So today in our 20th lecture we will be discussing one of the important control circuits DC voltage regulators. DC voltage regulator how ahh this is an application of ahh negative feedback in fact all regulators whether they are speed regulators or position regulators or voltage regulators, current regulators, frequency regulators, speed regulators okay all of them ahh are ahh following the same basic principle of negative feedback with a reference. Now we had already discussed ahh an application of ahh ahh op amp in combination with ahh output transistors or in combination with bipolar or MOS transistors forming variety of signal processing functions in negative feedback. Today let us therefore consider the DC voltage power supply. We derive the DC voltage power supply using AC line AC AC to DC converter this is the line AC which is 230 volts 50 hertz and we are converting it to a DC voltage using AC to DC converter which is nothing but a rectifier in combination with the capacitive filter. Voltage regulator is supposed to make the output voltage independent of the line voltage the output voltage should remain constant independent of the load voltage line voltage temperature these are the factors that characterized voltage regulator here. So we will go into the details of how such a control circuit can be built. So AC to DC converter. Full wave rectifier with capacitive filter this has already been touched upon in applications of passive networks earlier. So this is just ahh revision of what we have already done VP sine omega t the line voltage gets applied here and there is a center tap transformer N is to 1 it gets converted so we have VP sine omega t by N here and again plus VP sine omega t by N minus VP sine omega t by N here around the center tap and this is rectifying the positive part this is rectifying the negative part and pumping it into the common capacitor. So we have the voltage waveform here in this case going like this that is suppose at this point. So this is going up to VP by N and this particular thing is diode is conducting for the positive half so we have that getting repeated here and this one is pumping the negative half in the same direction positive. So this particular output is because of the capacitor if the capacitor is not there it just the load is there this is the waveform and because of the capacitor we have the waveform dropping discharging. So that is almost linear and if the load current is II II by C is the rate at which it decays that into t so within a time period of t by 2 you have this dropping by this much that will be the peak to peak ripple that is occurring at the hurt. So based on the requirement of peak to peak ripple capacitor selection can be done because t is equal to 20 milliseconds corresponding to 50 hertz. So this is the complete design of the AC to DC converter and the DC voltage that we can approximate is VP divided by N that is the VDC. So N can be fixed based on what the unregulated DC requirement is for the input of the regulator. So this now goes into the input of the DC regulator. So we have this DC voltage which has been derived across the capacitor which is VP by yarn so APS here as DC as VP varies from its minimum to maximum this DC voltage will correspondingly vary VP minimum by yarn to VP maximum by yarn as the line voltage varies output has to be constant at a specified desirable value that is the voltage regulator function. We must have a device here that is active that is put here that is normally called the pass transistor. So the pass transistor comes between input and output of the voltage regulator in series okay and the drop across this is controlled in order to keep the output voltage constant it is equivalent to putting a potential divider and adjusting the output of the potential divider okay to remain constant okay comparing it with the reference okay and therefore varying the drop across the series resistance that is replaced by an active device that is the pass transistor okay and the control circuit will see to it that that voltage drop is continuously changed in order to maintain this constant. So this control circuit is what is necessary let us therefore characterize the power supply in terms of important parameters this is again a revision because this has been dealt with when we discussed Zener regulator earlier. So earlier Zener regulator was discussed in passive devices so all these definitions were dealt with earlier also. Now in this case input power of the voltage regulator is input voltage times input current that is the input power output power is obviously V naught into I naught in that two port network. So efficiency is output power divided by input power. So we would like to maintain design a voltage regulator in such a manner that efficiency is very close to 100% so that means the power that is spent in the voltage regulator itself should be minimal. Now power dissipated in the voltage regulator is input power minus the output power. So this particular power dissipation has to be kept to the minimum. In order to keep it minimum what is done is since input power is VI into II output power is V naught into I naught I naught is different from II only in terms of the bias current requirement of the voltage regulator. So that bias current is in addition to II I naught that gets supplied in II. So if I naught is made close to II for if improving the efficiency then VI minus V naught into I naught is the power dissipated and that power is primarily dissipated in the past transistor in such a situation and the way to maintain good efficiency is to maintain this difference voltage VI minus V naught to the minimum as far as the circuit itself is concerned should be kept to the minimum. This is known as this voltage is known as dropout voltage. It is one of the important criteria in design in order to improve efficiency. Let us consider other