Hello, everybody. My name is Dominic Patry. I'm a software engineer on the Chrome Web Identity team. You probably all want to provide a great experience on your website. And especially when it comes to personalization, sign up and sign in flows are a key to success. So today, EG, Kim, and I will talk about improving the user experience while at the same time improving security for your users. So let's get started. During this session, we want to talk on three important areas. Sign in, sign up, and security, where in the letter, we will focus on two-factor authentication. So let's get started with sign in. So this is my inner state of mind. Not right now, but when I'm thinking about the sign-in experiences on the web, too often I'm really disappointed. You know, these situations where you got a new phone or a new computer and what was that password again? Do I have to sign in again everywhere? And this is not just limited to new devices. When I create an account on my desktop computer, I want to be signed in automatically on my phone as well. Or do you know these situations where it feels like every time you go to that newspaper website, it asks you to sign in again? Even though you're using a password manager, why do I have to press that button? Can we make that experience a bit better? So for sign-in flows, there are three goals that we want to share with you today. First, form-based sign-in should work really, really well for password managers. Some websites have implementations of sign-in and sign-up flows which do not allow the password manager to remember and fill forms very well. And for you as a site owner, that's a missed opportunity. You can increase user engagement and conversions because you can get more sign-in users. And users enjoy the convenience. It's just one thing less to care about. No dealing with forgotten passwords, one reason less to abandon an account, and no more difficult typing on a tiny keyword. You know, these at least eight characters, some lowercase, some uppercase, some number, and at least one special character that is impossible to find on a small keyword. So we'll discuss what you can do to help password managers doing a great job. But you know what would be even better than the password manager filling your username and password into the form if the sign-in would happen without any action from my site? So our goal, number two, is a returning user should be able to sign in automatically. No typing, no buttons. And we'll talk about how the Credential Manager API can help you with this goal. So you know what? Let's get rid of sign-in forms, at least in most situations. This is a huge opportunity. Less visual clutter, less typing, nothing to remember. And it works on leaf pages, you know, when somebody searches online and they land somewhere on your website, not at your home page where you have the sign-in flow, but somewhere on your site. Let the browser take care of signing you in. And that should work not only with passwords, but also with federated logins. So number three, federated login is a fantastic technology. It allows making logging in more secure, so much more secure. And you know, this is where Google, Facebook, Twitter, or many others vouch for your identity. The user needs a single account, and that account can be properly secured with second factor authentication, and all the bells and whistles that A, only big providers implement, and B, only few users care to configure for every website they have an account with. So I want my password manager to handle federated logins just like it handles passwords. And the Credential Management API allows you to store meta information about federated credentials just like it allows you to save passwords. The information is synced across devices and persisted beyond the lifecycle of cookies. So let's talk about sign-up. Even though typical users, and maybe I should say also Google I.O. attendance, should be aware of the best practices for passwords. They use short and simple passwords. They reuse passwords across different websites, and they do not enable second factor authentication on every website where it's possible. The password 12345 has been the most frequently used password for the past three years. At least that's what I checked. We were secretly hoping that at least 1234567 would make it this year, but no. And actually the password, that's also among the top 10. So this is so sad. According to Lawless Research, 71% of accounts on the internet are guarded by passwords that are used across multiple sites. And you know what? Sad. And second factor authentication? Second factor authentication could improve the situation so much, but it's by far not as prevalent as we would like it to be. But OK, maybe that's just the usability of second factor authentication, where you get a text message to your phone and you have to type in it. It's a bit cumbersome. So we will talk more about that later in detail, what we can do better, and how it becomes simpler for your users and even more secure. So we postulate. Sign up should be as simple as one tap of a button. You know what? Let's get rid of sign up forms as well. Picking a good password and memorizing it shouldn't be your burden. The password manager should know your identities, and you tap on one of them, and the website gets the name, the email address, and the generated password. And actually, in the long term, we can be even more ambitious. We can create password less accounts. And we'll talk more about that later. So finally, there is security. Fishing is a huge problem, and we want to fix that. And there are many real opportunities ahead with this technology. You know how many modern phones contain fingerprint scanners and secure elements? Wouldn't it be cool if you could use that for biometric authentication in a secure and privacy-preserving way on the web? We want to share with you some details of what we're working on together with the Web Auth and Working Group of W3C. Our end goal is that identity becomes the first class citizen of the web. We want one API, the credential management API, to manage your identity for passwords, identity providers, second factors, biometric reauthentication, for sign-in and for sign-up. The browser should take care of identity management and simplify the process to pressing a button. And here we want to show how you can help us help your users. What you see on this slide is the outline of our presentation. At the same time, this is where we try to get you motivated to help. There are two things where you can help us today. We will talk how you can help the password manager doing a great job for our users for form-based sign-in. And this alone should get you more signed-in users. And then we'll talk about, then building on this, we'll talk about how using the Credential Management API allows you to automatically sign-in users and how it provides better support for federated credential management. Then we'll give you an outlook to two APIs that are not quite ready to be used yet. We want to share our vision for getting rid of sign-in, sign-up forms, and making sign-up really, really simple. Then we want to talk about two-factor authentication and new ways of doing this. So let's start with the basics. We recognize that passwords are not going to go away anytime soon. We have a huge existing ecosystem. But please help us do a good job for your users. Here you see two screenshots of the friendly password manager in Chrome asking whether you want to save a password and fill it later on a website. And we've shared with you at the 50th release of Chrome that Chrome fills nine billion forms and passwords for our users every month. This is huge, but it's not always working perfectly. So here are the top three issues where the Chrome password manager struggles with today. First, broken markup and improper annotations. This breaks Chrome's heuristics that determine what data to save for the user. Then there are unnoticeable form submissions, and they break the decision process whether we want to offer to save a password. And then finally, mixing HTTP and HTTPS. This is the worst offender with regards to automatically filling in passwords back into forms. So let's drill into each of these issues. A popular way of keeping the password manager from doing its job properly is to omit the form tag. This is really difficult if you have unrelated text fields on your page, maybe a search box somewhere, and then the login form somewhere else. And similar problems occur if you combine the sign-in and sign-up forms or their text fields into the same form element. And of course, please do not use empty or duplicate name and ID attributes, because these are used to identify the fields in the forms. Finally, figuring