacuum if there is only one layer and this gives rise to interference pattern like we have we get during say a Young's double slit experiment and this leads to a maxima and minima and this interference pattern can be used again remember what information we are getting is in reciprocal space but once we converted to real space we do get information about say thickness of the film so these are known as cashing fringes and this gives us information about the layer thickness having said that not only for you know very homogeneous you know thickness or homogeneous films and we can determine thickness we can also use using a lot of assumptions x-ray reflectivity to analyze roughness as well as inter diffusion profiles in various interfaces so a schemat or rather experimental result of g-sax pattern of the cobalt 0.6 nanometer on silica 4.3 nanometer 60 such layers discontinuous multi layers shows it is you see it shows qy equal to 0 here is qy but you see your qz you see nice bragg diffraction peaks corresponding to cobalt so you can imagine that how you can use so I am not showing the analysis part over here but using this you see this is in the reciprocal space this will be say something like nanometer inverse so using this we can actually find out what is the period of the film okay so now let us go and have a look at the instrumentation part up to now when we talked about instrumentation of x-rays I hope you know what all is needed but having said that you one thing that needs to be remembered as I had already mentioned is that for grazing incident small angle x-ray scattering almost always a synchrotron is needed and therefore I am showing a schematic of the grazing incidence small angle x-ray facility with ultra high vacuum chamber at Bm32 beam line at the European synchrotron radiation facility so why do we have ultra high vacuum chamber well to utilize grazing incidence small angle scattering to its optimum now ultra high vacuum chamber is actually ensures that we can do a lot of thin film deposition and that is what is shown over here so you can do a lot of deposition sources right and study the evolution of these nano structure will be it nano film or say quantum dots in situ and really observe how they are growing how they are growing in vacuum so this assembly essentially shows that from a synchrotron we get a nice coherent parallel ray of beam which is incident on your sample and you see over here we have a beam stopper because you know if there is a direct incident beam it can cause damage to our detector and you can see the g-sax detector is placed right at very small angle to the incident with respect to the sample and you see over here here we have this normal grazing incidence x-ray diffraction which is at a slightly angle at a slightly higher angle but you see the incidence over here for the grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering is pretty small and this can be figured out as you see they are almost in the they are not in the same line but they make up very very small angle with the sample right so this shows another the same thing in a different assembly again note the distance between your sample and the detector is huge and there is a there should be a beryllium window over here so that your x-rays can pass and here you see that is almost normal you see how small the angle is right and you see here you get all the information in plane information over here straight away on your 2D detector while out of plane information is over here too perpendicular right this is where you will get your specular pattern and your you need a peak so again I am mentioning time and again that all these information these are all exaggerated figures you know these are all happening at a nanoscopic level and see this angle is very very small very very small and that is why that is the reason essentially why we keep this distance very very large right so that we are able to see some difference okay so I hope you appreciate what all is the overall structure of grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering system and therefore these are not available in laboratories and are available on at various beam lines in a synchrotron source so how do they look like we talked about form factors and all form factors as well as the interference factor right the interference pattern right so it was rather let us go back and have a look so this is your interference function right so we have form factor and we have interference function so let us see now how actually they coincide right like this we had seen in case of small angles x-ray scattering that if the form factor is different how do we see different diffraction rather a different scattering pattern here in addition to the different scattering pattern we also get information about how those different particles or yeah those different dots are assembled in a 2d in along the 2d substrate so this is how what we will try to understand so the form factors of we know that if you have a particular shape in real space how it can get transformed into the reciprocal space so this is just a simple Fourier transform of the shape under consideration so here if we look in the first figure we see that if we have one a cylindrical shape we do get a particular pattern now I would like to mention that this takes into account the diffracted wave born approximation right diffracted wave born approximation which accounted for different reflection and refraction conditions so this diffracted wave born approximation ensures that you know this is the kind of pattern that we get now you know that if you are getting this kind of a pattern a particular kind of pattern this can be correlated with the shape of the particle right and you see there is a bit of periodicity now this periodicity comes in the reciprocal space because of various multiple scattering events right now if you go and have a spherical shape you do see that we get a completely different kind of patterns so see depending on the two shapes right a cylindrical versus a spherical we can get different form factors right in the reciprocal space the same case or similar case is shown for a half sphere as well as