parameters associated with voltage regulator line regulation. The line regulation is percentage change in V naught as the input voltage VI changes from its maximum to minimum that is delta V naught by V naught into 100. Load regulation is percentage change in V naught as the output current I naught is changed from its no load value to its full load value minimum to maximum again. It is delta V naught by V naught into 100. Temperature coefficient of output voltage this is an important criteria. Change in output for a small change in input voltage at a specified output voltage okay. So change in output that is actually called this temperature coefficient of output voltage is change in output voltage for a small change in temperature at a specified output voltage expect in terms of parts per million delta V naught by delta T okay around a specific output voltage okay parts per million. Output impedance change in output voltage for a small change in output current okay for a given load current ripple rejection factor. Percentage change in output voltage for a small change in input voltage around the nominal value of input voltage delta V naught by delta VI into VI by V naught is the power supply rejection ratio expressed normally in terms of 20 log that ratio is in decibels this should be very very small. Now other things are also of interest load and line transient regulation. Voltage at the output terminal is likely to have undesirable transient at the time of switching on the input power or when step load change changes occur. The output impedance of the voltage regulator is a complex is normally complex impedance okay. It is not necessary that it is purely resistive all the time and the impedance is evaluated at the frequency at which power is delivered to the load. The load may be working for a certain frequency of operation it may be an RF circuit or an IF circuit okay. So it is at that frequency that the DC voltage is to be maintained constant therefore that the regulator is supposed to maintain voltage constant at that particular point even at that frequency. So output impedance is of great importance depending upon the use of the voltage regulator output in applications. The presence of feedback loop with large loop gain and the multiple poles associated with this loop makes the output impedance pretty complex. Compensation has to be provided to make the output impedance somewhat resistive and low. VCVS as a voltage regulator. Now let us consider the actual design of this voltage regulator. So we have a reference later on we will see that this particular thing also is available as an ICJ because this voltage reference need not be necessarily a Zener it is equivalent to a Zener so but it can be a circuit so that the voltage or the reference voltage the Zener voltage here as zero temperature coefficient simulated okay. So and if it is biased by means of resistance for example it is taking the unregulated voltage and converted into a bias current here which is V unregulated minus VZ by RZ that is the Zener regulator that we had earlier seen. So that itself can be the input to this voltage control voltage source this has already been discussed earlier in application. So R1 and R2 form the attenuation network R1 by R1 plus R2 from the output of the op amp to do input. So this is nothing but the feedback circuit which is called by us as a voltage controlled voltage source with gain equal to 1 plus R2 over R1 attenuation is R1 by R1 plus R2 inverse of that is the gain of this. This is nothing but G parameter that is important for voltage controlled voltage sources this also has been discussed that is it is H feedback. So including the load and the source impedance everything load impedance source impedance and finite gain frequency dependence of the gain one can evaluate the G parameter of this H feedback circuit this was the topic of earlier lectures. So by putting finite load and assuming finite output impedance for the op amp and input impedance also finite right source impedance being finite gain frequency dependence also being taken care of one can evaluate the total effect of all these parameters on the performance of the voltage voltage source and how the macro model of such a device can be evaluated in terms of G parameter also has been told okay. So the voltage regulated output is going to be 1 plus R2 over R1 into VZ. So VZ being constant assuming that it is not changing with respect to temperature it is not going to change with respect to the current through it okay. Then the regulated output voltage is 1 plus R2 over R1 into VZ. So we can design this regulator for any voltage that we desire. So this can be for example 10 volts or 15 volts and then we can find out for a given reference what the ratio of R1 by R1 plus R2 is that completes the design. Now as the unregulated voltage keeps varying from its minimum to maximum what actually happens is the current in this keeps varying and VZ varies to a certain extent that variation in VZ also comes into picture at the output as the direct variation that is equivalent to line regulation factor change in this voltage correspondingly change in VZ okay how that gets reflected is by this gain right. So you have to minimize the variation in current here so one way to do that is to use this output which is going to be regulated okay and it will remain constant for biasing the Zener itself. Then what happens is at the initial point this Zener might have broken down and therefore the voltage across the Zener is going to be 0 it is off okay and this entire circuit will remain off. So it needs a starting circuit which is again a resistance okay with a Zener there okay and then that circuit biases this so that output goes to roughly this value and then that biases the second Zener right when that is biased this is taken off that is called a starting circuit. So in normal regulators in order