This video was brought to you by my patrons. Thank you so much for your support. Hello there! Yeah, now I have a camera. Actually, it's a beauty camera because I have a new computer, my first ever laptop. So, without further ado, let's get to the topic. Today we will talk about the decorator pattern, a very interesting pattern because it's hard to see its actual value until you realize that once you have the setup, you can go wild and do a lot of other stuff. So, let's get started. I already made a setup and please know that this is not a tutorial. I am sharing my studies with you so don't follow this strictly because I actually made some very poor implementations. But the real thing here is that you get how this pattern works. So, try to understand how you can make the setup for this pattern and just take off everything poor that I did here. But before we get into this setup that I made here, let's try to understand what this pattern actually do and what it tries to achieve. What's the problem that it tries to solve. So, I will switch to my books here. These books will be on the description and on the pinned comment so you can have access to them. Actually, the one in the left is an upgrade of the one in the right so you can have access to the one in the left instead. Anyway, the decorator pattern is a structural pattern that lets you attach new behaviors to objects by placing these objects inside special wrappers. Objects that contain the behaviors. This is very, very cool. Because as you can see, we have a... I think that is a Machiavra doll. I don't know how to call it in English. But this is basically how the decorator pattern works. You have something and then you wrap it with other thing. And you see that since the decorator pattern is what it is wrapping. So, if you are wrapping a node, the decorator will also be a node. So you can also wrap a decorator. You can have a decorator wrapping a decorator wrapping a decorator and so on. So, on the right, you can try to understand the problem that we are trying to solve with this pattern. You want to add behaviors or state to individual objects at runtime. So, notice that we are not switching as we do with the strategy pattern. We are adding or changing the behavior of the object in runtime. And inheritance is not feasible because it is static and you add it to an entire class. So, everyone inheriting from this class will also have this new behavior. So, if you want to extend it, you will have to extend a lot of other objects together with it. While with a decorator, you can have one object, another object that inherits the same thing. But you want this one at some point of the running of the software. You want this one to have another behavior. You want to improve it, upgrade it somehow. So, you unwrap it with another object with a decorator. And you have a new behavior only on these objects, only on these instances of the class. And the other one will keep the original behavior. So, let's go back to Godot and try to understand how I implemented it. So, first let me change this layout here because you cannot see what's on the bottom here. And let me open the script here. So, let's start by understanding what I'm trying to achieve here. I've played the game and you see that let's suppose that this is a character. And this character has some attributes. So, it has strength, agility and intelligence. And it also has some skills. It can blast a curse itself or others. So, it can blast or curse a target. And when we blast, we get an improvement on these status. And when we curse, we have some debuff. So, we have a buff and a debuff. And you can see that we always go back to the original value. So, the curse goes back to the original value, the blast goes back to the original value. And this is it. It's basically just a buff and debuff system. You can say that it's a power-up system somehow. So, I will close it here. And let's try to understand how this was done. So, first of all, I have here an attribute class, an attribute node. Let's say that. And this attribute node has just an amount. So, an amount of strength or an amount of agility or intelligence. And when we set this amount, we emit a signal. And when we get this amount and pay attention to this method, the get amount, because this is what we will use in the creator. So, we have this get amount. We are encapsulating the amount variable inside these two methods here. Okay? Also, let me know if you would like to have a series about the four pillars of objective-oriented design. So, polymorphism, encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction. Let me know if you want to get something about this. Comment below. But, anyway, after this, after the attribute, we have the attribute decorator. And the attribute decorator, as you can see, it inherits from attribute. So, as I said, it is what it wraps. So, if we are wrapping an attribute, we will be an attribute as well. And the very interesting thing about this pattern is that it is what it wraps. So, it is something and it has the same thing. So, it is an attribute and it has an attribute. In this case, I call this the Decorate T. So, we have the decorator and the Decorate T. And this Decorate T will be the attribute. It has to be an attribute. And notice that I use polymorphism to overwrite the get amount method. So, instead of just returning the amount that we have here, in this specific decorator, we will try to get the amount of the Decorate T and we will decorate it. So, we will make it fancier, let's say that way. So, we have this amount here and then we multiply this by this amount. So, we have the Decorate T status. So, let's say we have 10 strength. And when we decorate it with this specific decorator, we will multiply this strength by something that is the decorator amount. So, if the strength is 10 and the decorator is 1.5, we will improve the strength by 50%. Okay? And then we adjust at this line so we don't go below 0 because it's not realistic to have negative strength. And here we return this decorated amount. So, we take the Decorate T amount, we decorate this and we return the decorated amount. So, notice that we have something here, we wrap it and we go down to this onion structure and then we take what is inside it and we pass through some operations, some calculations here because we are decorating this thing that is on the core of this onion structure. So, we can also have a decorator, another decorator wrapping this new decorator, this base decorator, and we can go inside this onion structure until we reach what is the actual base thing that is being decorated and then we go back to whoever is asking for this value and we pass through these operations. So, this is basically what is done here into this example. So, if we go back here to the game, we have the blast and the curse. They are basically the same thing. So, if I open this script here, they will point to the same script and we apply this buff to a target and we can pass the attribute that should be applied and when we buff it, we will take a decorator. So, if I go here, we have a decorator here that is basically the effect of this skill and we go here and we will take the decorator and create an instance of it and then we will set this decorator. We will inject into this decorator the attribute of the target that we are trying to decorate. So, we will get this attribute here. Actually, we will get this attribute here. So, we are going to the target and we are getting a property that is this attribute that we are trying to get here. And then on the decorator amount, we will set it to be the multiplier of this skill. So, if you see here, we have a duration that will be the duration of this buff, of this power-up, you can say. And then we have the attribute multiplier that will be what will be used to improve the status. After that, we set this attribute and this is the most important thing. Actually, let me emphasize this. Wherever the decorator is, you have to inject the decorator instead. So, in this case, let me show you the attribute here. The attribute has a pointer to the strength, a pointer to the agility and a pointer to the intelligence. So, when we decorate these objects, when we decorate these attributes, we have to inject the decorator inside these variables here. So, it can point out to the decorator instead of the decorator. This is the most painful part to do because you have to find a way to inject the decorator inside everywhere that the decorator is being pointed to. And then, when you want to take out this decorator, you have to find a way to go back. You have to inject back the decorator in these variables. So, if you don't have a base structure to do this easily, you will have some bad time trying to implement this pattern. In my case, I inject these variables into this buff and I inject the decorator back into this remove method here. So, I'm just setting it back. And since the decorator also points to the decorator, we always have access to it. So, we always have access to the base value. So, when we want to remove the decorator, we can basically just say, okay, whatever decorator this is pointing to, will now be injected back into its original pointer. So, this is what this is doing here. And if we try to test this, let me put this to the remote. So, to the remote scene, open this, open this, open this, and this. What we will see is that it will instantiate some decorators inside this BLAST class here, inside this BLAST node. So, when I BLAST it, we will have some children here. Let me BLAST again. We'll have some children decorators here. And when the status, the buff goes out, so when the buff times out, it will inject the decorators back into these attributes here. To this attributes node, because this is what it's been using to carry and to reference what's the value of the status of the attributes of the character. Well, if we go here into the decorator, this might sound trivial, so you could do this just by making some calculations, some hard-coded calculations. But now that you have this into your tool shell, into your toolbox, imagine the possibilities of this kind of system. So, imagine that instead of having just some multiplications, you can have any kind of decoration in these nodes. And you don't have to actually just work with integers. You don't have to work with numbers. You can work with any kind of value. So, let's say that you have a skill system, and somehow a character can forge some weapons, and then you can say, okay, so these weapons will also decorate the character's status. So, these weapons will have a modifier inside of it that will be a decorator. And when the character equips these weapons, it will basically do the same thing as I'm doing here into the skill. But instead of passing just these, it will pass, let's say, just strength, or just agility, or just intelligence. So, if you have a knife, it will improve the character agility. If you have a staff, it will improve the character intelligence, and so on and so forth. And with this, you can also improve the way the character forges the weapon. So, let's say you have a system for forging, and on the level one it always returns a basic weapon. But at some point you can have an improved skill, or a perk, or something like this, that says, okay, every weapon that you forge will also have a modifier. Something like this. Instead of having a returning weapon, let's say this would be a forging system, and you go here, and you have some method that returns a weapon here. So, forge, something like forge a weapon, and it would search in a database or something, and then it will return a weapon here. But on the decorator, you will have something like, instead of returning this weapon, you will return this weapon that we just find with a modifier inside of it. So you can use these decorations everywhere in your game, and this is very cool, because this makes so that your game adapts dynamically. You make emerging mechanics inside your game. This is so... Well, this is it. Tell me what other systems that you are designing that maybe the decorator pattern can solve your problems. And, well, don't forget to leave a thumbs up. Oops. To leave a thumbs up if you enjoy this kind of content, so I know that you are actually enjoying it. Also, don't forget to subscribe below and turn on the notifications so you can get notified when I release more of this kind of content. 