out the meaning of fields is really difficult. Think about a sign-up form. It has a name, an email address, a phone number. But which one is expected to be used to identify the user later during sign-in? Could be anything, right? So you can help the password manager by telling it explicitly what is the username that you want to see later. And you can do that by setting the autocomplete attribute to one of your form fields to username. And this provides a so much better user experience. And you can also please tell us the semantics of password fields. Is a field representing the current password, which the password manager is supposed to fill in? Or is it a news password where we can offer password generation? So unnoticed form submissions. The Chrome password manager is built upon one principle, which is we only want to offer to save a password when the login succeeded. And to check that, we use a very simple heuristic. If the login failed, then typically the landing page contains another login form, so that the user has a second chance to type their password and this time correctly. If there is no such login form on the landing page, we assume that the login succeeded. And then we can ask the user whether they want to save their password. This is very simple for conventional form submissions using HTTP post. But if you're using XML HTTP requests or the Fetch API to log in the user, there is no navigation event. So when should we check whether the login form is gone? We'd love you forever if you could do two things for us. First, remove the login form after a successful login. And second, call history push state or history replace state to simulate a navigation. Because that simulated navigation triggers our heuristics that check whether the login form is gone and then we can offer to save a password. Third, Chrome loves HTTPS. Please use it sensitively, but avoid a few pitfalls. Quite often we see code like this on an HTTP page. That's an insecure page. The page posts the form to an HTTPS endpoint and people think, hey, this is secure. The password is sent over an encrypted connection. Well, that's true, but it's not secure. The HTTP page itself is insecure and it's easy to inject JavaScript and that JavaScript can steal credentials or you can modify the target URL and thereby again steal the credentials. And the problem we observe quite often is that the user lands on an insecure HTTP landing page, the home page, which has username and password fields like here, but the sign up page is on a secured HTTPS page. So now the user saves their password during the sign up flow, but it would be totally irresponsible if we would take that password, which was stored in a secure context and fill it into the insecure HTTP page and that again creates a bad user experience. And then some developers think, I'll just embed an HTTPS iframe into my HTTP page, but that's not really different from a security perspective. The iframe can be silently swapped for a spoofed version and again credentials can be easily stolen. So please, if you allow the user to sign into your website, move on to HTTPS, but on all pages. And we've provided some instructions and tips for you at the URL that you can see there on the left on the screen. And you know what? If you help us improve the reliability of password managers, people may start to getting used to the idea that they don't have to memorize and type their passwords anymore. And this is when people will hopefully start using unique and randomly generated passwords for websites. And we're in the stage of crossing the T's and dotting the I's to soon launch the password generation feature in the Chrome browser. We just need to make sure that we're covering all the edge cases and that users are always able to access their passwords. And there's another positive side effect of generated passwords. A user who doesn't know their password is a user who's really hard to fish. So think about it, less phishing, less impact of leaked credentials, and the user save time and have a better experience when they're automatically signed in. Wouldn't that be cool? But there are still some issues left. We can take the guesswork out of our heuristics. We can support federated login by the password manager. And we can create an even better experience with the credential for the user when they're automatically signed into a website without pressing a button. And all of that can happen with the credential management API. To talk more about that, let me invite Aji on stage. Hello, my name is Aji, and I'm a developer at Google working on the open web. So Dominic talked about how we can make the password manager work more effectively by improving your forms. Now, let me talk about the credential management API that enables a seamless sign-in experience. It has roughly three benefits. First, with the credential management API, you can show a native account to the dialogue when a user is trying to sign in. This way, users can sign in by selecting an account with just one tap. Second, because the credential management API remembers federated accounts such as Google or Facebook, users can get a consistent user experience for selecting an account across one that's ID and password accounts and also once with federated accounts. Third, the credential management API allows user to sign in automatically. This is typically useful when login sessions of your website are short so that users don't have to proactively tap on sign-in button. This is also helpful if users have multiple devices. They will be signed in automatically just by opening your website. We have introduced several websites that started to using this API at Google IE last year. They have implemented this feature, mostly for their desktop version of a website, but we are seeing more and more of this applied to progress web apps. For example, Flipkart, an Indian top e-commerce website, launched this credential management API just last week. Another example is Wego. A successful startup in Singapore has also launched the implementation recently. AliExpress from China has launched the integration a while ago and they proved the higher engagement of this API with this API is not just in theory. They have achieved 41% more sign-in users by using the credential management API. Additionally, they decrease the signing failure rate by 85% and increase the conversion rate by 11% that's incredible. Now, let's take a closer look into how it works along with some updates to the upcoming changes to the API to obtain a credential call navigator credentials get. By giving it password and federated parameters, you can specify the types of credentials you want to retrieve. With this call, you will receive undefined when there's no credential stored and no credential stored. If there's only one credential, you will receive it immediately so that you can use that for automatic authentication. And if there are more than two credentials stored, an account-chooser dialogue will show up so that the user can select the one that should be passed to your website. If you want to let a user to sign in automatically, you should avoid showing the account-chooser. You can simply add unmeditated true to the call to turn off showing it. In case the user has more than one credential stored, you will receive undefined so that you can defer the process to the user's explicit sign-in like tapping on the sign-in button. Starting from Chrome 60, you should replace unmeditated true with mediation silent. This is equivalent, but it enables some extra use cases for the API. For compatibility with older version of Chrome, I'd recommend using both parameters for the time being. When a user signs out of your website, the user probably doesn't want to get signed back in automatically at the next visit. To avoid those situations, you can call WD credentials require user mediation. This way, users will be able to indicate their intention to sign in by selecting an account. Once you receive a credential, you can use it to authenticate a user. Because a credential object does not expose the password to the JavaScript, you would have to use fetch function in order to send the credential object to server. This introduced a number of restrictions. We have received feedback that developers could not use the API because they had to send the password as part of a JSON object, or had to send the hash value of the password to their server. After performing a security analysis and recognizing that conceding passwords from JavaScript did not really prevent all attack vectors as effectively as we were hoping, we had decided to make a change. Starting from Chrome 60, you will be able to access the raw password from JavaScript. I'm really excited about this change because it drastically