for a for a prism so here you can see how different it looks and depending on this particular form factor we can find out what is the shape of the particles at the same time I talked about right like how we are keeping the material or the nanoparticles in 2D can give rise to what is known as the interference function so therefore if you look at a simple hexagonal structure of say particles that means in other words if the particles are arranged forming a hexagonal lattice we get the variation in along say something like your alpha f and 2 theta f in this pattern so you do get these fringes now these fringes that we are getting have a particular periodicity because of the hexagonal structure now the actual scattering pattern that we are going to get has is going to be the superposition of this interference function and the form factor right like we had this equation f of q y q z square into s right that was your scattering intensity so this is where you see so if I have a hexagonal arrangement of my spherical patterns well I do get a pattern which corresponded to my spherical form factor right like which we had derived over here so here we have a spherical form factor but the weight is arranged the lattice is hexagonal so therefore there is a superposition of these 2 things and we do get a very different pattern right so now this form factor I hope you appreciate that once you get your experimental pattern what we need to do is we need to assume shapes or make a first guess do simulations and get a good match between the experimental and simulated pattern to comment something about the size and shape of the particle similar in you know information or similar patterns for now can we try to guess what exactly we are getting so I hope you appreciate that we are getting the same period or other yeah it is the same period so this has to be all hexagonal now if you look at this one now this to me looks like so this is what this is superposition of half sphere with the hexagonal one while this is superposition of half sphere the superposition of prism with the hexagonal lattice so therefore I hope you appreciate that for the last 2 scattering patterns particularly for the with and we are having a hexagonal arrangement however of particles however for the first case we are having a half sphere party or rather half sphere sitting at all the corners of the hexagon while for the second case which is shown over here we have a prism sitting at all the corners of the hexagon so here again I have chosen one particular example and try to show you how exactly we can see in situ growth of particles so here again we are having the growth of germanium on silicon 001 substrate right so here you see that as the sample or as the quantum dot is growing we do see that there is a change in the scattering pattern and also all these things can be confirmed by doing say AFM or scanning electron microscopy so we can see that with the deposition condition we can look at how the you know how the quantum dot is evolving in shape as well as size now I would like to emphasize that you know for carrying out SCM and all it is very difficult you cannot do it we have to stop at each and every stage and then do the sample however grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering probably offers the only technique wherein you can monitor you know the evolution of a particular you know the growth of particles or catalysis or chemical reactions occurring at the surface in situ right so this is the only technique that gives you real in situ information okay so to summarize I hope you appreciate that grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering technique is now well established to characterize morphology of nanoscopic and to a certain extent microscopic particles for microscopic particles we essentially don't really need grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering but for nanoscopic particles this is probably the only technique to give you a lot of information while doing in situ experiments we get complete information about nanoparticle sizes shapes distribution faceting as well as spatial correlation however I would like to point out that this information is not you know a straight forward information like diffraction all the information that we are getting is in the diffracted space and that is that corresponds to the Fourier space right the best possibility of g-sax is the in situ studies they offer an excellent platform to study growth catalysis and self-organization having said that synchrotron radiation is almost necessary I will make a very strong statement and say that you know synchrotron radiation is necessary for doing good quality grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering and having done grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering it is always a good idea to confirm your results with say other techniques like scanning electron microscopy or scanning tunneling microscopy or AFM having said that grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering though not available routinely offers a very sophisticated tool to study the structure of materials at the nanoscopic scale thank you


Good morning, dear colleagues. We will resume now the second day of our plenary session. So good morning to everyone. Before we start our work, I want to inform you that the electronic voting on amendments starts now and will be open until 2 p.m. Brussels time. You can find the links to the vote on the members portal in the document voting link for amendments. For detailed step-by-step information on the voting procedure, please refer to the practical guide to remote voting for the COR, which is also available on the members portal. So we start today our debate on the Union of Equality with Commissioner Dali and I want to thank her for being here today with us. Dear Commissioner Dali, the Commission President von der Leyen puts Union of Equality on the top of the political agenda with the aim of equality mainstreaming into all EU policies, legislation and funding programs. So I'm really pleased to confirm for our side that the European Committee of the Regions has followed up with opinions