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Look how fast it really doesn't this feel don't you? Don't you feel alive? I feel fully alive. Oh My god, what am I looking at board most likely? Well, that's what I'm here for Hey ladies and gentlemen if you guys are new to the channel make sure to subscribe look every time you click the big red Button this number goes up and then my ego goes higher and higher and then eventually I'm gonna hate you guys I'm gonna despise you guys because my ego gets to that point So just help me get there also hundred thousand on the second channel soon Come link in top of the description ladies and gentlemen go click that okay cool So a couple videos ago. I was reacting to submissions designers made in the NBA 2k community now One of the people who submitted was a guy right that goes and go Goes by the name the infamous NY he reached out to me and was like hey I actually have this new like summer circuit Julie thing coming out. Do you want to be the first to try it? And I was like well, well, yes, I would actually that sounds incredible And I don't really know what that means if I'm being honest All right, ladies and gentlemen, there's a tab on the left hand side summer circuit Julie Can click quick play and we're going to import his roster real quick Okay, so I actually don't know what I'm doing going forward. I'm just gonna roll with it First of all, this is dope. So he imported a whole bunch of different I remember I did something like this in 2k 16, but I did it with like a few people in the 2k community And it took forever. So I can't even imagine how long all of this took I mean look he added the whole and one team the professor is in here. Yo The shy league Nike basketball Rucker Park legends. I have to play with that team Venice Beach basketball. How many teams does he have? To wife is in here if the player didn't exist in 2k He created it added them to the game looking life like gave them attributes then put them on a damn roster Ladies and gentlemen, you know long that takes OVO bounce He gave drink a 73 overall. He apparently also made some uniforms which look Incredible yo the thought of making pro amp uniform scares me let alone uniforms for dozens of teams man He has like his own custom sliders that I also downloaded because apparently it makes the game more fun and fast Which is what the game should have been off rip.  Am I wearing it? Yeah Oh my god playing at Drake's crib the fact that there's commentators commentating this game at Drake's crib Yeah, we'll leave we're gonna love this well first of all is not doing on broadcast fact that this is still the default camera angle Oh, it's Karim and iris and on the same damn team man About when I say if they just added different perks to 2k Geez try me try me. It's Karim.   I don't know how to let me just stop for a moment Let me keep my feet up. Just give me one second right now because this is important the gameplay feels fast I feel like I can explode off the triple threat the game feels lively and Fun off the few two minutes. I've played. I want to play plenty more The problem right now with 2k is they're busy patching all the relevant animations So now we're stuck. We move in sluggish every animation is slow. Come on guys. Let's rewind go back into the day I used to be petrified to walk into the park 2k 1415 all these good-ass players just pop pop But it made me want to play the game more some of y'all afraid of competition man You got 2k looking still looking scary out here It's because I swear to God it's because it's some of y'all some y'all so scared of competition 2k katers today Man, I'll be playing Valorant. I suck, but I'm getting better though It's not the whole point and get some y'all just want to be good off for it And that's why you'll never be successful. I'm jumping my motivation channel top link in the description Motivational experts they be they be committed.  No look look look look People quit this they actually say like yo agent when you wear this hoodie We drop like subscribe to your channel and subscribe to your second channel How many subs you have at the moment like oh, I lost track. It just keeps going up I don't know this many. Yeah, just like that. Can they make the number go up by just clicking the button Hold on give him three seconds two one, okay I know it's so unrealistic wait wait wait wait wait wait It was it would never do that. They I'm looking at the court. No, no, okay, but do you see this? Who is this? Okay, this is they did not do this. There's no way to keep it this. No, they didn't I swear. No, they didn't I swear I swear Not bad driving dunk is a 26 from Kentucky because of that one video where he was repping them And he shot that air ball pregame. Please believe with the clip with the clip with the clip I don't know what you're talking about. Okay, I'll send it to you Those were low during the regular season and I think that battle tested this group.  I feel fully alive You know, I'm not playing right. I know but I just felt so alive in the moment That's what I was trying to say boom boom. Hey Drey pull up boom. Try and get that work.  Yeah. Yeah, I lied to you. I was a guy who modded and did all this I Actually want to see some of these other parks Rucker League. We have to let these guys be home. Okay. Okay. Okay. I need to start Okay, okay. Okay. Okay infamous. Did you add this yourself this little pan? Can you believe what you're looking at? Well, he added Rucker Park, you know long I've been asking for this Can you imagine pause pause pause pause pause pause pause? Is this not the same dude that did the he won like second place in the video the last video he won Take the money back from toson So do you mean to tell me all of these teams have their own home court Look at this the sliders feel amazing. I feel explosive.  They feel like they're capable like they've been doing this Like it's they're passing man The court itself looks tough, but the back the crowd needs saturation way more saturation. Oh my god, believe Imagine a moments video like this. They've already been done it in 2k 3 and 2k 4 It's not a complicated impossible process because here we have an individual who just completed it Also, it's a lot of fun to play with iris and now is 2k gonna complain about this video or hire him Which one do you think I don't know 2k doesn't do anything logical So I don't I don't I don't they're not in the same plane. Oh hop hop hop. We're gonna drive Oh, julius. I was really hoping you embarrassed at him Okay, we'll eat this is quavo. I doubt it click circle. Not everybody in dredges quavo. Okay. Just click circle. Oh, it is Oh, snap. He's a higher overall than drake Drake how you feel about that since I know you're watching this video. Oh, is that yo, it's drake. What's up? He's a I'm sorry. I know I know you Please iris is gonna dunk. What happened? Apparently not. All right.  I want to see what this mamba sports academy looks like lead Look, let me just get a bucket with kobe for one time, man Just for the one time, man Hey, I kind of That was just but Feed that's a shot. Oh, that's a bad release.  I'm not doing kobe justice right now. We'll leave you're not You have to leave kobe in the high post. Oh shimmy shimmy. Oh, this kobe right here. This kobe Cas, but man. I used to love watching kobe go in the post and just shimmy shimmy and then he's gonna hop like this Oh, yes Kobe in the pose.  I know you beat the footwork at least quick I know I know so on the venice beach basketball team is spencer dimwitty jail and green drew holiday kawai How do you decide who's on these teams? You know what I mean? Because there's plenty of hoopers from la, but how do you decide if they're from venice La has the best basketball players on earth and they would murk any team in foods by hometown by no comparisons Full of star studded all-stars except for ampy Set that game up. Uh, yeah, obviously Can you imagine can you imagine paul george trying to cross me over are you out of your mind? i'ma cook you that nah now we'll leave Now we're asking for one guy do this one person will leave the whole company couldn't So when I try and tell you guys the ideas that i'm spitting out come up to my They're not crazy because I've seen other dev teams do it now ladies and gentlemen. This is not a dev team This is an individual one person and again his link isn't at the top of the description Please go click that. Hi. You're him 2k. Look at life First of all, that was an interesting pass. Why god damn Why do you care what's going on in the game right now inside to drew holiday in the low post? Oh, and it worked it worked. This is the vibes. I'm talking about man. This is exactly what i'm talking about I'm subscribing to him right now. Yeah, and yo, I'll be pissed if you didn't willy. I'll be furious with you We don't have a chance. I want to play every game here. I refuse to return to regular 3v3 program I refuse to go back to the regular part when this is completely possible, man Look how crazy this is. I could do this all day, man In the in the post we're gonna do that and then we're gonna do this and then we're gonna get buckets Look at the colors of the bar Everything about this is impressive. Hey guys, yesterday was his birthday So spam happy birthday in the chat and could subscribe for him. I got you. Yeah, thank you man Appreciate it. I got the happy birthday part for the subscribe part. I like that What's wrong with the happy birthday part? Birthdays are pointless. You're just one year closer to dying Think about it. Please. Look what i'm speaking of right now, man. Look at what i'm speaking of right now You see what i'm what am I looking at? What are my eyes?  I'm trying to get an ankle breaker with these snatchbacks, man cash buckets Hey, um, I could do this for days. Okay. I want to look at one more Hmm the two hype one we gotta see you. Oh, please infamous god. I have a lot of good ideas Put furgy doing that. Okay. That's a little disrespectful, but funny though. Is it funny? Yes, put furgy on there Oh, and he has it No, that's jesse right there. Okay. Okay. Yo, this is amazing. I know I know also all gonna do this exactly bro, bro Get amp in here and we can have some serious matchup that is a massive That's a banger right there. I swear I'm gonna pin that come on chris. Your defense is looking weak chris. Why would you put them against mba players? I don't know Okay, okay. Let's see what chris got in the post man. See me. Okay. Okay. Hold on. I didn't even do that in real life He's gonna watch this First of all, let's put bigums in without a shadow of a doubt I'm sorry cash, but I'm gonna have to take you out for flight reacts and jesse Jesse I'm most definitely about how to take you out for davis and we can have chris move running the power forward Okay, so it's not really even too high no more, but it's still too high a little bit, but hey Yo, yo, yo Oh, he did a momentum Escape drives. Yo, this is my new passion. This is my new pal. Why is davis that tall?  