simplifies using this API. To feature detect this exposure of a password, you can simply check to see if password property of a credential object returns undefined or not. But frankly, if your server requires a password as part of a JSON object or a hash of the password, you probably should not call the API in order, in order versions than Chrome 60. In that case, please just check the user agent string. You can, of course, store new credentials or update existing ones using the credential management API. As Dominic mentioned, submitting a form would trigger a prompt to store the credential even without using a credential management API. But with the API, you have better handling of this. By authenticating a user through Ajax first, then storing the credential only when it succeeds, you can keep the credential information always valid and sane. To store a credential, you can simply construct a password credential object with a DOM element of the sign-in form. Of course, the sign-in form needs to be properly annotated with auto-complete attributes, then call navigator credentials stored. This should happen in forms, including sign-in, sign-up, and please don't forget to apply this to password change forms as well. That will keep users' passwords always up to date. By the way, a sign-in to a website using a third party account, such as Google or Facebook, is what we call federated login, as Dominic mentioned. In general, federated login represents a few protocols depending on identity providers. For example, Google uses OpenID Connect, Facebook uses OS2, and Twitter uses OS1. When you store a federated account using credential management API, you are not storing credential information such as an ID token for OpenID Connect or an access token for OS. Instead, you are storing strings that represent an identity provider and ID for the user, and optionally, some other information as you can see on the slide. One last important update to the API is that credentials is about sharing credentials across origins. Access to credentials in credential management API has been strictly restricted by the same origin policy. In Chrome 57, we have introduced mediated sharing of credentials between subdomains. This is useful when a website's subdomain is different between, for example, desktop and mobile. There are also cases where you want to let users sign in using a credential that is stored to a totally different domain. Learned companies single sign-on services may typically appreciate this. To associate one origin to another, you will use something called digital asset links. Create a JSON file that looks like this at both domains at slash well-known slash asset links.json and reference each other. This way, you can declare that these two or more domains can share credentials with each other. Okay, so that's the credential management API. To learn more about it, please visit g.show slash credential management API. So far, we've been talking about how we can improve the sign-in user experience by concealing passwords from the users. The credential management API does a great job at letting users forget about their passwords. Now, let's move on to the sign-up API and see how we can help creating stronger passwords. Sorry, stronger credentials. John Rain published a report that says 58% of US consumers say that passwords discourages them from creating a new account. I'd like to share a success story from Hotel Tonight using SmartLock for passwords on their Android native apps. We want to bring that very sign-up flow you are going to see to the web. But first, this is how you would create an account with Hotel Tonight in the old flow. You had to enter your email address, a password, and your name. This is a lot of typing for a mobile phone. Additionally, you would have to verify the email address by clicking on a link in a confirmation email. Now, here is what you see in their new flow instead. The user taps on sign-up button, then the account to the dialogue is shown immediately. At least accounts registered on the phone are saved in SmartLock for passwords. This enables account creation with a single tap. When the user taps on one of the items, the email address and name are shared with a website. The cool part of this is that OpenID connects support ID tokens that are issued by the identity provider. So if you click on the Gmail address, the website gets an ID token with Google and does not even ask you for a password. Also, they have proof that you own that email address so there's no need to send a verification email as a confirmation. This smooth flow created a 23% higher conversion rate for Hotel Tonight, and now about two-thirds of all accounts are created this way. The whole flow is a bit like what you know from regular OpenID Connect, but there are two important differences. First, the user sees what they share, their name, email address, and maybe an avatar. But no social circle, no permission to access their address book or post on their behalf. Users are much less hesitant to click the buttons and rightfully, so I would say. Second, because everything is mediated via secure environment, secure environment, there is no clumsy redirect flow that moves the user away from your site or app. Everything is very smooth. You can learn more about this experience at g.co slash smart lock case studies. And finally, a team at Google is prototyping this feature as a JavaScript library. And we will be working on bringing this feature natively to the browser later this year. So if you're interested to become an early access partner, please go to g.co slash web sign up API so you can reach out us. So we have shared a lot about managing ID password credentials or federated login credentials. Now let me invite Kim to talk about what we are working on to reduce the risk of credential theft by bringing security key second factors and fingerprint authentication to the web. Thanks, Eiji. Hi, I'm Kim. I'm a software engineer on Google's identity and authentication teams. So let's talk about second factor auth. Let me start by recapping the motivation for second factor authentication. Now you all already know that passwords have problems. Dominic and A.G. already mentioned some of the downsides. Password reuse is rampant, and as you know, it only takes the compromise of one website to compromise that account for multiple others. But even if you were superhuman and had unique random 14 plus character passwords that you never forgot or used a password manager to do it for you, passwords could still be intercepted by man in the middle attackers if websites forget to use HTTPS everywhere, like Dominic showed us. And sometimes users simply give their passwords away by typing them into fake forms. And tricking users in this manner is called phishing. And unfortunately, phishing is pretty darn effective. One of our studies found that well-designed phishing pages will trick nearly half of targeted users. Even the laziest of phishing pages, for example, containing only input for username and password, will still trick about 3% of users. If you have a large user base, that's still a lot of users. So it's clear that protecting your accounts with only a password puts your account at risk. And one solution to this is something you're probably very familiar with, the OTP, or one-time password. It's a generated code that's valid for only one login, such as something you might get texted to you on your phone. But unfortunately, these also have downsides. SMS codes have coverage issues, delivery delays, and a non-negligible cost for the organization sending them out. You could get an OTP dongle to display codes for you, but you have to have one per website. And that can add up in cost. And they're a little fragile sometimes. In either case, the user experience for either of these is not great. Generally, you have to copy the code off your phone or device into the website. And for this reason, security-wise, they still aren't perfect. OTPs can be phished just like passwords. Users can be tricked into typing them into a fake form. So we really wanted to make it easier to be a security-conscious user. And our answer to these problems was a second-factor device called a security key. Now, security keys can come in multiple form factors. You could be a USB device, a Bluetooth device, possibly even your phone. But the key difference is that security keys interact directly with browsers to authenticate you. There's no typing in of codes. There's a one-to-many relationship where your single security key can work on many websites. Our stats show that these are faster and produce fewer support incidents than OTP. And of course, best of all, they protect against password phishing. You may already have heard of security