on all the five communications of the equality package. On gender equality strategy, EU Roma strategic framework for equality inclusion and participation, the EU anti-racism action plan, the disability strategy, and the LGBTIQ equality strategy. So regarding our Committee's other dedicated action, I'm pleased to highlight our webpage on gender parity in politics, showcasing best practices from our member on how to strengthen gender parity. So dear Commissioner Dali, dear members, as you know very well, equality is one of the founding values of the European Union and enshrined in the treaties and in the charter of fundamental rights. Equality equal opportunities and the inclusion of people with disabilities are also key principles of the European pillar of social rights. Now, unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted and exacerbated existing inequalities, marginalization and discrimination. And while the virus does not discriminate, it is clear that it has hit marginalized communities in our societies disproportionately hard. So we must continue to challenge structural discrimination and stereotypes and create conditions for everyone to live and thrive, regardless of differences based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. So in other words, we must ensure that political decision making takes into account the needs of everyone in our societies. Promoting equality at local and national level must be placed at the heart of all our work as local and regional politicians. So this is exactly why we believe that today's debate is of crucial importance for this matter. And I really welcome you, Commissioner Dali. So, hello, and the floor is yours. Okay, can you hear me now? Yes, we can. So thank you so much, President, for this introduction. I greatly appreciate this invitation. EU institutions must work together if we want to make concrete progress on any topic. The promotion of equality and the fight against discrimination in the EU is a shared responsibility and requires the joint, resolute and ongoing efforts of all relevant stakeholders. My regular dialogue with you, European Committee of the Regions, is an essential part of this inter-institutional EU cooperation. I thank the Committee of the Regions for its support to the Union of Equality Initiatives and its opinions on the gender equality strategy and the Roma strategic framework, as well as the draft opinions on the anti-racism action plan, the disability rights strategy, and the LGBTIQ equality strategy. Many policies and measures for equality, inclusion and anti-discrimination are implemented where people live and we are well aware that local and regional authorities need to be recognized as strategic partners and involved in the implementation and monitoring of the Union of Equality package. The European Commission will take into account your important comments and recommendations on each of the policy areas covered. Appropriate financial resources should be directed to local and regional levels to implement the different equality strategies. The EU Citizens' Equality Rights and Values Program was just adopted, releasing unprecedented funding of 1.5 billion euros for protecting and promoting EU values. Already for the next two years, 100 million euros are allocated for targeted actions on equality, including gender equality, non-discrimination, promoting the rights of persons with disabilities, combating racism, xenophobia, and violence against women. Local and regional authorities and civil society are at the heart of the funding envelope. The COVID-19 crisis put new pressure on women and vulnerable groups and aggravated existing inequalities. The 673 billion euro recovery and resilience facility offers new opportunities for equality mainstreaming in national reforms and investments. Member states are preparing their recovery and resilience plans to mitigate the economic and social impacts of the pandemic. The Commission is assessing these national plans carefully to ensure that the key priorities including gender equality and equal opportunities for all are included. I will now take you through the Union of Equality Initiatives and highlight some of their key points, many of which are raised in the committee's opinions. I will start with the strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities and the anti-racism action plan on which you are due to adopt opinions today. The strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities is our comprehensive program to improve the lives of persons with disabilities and ensure their full and equal participation in society. The strategy embraces a human rights approach to disability, helps to implement the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is organized along eight priority areas and contains seven flagship initiatives. Includes actions to be delivered by the Commission and on a number of issues we call on the Member States to take action and line with their responsibilities and competencies. We welcome your opinion on the strategy and your support to its objectives and actions. Let me address some of these points raised in your opinion. I reassure you that in the implementation of the strategy we follow an intersectional perspective. The actions pay attention to the diversity of persons with disabilities and address, for instance, women, children and older persons in the context of their specific situations. I want also to highlight that the rules of the energy performance of buildings are being revised. This is an opportunity to address accessibility during renovations in line with the inclusive approach of the renovation wave and the new European Bauhaus. The successful implementation of the strategy is only possible with the active engagement of Member States at all governance levels, including regional and local authorities, of course. Therefore, we will ensure continuous cooperation with your community. Moving on to the EU anti-racism action plan, the Commission is determined to fight against racism and discrimination effectively. The action plan sets out a series of concrete actions. For instance, the report on the implementation of the Racial Equality