Yo fight. You wouldn't have a single intangible. My god You got a 52 But at least your durability is 83. You don't get injured often and your potential is 65 So you could potentially still make the mba like you've been claiming. Uh, this is great This is great stuff very great stuff fast like i'm with davis right now when I feel unathletic Look how realistic that is. Can you make me the rest flight reacts gets the screen from chris drives, right? He has an opening fight I I so I so get out the way thickums Oh boom boom Boom I so kawai on phone. Maybe not this time. Hey, uh, davis say hi I can't see don't ever foul.  I want to show you something Somewhere and you can play with yourself. They have websites for that It's me too When I said it's not true Yeah, y'all impressed. I'm impressed.  I cannot get enough of trying to drive the ball with flight. This is great stuff Let me set a screen chris go ahead set that boom. Oh, you know flight shoots these buckets How Flight reacts with a basketball at the top of the three point line is going to drive left off the pick and roll Screen is going to do it hop step inside to fight reacts and one Look at him look inspirational, man Look at him. Wow getting ready to shoot these free throws. Look how realistic that face scan is too incredible stuff Truly incredible ladies and gentlemen today. I'm floored I'm amazed and flabbergasted. I'm stunned that somebody in the community could put together something like this That amazes me and it gets me excited because if he can do it Then there's no reason 2k shouldn't be able to right I can't see a legal reason why you can't introduce public parks to the game I can't so 2k do it even if it's fictional parks at a beach. I don't care All I know is what i'm looking at right now and throughout this entire video is what I want in the game The park should exist We need a creative park for sure some variety there But I don't think it's challenging to come up with 3v3 prime ideas where we could play like this So in the video a couple videos back What you know how angry and passionate I was is because I know that that stuff is possible and it's not being done And today is not just that. I think it's possible. This is proof that it's possible So a huge shout out to the infamous his link is in the description if you guys are new to the channel man We upload often subscribe Um, and we'll catch you guys in the next one, man


Yes. Mr. Bundy calling him on 9-0. Just a moment. Thank you. Bye. I'm meeting this afternoon. One, in order to get the Canadians fully on board with as much of this message as we can get, we think it very important for someone to speak personally with Pearson. And I've tentatively nominated myself because I don't see anybody else. Would you object to my going up there tomorrow morning to give him the picture where we're going to be briefing his man and saying, giving you whatever you would authorize me to say this afternoon? Or would you rather have the department do it or Butterworth do it or would you want to do it by phone? The difficulty with a phone is it's not entirely secure. What their man is willing to carry in terms of messages to Hanoi may have a great deal to do with how we can get this thing turned off peacefully and that Mike should know that he was doing it for you and not just for a lot of other people. I think if you do it Friday, I think maybe tomorrow you ought to be here. I ought to be here. Alright, I could do it that way. I could do it that way. Second question, Stevenson, you're going to be going up to New York.  I would have thought that was the best way to do it and I think we ought to plan that basis. I'll tell you the more I just stayed awake last night thinking about this thing, the more I think of it, I don't know what in the hell it looks like me. We're getting into another quarry.  I don't see what we can ever hope to get out of there with once we're committed. I believe the Chinese Communist coming into it. I don't think that we can fight them 10,000 miles away from home and ever get anywhere in that area.  It is an awful mess. And we just got to think about it. I look at this sergeant of mine this morning, got sick little old kids over there and he's getting out my things and bringing me in my night reading and all that kind of stuff and I just thought about ordering those kids in there.  One thing that is clear to me, what is Laos worth to me? What is it worth to this country? Now we got a treaty but still, we got a treaty but everybody else got a treaty out there and they're not doing anything about it. Now of course if you start running the Communist, they may just chase you right into your own kitchen. That's the trouble. And that is what the rest of that half of the world is going to think if this thing comes apart on us. That's the dilemma. That's exactly the dilemma. But everybody I talk to, it's got any sense in here. They just say, oh my god, please give us those. Of course I was reading Mansfield stuff this morning and it's just milk toast as it can be. He's got no spine at all. But this is a terrible thing we're getting ready to do. Mr. President, I just think that the biggest is the only big decision in one sense that this one is one we're having either we either reach up and get it or we let it go by and I'm not telling you today what I'd do in your position. I just think the most we have to do is to pray with it for another while. Anybody else that we got that we can advise with that might have any judgment on this question? That might be fresh, might have some new approach. Would Bradley be any good? Would Clay be any good? No, Bradley'd be no good. I do not think Clay would add. I think you're constantly searching if I understand you correctly for some means of stiffening this thing that does not have this escalating aspect to it. And I've been up and down this with Bob McNamara and I've been up and down it again with Mike Forestall. I think there are some marginal things that we can do and I think the notion of an item, I think also Mr. President, you can do what I think Kennedy did at least once which is to make the threat without having made your own internal decision that you'd actually carry it through. Now I think the risk in that is that we have at least seemed to do it once or twice before. And there's another dilemma in here which is how difficult your own people have in, I'm not talking about Dean Roscoe, Bob McNamara or me, but people who are at second remove who just find it very hard to be firm if they're not absolutely clear what your decision is. And yet you must safeguard that decision. What does Bale think we ought to do? He's in favor of touching things up, but you ought to talk to him about it. I've got an extremely good memorandum from Forestall that I'm just getting ready for you that shows what he thinks about it. What does he think? He thinks we ought to be ready to move a little bit, a little bit. And mainly Fetnamese on the other hand readiness to do more. He believes really that that's the best way of galvanizing the self but if they feel that we are prepared to take a little action against the center of this infection that that's the best way of... What action would take though? Well, I think that we really need to do you some target folder work, Mr. President, that shows precisely what we do and don't mean here. And the main object is to kill as few people as possible while creating an environment in which the incentive to react is as low as possible. But I can't say to you this is a small matter. There's one other thing that I've thought about that I've only just thought about overnight and it's on this same matter of saying to a guy, you go to Korea or you go to Vietnam and you fight in the rice paddies. I would love to know what would happen if we were to say in this same speech. And from now on nobody goes to this task who doesn't volunteer. I think that we might turn around the atmosphere of our own people out there if it were a volunteers enterprise. I suspect Joint Chiefs won't agree to that, but I'd like to know what would happen.  Well, you wouldn't have a corp of guard, would you? I just don't know. I just don't know. If that's true, then I'm not sure where the country to do this job. I don't think it's just Morris and Russell and Greening. I think it's 90% of the people who don't want any part of it. Did you see the polls? More than 65% of them don't know anything about it. Of those that do, the majority think we're mishandling, but they don't know what to do. That's gallop. And it's damn easy to get in war, but it's going to be often hard to ever extricate yourself if you get in. I'm very sensitive to the fact that people who are having trouble with an intransigent problem find it very easy to come and say to the President of the United States, go and be tough. What does Lipman think you're doing? Well, I'm going to talk with him at greater length. What he really thinks is that you should provide a diplomatic structure within which the thing can go under the control of Hanoi and walk away from it. I don't think that's an unfair statement, but I will ask him to do it. Do you mean he thinks that Hanoi ought to take South Vietnam? Yes, sir. Diplomatically. Maybe by calling it a neutralization and removing American force and letting it slip away the way it allows to. What if we didn't do anything and will if we don't do anything? And we would guarantee the neutrality in some sort of a treaty that we would write. I'm sorry, I'm not sure I'm the best person to describe Lipman's views, because I don't agree with him. Who's he been talking to besides Jews? He talked to Russ, can he on this? He's talked to George Ball. He's talked to George Ball, and he's talked to... I don't think he's talked to Russ, and I don't think he's talked to McNamara. Wouldn't it be good for him and McNamara to sit down and... I think it'd be very good, but I don't... I think that I'll do... I had planned to have lunch with Walter on Monday because I couldn't find a workable time before that, but I can do it sooner if you'd like me to. I wish you would. I will. I'll try to get his idea a little more concrete before I leave here, and I'd like to have him talk to McNamara. I might just have the three of you in the afternoon sometime. Walter, McNamara, and him. I'd like to hear Walter and McNamara to evaluate this thing, yeah. All right. What's possible time? Well, at four o'clock time, I need that open. The damned Irishman is all over the place. All record meetings on Southeast Asia. They got you at four today. That's at four. That's to review the telegrams to lodge and other action items that we've been working on the last two days. I've got Ireland five, so why don't we just see if they can come at four? Uh, I put off the four-talk meeting? No, yeah, I'll put the... Or do you want to put Lippman at six? No, no, I've got dinner tonight. Uh, we better... We could... You and I could get to 345 and Lippman and might come in at four if they would. Yes, uh... What happens then to the working meeting is my only problem. How long do you have to have it? Uh, it might wouldn't take you 10, 15 minutes. Well, I'd say come in... I'll come in 345 with you. Try and do that business. And then have them come in at four. All right. Well, I'll make it three... It's 345 and then have Lippman standing by at 415. Or four o'clock. Yeah, bye, I see.