to improve line regulation this Zener is biased using the regulated output voltage itself in which case it needs a starting circuit for initializing the output voltage to roughly close to this value and thereafter the regulator okay takes over. Now the application of voltage regulator as feedback system we have already discussed this its dynamic performance characteristic as a feedback network G1 is the gain of the open up gain of the op amp in our control system sort of terminology this was the G1 block and this was the G2 block. So G1 is equal to G10 the DC gain divided by 1 plus S by omega 1 the first pole okay and 1 plus S by omega 2 the second pole. So this kind of 2 pole characteristics also has been discussed at the system level discussion on feedback systems okay and how the distance between the first pole and the second pole should be very nearly equal to the DC loop gain okay is what was discussed as the Q factor being made equal to 1. In such situation over the useful range of this particular device this factor is more dominant than this one. So this is the dominant pole then it is called and it is called dominant pole compensation. So in such situation G10 into omega 1 by S is the approximation to this that into 1 plus S by omega 2 okay that way in internally compensated op amps have omega 1 that also has been discussed very nearly equal to omega 2 by G10 this is done in order to make the Q of the system of the second order system become equal to 1. So that for the transient response of the feedback system with unity gain this is for the unity gain topology of this Q is equal to 1 okay if you select the what is that first pole as equal to second pole divided by the DC loop gain. So this is the DC loop gain so hence G1 is equal to GB divided by S this is called the gain bandwidth product that also has been discussed for a system level discussion G10 is the DC gain omega 1 is the first corner frequency and G10 into omega 1 is called the gain bandwidth product of the system. So G1 is equal to GB by S so almost the op amp behaves like an integrator itself that with the second pole effect taken into account is the loop gain of this unity gain system designed using the op amp. Now in the feedback path if you introduce this attenuator then the DC loop gain is going to be getting multiplied by R1 by R1 plus R2 it is going to be less that is Q in such a situation of modification okay Q becomes less than 1 when R1 by R1 plus R2 factor gets introduced okay Q becomes less than 1. So the system slows down so this is the depiction of the loop forming the negative feedback in voltage control voltage source GB by 1 plus S by omega 2 that divided by yes so this is the transfer function of the op amp and this is G2 this is the error detector. So V naught by VI for such a system is ideally equal to 1 plus R2 over R1 however in reality it is 1 plus R2 over R1 divided by 1 plus 1 over loop gain always and the loop gain has already been depicted as GB by S okay into R1 by R1 plus R2. So GB by S into R1 by R1 plus R2 that is the factor that we have read GB by 1 into R1 by R1 plus R2 so this goes up there as 1 plus R2 over R1. So the whole thing is now 1 plus R2 over R1 divided by 1 plus S into 1 plus R2 over R1 divided by GB S squared into 1 plus R1 okay divided by omega 2 into GB. Now the transfer function of the overall system now becomes 1 plus R2 over R1 frequency dependent and the Q is root of GB divided by 1 plus R2 over R1 into omega 2. So if it has been designed for unity gain with Q equal to 1 that is this is 0 so we have root of GB by omega 2 as Q and GB is equal to omega 2 is what is going to happen okay and in the design that is how omega 1 is going to be chosen in order to facilitate Q equal to 1. All the internally compensated op-amps have this GB nearly becoming equal to omega 2 so that they have Q equal to 1. Q equal to 1 means again we have discussed this in the transient response when we give a step okay is going to be if you give a unity step as input there is going to be one peak okay and it is quickly coming to statistic this rate of rise is going to be the fastest. So voltage regulator feedback high rate of rise and least amount of ringing occurs at Q equal to 1 G2 equal to VZ by V0 is equal to R1 by R1 plus R2 is determined by the required output voltage. So whatever is going to be designed is based on what we need as we not for a given VZ so R1 by R1 plus R2 is what we are designing then what happens as omega 2 and G1 0 are fixed for a given op-amp omega 1 is chosen to make Q equal to 1. So this is how omega 1 should be chosen and for this it is better to have a externally compensated op-amp instead of internally compensated op-amps like 741 and TL081 okay so that the Q can be made equal to 1 for any chosen value of R2 by R1. So again internally compensated op-amps have Q equal to 1 for V0 equal to VZ or G2 equal to 1 omega 1 has been already fixed as omega 2 by G1 0. So for any other G2 less than 1 so that gain is greater than 1 Q will always be correspondingly less than 1 resulting in unsatisfactory transient response. So the transient response will not be satisfactory like the unity gain case right. So it will be having Q which is much less than 1 that means it will be sluggish in rising to the required voltage every time switching occurs. It is therefore necessary to use uncompensated op-amps like LM748 to design voltage regulators with good transient response for the desired value of V0. A design problem design a voltage regulator with a reference of 1.2 volts for a regulated output of 10 volts for a maximum load current of 15 milliamps using op-amp. So we select the op-amp let us say 741 or TL081 we know that these op-amps have roughly the short circuit current or the maximum current possible as above 20 to 25 milliamp years. So this requirement is already met with. So they have a short circuit protection