keys. We're using them at Google. And there are several other companies that use them as well. They're currently using a protocol that's standardized by the FIDO Alliance. And FIDO stands for Fast Identity Online. They're a group that publish security specifications for strong authentication. So then what is Web Authent and why do we need it? Web Authent stands for Web Authentication. It's the next chapter in the story. It's essentially FIDO++, a next-generation protocol made for the web and in standardization with the W3C. So Web Authent is a future addition to the credential management API that AG showed us. It's not in Chrome yet, but we wanted to give you a heads up that it's coming and show you what it will look like. So let's first take a look at how security keys might be used. So this is our fast and friendly Google login page. And you enter your username and password as usual. But because I'm a security key user, Google knows to prompt me to use my security key. Now on my work laptop, I actually have a small USB security key that just stays plugged in all the time. So I just reach out and tap it, and I'm in. This is showing you the use of a portable key, in which case you would plug it in and tap it, and then you'd be logged in. In either case, the tap action produces a cryptographic assertion that proves that I use my key. In other words, that a real human being is logging in and not a remote attacker. So even if a remote attacker had my password, they wouldn't be able to get past this stage. And here you can see it also works for mobile environments. For example, using a Bluetooth device on your mobile phone, or you would just press that button. So now that I showed you how it would actually look to a user, let's take a look under the hood at the protocol itself, kind of at a high level. So there are two steps using a security key. First is a one-time registration operation, one-time per security key and account. This is to let the server know that you're a security key user so that you can use it on successive logins. So what this would look like is I would log into my account. I would go to my settings page, similar to how I would set up using OTP. And I would say I want to register my security key. I'd be prompted to insert my security key and tap it. And what this does is this tells your security key to generate a private and public key pair for this account. The public key is sent back to the server, and you can see the server stores my public key associated with that registration. That's the first step. The second step is simply getting assertions from the key every time you want to sign in. And here you can see that the browser sends my super secure, super secret password to the server. That is, of course, vulnerable in all the ways that we mentioned before. And because I previously registered my security key, the server knows I'm a security key user. And using the WebOSN API, it asks for an assertion and provides a unique challenge to prove that a real person is here. So using the challenge, the browser will then construct a cryptographic proof to prove that I am indeed here. And this has several key parts. First is the physical touch or action. Malware can't cause this to happen, like I said before. Second is freshness via that server-provided challenge. This makes the proof resistance against reuse and binds it to this specific session. Third is the origin, and that's what provides the phishing resistance. And you can also include state that identifies the TLS connection, and this prevents man-in-the-middle attacks. So you take all of this together, the browser packages it up, and asks the security key to sign it with the private key that it has stored for this registration. And after the key is tapped, it does. So because the security key was previously registered, the server already knows my public key and is able to verify the signed proof and the data that it contains. And this protects against all three issues that I mentioned earlier, password to use, interception, and phishing. So now let's take a look at the actual API. Like I said before, two phases. And the first is registration to tell the website that you have one of these keys. The call to do this is navigator.credentials.create, and you specify a public key credential type. At a minimum, you provide information about the account and the relying party and a unique challenge. So this asks the key to mint that new key pair, and you send the information about the credential, including the public key back to the server. Now, every successive time the user wants to log in, the relying party can request assertions from the security key. So you do the usual gathering of username and password. If the user is a security key user, you make the call to navigator.credential.get to perform the second factor authentication. It's the same API as for the other credential types. You specify a public key credential instead of, say, password or federated credential. This looks for your registered security key and asks for that touch to permit the key to do the signing. And the resulting assertion is what's sent back to the server for verification. Again, this assertion proves that a real user is here logging in. So these are two API calls that are simple and secure. And we think this is the new future of second factor authentication. So you've seen the API. You've seen how it's going to be used. Something else that's cool about WebAuthn that we keep mentioning is that it will support biometrics for faster re-authentication. Security keys show that a real human being is logging in. But of course, biometrics uniquely identify you. So a typical use case would be banking. You're logged into your banking app, and it either times out or you log out. For some reason, you need to log back in. In this scenario, you don't want it to log you back in automatically. That just wouldn't make sense. Of course, you would hope the bank would verify that it was actually you. So using the exact same WebAuthn API, if you have a biometric-capable device, the website can request a biometric assertion to know who you are and confirm the login. So yes, you will be able to use your fingerprint reader on your phone for the web. Native apps can already do this. You might have a banking app that does this, for example, but browsers cannot. And that's what WebAuthn will provide. So I know that's a really brief introduction. Again, the APIs aren't available yet, but you don't have to wait to use Security Keys themselves. You can use them via an existing Fido API. Android also has Fido APIs, which they announced here at I.O. Definitely get a Security Key, add it to your Google account, whatever other accounts you can, and here are some resources to get you started. But in the meantime, if you do want to learn more about WebAuthn, you can read the actual spec. It's public. Feel free to join the mailing list to see what we're working on and definitely watch the working group blog for updates. OK, now back to Dominic to wrap up. So at the beginning of this presentation, we shared our goal, the goal to have one API to manage all of your identity needs, for sign-in with a password, federated login, two-factor hardware tokens, and even fingerprints. And we hope that by now the puzzle pieces connect to the big picture. So we hope that you will help us getting the password manager work really, really well for your websites so that users stop relying on their one, two, three passwords that they type into every website. And hopefully, this allows us to get users to use generated passwords soon. So already today, you can start using the Credential Management API to keep your users signed in across devices, and users don't need to see and fill sign-in forms as often as they used to. We've seen how the Credential Management API allows you to store and retrieve usernames and passwords, but also information about federated login. We shared with you our vision that we want to facilitate entire sign-up flows with convenient browser UI. And we've talked about our ongoing work on two-factor authentication. This will facilitate two major use cases, securing accounts with unfeasible second factors and convenient reauthentication using, for example, fingerprints, both using the same API. Actually, everything we talked about today will be covered by one API, the Credential Management API. We hope that this gives you more signed-in users and moves them to more secure accounts. We want to continue from here, and we hope that we got you excited. Please speak to us and let us know what you think.


It is an honor for me to lead the Marine Band in the inaugural parade and to be a part of history as we celebrate the peaceful transfer of power of this great nation.