All right, heaves, slurps, groans, moans. What do they all have in common? They're sounds. They're gross. Gross sounds, no honey. Without context. These are the sounds of love making. Okay, but you could be eating and making slurping sounds. But if you're eating something else, making a slurping sound. See, this is how I get my beer like his, you know what I mean? Let's talk about double penetration, baby. So as you know, or as I hope you know, I have a daily show on Quibi called sexology with Shambudram every single day, we tackle a different topic relating to sex, love and relationships. And this particular topic is all about double penetration, which was a very fascinating and eye-opening conversation for me. So I wanted to share the full episode here with you and also to hopefully entice you to want to watch over 100 other episodes that we already have up on the Quibi platform. Watch to the end to learn how you can download Quibi, get a free trial and access to over 100 episodes, just like the one you're about to watch right now.  Yes, absolutely. There's a lot of different variations when it comes to DP. Mal, what variations have you heard of?  The classic, I guess, right? Classic. Would mouth also count as double penetration? So here's the fun thing, Mars. You actually get to define what double penetration is. It's not limited to the number of partners. It's really about the number of orifices that are being filled up. So everybody, technically, I'm sure, has done double penetration at some time or another. Maybe if you have a tampon in and you make out with somebody, that might count. Little bit less sexy, but still counts. Still qualifies underneath it. But yes, the traditional way that most people think about it is when a cis woman is having sex both vaginally and anally, and that's the one that's most popular in porn. Now, Arkel, you're nodding at me right now. Given the experiences in the land of DP. I ended up meeting this guy and he ended up having his friend who was also there, which was definitely a surprise, but he said that he wanted to try double penetration. The friend was in halfway, I always maybe tip in and it ended up getting to the point to where I ended up catching a cramp, so I ended up calling quits, but we ended up trying it. Technically, you're part of the DP club. Proudly. I wish I had a sticker for you. Achievement unlocked. I remember having a sex talk with my dad and my sister when we were younger and my sister was like, if you wanted to fit two penises in a vagina, how would that work? I was like, of all questions to come up with, the answer to this was essentially it's about first getting the penetrative objects together and then finding a comfortable place for the person being penetrated to go. Now, what you have here is a beautiful kit for DP-ing. Pillows, pillows are your friend because you can get a leg cramp or your elbow can hurt or the person who's penetrating, they might get tired, so having additional tools for comfort can make a really big difference. All right, Shayla, have you been curious about double penetration? Yes, I want more dicks. Okay. The more the merrier, you know? I wanna get to a place where I'm able to take one in my VJJ and my booty at the same time because right now I'm just like at the toy phase. We started off with butt plugs and growing in size and I've been able to try anal sex successfully, so that was good, having both holes simulated at once along with other things, it was amazing. What makes it multi-orgasmic in many ways is that you're putting pressure on all of the nerve endings at once, and so, anally, you can actually receive pleasure from the vagina, but when you have pressure in both areas at once, it's double simulation on both sides of the nerve endings. Really, really important if you are using toys that are anus toys, that you're using something with a flared base because that way, if you get caught up in the moment, you're doing other things, you don't have a dildo or a toy meant for vaginal penetration that ends up getting lost in the sauce. Right. Because that's a trip to the doctor's office. Oh, God! Hahaha. Mars, I know you have some apprehension about booty play. I have much apprehension about the booty play, and I think it's a combination of stuff that I've seen in pop culture, stories that I've heard from friends where things get a little nasty.  The booty is poop's home, right? So if you're going to poop's home, maybe it won't be home that day, but it also might.  It's not really a big deal. I think in many ways it makes sex better because those little awkward moments make us feel more connected to somebody. But there are things you could do to prepare to ensure there's less chance of poop being home that day. Right. So you could do an enema, changing even to a fiber diet a couple of days before, making sure you're drinking lots of water. I've heard suggestions of only eating lettuce the day of, so there's definitely things you could do to prepare to make yourself feel more confident in the moment, but the booty's gonna do what the booty's gonna do.   All right, so now you've been pretty quiet. What's holding you back from trying DP?  But as you were talking about, it's like you're kind of lost in the pleasure of it. So how do you really get around that? Well, I think it's a very big part of DP if you're gonna be having it as two men and a cis woman that you do have comfortability being naked around other men and having your body touching other men. Those are really important questions to ask yourself. What is my comfort level? And how do I tap out when I don't feel comfortable? What's really important with DP when it comes to safety is one, that's knitting rolls. Especially rolls when it comes to who's doing what. Like if somebody is putting stuff in the butt, that's their job.  They're the booty person, right? And the receiver as well too, that's their designated role in the system. Safe words are also really, really important. And not just safe words, but safe actions. Because if you're having DP done where you're getting something in the mouth and something somewhere else, it's not easy to yell out, I don't know. Yeah. It's great to be clear. So you may wanna have a tap twice means slow down, tap three times means stop altogether. So these conversations can't be avoided because there are additional people's comfort and safety to have involved. So hopefully your DP experiences going forward are exciting or not at all. It's up to you. But this is a great chat. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. And thank you for watching Sexology. We'll see you next time. So here's what you're going to do. If you love that episode and wanna watch more, just like it, go to your app store right now, download Quibi, get a free trial, search up Sexology with Shambudram. And then you're gonna see, like I said, over 100 episodes all based on different topics relating to sex, love, relationships and dating. If you enjoy my content, you are going to love what you watch here and I would love to have you over there. And plus, like I said, it's a free trial. So there really is no risk involved. Once again, go to your app store, download Quibi, get a free trial and start binging Sexology with Shambudram. I am still filming right now. So new episodes are coming out every single day. Well, Monday through Friday. What was your first prostate experience? Just a cucumber and a prayer.