in the IC itself. So they can only act as voltage control voltage source up to the maximum current beyond that they act as constant current sources giving the maximum short circuit current whatever with the load. So that kind of short circuit protection is also necessary for a voltage regulator. Now since 10 volts is the output voltage that we desire and 1.2 is the reference this 1.2 volts reference is known as band gap reference which is also available as an IC with 0 temperature confusion very few parts per million per degree centigrade rise in temperature over the military range of temperature. So 10 by 1.2 is what we should select as 1 plus R2 over R1. So if you select R2 as let us say this R1 as 1.2 this as 8.8 K then the design is over okay. This RL is equal to let us say we have designing it for 10 volts okay and current is maximum load current so RL minimum will be 15 10 by 15 K. So this is the choice that we have done. We also put a capacitor across the voltage reference so as to reduce the ripple appearing at the output okay power supply rejection ratio can be improved by putting such capacitors across the reference. Now simulation we change this voltage from 9 to 9.1 let us say then this is considered as small signal okay step so that the transfer function that we have assumed for the 741 can be valid. So it is showing that there is just one peak that means in fact 741 has already been designed for working at unity gain with Q of 1 because there is one peak. Now if you design our regulator using this as R1 and this as R2 obviously we get the output voltage as 10 volts okay and the Q is going to be very poor okay much less than 1 okay and therefore you can see that the rise time has increased considerably there is no ringing but it is exponential okay because the Q has correspondingly got reduced okay. Now coming to the current boosting of past transistors. So as far as the devices are concerned like transistors are concerned op amp okay is able to deliver only let us say 20 milli amperes for example in our case the general purpose op amp and we want to boost that current to higher level. So we can use a trans conductor like bipolar transistor or MOS transistor like this. So these are the current boosters that can be used in order to boost up the output current level and this particular device for example you just replace the transistor okay with transistor okay driven by an op amp then this is called a super transistor this kind of technique is adopted in IC design also right. So this power boosting of the device can be done this way. So here this is a new MOSFET for example with the same source and drain but gate is nothing but the input of the op amp. So the GM of this combined device now becomes GM into A naught that is why it is called a super transistor. So at the output therefore it can come in series and form a better transistor for delivering the required amount of power. So all these are power transistors okay we can handle large amount of current in the load. So in the unity gain this is the voltage follower mode okay and our regulator simply becomes just this. So we have the Zener set so the output voltage is connected to a load here. So this VZ is the Zener voltage at the output V naught equal to VZ and the current is going to be almost the entire load current is going to be carried by the pass transistor this is called the pass transistor. So this is the simple voltage regulator with unity gain configuration but with current boosting. Now same thing can be done with this not necessarily being connected to this. So this is independent now I can bring about R1 and R2 as G2 in order to form the output voltage of any value that I desire. So this is what is going to be connected now to the Zener so that is the voltage regulator this is the load. So this is using N channel MOSFET but please notice that the drop okay that difference voltage between input okay and output keeps on increasing as you add further boosters okay like this using only N channel MOSFET. So this gate to source voltage which is going to be VT plus something is going to keep on increase the difference between VI and V naught minimum whereas if you use instead of N channel a P channel MOSFET like this it is this that is the gate to source voltage and the VI minus V naught is nothing but VDS minimum which can be going as low as 0. So this is the advantage of using P channel over N channel as pass transistor that is why in what is called low dropout regulators it is the P channel MOSFET that replaces the N channel in the current booster topology okay. So in the case of NPN it is going to be replaced by PNP transistor at this point but however one cannot go with bipolar transistor to the level of minimum voltage VI minus V naught that can be achieved by P channel MOSFET as pass transistor. So presently it is the P channel pass transistor which has dominated the scene of LDO design in most of the applications. So these are the arrangements you can see here whatever we have drawn earlier okay it is drawn neatly and this is the voltage regulator with current boosting caused by N channel MOSFET and this is the input voltage unregulated this is the regulated output voltage which is going to be again equal to VZ into 1 plus R2 over R1 that does not change okay only the current handling is going to be now solely done by this pass transistor instead of by the op amp okay. Here on the other hand this voltage can be made as low as few under 70 volts for a large current okay without any problem and therefore this is one of the most efficient ahh linear regulators. However once you know that there is going to be assigned change from here to here there is going to be inversion and therefore the negative feedback is achieved by connecting it to the positive of the driver op amp okay. So this is the negative feedback structure then again we have this equal to