Directive was adopted on the 19th of March. By 2022, the Commission will propose any new legislation required to address possible shortcomings observed. This will include the strengthening of the role and independence of national equality bodies. On the 19th of March, the Commission held the Anti-Racism Summit together with the Portuguese Presidency and with the support of the Anti-Racism and Diversity Intergroup of the European Parliament. Beyond the EU institutions, including the Committee of the Regents, this summit also gathered representatives of Member States, civil society bodies, international organizations and other stakeholders attracting more than 500 participants. We recognize the key role of the Committee in the fight against racism and discrimination. We note the Committee's wish to be involved in the designation of the European Capitals of Inclusion and Diversity. Our respective services are currently discussing the modalities of this involvement. Structural racism examined in the action plan and highlighted in your draft opinion is a major concern for the European Commission. Related to this, the Commission is making concerted efforts to improve data collection and increase awareness on the reality of racism in the EU. The action plan expects that the Member States produce their national action plans against racism in 2022. After that, by the end of 2023, the Commission will issue a report on the implementation of national action plans. With regards to the LGBTIQ Equality Strategy, I note that your Committee is planning to adopt its opinion this October. The strategy sets out a series of measures to step up action to integrate LGBTIQ equality in all policy areas and to help lift the voices of the LGBTIQ community. In the strategy, the Commission invites Member States to develop national LGBTIQ action plans. Local and regional authorities should be encouraged to be involved in the preparation and implementation of national plans and were possible to develop their own strategic plans at local and regional level. The strategy also calls on the Committee of the Regions to promote dialogue with local and regional authorities and civil society, including social partners on how to advance LGBTIQ equality. The Committee's draft opinion highlights the shared responsibility to combat inequality. The Commission is committed to regularly engage with the Committee and other key partners to fully realize the objectives of the strategy. I will now update the Committee on the Implementation of the Gender Equality Strategy and the Roma strategic framework on which the Committee already adopted its opinions. Since we launched the Gender Equality Strategy in March of last year, it has become even more urgent to tackle gender inequality. The COVID-19 pandemic hit women disproportionately hard. Although much work remains to be done, we have made important progress in the strategies for the first year ago. On combating violence against women, this remains a priority for us and our proposal for a Digital Services Act addresses online violence which excessively affects women. We also presented the first ever Victims' Rights Strategy. Furthermore, we are preparing a specific legislative initiative to prevent and combat gender-based and domestic violence. We have taken a major step forward for gender equality in the labour market with our proposal for binding measures on pay transparency. This will tackle pay discrimination and ensure respect for the right to equal pay. As regards gender-balanced leadership, we lead by example with the first ever gender-balanced College of Commissioners. The EU Roma strategic framework for equality, inclusion and participation combats socio-economic exclusion and aims to foster equality and criminal participation of Roma. It also tailors policies to the specific needs of different subgroups of Roma people including women, youth, children, EU mobile citizens, stateless people, LGBTIQ people, older people and persons with disabilities. Member States have shown their commitment to address the challenges faced by Roma communities by adopting the Council recommendation on Roma equality, inclusion and participation. The active involvement of the Committee of the Regents in the design, implementation and monitoring of national Roma strategic frameworks will be essential for their success. Together we will get closer to our common goal of creating more equal and inclusive societies for all Europeans. I thank you for your commitment to achieving a more equal Europe and wish you a good debate. Thank you very much Commissioner for your input. I would like to give the floor now to Jelena Drenjanin from the EPP for two minutes please. Jelena, you have the floor. Dear Commissioner Dali, dear Jelena, the union of equality is not just a strategy, it's a mindset, an attitude and a different fresh and clear way to look at the world of today. But also the world we want for tomorrow for our children, for women and everybody that has a form of disability. So I would say for all those who still haven't had a chance to fully express their potential as human beings. Jelena, our societies are undergoing a crucial transition, be green or digital. But we can be successful only if we create the right conditions at all levels of government to unchain the talents and skill that Europe really needs. At EPP we would like to stress in particular two contacts that are part of the union of equality. First, we stand for equality between men and women in terms of wages, pensions and career evolution. And we are extremely concerned still that there is existing pay gap and female poverty and women's institutions representation in politics and decision making processes in many of our member states. And this is not acceptable. Second, we stand for the full achievement of children rights. And this must happen now today. I mean, we can't lose time. We fight for essential access to quality early childhood care education, but also healthcare services. But we also fiercely combat against human abuses and exploitation for our children, especially online. The members of the EPP group are ready to work in all relevant core commissions to