Popcorn. Check. Lights. Off. It's the weekend and you are all set to watch a movie, so you browse through every film genre on Netflix. You pick a title, wing why you should watch it against why you shouldn't, and then you browse some more. There's comedy, romance, mystery, and action to choose from. And you're still browsing. Now you can't seem to focus on the titles scrolling by as completely unrelated thoughts begin to stream in. You can't seem to decide on any one name, and before you know it, minutes have turned to hours.  Do you have a tendency to overthink even the most minor details? And then regret wasting your time because you didn't make any progress. If that's the case, here are 8 things you can do to stop overthinking. 1. Notice when you are overthinking. Do you often feel stuck making a decision? Are you always second guessing a decision you've already made, wondering if it's right for you? This could mean you've fallen into the trap of overthinking. Overthinking is a sneaky habit that may be difficult to notice when you start obsessing over a single thought. You feel so anxious that you can't even sleep. The key to breaking this habit is awareness. The sooner you realize you're overthinking, the sooner you can control your thoughts. 2. Book an appointment with yourself to just overthink. You may not have the energy to complete your tasks, but your brain appears to have the energy to overthink. Sound like you? Overthinking can negatively impact your productivity and concentration. As a chronic overthinker, you don't need a specific reason or time to overthink. It happens whenever. If that sounds like you, it might be difficult to stop overthinking entirely. Instead, you could try allocating some time each day to just overthink and worry. A study found that setting aside a specific time each day to overthink can reduce worries and thoughts. So, whenever your mind begins to overthink, you can remind yourself to focus on those thoughts during your thinking hour and finish your work for the time being. 3. Try to distract yourself. Here's the catch, psyched goers. Telling your brain to stop overthinking can sometimes backfire, making those thoughts even more likely to resurface. It works like a spring. The more you compress it, the more forcefully it returns to its original shape. So more can be done. Distracting yourself with happy positive alternatives is one way to help you replace negative thoughts. Dancing, painting, cooking, playing video games, or even just calling up your best friend can help you shut down those racing thoughts. 4. Live in the present moment. Yesterday's history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift. That's why it's called the present. Know who said that? In which movie? Comment your answers below. Ruminating over your past or worrying about what might go wrong in the future will only keep you from taking action right now. To break free from overthinking, try returning your attention to the present moment. If you find yourself overthinking during lunch, try focusing on how the food looks, tastes, and smells. It will require you to consciously pay attention to your activities at first, but it will become automatic over time. The only moment you have is now. 5. Focus on what you can control. Are you nervous about your exam results?  Apart from realizing when you are overthinking, it's also important to know what you're overthinking about. If you don't, you quickly lose sight of the variables under your control. You can't change what happened to you in the past, and you can't predict what will happen in the future. Instead, it's always a good idea to examine what's within your control or can be changed with your efforts right now. 6. Aim to be solution focused.  And when you're stuck, do you Google it and weigh the pros and cons of both options only to end up with no decision? Shifting your attention from the circling thoughts in your head to creating an action plan for yourself can be a very difficult feat, but when you can start implementing it, doing so is the best way to ensure you're set free from overthinking and make progress. 7. Try to relax yourself. Did you just catch yourself overthinking? That's okay. Take a few deep breaths. Simply observe and focus on how you breathe. Relaxation can also help you manage your stress and worries by reducing overthinking. A study found that practicing relaxation on a daily basis can reduce overthinking in the long run. Unfortunately, meditation alone can't entirely silence your thoughts, which brings us to our next point. 8. Challenge your thoughts. You ever tried asking yourself these questions? Are these worrying thoughts going to help me solve my problem? How likely is it that the worst case scenarios in my head will come true in the future? What could be the best case scenario? By challenging your thoughts in this manner, you can prevent yourself from believing that your negative thoughts are true and instead see the brighter side. Research suggests a combination of relaxation and critical stance against your negative thoughts can put an end to overthinking.  You may feel as if you've lost control of your life. So the next time you catch yourself overthinking, you can give one of these methods a try to get back in the driver's seat. If you found this video helpful, be sure to hit the like button and share it with other overthinkers out there. Don't forget to subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell for more new videos. Thanks so much for watching.


What is that cutie gang? I'm still Girain and you, my friend, are on the internet watching artifacts, the cool stories behind the cool stuff here at Quantic Dream. And today's item is... Lunchtime! These are items you've seen before. First because, well, everybody has seen that before. This is just a burger box. But also because this is what we used in the very famous scene in Detroit Become Human, The Nest. Your meal contains 1.4 times the recommended daily intake of calories, and twice the cholesterol level. You shouldn't eat that. Everybody's gotta die of something. So how do you make this become a real burger menu in the game? And why did we choose this specific burger box? And the answer is I have no idea. I have to think about it. But in the meantime, we're gonna see how to say hamburger in several languages. How do you say hamburger in the Philippines? And in French, we don't say hamburger. We say... And I think it's beautiful. After those fascinating hamburger facts, it's time for the story of this box. This was a gift for a very famous fast food restaurant. Can you guess which one? Start with Mac and... and... My Donalds. Because there is one McDonald's right next to the studio. And the motion capture team would actually often go there to eat, not to collect boxes. So one day, they were given this. And actually, this has never seen a real hamburger. They just had to take it and put those captors on. And then shoot it with their multiple cameras in the mocap studio to reproduce it in 3D in the game. So you might be like, okay, we see how you made appear the cup and the box. But how was the actual burger made? Very simple. We use this little formy thing. Because a motion capture studio can't smell of burger.  But for the actor, we actually have a prop that has the shape and the weight of the thing that is supposed to be holding in the game. In Detroit Become Human or Beyond Two Souls or any quantum game. Every time you see a character holding an object, the actor is actually holding something himself. Might not be the exact same thing, but it's something. And we have shelves and shelves of props in the mocap studio. And as long as they have an idea of the shape, they can make anything look like anything. Like this mug, for example. If you put some captors on it, it can be a mug, but also a megaphone. I don't know, maybe a search light. Whatever. This is how good motion capture is. So if you didn't know, now you know. Next time I will tell you how to make a pizza just using motion capture camera. I said pizza, but as we say in Russian. Pizza. See you next time. Good game.


Hi, I'm Cheryl Logan and I'm here to talk about a unique opportunity to transform education for children around the world. Trees for Life has served the poorest of the poor around the world for the last 30 years. They have found that the root cause of poverty is a lack of education. One of the main obstacles in providing education for children who are poor is the lack of trained teachers. Here is one example of the type of situation that is common around the world. So this is Barbaralee and this is his school. He is the headmaster here, just 16 years old, and he set up this whole place himself.  So let's give you a quick look around, come across this way. Under the lean two shed here we have more classes taking place, some of the small children here, the teachers, there are ten of them, all like Barbaralee volunteers. So they go to school in the morning in this area, then they come here in the afternoon and they teach the children the lessons that they themselves have learnt. So they come here and they try and impart their knowledge they have gained in school to these children. These children are here because their families are simply too poor to send them to school in the morning. The teachers are very dedicated and their students are motivated to learn, but the teachers have no training. Here is a brief example from a rural school in India. As you can see the teaching is rote learning. This will not prepare students for our 21st century world. Over the past five years I have been volunteering with a new initiative of Trees for Life called Teach for Life. We are building a bridge to share the knowledge and skills of excellent teachers with those who serve the poor. These simple training videos can be translated into any language to benefit teachers everywhere. Hey guys are you ready to work on compound words? Yeah! Okay let's pay attention here we go. This is where you come in by doing what you do best teaching your students. We will video you and your students in your classroom and share it with the world. It's that easy. You'll be part of transforming education for millions of children. Welcome to the Trees for Life movement.