this all the time so V regulated is equal to VZ into 1 plus R2 over R1 in this case also. So the design equations remain the same okay except that VI – V naught minimum is much reduced in this case than in this. The compensation here in the DC loop gain remains the same as before the method of compensation here remains the same as what we have just now discussed that if you put a capacitor across this Q becomes equal to 1 okay if you do not put the capacitor then ahh the Q is very low and it is luggage. Now here you are having ahh DC gain change by GM of this device into RL roughly if R1 plus R2 loading is negligible that is how we are going to select R1 and R2 then GM into RL is the gain of the stage with ahh negative sign that is how it becomes negative feedback and therefore the loop gain DC gain is going to be the G10 of this okay and G10 into GM into RL approximately and that into R1 by R1 plus R2 is the DC loop gain. So the DC loop gain gets altered from this value which is G10 okay into unity gain almost nearly so it does not change into R1 by R1 plus R2 as before whereas here it is low dependent that is the main difference the loop gain here is independent of load because this is a unity gain stage nearly independent of load as it is dependent upon the load here okay. So if you for maintaining ahh the voltage constant here okay at high frequencies right if a capacitance is put here electrolytic or dentalum capacitor then it is going to be having a time constant which is pretty ahh large so it will change the loop gain considerably that means it this is second order system with the capacitor here it becomes a third order system and it may become unstable such a thing is highly unlikely with this unless the GM is pretty low if the GM is large for this device this is nearly unity gain throughout okay even with the capacitor coming into picture the time constant may be not that large that it will not make any impact on the loop gain. So whereas here it might start compromising the loop gain and the phase shift increases considerably and the system may become unstable. So the stability ahh criteria of this okay is ahh very critical and the compensation here is similar to what we have discussed that means we can introduce okay ahh capacitor with series resistance this is already that this is what is called equivalent series resistance of this capacitor or ESR okay. So if this resistance is ahh large then this introduces a zero in the transfer function so that the Q can still be made equal to 1 in by the introduction of the zero here. So this is an important fact that we should consider in the design of these LDBOS ahh so voltage regulator with current boosting requires all these things to be considered one is most important thing is that the VI-V0 minimum okay is achieved very easily with P channel MOSFET. However P channel MOSFET brings it out okay ahh because of its ahh gain okay ahh the Q increases increased loop gain causes increased Q that means it will start with a ripple when the transient ringing in the transient okay so which is indicating the Q enhancement that occurs because of the ahh additional pole that comes due to the load. So if the load is having a capacitor connected across it in order to maintain ahh at high frequencies low output impedance okay and hold down to the voltage due to sudden fluctuations okay. So this enhances the Q because of the additional pole however the ESR associated with the capacitor safety situation right by bringing in a zero that means the ahh loop gain is going to be GL0 into 1 plus S by Omega Z divided by 1 plus S by Omega 1 to 1 plus S by Omega 2 okay. So ahh the this Omega 2 that is brought about due to the capacitor is ahh offset by the zero okay that is introduced and therefore we can exploit the presence of the zero in order to make the Q equal to 1. This design also has been thoroughly dealt with in terms of system level ahh pole zero compensation earlier. So please look at these things and the LDOs are available today with ahh this kind of characteristic with internal compensation everything carried out so that they were satisfactorily for a range of capacitors and they unload. LM2940 is one such load dropout regulator manufactured by ahh TI input voltage range is 6 volts to 26 volts output current in excess of 1 ampere dropout voltage typically 0.5 volts at 1 ampere current output voltage trimmed before assembly that means you can ask for ahh output voltage of 5 volts 8 volts 9 volts then 12 or 15 volts okay. All the adjustments regarding ahh the compensation etc will be accordingly set. Load regulation 80 to 130 millivolts from I naught equal to 50 milliamperes to 1 ampere change no load to full load current. Land regulation is about 50 to 80 millivolts change okay for corresponding output voltage in input voltage is changed from 2 volts to 26 volts. Output impedance is only about 35 to 55 milli ohms at I naught equal to 100 milliamperes and V naught equal to 5 to 8 volts. So out of this actually it is the output impedance and ripple rejection ahh which are the small signal parameters others are all large signal parameters that means the models are ahh linear models are of no use okay in the case of line regulation and row regulation. This is something that has to be ahh kept in mind. Ripple rejection is about 72 to 66 decibels for I naught equal to 100 milliampere. Temperature coefficient of the output voltage is only 33 parts per million for V naught equal to 5 volts. This is the schematic. Please note that the current limit and thermal shutdown okay and ahh the over voltage ahh protection okay etc are there okay in this ahh setup it is a band gap reference okay. And the pass transistor here is PNP and this is what is set okay ahh at your request okay by the manufacturer. This is the output capacitor okay which is 22 micro pilots here and you know to maintain stability