We should be able to get into a lot of topics pretty deeply this week and it's just an opportunity to save thousands of years of learning.  And when we come together like this, it's really a good opportunity. We do have a lot of movies that deal with the idea of no private thoughts. And you might say that the definition of a private thought would be any thought that you have about the past or the future. These are also sometimes called hypothetical thoughts. Hypothetically speaking as if in the future something may or may not occur. And if you really just watch your thoughts as they roll through, you'll see there's a lot of hypothetical thoughts or what the course would call private thoughts. And some of them are judged to be very desirable and that's why you think about them over and over because they're very desirable. And some of them are very fearful and worrisome and have a lot of doubts attached with them and anger and guilt. And the positive ones about the past or the future and the negative ones are all the same even though they seem to be very different. They are all part of a device to keep you from experiencing the present moment. So I would say that the journey to enlightenment or the journey to self-realization is voluntarily, willingly and hopefully gently letting those thoughts come up into your mind and starting to have the willingness to say, OK, these thoughts are no longer serving me. I don't really need them for survival. I don't need them for a sense of well-being and that it's possible for me to just relax and sink into the present moment and experience everything that I could ever want or ever need in this very moment. And that's what the spiritual journey is about, is learning to just live in the present moment and trust. Because it takes a lot of trust to let go of those thoughts because the belief is that those thoughts serve to bring about safety, security, and many, many kind of desirable things when in fact it's like a wheel. You just keep thinking about them over and over and over. And the wheel does not bring peace of mind. The wheel is almost like the karmic wheel they call it or the wheel of distraction to keep you away from the present moment. Now the Holy Spirit knows that the mind when it's asleep is heavily invested in these thoughts. And even though in reality there are no prior thoughts, the condition of seeming to be in this world is to believe in those thoughts because it's a reality. So you will notice that there are a lot of emotions that are connected to those thoughts. And that's why it can seem like the human condition is just an emotional roller coaster ride of up and down. People will even say life is meant to be a series of challenges and you will have challenges every day based on these thoughts and these emotions. But actually life was created by God to be perfect happiness that if we had to give a definition of God's will it would be, God's will is for perfect happiness, not for a roller coaster ride of emotions. And so it seems to take a lot of mind training to allow those thoughts to come into awareness and then to be willing to not protect them, not push them down and repress them, to deny them, but just to let them come into awareness and then to let them go and give them to the Holy Spirit. And one of the questions that comes up the most often is how do I do this? And I would say that the basic teaching of the Course is Jesus just saying try not to interfere. In other words that's all you have to do is not interfere with something that's already a movement of healing that is occurring always, all the time and it's not like you have to learn some special formula or certain steps that you have to take all the time, but it's like by not protecting those thoughts in your mind then they are voluntarily offered, opened to the Holy Spirit for healing and there's no sense of needing to do anything special to release those things.  Just your daily experience as you move through this world you have plenty of opportunities of those thoughts dealing with those thoughts.  When you say thoughts does that mean whether they are expressed or not? I mean there's a lot of things in the past and in the future that you know that you're attached to and you can express it. Is that still a crime of thought? Yeah, it's very nature. They can seem like thoughts, they can seem like memories. We can talk about the past, we can talk about memories that we seem to have experienced. They can seem to take the form of plans when you're looking forward to things and you're planning things out. And you might say that you're opening up to a completely different experience than you've ever had before.  That it's not like a lot of spirituality where we were taught to accentuate the positive, eliminate the negative. That's a common thing that people talk about in the spiritual past is if you can just eliminate the negative and then have only positive thoughts in your mind. But the positive thoughts and the negative thoughts are part of a continuum and it's the very continuum that's the block. And that's why you can't just affirm your way back into reality or the Kingdom of Heaven. In fact, the man we met right before we started here, Peter, who came over from a nearby ashram, he was saying he was listening to a Louis Hay book or something with Louis Hay and he was talking about a lot of affirmations. And he was saying that he's actually in a part of his path where he turns the affirmations into a question. Maybe something more like Byron Katie's work where you take a look at fundamental questions about her thoughts. Is this really true? Is it so? Instead of having an affirmation and just repeating an affirmation, it's more getting down underneath to, oh, is this belief that I have really so? And that's a way of opening your mind to what is real and true by questioning the false. So it is very all-encompassing but it's actually, it gets more and more humble as you go along because the deeper you get into spirituality, you really start to get this feeling that you really don't have a clue about this world. It seems disorienting. It seems like confusing. You may feel like I must be doing something wrong because why am I feeling confused or disoriented? I'm supposed to be clear and have a sense of certainty but on the way to that certainty there's going to be a lot of ambiguity, a lot of confusion and a lot of uncertainty. And you might say that it's like when people ask me the question about what is God's plan?  Is this supposed to be some kind of a script or some kind of a scenario that my life is supposed to look like? Is this supposed to take a certain form? Is God's plan for me to be a writer or to be an artist or something like that? And in the most basic way you could say that God's plan is just a state of mind. It doesn't really, it's really actually independent of what seems to be going on in form. And so that's why it's very frustrating when people are looking for their calling or they're saying God show me your plan because they want sometimes a vision or a perception. That's why people go to psychics. It's like I want to know how is my life going to plan? Am I going to be single or married? Am I going to have children? Where am I going to live? What am I going to do for a profession? It's like going to a psychic and then having a psychic or a seer kind of look into the record, Akashic records and see, well, let's see what you did. Oh, you did this and supposedly if you find out that information is supposed to make you eternally happy, even knowing that information still would seem to be struggles because God's plan is not a script. God's plan is a state of mind and that you embrace and achieve God's plan when you embrace peace of mind. When you're at peace, you are smack dab in the middle of God's plan for salvation no matter what the form looks like. So that's probably going to be a theme that we could explore in the sense that ultimately when you are still holding onto the ego, you will still make up pictures in your mind of what peace must look like. Even when you say the words world peace, then people have different images in their mind about what world peace would look like.   Everybody's got some kind of vision or some kind of a song or something associated with how it would look. And what I'm saying is when you train your mind to join with the spirit, you come into such alignment with the purpose, with the spirit's purpose, that what the world seems to look like is completely irrelevant to that peace of mind. It's like Jesus, you know, looking from the cross, forgives them for they know not what they do. You could apply that to the whole world. He wasn't just talking about the ones that were, maybe laughing at him or the ones that had just driven spikes through his arms and his legs, but it was a perception where he saw that the world of images had no meaning whatsoever and that those images, regardless of how they seemed to look, that peace of mind was completely independent of that picture because the perspective had shifted. There was a little tiny tweak in the mind where the perspective shifts from linear to simultaneously where everything is not a linear script anymore but it's like all simultaneous and in that little tweak in the mind, that's where the peace comes. It's not about achieving it or attaining it in the world or thinking that there's some kind of quantitative measure that if so many people in so many countries reached a point of peace that suddenly we would have it. It's like it's just a tweak in your own mind or in the mind that brings about this peace. And people often get into those questions about manifesting. In other words, manifesting peace or manifesting happiness and so forth, manifesting abundance. Basically, the deeper you go, you can see that all this idea of using the power of the mind to manifest something in the world in a specific way is just a