OTAN, Outreach and Technical Assistance Network. As Netta said, we are the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation with an emphasis on the R. What we do is all about preparing learners to leave our community and come back to all of yours. And so our work is very important. And when we joined D-LAC, we were one of a kind. We remain one of a kind. So our work does not exactly align with the work that you are all doing. It's a bit different. And our presentation today is going to emphasize how we've worked with some of those differences. So with that said, we are CDCR. So good morning. You will see on the slide here as soon as the curtain opens up our mission in our value statement. I'll let you read that. Nothing's worse than reading a slideshow to people. Basically we are here to house and intake folks who haven't gotten along well in society and get them ready to return to society. The misconception that we work at breaking down every single day is that folks are sent to prison as punishment, not for punishment. They're sent to us for rehabilitation. And that's what we do. The next slide you'll see is just a short video that's about us. It's very short. Well, medium short. As part of its mission to facilitate successful reintegration of people back to the community, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is deploying secure laptops to incarcerated people taking part in educational programs. In the meantime, in this class there's a midterm to do. The laptops are distributed in phases, the first being provided to students in college programs including Folsom State Prison's partnership with Sacramento State University. The laptops are godsend. The laptops are really transformative to what we can do. I really applaud the vision of CDCR and the ambition of CDCR to put these laptops in these students' hands. So we use Canvas, which is a learning management system. It basically extends everything that happens in a classroom into the online environment. Before we had the laptops, we were still face to face, but it was much more difficult for students to do work, and so they would get packets, and the packets would have all of their assignments in it, all of their reading, all of their work, and these guys would write out their answers in longhand. They would take all their quizzes with a pencil. These laptops allow students to work on their coursework in approved locations throughout the prison by accessing a secure internal Wi-Fi network. For the laptops, students were limited to doing computer work in the classroom only. I would get off work at 2 o'clock, I would shower, come down to education, and I would get there between 2.30 and 2.35. Then I would have about 25 minutes to enter whatever papers that I had into the computer before class started at 3. So what the laptop has done is it has allowed me through Word to do all of my assignments in Word. It doesn't matter if I can upload them then, I just upload them any time I have access to Wi-Fi, or 2 minutes before class. So it just makes it so much more, much more better, and I'm also able to, I think, get a little better quality of work because I'm a little bit more alert because I'm not as tired as I was. We find anywhere we can get Wi-Fi and somewhere for us outside of the building, outside of our cell, and we're able to log on to Canvas and do our work, submit our work, interact with the professors through our discussions, and it's very helpful for us because it helps us feel like we're a part of the real school, like Sac State, even though we're in here for us incarcerated. It's very important because it helps us to be, to get ready for the world for the next step because everybody's not going to be in here forever. We are, this is rehabilitation, so we all have a chance to be home one day. This technology transforms the way teachers teach, allowing greater access to professional content, resources, and interactive lesson plans. It also creates a more engaged learning environment and allows teachers to incorporate different learning styles. It has just been an absolute game changer for these guys that are in these programs. It brings their experience into a more real world experience when they have something they have to be responsible for and take care of and make sure it's working. You've got guys engaged in their education more fully for a longer period of time. They're concentrating on good stuff, on the rehabilitation. We at Sacramento State are really proud of these guys. We had 26 students last semester in this program. It's now 35. 20 of the 26 earned Dean's List for outstanding grades. And given all of the challenges that they face in this environment, that's extraordinary. So we're very proud to be here. We're thrilled with our partnership with CDCR. We're grateful for the support that we have, and we are most grateful for the dedication of these students. So it's interesting when I was watching that, and I saw someone in college, and I'd seen students go from AB2 to AB3, and they'd be walking and they'd be here in a laptop. And you're like, you're in college now? You were just in AB2. So you can see the progression of some of your students in really great. If we look up here, AB1, AB2, AB3, we have those. We progress students through those. High school diploma through cyber high, high school equivalency. That would be your GEB classes we offer. Vocational education, which is great. If you walk through our voc programs, I remember coming out of 15 years of regular ed, I went through voc programs. And the first thing I thought of is I'm like, why don't we have these in regular ed? I mean, the certification of hands-on experience for a kid is incredible. They're going through, I mean, electronics, IC, masonry, host of things that you can see that they're doing, that they're going out with real-life skills and being able to graduate with. We have host programs. We have a host of them up here. They talk about Sac State. At our institution, we have Coastal Island and Feather River. It has correspondence, and they can get their two-year degree. We have a cohort right now going through Fresno State that's got face-to-face. We have Merced College. It's face-to-face, getting their two-year degree. Actually, I had some paperwork that a person brought me in my mentoring program. He goes, I think I'm going to be able to get a master's through this on something. And I hadn't researched it. And I'm like, great. Now we're going to figure out how to get a master's, and I think it's just tremendous. Obviously, we have a transitional education and some life skills, financial skills before they parole. And we're doing that through about 1,000 staff members in that state of California. We've built in think and reflection time. Yes, absolutely. So our team members, obviously, there's more people up there on the board than are here today, but Dr. Lin is really our gatekeeper, our glue. She's the coordinator or collaborator between the business and IT. It's really important to identify the technology needed, but not duplicate efforts. So we have Patrick and Brian. John and Vera, we're not able to come today. But these four are our experts. They're out in the field, they're at headquarters, they know the institutions, they know the programs, and they're helping build the plan for our unique environment. I am IT, so I am not an educator, and I'm not the one that makes the decision on yes or no, either. I take the information that they all come to me with, and then I can present it to our agency, so CDCR's Enterprise Information Services is a 1,000-member team of various IT folks who handle all things IT for CDCR. Any year we have several hundred projects that we work on, so we're battling and lobbying for resources, and that's kind of my job, is to fight for those resources so we can get things done. And then of course we have Marian, our coach. So we're going to do this a little backwards. We're going to start with what we've accomplished and then explain to you what it took to get us there. So these are our major accomplishments. We have, and are we on the right slide? I apologize, CDCR was not a perfect fit for this program. You all are looking at one site. We're looking at a site of 33 schools. I hesitate with that number because it changes, the governor's closing things. OTAN, CDCR, we needed to have our own pathway, and so that was a lot of the work we did. We focused on our needs, distance learning, creating a vision for it.  And so that's a lot of what we do is sell the nugget and then kind of come up with a vision. We've created three site plans, and then a strategic plan for all the sites that will move us along and prepare the big framework, and then give them something to work through as they stand their programs up. We were able to take a new approach to ideal. We don't know if it's liked or not, but it's what we had to do to, you know, we talk about a square peg and a round hole sometimes, but it's really what the star-shaped peg into the rectangular hole, so it's pretty difficult, but we got there. And to expand on that is when we talk about a site plan, we're not talking about a geographic area and just a school system. We've got 31 different sites within California, and they're all at different custody levels, too. So what would happen is something that could, and we were talking about level one, which is your least restrictive environment all the way to level four, which is maximum security. So what we might be able to do at a level two, there would be there no ways going to happen at a level four. We're not giving a person a power cord to level four where we might at a level two. And so, hence, we couldn't just do one. It was a pretty daunting task when we first looked at it. We said, okay, we're just going to write one site plan. We went, wait a minute, this isn't going to work. And then you add in the complexity of the fact that each institution is run like its own little kingdom. And the administration at that institution is not part of DRP. They are division of adult institutions. So they are custody and they run it. They get to make the rules. So each one has to be slightly different and tailored towards that administration. So think in your district, you have somebody, you know, superintendent speaks and people listen. We have 33. Our wardens ask what's a superintendent and they hire and fire and make all the decisions. One last thing I'll throw in is for those of you in public systems, anyone who's been in a public system ever, think if you had one school and it was a non-public school, a residential treatment facility and a K-12 all on the same campus. And you're being asked to make sure that what you're putting together meets the needs of all your learners. And that's what you're looking at. And they're felons. Just saying. They are criminally challenged individuals. I don't know if they're challenged. I can go with this one. That's for accomplishments. Okay, this is the one I thought I was doing. So I apologize. You did mine. It's okay. We have three individual sites each represented by the teachers at the three sites. We've created a draft strategic plan. And the other piece that we saw is we needed some advisory folks around us to guide us. So in our system, we have leadership groups around the content areas. So we're developing an ed tech leadership group of folks who have a heightened interest in this area who will advise and frankly do some of the work as we have different challenges or different pieces that need to be looked at. Like, how are we going to address the lack of digital literacy amongst our students and teachers? How are we going to do that? You probably know most of us are working remote. I mean, most of us being me. I think Lynn and Patrick and no, not the teachers, not those that are on site. You don't phone in a lesson plan. Yeah, exactly. So we aren't in the same location though, either. We have people who are in the farthest south to the farthest north and everywhere in between. So our ability to team build for this effort has really been done through technology, a lot of teams, IAMs, emails, calls, and then in-person events like this. And tiers. And a lot of tiers. Yeah, that's true. But it's built on that trust, open communication, and mutual respect. So if they bring me an idea, I'm not going to just shoot it down. We have a really open conversation about it. I'll let Lynn shoot it down. But we just have that open conversation amongst all of us to really understand our needs. Before we go to the next one, that's fine, you can keep moving forward. I just want to add that one of the invisible partners that we should have probably included here that I didn't, is our custody side. And we keep alluding to the fact that we are looking at little cities or little kingdoms. The custody side is essential. They have to partner with us. And while they're not here at D-LAC, everything we do has to work with them. We can't just simply assume they're OK with us deploying