okay ahh this should be the value okay. So we have considered in this structure voltage control voltage source okay as ahh unit with ahh reference input forming the voltage regulator and ahh it is the G parameter of the whole system that becomes important in order to do the exact analysis. So I would like you to therefore use the G parameter technique okay. We have already derived ahh these ahh G parameters of this block in the earlier lectures to show the effect of load source input impedance output impedance and the transfer function of the ahh op amp okay on the performance of this system. And that can be utilized in coming to conclusion about the stability issues and how to fix the Q okay in terms of the 0 location okay for any ahh load and ahh the feedback factor R1 by R1 plus R in the next class will be actually dealing with ahh other applications okay of the negative feedback like filtering. Please remember that there is continuity in this whole ahh set of lectures filters has already been dealt with in terms of parasitic effect in feedback amplifier. So we have discussed the second order system thoroughly which is ahh low pass filter with certain amount of peaking at times okay and the peaking can be contained by suitably adjusting the location of these poles. So the filter design has already been dealt with as a parasitic effect in amplifier design. And now we are going to assume ideal blocks okay as building blocks to design filters. So there is continuity throughout in terms of lectures you will see that analog design involves mostly theory of filter design okay negative feedback and theory of filter design throughout whether amplifier design is concerned or control system design is concerned or filter is on oscillator design is concerned. So in all aspects the filter design comes into picture.


Hi, hello, everyone. I'm talking to you today from Montreal in Quebec. My name is Melissa Castillo and I'm an access to disaster for now. I'm also master degree student in political science. My presentation today aimed to give you a better understanding of the reading experience of people with learning disability. And you need to know that I will base mainly this presentation on my own experience as a dyslexic reader. When talking about reading disability, we tend to picture one specific kind of impairment, but in reality it's a wide range of disability and one of those is learning disability. Learning disability that affects reading can include problems with phonological processing, reading fluency or speed, and even reading comprehension. Today, in order to give you an idea of the challenge that represents reading with learning disability, I prepared a small activity. It's a demonstration that aims to simulate what it feels to read as a person who has dyslexia and you need to know that this is not representative of all people with dyslexia and it's only a simulation of the difficulty of reading with dyslexia. A text that is not accessible. So in no case this is representative of like what dyslexic people see. So I have to say that the activity has been designed for regular reader, which is reader without print disability in that case, to give them an insight into print disability. So for reader without print disability, we have provided you a document, a PDF document that contained the official learning definition according to the Learning Disability Association of Canada and the paper contained also some more information about specific and more common learning disability. So we will give you two minutes to read it. For people here who has this presentation who have a print disability, we have provided you a word document that explained textually what the exercise consists of for regular reader and we also provide you with an accessible text version of the learning definition according to the Learning Disability Association of Canada. So I give you two minutes to go read this and then we come back together. Hi, welcome back. So I have like just some questions for you to reflect on the reading of the PDF document we provided you.   I would expect so. Was it frustrating? And if you did indeed find it harder to read the content, do you think you understood and remember as much the content that if you would have like a normal layout? And I guess my last question is just to reflect how enjoyable or frustrating it would be to read a book in the format that just gave you. So this exercise is designed to simulate the constant need for attention. We have used different funds and all of them have been chosen to be hard to read even for regular reader. So if you find it hard, this is totally normal. That was on purpose. So what happened is the size and the font type change in the middle of sentences.  Your brain actually with the format I gave you constantly need to adapt to the font and size. That helps to simulate the experience of dyslexic reader where the process of reading is more mechanical and less automatic. There are many researchers that define dyslexia as like the difficulty or the incapacity of automatizing reading. So what it means is for somebody who has dyslexia they can understand the content. It's the actual decoding of the letter that is hard. Automaticity is a key feature for skilled reader. So regular reader would read their book and somehow like forget that they are decoding letter and syllables and word. A bit in the same way than when we are walking. We don't think at every step we take. And so this exercise simulates of what it is to have to be focused and concentrate in order to decode the meaning. The reason why this is important is because as we all know human attention is very limited resources. And just imagine if you would need to think at every step you take while walking in order not to fall. It would probably get mentally exhausted pretty fast and you have like way more chance of having a moment of