discuss and also contribute to these target measures. For example, on recent years, children and the European child guarantee. At the same time, we will take it into our offices, our cities and regions as many local dialogues as possible to listen to our citizens' voices and emails. So let us meet there and thank you for your attention. Thank you again. The floor now to Xabah Borboli for two minutes from the EPP. Hi, thank you. I wish to align to what Mrs. Renjanin just said about the real added value of having a union for equality debated by the representatives of regions and cities in the European Union. I think that we're doing an excellent work in the COR and especially in the SEDEC Commission. We are building a very solid capital of opinions and the partnerships with different directorate generals. In such a context, I would like to refer to what my colleague just said concerning creating the right conditions at all levels of government to unchain talent and skills and couple these with equal opportunities. This is a particular deal to me. In the EPP, we very much support the proposal to have by 2030 at least 60% of all adults participating in training every year. In fast changing world, this is a very, we must invest in terms of human capital. We must succeed in this mission in order to cover the quality with competitiveness at the world scale. Mrs. Dali, I wish to conclude by stressing the need to closely consider also the rights of women and children belonging to minorities and those who live in remote or sparsely populated areas. Thank you very much. Thank you, Saba, the floor now to Jumi Renstrom from the PS Group for two minutes. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mrs. Dali. On the PSG Group, I would like to warmly congratulate you on the whole vision of the German Union and the political commitment to pass on what it shows. The German Union is a union that we all can be proud of because it is a union where we also have the opportunity for people to grow. We have only split the political strategy, and that is in certain forms. But Europe needs a single from to fight discrimination on all grounds. So that the ownership of the EU's first action plan and racism can only be promised here. This is really a well needed initiative. In my opinion, which I hope will be addressed shortly after this debate, I emphasize that the local and regional communities must be recognized as strategic partners when it comes to forming, through and over-examining and reshaping against racism. I also claim that local and regional action plans, beyond the national action plans, can contribute to counteract structural racism through specific approaches to the field that are adapted to the reality in a certain region or in a certain city. And it also allows me to emphasize that the progress towards these new proposals is much more likely to depend on if the commission is over-examined to ensure that they are recognized within the fixed time frame and with clear and measurable goals. I am also convinced that an intersectional strategy, which is common for all parties, which includes the EU, is also used to meet the progress and the effect of the cooperation between all relevant anti-discrimination strategies. So I would like to thank you for your work, and I would like to congratulate you on this incredibly important work. Thank you very much. On the floor now to Yasid Horvath for two minutes, please. From the BS group. I would like to thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. François DeCoster, if you will play from Renew Europe, three minutes. We would like to respect these values, including the fight against discrimination. We will soon have an opportunity, the conference on the future of Europe. The values of the European Union must be respected not only by the member states, but also by local and regional communities. You have mobilized strongly to ensure that the rights of the homosexuals are respected by the collectivities of certain member states who have wanted to declare themselves of the areas without the LGBTQ community. And you were right, and you are in your responsibility, I would like to thank you for that. And what good news when the traffic community has removed its resolution? You know that the Renew Europe group has been strongly mobilized in the presence of about 30 presidents of the Polish region to propose to them to review their positions, to propose to enter into dialogue. And I think that the dialogue is necessary to remember the importance of values in the plans of the European Union, but it was necessary to go further. It was necessary to say that there would be sanctions, financial consequences that some of these sanctions would be removed. So, Madame la Commissaire, in the conference on the future of Europe, we can strengthen the mechanisms that lead not only to the states to respect the values, but also to some level of governance that benefits the financial support of the European Union. That this threat is clearly known to be reaffirmed in texts, perhaps even at the level of the treaty. I think that we must, for the whole of European citizens, and then you will allow me to finish with a thought by this young lawyer, Norman Kinsoulis, who was burned alive a few days ago, who died of his injuries five days later. We must, for all these victims of discrimination, face a real opportunity for us to be clear about our values and our strong will to make them respect them throughout Europe. Thank you. Thank you very much. The floor now to Matteo Bianchi from the ECR, for two and a half minutes, please. Thank you President, dear Commissioner. Europe has a tragic history of human rights in the 20th century. The Holocaust, the colonization, the forced sterilization of minorities have all been orchestrated by European countries or carried out in European territory. We must not go back to those dark years in Europe. European countries must face their history and hide, for example, for the world. Racism, xenophobia, discrimination in all their forms must be condemned with force. The best way to ensure that tolerance prevails in our societies is to invest in the instruction of our children