stepping stone idea because what you're moving into and towards is a state of mind that is completely unified and you see that everything is mind, that nothing is physical, that everything is in mind. And in that state, of course, there's peace because there is no conflict, there is no duality. There is no thought and manifestation of thought which is still tuness or duality. It's just that everything is thought, everything is mental, everything is energy, you might say, in quantum physics terms and in that sense of the unified field or the unified mind then that is the whole goal of spirituality is just to be that state of mind where everything is completely unified. So if you start to look at your life, you can start to see the practical aspects of this mind training is just enormous because it's not like you have to change anything in the world at all. You don't have to fight against anything, you don't have to make anything different, you don't have to try to fix anything or change anything, but you do have to be willing to allow the spirit to guide you into making that little tweak, that little change of point of view in the mind, change of perspective which gives you the peace that you've been desiring. And that's what we'll talk about on this weekend is just opening to that tiny little tweak. It's so simple that it's like a feather blowing off a table. It's something so soft and simple that it's not just a major experience, but it could be that effortless, just completely relaxed. And that's what all the mind training is for, is to come to that change of perspective. The first step in coming to that perspective which is a huge step is to just be willing to open up to the idea that the only problem that you have is a perceptual problem. The only problem that you have is the way that you are viewing the world. That's it. And the reason that that seems to be such a huge leap and a huge step is because the ego has made up this entire cosmos to make it seem as if that statement is not true, that there are problems that come every day that come on so many different levels, interpersonal relationship problems, problems with the environment, temperature, germs, noise, just ozone layer, ecological problems, problems between nations, problems in local government, all the seeming range of problems. And the teaching is very simple is that those are all just a distracted device to try to make it seem so overwhelming and so complex and just settle into a state of a status quo or you have to take the good with the bad, nobody's perfect. The human condition is basically saying there are lots of problems and the best you can do is try to manage the ones that come your way and get ready for the next group and then the next group and the next group, which could be very depressing to think that that's all that there is. So that's what we're going to also look at today is to start to begin to open up to this idea that there's only one problem and it's a perceptual problem. And I would say in fact that the problem has already been solved. That's a good news too, which would mean that you have no problems if you put those two together. If the only problem is a perceptual problem and it's already been solved, then you're in good shape. It's the joy of it, I mean that's what I really enjoyed going around the world. Because it's like I show up with this joyful, gleeful state of mind which basically says there aren't any problems at all and basically it's an invitation when somebody says, well I have a problem and then we start to really take a close look at it. You know, actually is it really a problem? And the deeper you go into it, you'll find that the problems are really hypothetical. Right here and right now everything is perfect and it's only when you think about the past that you wish something was different than it was. Something could have been better, something could have been different and so forth. Kind of like lamenting the past. I gave it a go but it really wasn't my best shot or it didn't work out as well as I would have liked or something like that. Or worries and concerns and anxieties about the future. Which is another common angle of thinking about where is this heading, you know, thinking that something from the past that you were not, it was not enjoyable at all could recur in the future. That's another fear that comes up, you know, preventing an occurrence of something that you didn't like. So it's really beautiful when you start to just be willing to come together and say maybe I really don't have any real problems but we don't encourage to just kind of gloss it over and kind of affirm that. It's just, let's examine it really closely and see, is it really so that there are problems? Take a long time to get to that point where you become joyful from realizing that obstacles that are coming up are thoughts that you've created and you've seen before it's like these challenges, they come and then you kind of look at them and they go and then they all come. When do you get past that really joyful feeling? Yeah, it's what we call transfer of training. In other words, we'll talk about a principle and even a miracle is like a principle and then to the extent that you seem to make exceptions a divine principle is to the extent that it will seem to take time to realize that state of mind. So that's why it's such a time saver because, you know, people walk around and they feel like it's almost like walking around with blinders on thinking well I've got this certain set of problems that I'm dealing with on a daily basis that are very different from everyone else but it's actually the same. Everyone's going through different forms of the same error and that's what makes it seem so complicated but once you start to realize when you come and share in a group for example, the spirit orchestrates exactly who's here there'll be parallel experiences that are going on as a speed up so you can start to see it if you were mentioning like the last retreat we had where you met Therese and then now you've become close friends and, you know, it's part of the speed up when you're joined together with people and so it's not so much a matter of time as it is a matter of willingness and what I mean willingness is that I'm saying that the willingness not to hide and protect certain thoughts and beliefs and that's what makes them seem to be unconscious because they've already been judged as terrible, as wrong and so it's like they've been pushed out of awareness and then there's a mask, the personality that the mind wears so it's got the personality mask on and it's got these underlying beliefs and thoughts that it's too afraid to face and expose because it believes they're real and it believes that those are real issues and that it's only going to be so willing to expose those but once they are exposed then they become laughable and it's almost like this feeling like I can't believe I held on to that for so long under this idea that if people knew about this or these thoughts they wouldn't even want to be around me but this takes it more to that place of these are just unreal thoughts that I've held on to and I've protected so it's like a feeling when people come together in a state of non-judgment then oh my gosh you should hear the issues that people talk about I mean if we recorded all these on a camera it would be R rated or X rated stuff that comes up it's quite amazing all the stuff that comes up and it's also quite miraculous to see all the laughter and happiness and relaxation that comes too when people start to realize these thoughts are not what they thought they were there's a likeness to it I don't have an issue which seems to be with me all the time it always comes up yes I can explore and gain my peace of mind and expose private thoughts with certain groups of people or in certain situations but with that group of people no I can't do that or there's a fear and so there's a sense that this set of circumstances is holding you back from that set of circumstances and so then there's this push and pull going on which is really frustrating and it's like well if I was with those people all the time yes I could really get to change the perceptions and be in integrity in that but because I'm with these people I can and so there seems to be that's a real block a real block and when you say you don't struggle with it you don't push it along how then do you deal with it? yeah that's a good example of how the ego makes it seem like it's safer and it's more comfortable and there's less vulnerability in certain groups or with certain people than with others and yet that's again kind of predicting out into form as if this would seem like you could be much more peaceful and happy in certain circumstances and with certain people than with others and that kind of divides the world into again it's the we and the they it's the we which may be the ones that I'm comfortable with and the they are the ones that I'm not and so what it is though is a real ego control mechanism that's still seeing it in personal terms instead of just seeing it in terms of just thoughts and it's the persona, it's the mask that seems to be vulnerable in other words it's the mask that seems to be safer in some groups or with some people than others but this mask is just something that was made up of over the real you and the only way to reach the real you and to feel a sense of invulnerability or constant happiness and safety is to let go of the mask the personality self and the world that seems to surround the personality self what I mean by let go of it is let go of the beliefs that those thoughts are really who you are and the validity of those thoughts and then the validity of the world that seems to surround you the environment thinking that there are real environmental concerns that are all based on this lie this past learning all these past associations so that's the