inattention and falling. And in some way it is a bit like that for me when I'm reading. One other example is imagine reading an entire book in the format I gave you. It will be possible to do it. It would probably get like really exhausted and definitely not enjoyable. If you're passionate about literature and you're a reader without pregnancy you probably know the feeling of forgetting the book in front of you and be totally transported in a story. How enjoyable would it be for you to read a book in the format I gave you? Personally I probably would give up on this book and this is the experience of many dyslexic readers that only have access to inaccessible format. So this is important because for literature or academic paper the information is really important and for dyslexic people this need to like always focus on decoding can mean it's harder to access the content. And we want that everybody can access like equally the content and that means finding a way for people who have dyslexia to not have to put all their energy on actually decoding the letter. Okay now let's talk about page layout and the possibility that offer adaptable content. So if you have a text on your computer in the random and really frustrating format I gave you you probably just wish you could change the font type and size to be uniform. You probably almost like imagine just selecting all the text and uniformizing everything. Maybe then you would want to enlarge the line spacing because the text I gave you is pretty cramped. With PDF you can't do that and this is especially why I gave you the text in a PDF format is because it doesn't offer the adaptability necessary to be changed according to your preference and needs. It would be a totally different story if I would have gave you the same content in a flexible and adaptable platform such as words. Just imagine I would have sent you this in words probably some people would have taken the liberty of just selecting everything and changing the font type and adjusting to their preference. So I will just now open with you the possibility that offer words. I choose to show you the possibility of words because most of people know words but you have to know that like a lot of these adaptable feature are available in many accessible e-readers. So let's open the word. Okay now let's open the same content that I gave you inside word. The reason why I opened it word is because it shows you the possibility of an accessible format in a very accessible platform because word is let's say accessible in the sense that it offers the most possibility of changing the layout but we will see but as well like EPUB offer pretty much this very similar feature and possibility to adapt the content. So imagine that I would have sent you this in the word document. It would not be the same problem that if you receive it in a PDF because in a word you can just select all the text and you can choose the font type you like. You can change the font size and you probably would want to remove the bold which make it a bit messy and you probably would want to change the line spacing so it doesn't look like a wall of text and already it's more accessible and I think for regular reader this would be way easier to read. In word and I just want to show you a feature called immersive reader and this what I'm just going to show you now often or available in e-reader reader that reads e-books. So here we have the feature to choose the width of the column so we can choose narrow, moderate, very wide. Often for dyslexic have a very narrow margin helps because there's little word in one line and it is the reading. After there's the possibility to change the background color often it is suggest for people who have dyslexia to use pastel and pale color in the background to reduce the contrast and this feature such as yeah devising by label. I don't use this one myself and this feature which is very important is the read aloud feature. So the read aloud feature allow you to have the computer reading out loud the text. This means that pretty much you don't have any decoding and as a dyslexic you can access directly the content. So let's hear. Okay it goes a bit fast but it is possible to change the speed. Like for instance if you read like a text that you would normally want to read a bit in diagonal you can use like really fast and if you want more precise reading you can slow down the reading so that's here. For reasoning as such learning disabilities are distinct from global intellectual deficiency. Learning disabilities result from impairments in one or more processes related to perceiving. Okay now let's come back to the publishing world. Offering a book in a text format is not exactly an option to the publishing industry however this is why EPUB 3 had been created. So EPUB 3 allowed to add a digital lock on the content while offering the flexibility to adapt the content. So EPUB allow you to format your text in a publishable format without rendering it inaccessible. When I say rendering it inaccessible I refer to the fact that the publisher received the manuscript in the most accessible format pretty much in a text format we seen in Word and it is the publishing process that makes it inaccessible. I say that because we often think as accessible publishing as something difficult or complicated or even mysterious while in fact you can pretty much refer to your doc file your text file as the accessible file. Therefore when we talk about accessible publishing we need to remember that issue is always how to produce a digital book without putting obstacles for people with disability. I really hope this workshop helped you to have a better idea of the experience of people with learning disability and also how EPUB can be a solution in the publishing industry in order to give people with learning disability access to the content on an equal basis. Thank you.