and have resilient legal systems. The tools to do so are in the hands of our 27 member states. Dear Commissioner, it is positive that the European Union is looking for ways to assist European countries in their efforts to fight discrimination. They are not yet convinced of the proposed methods, that is, by mincing sanctions and creating a greater number of agencies in the European Union. I believe that this approach will not produce the expected results and the main objective of the European Union is to ensure that the parity should be to escape from the platform for the exchange of good practices and data and not to double the existing structures at the national level. It allows me to remind you that if the European Union wants to be active in this field, it must give the example, but I fear that this will not reach an observation. Today we are talking a lot about the protection of vulnerable groups, but one of them has not been mentioned, the Jewish people. One of the main objectives of the member states must be to face better the growing anti-Semitism. This must include the memory, the instruction and the legislation also at the national level. But the same speech is also worth for the Christians in the world, for those who are persecuted in many liberal ways, for religious reasons or for simple cultural traditions. But unfortunately, this is also in Europe, I would like to quote the British press in France. And this also threatens our traditions and our value foundation. I count on you, Mr. Commissioner, on your support and all the commission on this regard and thank you. Thank you very much. Elisabeth Nebrella, Villa from the EA Group for two minutes please. Katja Meyer from the Greens for two minutes. Dear Ms. Commissioner, Dear Mr. President. A lot about the union and the equality we evaluate here from Saxony absolutely positive. Because it is a faithful knowledge of the union to equality and that's what the president of the ADS put in his entrance in the center. We thank the unity of the diversity for a Europe of equality and that the five aspects that are in the center of the union of equality are considered in an intersectional approach. And that it is about a horizontal direction, not about discrimination is absolutely right. Especially with the aspects of equality of the gender equality of the people depending on their skin color on the whole issue of inclusion but also of course the strategy of the rights for the people with disabilities are absolutely central. What is especially important to me is also the equality of people depending on their sex and gender orientation. And I don't think we are as far in Europe in all nationalities as we would like to wish. And I also wish from the European Commission a stronger approach for these rights. But I would like to still mention one aspect that I especially noticed when reading the translation namely that in the action plan against racism the term race is used and that is in German a very high problematic term and it is simply politically and scientifically not sustainable. Because racism produces the term race and not vice versa. And also here in Saxony we are trying from our basic law to spread this term race and to find an alternative. And that should be also on the European level that we try to reproduce this racist or that we reproduce this term. Thank you very much. Carlos Aguilar for one minute please. Thank you very much President. Thank you very much Commissioner. The European Commission must be a reference to equality of rights in all areas but it also has to invest to achieve the effective equality for people with disabilities. We must address more economic resources. We must offer the means for people with disabilities to be able to participate perfectly in our society and enjoy a life with normality. Sanitary services, training, social services, travel, access to adequate jobs, as well as more economic resources and more normative protection. A practical equality for life. Descending economic resources, generating services to support families, particularly in the rural world, to invest in the development of these people and give them priority. Those who do not have easy to do any work must find more effective advantages to access other jobs that can be developed. We must facilitate them to live from independence, to establish policies and economic that allow people with disabilities to have adequate means of life so that they can effectively achieve equality and develop their lives with normality and happiness. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Sad to happen for one minute please. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Hello. Good morning. Thank you, Mr. President, dear commissioner, dear colleagues. On behalf of the European Alliance Group I'd like to welcome this debate at a time when equality, as it is enshrined in our treatise, is facing one of the most dangerous moments since the founding of the EU 71. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. I'd like to thank the for one minute, please. Thank you very much, Mr. President. Thank you very much, Mr. Commissioner. The equality in the EU is a very important topic. What is missing in the concept of union of equality is that there is no difference between the different regions of Europe. No one should be affected because of this, or because of the agreement. That is obvious. But if we, for example, in my region, the goal is that the women get the same salary, they will earn 450 euros in average. That would be the union of equality. Another topic is the question of minorities, for example, the language minorities. Please, experience that the commission of this topic is a political topic of the member states. Let's take the example of minority safety. An initiative with the goal to get the union of equality out of this. Unfortunately, the union has been abandoned. Is that the union of equality? Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Declan McDowell, for one minute, please. Welcome, Madam Commissioner. We often speak of equality and the wish to ensure equal treatment for all. But I would like to highlight the fact that we have not achieved equality for those with disabilities. Quite frankly, the progress has been very poor and this needs to change. In a recent speech, you spoke of the need of engagement from member states, stakeholders and disability persons organization, all working together to improve services and access to employment. But how do we ensure that this is achieved? Are there practical steps we need to take? How do we ensure funding goes to the end users rather than the bureaucratic governance? Disability people were highly affected during the pandemic, many of their services cancelled or postponed. Is there a fast track system to ensure that these services can be rescheduled as quickly as possible? Finally, a practical issue. Have the EU institutions had any success opening the door to more disability persons to work within the different institutions? Karimila Mahgut, thank you. Thank you very much. Janoslav Stawarski, for one minute, please. Thank you very much. Mr. Commissioner, I am from Lubellia, and I come from Krasnik city. The city that has been changed is that we are intolerant towards people from LBGT and the EU. I would like to tell you that all people who live in Lubell, and Krasnik are very open and even some declarations that are somewhere in the public space in order to address anyone or to put in an uncomfortable situation. I want to make sure that Lubell is a city of Krasnik and that there are people who want to work together with everyone. I would like to draw your attention that the problem of LBGT is certainly important, but the most important problem is the anti-semitism problem in the European Union. I would like to draw your attention because the anti-semitism is very, very dangerous in Western Europe. That is why I call Mr. Commissioner to intensify all activities related to anti-semitism. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Mr. Commissioner, I am very happy that in this discussion we can take part today. I think we need to emphasize that there is a general declaration of human rights. In 30 articles of this declaration we are talking about rights that serve every human being. In Poland we did not have freedom, we did not have of course a colony. We have a common common history and I would like to remind you that we have to talk about the phenomenon in the world and in Europe. For example, I would like to show that in a very conservative anti-semitism war there are two women and I will not add more. I would like to talk about all these groups that can potentially be unfairly treated. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. And now our last intervention from Salih allows you for one minute. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Commissioner Dallin the time has come now for you to talk about human rights. Thank you very much. Commissioner Dallin the time has come now for you to talk about human rights. Thank you very much. The time has come now for you to have your reaction on what you heard from our members. So you have the floor. Thank you. Is the sound on? Can you hear me? Of course, yes. We can hear you very well. Thank you. Go ahead. We can hear you very, very well. Very good. Well, I will try and touch briefly upon all that was said. I hope that I won't disappoint anyone. Yes, the first comment was about the gender pay gap as we know we have the proposal now. So we will see that we get the approval for that from council. And yes, the comment on the lack of women in decision making even there. I think that we have the proposal which has been there for many, many years and if we manage to push that through I'm sure that there would be an improvement of women in decision making positions. Yes. I also heard about the rights of women and children living in remote areas. I think this is a part of the regions because you are closest to the citizens in these remote areas. So I am sure that you can bring issues to our attention more than other people can. So we can progress in this area as well. I know that there is a lot that needs to be done and that is why we must put all our resources together. We are about the intersectional approach. I think this is definitely the way forward when we speak about minorities for instance of Roma, LGBTQ persons with disabilities not one of these groups is a homogenous group. So we really must apply this intersectional perspective because you can be a person, can be many things and therefore the intersectional approach is of the essence. On Roma regarding education and housing and health during the pandemic yes, we know that these problems have been exacerbated during the pandemic but also somebody said don't hide behind the pandemic of course not. Actually, I think in terms of equality the pandemic was a wake-up call for those people who maybe were not so much aware of the inequalities for persons with disabilities for Roma for women for LGBTQ people and we have heard a lot of talk and discussions about how these inequalities have been exacerbated so rather than hiding behind the pandemic I think what has actually happened is that a spotlight was thrown on these inequalities because of the of the pandemic but regarding Roma yes, the situation leaves much to be desired I would say my plan was from the very beginning of my term as commissioner to visit Roma settlement but then we couldn't do it because we couldn't travel but my plan still is to visit these settlements because I really believe that a lot needs to be done there and I will see also to the implementation of the strategy which should help Roma people yes, LGBTIQ freedom zones as you know the parliament has declared the European Union as an LGBTIQ freedom zone of course this is symbolic but I'm sure that it has it's messages very clear also that we cannot afford to have LGBTIQ free zones so that is why I'm saying LGBTIQ freedom zones of course dialogue is the best way in order to try and arrive at solutions on how to get rid of these mentalities and these attitudes because we can have all the legislation in the world unless we change culture and attitudes we will still have problems so dialogue is a good way to help in that direction but of course we must also take action with regards