reason why it seems like a big issue is because it's like Jesus in the Course in Miracles says what does healing cost you it costs you the whole world you see wow that's an interesting phrase healing costs the whole world you see meaning the whole distorted world that you see that you have believed is real that you believe you know something about that's all going to have to give way you know the dam is going to have to break at some point and it's just going to have to start to be like this realization okay it's not the world is just not what I thought it was so the spirit knows that it seems to be a big deal so that's why there is it's graduated and it's you actually can feel maybe more comfortable talking and exposing things in a group like this than you could in some other groups the family circles or the certain friends and so on and so forth those people may seem shocked actually if you would bring up certain topics because they're just kind of beyond the norm you know outside out of bounds whereas it can feel much more safe and secure to do it in a group like this it's still magical you know it's still temporary but it's a very helpful temporary stepping stone so you shouldn't feel like I should be able to do this everywhere because you're working with where your mind's at right now and you're working with what you do believe in and the only way I would say in the end where this frustration and doubt and this block falls away is when you actually have an experience that you are everywhere that there is no limits in your identity you literally exist everywhere so to speak there's no sense of of individuality in that state of mind though so it's not a concern about it being a front to other people because there really are no other people in that state of mind it's that state of mind that's all encompassing and all expansive and completely vast because there's no sense of individuality or personality with it so the step towards that is it's just doing what we're doing here and when issues like you're talking about come up or even more specific issues come up and you're able to voice them there's nothing special about voicing them but symbolically if you're able to voice one person or in a group like this that's very symbolic that you're not hiding them at all from the Holy Spirit and that's a good sign because remember you're just not to interfere with this healing that's going on so that's a very good sign so when something comes up and it feels as though that's right to say that's part of all the healing you don't actually think because that's the part that's all being explained yeah it's symbolic of that there's nothing special about the words or vocalizing it or verbalizing it but again it gets down to the motive if you then like most people on the planet hiding your whole life it's good to turn the tables in the other direction and again to be guided there can be a context for verbalizing that and bringing it up some people have just tried to just begin talking about it in all kinds of circumstances without any kind of discernment and it turns into a disaster so that's not what we're talking about


This is a story about a computational tool that benefits farmers and society. So nitrogen is an essential nutrient for crop production. And about 100 years ago, a process was invented for the manufacturing of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, which then became widely adopted in agriculture and has facilitated big yield increases and really prevented a lot of widespread hunger around the world. But there are negative consequences to the use of nitrogen. It's very energy-intensive to produce, therefore expensive to the farmers, and also it has multiple environmental impacts. Greenhouse gas emissions through nitrous oxide and water quality concerns causing groundwater contamination and hypoxia problems in estuaries like the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and even the Yellow Sea near here. One of the key issues is that farmers tend to over-apply due to uncertainty about what the optimum end rate is and due to risk. They're trying to avoid risk of under-fertilizing their crops. We were trying to find a solution to the balance between the agronomic benefits and the environmental needs and designed a tool basically that would allow for precision nitrogen management recommendations. So the challenge was it was a very complex problem. Reactive nitrogen is very dynamic in the environment. It has many sources and lost pathways and is highly influenced by the production environment. Weather, soil, and management. So we envisioned a tool that was cloud-based with excellent communication capabilities including mobile devices. It would be highly computational, data-intensive, and it would be true to the scientific principles. We had some challenges ahead. First of all, we had a very unconventional idea that was very difficult to fund even within the research environment, and we needed a very diverse and multi-talented team. We rolled out ADAPTEN as we called it in 2008 but realized it needed to be commercialized, which we accomplished in 2013 through a startup company. So a quick overview of the tool. It has multiple software models and it uses some user inputs and then it dreams near real-time weather data to provide daily updates. The outputs are multiple, including recommendations on a 20 by 20 meter spatial resolution if that's desired. We learned about some key needed features. One of them is even though we have a fairly complex system, the user experience needed to be simple and straightforward. The other one is that it's important to integrate with other farm management software so that you would expand your clientele rapidly and could scale the product. We also built in a lot of transparency, so the user gets recommendations, gets answered, but he or she also gets support information, including even some irrigation recommendations that go with that. And that helps build user confidence. So let's not forget about data privacy and security. It's a topic that I've already heard a couple of times today. It's very important to U.S. farmers. They also highly value the independence of recommendations, not associated with any product sales. So the company secured it in a highly secure environment and also established a Grower Bill of Rights to explain the privacy policies. We need to prove the technology in the field. And so we did over 200 experiments on farms and were able to prove that, yes, it's a win-win proposition. You can save the farmer money and you can reduce the environmental impacts. So that's the optimum outcome. There's still some barriers. This is fairly disruptive technology to the industry that is generally fairly non-transparent and is still very much focused on moving product. Even the research community took a little while to get used to this. But I think that there are many opportunities, basically, to benefit the farmer, to benefit society, and even to benefit the fertilizer industry. We've established sustainability credentials and there's several supply chain management programs now that are interested in this tool, including Walmart's Global Sustainability Initiative. The challenge was the complexity of the problem and you needed a computational approach and a highly data-intensive approach. We needed the right people. We needed a multi-talented team and it was difficult to fund an out-of-the-box idea. But we were able to find the right commercial partners that were still independent of product sales. So some final thoughts. Computation can tackle complex sustainability problems and can be implemented in the field. Science-based approach is best, but commercialization is essential. So my question that I leave with you is are there more such win-win opportunities?


Hey everybody at YouTube. We're going to be doing a walk around video on this 2019 ram 2500 power wagon She's all loaded up and a really hot-looking truck. So stay tuned for videos later I'm gonna do two walk arounds on the vehicle and She's really good looking Delmonico red. So check us out in a little bit


Top tips to teach receptive and productive skills in a kindergarten Over the years, globalization and living in a global village have had a major effect on various aspects of modern people, like commerce, academic domain, and tourism. Therefore, this phenomenon has necessitated people to learn the English language so as to communicate and interact in different situations more easily and successfully. Likewise, there has been a noticeable tendency among the parents who have found it really vital to have their children learn the English language from an early age. There are some main reasons why they are so insistent on getting their kids to learn English. Firstly, it is very important for their children's future success academic-wise. Secondly, based on researches done by language acquisition experts, they have been aware that second language acquisition in young children is far faster and easier than in higher age group like above 18. As an illustration, I myself observed that Iranian parents did their best either to send their kids to the schools equipped with English extracurricular classes or enroll them in English language institutes.  