a computer or adding a program or asking our students to do something that they don't do. We're talking about human beings that control the actual physical movement of other human beings. So our custody partners are always our silent partner. We have to do everything that we accomplish with hand-in-hand with custody and get their blessing, if you will, to make it happen. So while they're not here, they are definitely part of our effort. Yeah. That's a good segue into handling conflict. And so I would say to put it to a different perspective too, you could be walking into, let's say, your class. And I do a mentoring program outside of the educational complex. And you could be walking and expecting to get something done. And a woman could go off in one of the buildings or somewhere. And they have to deploy. And you're not having class. Everyone's back. Send everyone back now. So there's no class today. So safety and security is number one. And the custody runs everything. So they're going to dictate whether you're there or not, or you're going to be able to provide instruction. And so with that being said, when we said handling conflict, it was really handling conflict between us as six people. And it really hasn't been prevalent because of the nature of, I guess, the institutional environment we're in at any given time something could happen. And I remember being on one time, it said squad just walked in the room, I got to go. That's it. They walk in. They're walking in for a reason. And so we're cognizant of everyone's schedule and what happens. And it doesn't matter if it happens on an institution or not. If it happens and it's a security issue with a laptop, Lynn's going to get a phone call or something and she's going to be pulled away immediately on something. And so with that, it's really been minimal. We've been able to reschedule. We've been able to use technology. We've been able to do things. And just cognizant of everyone's schedule and just because we do get pulled away a lot for different reasons. Communication. Communication here, imagine this a couple of years ago and you wouldn't believe this is that us is just even if educators on there had red zone computers. And red zone computers were desktops, not laptops. You couldn't get on the internet. You were very restricted on what you could do and it was shared. And so if you weren't there and you walked to somewhere, you might not be able to even email or check your email or get a hold of anyone. And that's the way it was. So the introduction of laptops even for technology on a staff side has been a big improvement because I can even just send files or do whatever again. And you think that's very mundane, but for us it was just like a lifeline and it was huge for us to be able to communicate because we're all hundreds of miles apart. We're not even within, we're in the same district, but we're, there's a pretty big distance between us. So be able to just do that. Or I know on, I've teams to each one of these members at various times, that has been huge for us to be able to move this project forward because I can send a quick teams message and say, are you available in a half hour or whatever? And I can grab 10 minutes of your time where before we wouldn't be able to do that at all. So just communication between those two teams and there. And then every person contributes and leveraging strengths because we do have different custody levels. We didn't, we didn't look at that as a hindrance, but we looked at that as kind of a diversity of ideas. And it really just added some depth to each one of our plans going forward. Oh yeah, here we go. So challenges, barriers and setbacks. So here's your store in a rectangle or we said round peg in a square hole here. First and foremost, custody runs everything. So when we first started doing this and we looked at this, trying to write this site plan, imagine this and we talked about custody running things. We have, we wrote a site plan or had to write a site plan for 31 different institutions or 31 different superintendents because they run it. So that was our biggest challenge on doing that and getting it. So once we got our three site plans, they use that as foundation to manipulate those on how they see fit to best fit their needs for their institution and their security level. So we're passionate. So it's hard to keep us quiet because we're not used to having people to talk to. So Lynn will bring us home. I'll just take a real quick second to say that this experience has really been something that we've valued. We've found our voice in a way that we didn't think we could before because we thought we were still very different. We found commonality through working with OTAN between us and you, but we've also been able to overcome our differences. Our team does not have a leader. Our team has six very, very competent leaders and we've all worked to step up and step back as we need to. And as the next year comes on, we're very excited to put together the remainder of our plan and publish that and move forward with sending truly digitally literate people out into the communities to your adult schools where you will assume responsibility for polishing them up and putting them on their way. So thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


We now move on to defining property, state and process. Once again, you are probably familiar with these concepts, but again I must emphasize that there are many subtle aspects about these concepts, which you need to understand as you go through the course. A property as you may be aware is simply defined as a particular quantity of quantity whose value depends only on the state of the system and not on the path by which the system attained that state. What do we mean by this? So, here we have a piston cylinder mechanism, which contains air let us say at 2 bar 100 degree Celsius and let us say the air occupies a volume of 0.1 meter cube. Now, you know from your high school physics that these are all properties, the pressure, temperature and volume are all properties of the system, which means that these depend only on this particular state and not on the path by which the system arrived at this state. So, what exactly do we mean by that? So, here I am showing four possible states from which the system could have arrived at this state. For instance, it could have been at a higher pressure and a higher temperature and a higher volume. We remove heat from this, it cools down and then reaches this state, lower pressure, lower temperature and lower volume. Or it could have been at a lower pressure, lower temperature and lower volume. We add heat to this system, it expands and then it attains this state possible. It could also have come from here where it is at a higher pressure, perhaps higher temperature but smaller volume, it then expands and does work as it expands and then arrives at this state. Or it could have been at a state where it is at a lower pressure, lower temperature and higher volume. We transfer work on to the system, meaning we do work on the system, we compress it and then it reaches this state, higher pressure, higher temperature and lower volume. So, this state could have been arrived at from any one of this state or indeed an infinite number of possible states. I am only illustrating four for the sake of brevity. So, now notice that the pressure here will be 2 bar regardless of what the pressure here was or what the pressure here was or what the pressure here was or what the pressure here was. It will always be 2 bar. Temperature here, same thing. It will always be 100 degrees Celsius at this state. Doesn't matter how we arrived at this state from any one of this or from any other state. Same goes for volume. In contrast, let us say that we for the sake of argument we say someone says prove to me that heat is not a property of the system. We can easily do that from this illustration. So, if heat is a property of the system then it must be the same regardless of how we arrived at that state. Notice that in this case, we add heat to the system to arrive at this state which means the sense in which we are the sense of the heat interaction is positive. That means we are providing heat to the system. Here we are removing heat to arrive at this state which means the sense of the heat interaction is negative. We are removing heat. So, the same state could be arrived at either by supplying heat or by removing heat. So, which means that heat cannot be a property of the system and the same argument holds for work also. We could have arrived at this state by supplying work or by extracting work from the system. So, the work is not a property. So, work associated with this is actually not a property. In fact, there is no work that is associated with this because it can be any value and it can be any sense. Work is not a property. So, we cannot associate work with the state of the system. We can associate pressure, temperature, volume and so on. Whichever one is a property, but not quantities which are not properties. And this illustration shows clearly why heat and work are not properties, but why the other thing are properties. Now, the next question that naturally arises here is the following. Let us explore that. Properties may be classified as extensive properties, which means the value of the property depends on the mass of the system. Volume, total energy, total internal energy, total enthalpy or properties that depend on the mass that is contained in the system. Intensive properties are those which do not depend on the mass that is contained in the system. For instance, temperature, pressure, density, specific volume, specific total energy, which is internal energy per unit mass. I am sorry, specific total energies, total energy per unit mass, specific internal energies, internal energy per unit mass and specific enthalpy of course is enthalpy per unit mass. Notice that extensive properties are denoted using capital letters in that is a convention in engineering thermodynamics. Intensive properties are denoted using lower case letters. Now, those that are neither extensive nor intensive. For example, temperature, there is no extensive or intensive version of temperature. Temperature is temperature, we may use upper case for this. Whereas specific total energy is the intensive version of this property, extensive property. Specific internal energy is the intensive version of the total internal energy and so on. So, these are denoted with lower case letters and these are denoted with upper case letters. Pressure and temperature, we may use capital letters. Now, we have defined property of a system. We took a close look at that. Now, let us try to define state of a system. The thermodynamic state of a system is fixed by a certain number of measurable and independent properties such as pressure, volume, temperature and so on. So, what we are saying here is I have actually given in this case three quantities, the pressure, the temperature and the volume. The question that naturally arises after this is how many such properties do I need to specify in order to completely fix the state of the system? So, we know that state of the system is fixed by a certain number of properties. How many do we require? Do I need all three or do I need only two or one sufficient? So, that is the question that we are going to answer here. Notice that there are two things in italics here, a certain number and independent, both are italicized here. So, we will look at both this as we go along. Let us look at independent first. What do we mean by independent? Independent means that the set of properties that we use to fix the state of the system should not contain pairs or properties which are dependent on each other. For example, I cannot say that I will fix the state of a system using density, temperature and specific volume, because density and specific volume are related to each other. One is the reciprocal of the other, I cannot use that sort of a set to define the state of a system. Or I cannot say, for instance, I have water in a piston cylinder mechanism at one bar pressure and 100 degree Celsius. You know that water boils at one bar pressure and 100 degree Celsius. So, the system in this case, if I define it like this system in this case could all be water which is just about to start boiling or it could all be water vapor which is at one bar 100 degree Celsius or it could be some amount of liquid water, some amount of water vapor. So, the exact state cannot be fixed just by saying 100 degree Celsius and one bar pressure, which means that when phase change is taking place, pressure and temperature become dependent properties. They are otherwise independent, but when phase change takes place, they become dependent properties. So, we may normally use pressure and temperature to fix the state of the system, but not when phase change takes place. So, that is what we mean by independent. Whatever set of properties we use must contain only