to proposals being made we are still very much in time to put in the conference on the future of Europe on the Europe which we want to see so I think this is a great opportunity to propose the Europe that we want the LGBTIQ freedom zone Europe that we want so the more input there is in this conference for Europe I think that the more we can how shall I say the more we can promote equality and the more we can highlight and put the spotlight on the fact that we do not have a union of equality yet and there is so much which still has to be done so the more proposals for equality that there are in the for the conference on the future of Europe that is more power to our elbows to work more work harder and get more people on board in our project for equality yes we had the comment also that ignorance prevails in our societies and I agree very much with that ignorance in the sense of thinking that our reality is the only reality and that it is the only reality that we care about and this is what we need to change this ignorance in this sense as I said earlier we can have all the proposals all the legislation all the directives that you want but unless we change the mindset unless we look at the other as one big global family and that nobody is more or less than the other then we will have we will still have difficulties we will still have prejudices we will still have racism we will still have discrimination and it all comes from ignorance ignorance of not of not knowing the other of not putting on the shoes of the other and walking a few paces in those shoes so that we are able to understand the others unless we do that yes ignorance will prevail and for equality to be cross-cutting as you know there is the anti-discrimination directive which again has been shelved for many many years I think that it is of the essence that we have this anti-discrimination proposal for a directive but again here we all have to act together and we can say it in the conference for the future of Europe unless we have this anti-discrimination directive we will continue running on the spot when it comes to equality we have to be strong in our words and we really must see that this directive this proposal for a directive actually is implemented regarding the term race I hate the term too and because to me there is only one race the human race we know that this is not what many people believe and we will have to make do with the word race until we do not need it anymore that is my wish that is my dream that is what I work for that we will not need the word race anymore because we will be all one race with no discrimination with no prejudice but we know it would be an understatement to say that we are not there yet so violence across Europe against women against LGBTIQ against Roma against minorities against people with disabilities yes we must be very careful not to allow any backtracking this is still happening we know that a lot has been done and we have made progress but when we see these things around us we question ourselves are we going back are we backtracking and that is what we must not allow that means that we must work harder as you can see from all our strategies these strategies are all there but we need the member states to have their own strategies to have their own plans on how to tackle all this violence which we condemn strongly but it also is a reminder to us on how vigilant we have to be and how we need to work hand in hand we help member states by having these strategies by having directives but then in the end the action has to be taken at member state level in order to eradicate this violence and I would say that you are an important part of all this because you are closer to the citizens and you are very well placed to help in this European project for equality for anti-violence for anti-racism persons with disabilities yes it was said that there was slow progress there and I think our new strategy should step up our work and the work of member states in this direction and with regards to the commission we as you know we appreciate diversity as strength and I always say charity begins at home so we are also looking inwards to see that the commission is open to all without any discrimination and working with commissioners on human resources so that there is more diversity in the commission and anti-semitism of course is an area which requires work and as you know also we are working on this also with Vice President is working in this domain and any anti-semitism is wrong and we are committed to address these realities also persecution of Christians was mentioned and of course we strongly condemn this and any persecution is wrong unless you are persecuting me with love and flowers and any persecution is wrong so we must all be free even of course when it comes to religious belief so none of this is acceptable and to close I would say that yes with regards to persons with disabilities we work with the motto nothing about persons with disabilities without persons with disabilities because persons with disabilities are best place persons with the experience to advise us on how to go about our strategies our policies so definitely nothing about persons with disabilities without persons with disabilities thank you this was very interesting and I hope that we can follow up on this discussion thank you very much Commissioner Dali it was really a very very interesting debate and I think we had the chance and the opportunity to discuss issues that are of great importance for the European Union certainly for the European Committee of the Regions and I really believe that equality is a matter that needs to be put right in the center of the table of the policies that are being implemented in the European Union and I really want to thank you not only for your presence here today to our committee but generally for your great work and determination throughout these years and I'm sure that we will have the opportunity to work even closely in the future from now on without hopefully this pandemic keeping us away from one another so thank you again for your participation your very very very valuable inputs today thank you thank you Commissioner