Hence, now that we can feel the urgency and importance of English learning, we should try to utilize the best and most influential strategies, methods, and tips in our very young age group classes not only to achieve the best results but also to meet parents' expectations. As a kid teacher, I intend to state some tips that I have found effective in my classes in the following descriptions. Some tips to teach receptive and productive skills. Speaking. It is ideal to start our lesson with English games in which we can insert previously taught vocabulary. For example, sometimes I hide an object somewhere in the classroom and I get them to look for it. Another activity that can be very effective is singing a song. In fact, it can help students understand vocabulary and grammar in an entertaining context. Basic English can be taught through clear examples of structures with a simple drawing, pictures, and exaggerated gestures. It is better not to use too much English when giving the students instructions. They can learn naturally through immersion and not by rules and ins and outs of the grammar. Correct grammar will come naturally and learners will absorb what they need to know. They can not be expected to grasp every bit of grammar immediately. It is desirable to provide them with examples and sufficient time should be dedicated to this purpose. It is important to let them know that it is okay to mess up during the practice. Correct grammar must be utilized by the teacher repeatedly to make sure that students start using it. As a result, games allow us to practice themes and a large amount of vocabulary in a fun and exciting way. Writing. It would be fruitful to start from the pre-writing stage which consists of talking about the writing. It can be as simple as adding detail to a picture or adding and creating an extra sentence to end a story. They can also create their own books by drawing and writing simple words. I usually begin teaching letters with alphabet puzzles which are amazing tools. Alphabet worksheets are suggested to be given to the students because it will enable them to learn the letter while they are coloring and filling it and also it would be an enjoyable task. Paper activities can be implemented to stimulate them to make a letter out of colored paper as a handicraft. As I recollect, when I was teaching pocket books in a kindergarten in Iran, at the end of each chapter there was a project which assigned the students and teachers to make a handicraft cooperatively. It was so interesting for me whenever I wanted to start a new chapter. My students would ask me what they were supposed to make at the end of the lesson. The feedback for me was how effective practical and meaningful activities would be in my classes. It is more effective as well to generate lots of games to encourage them to practice and produce a language you have taught. Games like Pictionary will let them express their ideas. In addition, it should not be forgotten to encourage them through our smile and praise. Moreover, children learn by interacting with each other and their teacher, therefore, it is important to have them work in groups and pairs and monitor them without interruption. This would be an ideal way for evaluation and getting proper feedback. We should try to keep things fun, dynamic and stress free. Listening. First of all, I recommend that teachers should use English in their classes as much as possible so that students have the maximum exposure to English practices. It is desirable to raise their enthusiasm by showing a picture, poster or a flashcard and ask them to predict the story or what they are to hear. It is more effective to use traditional songs or play a game with flashcards. Actually, flashcards are very useful tools to be applied to introduce a topic or pre-teach vocabulary. For instance, for teaching a song, I prepare some pictures and word matching games with some of the key vocabularies, then I show them to my students and ask them to predict and guess what the song is going to be about. For very young learners, I introduce the listening topic with puppets. The puppets will talk about the song or the story. The first time they will listen to the main idea, the second time for more detailed information, and finally, we will role play it. While children are listening, it is more effective to get them to respond physically, like stand up, hop, run or shout each time they hear certain words. Reading. Reading is a skill in which young learners need to be taught the link between the phonemes and graphemes in order to be able to start blending or sounding out simple words. The phonics method can foster them on how to do that. There are some words that cannot be sounded like sight words. The style normally used to teach them is see and say the word. Flashcards also can be used to teach them. Reading simple printed words enables children to see and make a connection between sounds and letter symbols. They can also draw pictures for each word. To improve reading development, we can teach word families. According to my experience for sight words and fluent reading skill, echo reading can be helpful. Learners can take advantage of choral reading practice prior to becoming dominant in reading themselves. English cartoons can be shown to them and their dialogues and storylines can be applied later by students as meaningful activities to role play or tell their own story. Are you ready to teach English abroad? To sum up, learning English has become a widespread requirement nowadays, and its need virtually can be felt everywhere. Similarly, this trend has been very striking among modern parents with very young children. Thus, effective and practical methods, strategies and approaches are essential to be adopted and applied in today's kindergarten and preschools to fulfill this responsibility. I, as an English teacher for kids, have tried to implement the most effective and practical ways in my classes. Through the passage of my teaching career, and commonly by the feedback set I have received, I have had a sense of self-satisfaction before leaving my classes. Besides, effective factors have been very important in my teaching approach. For example, I have done my best to pay attention to the emotional aspects of students by giving them my full attention while they are speaking. Encouragement is my influential tool to be used when needed. I normally avoid interrupting and overcorrecting my students when they make mistakes and I let them talk, and at the right time, I rephrase their mistakes patiently and kindly. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us tollfree at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


Welcome to Everton. You were a coveted player, a lot of clubs wanted to sign you, so what made you choose Everton? No, because I know Everton is a very good team in the Premier League. The team is a very quality player, so for me it was a good option for me to come here. Because I want to be in the team, in the squad with these qualities and the ambitious team, so for me Everton was the best option to come here now. And do you feel ready to go straight away, fit and desperate to start playing football for Everton now? Yeah, I'm fit. Definitely I'm ready to play, I'm ready to win games like tonight, so that's the most important thing for me. Feel good to be joining a winning team after the result against Leicester tonight? It's always good to come when the team is winning because it's good for the confidence, it's good for the atmosphere. And that is very important to build this kind of atmosphere, to have this habit to win the most games as possible, because when you win everything is more easier. So it's very important to win against Leicester because he's a direct opponent, so it's very good for the confidence. And we have a game on Saturday, so we need to recover and then back to the green. And you bring a winning mentality as well, don't you? You've won three league titles, you've gone deep into the Champions League with your previous clubs. So must be something you're used to doing and want to carry on doing? Yeah, exactly. I want to bring my experience, all my energy, because I think I can bring some good things for the club, for my meet. But there are already qualities and experience in the club in the squad, but it's very important for me to come here and to add something more to the team. But what do you think you are as a player, as a defender? No, I think as a defender I'm very solid, I like to challenge, I like to have this mentality to when I start the game I'm very upset about the clean sheet, because that's the most important thing for the defender. I would even have to have this mentality to start the game today, we are not going to consider it because that's the basic for our back four, to have this mentality. And then if you are very stable at the back, it's easier for the whole team, for the midfielder, for the striker, because there's quality enough to score one goal or two goals. Because you can't win every game two nil, three nil, so sometimes one nil has to be enough, so for that you have to be very solid at the back. And you've played at Goodison Park a few times, four matches to Sissy, are you looking forward to playing there as a home player with those supporters behind you? Yeah, a very good atmosphere, it was always like a tough game when we came here, so I know that atmosphere, I'm very enjoyed to have my first start like an Everton player. And only 13 games left this season, so you must be eager to really get started and make an impression straight away? Yeah, exactly, because I'm fresh, I'm fit, I'm very motivated, so that's a good thing, I'm very excited to show through my qualities. And does Sam Alibis play a big part in bringing you here? Yeah, because you can see all the team is managed, he has something like a spirit team, it's very good to build this kind of spirit, this kind of atmosphere. Sometimes when we have a squad with so many qualities, sometimes it's difficult to bring all the qualities to go in the same way. And I think at the moment he's doing very well, it's very important to keep that until the end of the season. And you've spoken about how important clean sheets are, how much I mean sheet, the manager is exactly the same, so I guess it's a perfect relationship there, isn't it? Yeah, exactly, that's the important thing to have the same goal, the same objective than the manager, that's very important for me and for all the team. And we tend to do the same, all teams, that make the game easier.