properties which are independent of each other. So, in this case, when phase change takes place, we may use pressure and say specific volume or temperature specific volume and so on. What about the number? How many properties do we require to specify the state of a system? So, the actual number is equal to the number of possible ways why is the energy of the system may be changed. So, if you look at the illustration here, you can see that I can change the energy of the system either by supplying or removing heat or by supplying or removing work, which means that the energy of the system may be changed in two different ways. So, it may be changed through heat and work interactions, which means that the number of properties required to fix the state of the system is 2. This is the simplest possible system and it is called a simple system or simple compressible system, because displacement work is the only mode of work interaction in this case of piston cylinder. So, it is a simple compressible system or simple system, but the number of properties required is 2 because there are two ways in which I can change the energy of the system. Suppose I say that I can, it is possible for me to lift the entire container as a whole. So, if I am able to, if I have the freedom to do that, then the potential energy of the system also changes, which means that I can now change the potential energy of the system also, which means I must have one more independent property, which would be the elevation. So, now I have to start tracking the elevation or specifying the elevation of the system with respect to a datum, so that potential energy changes can be calculated correctly. Now, if I were to set this entire piston cylinder mechanism with a certain velocity, let us say, then the system acquires kinetic energy and so I need to specify one more property, because now I can change the kinetic energy of the system, I need to specify one more property, which would be velocity. This is again an independent property of the system, so that also needs to be specified. Now, what is most important here is to understand that when I say potential energy of the system, I mean I have defined this system, so I lift the entire cylinder bodily, so that there is a change in potential energy of the system. When I say kinetic energy of the system, we do not mean kinetic energy of the molecules inside the system. Remember, we are using a macroscopic approach, so the internal details are neglected, there are no molecules in the macroscopic approach. So, when I say kinetic energy, what I mean by that is, this entire piston cylinder mechanism is translated to the right with a certain velocity. In that case, that velocity also needs to be specified, so that is what we mean when we say kinetic energy of the system. It is not kinetic energy of the molecules, because there are no molecules in macroscopic analysis, kinetic energy of the system as a whole, so the system as a whole starts moving to the right with a certain velocity. So, in each one of these case, as we add more ways by which the energy of the system can be changed, for every additional mode in which energy can be changed, we actually have to specify one independent property. Because once we have done that, any other property has to be expressed as, I mean express in terms of these properties that we have used to fix the state of the system. So, if you use, let us say pressure and temperature to fix the state of the system, any other quantity that we want, for example, internal energy or enthalpy or entropy, specific volume, everything else must be related to pressure and temperature. So, all we have is pressure and temperature that fixes the state of the system, that is all that is required. Any other property of the system should be calculable from these two properties. So, that is what we mean when we say all or any other property must be expressed in terms of these properties through appropriate relations, that is what we mean by this.  So, we have a system here, let us say it contains some amount of air. So, there is a piston with a nonzero finite mass and there is also another mass which is placed on top of the piston. So, there is a pressure that is being exerted on the air. So, the system is initially at state 1 as shown here. Now, let us say that I remove the mass. When I remove the mass, the system is no longer in mechanical equilibrium and gas starts expanding rapidly. It goes up to, this may go up to some height and the system pressure will reach a certain value. It may bounce back and forth a couple of times. Eventually, it will reach a mechanical equilibrium and settle down to a final state. Let us say that the final equilibrium state is 2, which is denoted here. Now, I cannot trace the process that the system has taken to go from 1 to 2 because none of the intermediate states are known. Remember, we need two properties to fix the state of the system in this case. And as the system goes through the process at the intermediate instance, I cannot really measure pressure or temperature unambiguously or we may even say pressure and volume. So, I cannot measure pressure and volume without any ambiguity during the intermediate instance. Because it is undergoing a rapid expansion and the pressure at different parts of the system will be different. So, I cannot arrive at a value for pressure or volume may be alright. At every instant, we may be able to measure, but pressure we will not be able to measure without ambiguity. So, none of the intermediate states are known. So, all I can say is that system was initially at state 1, which is an equilibrium state and it is finally at state 2, which is another equilibrium state and the process can be anything. It could have been any process, maybe some process like this or some process like this. It could have been any other process, it bounces back and forth, it could have been some process like this, it could have been any one of these processes, we do not know because we do not have the intermediate states. Now, let us say that to make this situation better, we divide the mass into four pieces. Instead of just having a mass as a single thing, let us say we have four pieces and instead of removing the mass entirely, I remove one piece at a time. So, I remove one piece and then I wait for the system to attain an equilibrium. Now, I can measure my pressure and volume. So, I measure my pressure and volume, I denote that state here, intermediate state. I remove another piece, again I wait until it reaches an equilibrium, I measure the pressure and volume. So, now, I have three intermediate states. I do not know the process in between these states. I do not know what happened in between these states. Again, the process in between these states could be like this, like this, like this, it could be any one of an infinite number of processes, it could have been like this, like this, like this and so on. I do not know the intermediate, I mean I do not know the processes because I do not know the intermediate states. At least I have four, now three intermediate states compared to no intermediate state before, I have three intermediate states. So, perhaps we can sort of eyeball these and say this, the process most likely may be something like this. But still that would only be a guess, we will not know for sure. When will, when can we know for sure? We can know for sure if we divide instead of four pieces, if we divide this mass into an infinite number of pieces and then start removing each one of these infinitesimally small piece one at a time. So, I remove one piece, I wait for the system to reach an equilibrium, I attract the state, I remove one more piece, I get the next state, then I keep doing this. So, now I have an infinite number of states or states which are which are spaced very close together. Now, it is probably alright for me to connect all these states together to get the process. So, the important concepts here are the following. Property, very important, we must be able to measure the property. We use independent properties to fix the state of the system and we need to have intermediate states before we can actually connect them to form a process. So, you can see how all these quantities are related, properties, state and process. We go in this sequence, property, independent properties, measurable, state, measure the properties, equilibrium state only allowed because we can measure the properties only at equilibrium states. So, we measure the properties, then we get the intermediate states and connect them together to form the process. So, let us summarize what we said so far. So, the state of the thermodynamic system is defined by a set of independent measurable properties. For a property to be measurable, the system must be in equilibrium, very important. Process, a path or process is the locals of a set of thermodynamic states that are located only infinitesimally apart. So, what this means is I cannot connect these to form a process, I cannot connect these two to form or to get the process that the system has undergone. I cannot connect these again to get the process that the system has undergone. However, I can connect these to get the process that the system has undergone. So, we need states that are located very, very close to each other or only infinitesimally apart. That is very, very important. Now, let us take a closer look at this, just one more concept here. What is that when I divide this into an infinite number of pieces and I go through this, notice that each one of the state is an equilibrium state. So, the amount of disequilibrium from one state to the next is very small. There has to be a small amount of disequilibrium otherwise no process will ever take place. But that amount of disequilibrium must be very small. So, the mechanical disequilibrium when I remove a small weight is very small. So, the system reaches a new equilibrium state very quickly because it is very small. In the other cases, it will take a while before it can reach the new equilibrium state. But the interesting aspect of this is that I can stop the process at any instant and if I start putting the weights back on, the system will trace this path all the way back to the initial state. In other words, I can stop at any instant and then back up and again attain the same state one by passing through the same path or process. I can retrace this path. So, that is actually the most important aspect of such a process because the weights are infinitesimally small. I can go forward and backward and trace the exact same path going forward and backward. So, from this, it becomes clear that this is what we will call later on as a reversible process. Notice that this is a fully resisted process. This is a fully unrestrained process. This is a partially resisted process and this is a fully resisted process. So, we need a fully resisted process in order to know what the process is. That seems like a tautology, but I think you will gather the meaning. The process should be fully resisted for us to actually even have the process line or process curve. And a fully resisted process is also a reversible process. So, for a process to be fully resisted, notice that it must take place very slowly or in a more formal way, the states must be infinitesimally apart only. So, as we said, the system is out of equilibrium in between two successive states. They may be very close, but still there has to be a small level of disequilibrium for the process to take place. Because if there is no disequilibrium, there will be no process. And the departure, as I said, is quite small when the successive states are infinitesimally apart or it is a fully resisted process. So, in this particular case that we are looking at the origin of the departure from equilibrium is mechanical. Because when we remove a weight, there is a temporary imbalance of forces. So, the pressure exerted is slightly less than the pressure that the gas is at. So, the force balance is slightly out of equilibrium. So, the system very quickly adjusts to this new pressure. So, the origin of this disequilibrium is mechanical. It can also be thermal. For instance, we could supply a small amount of heat. In fact, we can do a thought experiment where you replace this weight with say supply of heat. If you supply a lot of heat in one instant, then the expansion is unrestrained. If I supply finite large but finite amounts of heat, then I have partially resistor process. If I supply infinitesimal amount of heat, then I have a fully resisted or a process which contains only equilibrium states. So, the origin of the departure from equilibrium could be mechanical or thermal. In fact, later on when we look at second law analysis and so on, we will make use of this fact that fully resisted process is reversible. And whether the level of disequilibrium is due to mechanical or is mechanical in origin or thermal in origin, it is immaterial. So, we will take up temperature and the 0th law in the next lecture.