accepting female nature, and I had a very hard time in my plugged in years doing this. Very Disneyland, Prince, Princess, egalitarian, you know, hold hands, sing kumbaya, get married, say I do, until kingdom come and blah, blah, blah. And it doesn't really work out like that in the real world.  Here's a really good visual of what that looks like. 80% of the banging's happening by 20% of the men. Just fact of life, you know? Even like a one out of 10 is gonna hammer for the, you know, for the stage up, that's what hypergamy is.


Hello, everyone. Welcome to this webinar, an introduction to the British Social Attitude Survey. My name is Sarah King Heal and I work for the UK Data Service in user support and training, and I'm based at the University of Manchester.  The main speakers, however, who work for NATSEN are going to be Miranda Phillips, who's a research director working on the BSA, and Eleanor Taylor, who's a researcher for NATSEN, also working on the BSA. OK, now I'm going to hand over to Miranda, who is going to give our first part of the talk. Hello, everyone. So, thanks for the introduction, Sarah. OK, so we're going to talk to you today about the British Social Attitude Survey. We're going to cover a few things around that as well. So, this is just to explain everything we're talking about in the webinar, starting off with who NATSEN is, and before we get into the details of the survey, we want to reflect a little bit on why we would want to measure attitudes in the first place. I'll then talk briefly through the methodology for British Social Attitudes, and I'll hand over to Eleanor to give an example of the kind of analysis that you can use BSA data for. We'll finish off by talking about dissemination of findings and some practical tips about carrying out your own analysis using BSA, and then we'll hand back to Sarah who'll talk through accessing the data from the UKDS. If you've got any questions while we're going through, just type them in as we're talking. We won't handle them until the end, but when we get to the end, we'll try and cover all of them. So NATSEN Social Research, which runs the British Social Attitude Survey, is the largest independent social research agency in Britain, and we're a not-for-profit organisation. We have lots of different clients and funders that the majority of our work comes from central government clients. We do lots of different types of research, probably the best known are our big surveys, but we also do qualitative work, evaluations, secondary analysis, and in lots of different policy areas such as education, welfare, work and health. If you're interested in finding out more about what we do, our website's a good place to start. It's got lots of information about our reports and our current projects. Okay, so I wanted to start off just reflecting on why we'd want to measure attitudes. There are some people, and it's probably fair to say this used to be the case more than it is these days, but some people who feel that attitudinal research isn't legitimate. These fall roughly into two types of concerns. The first is that attitudes don't matter. Under this heading that would encompass the view that behaviour and experience is more important. It's not what people say, but what they do that really matters for policy makers. A related point, attitudes and behaviour aren't always consistent, and that's true.  And lastly under this heading that we don't want government by opinion poll, and this is really a worry that knowing what people think may mean and that government just does what the people want, rather than taking tough decisions and leading from the front. So the second group of concerns is really about how you go about measuring attitudes, and the feeling that it's very difficult. And it's true that there are challenges associated with attitude measurement, but we'd say the same is true of any survey, and if you think about measuring something that you might call an objective fact, such as alcohol consumption for example, you can see that actually there will be challenges around the wording and the context and the order that the questions are asked in the questionnaire. And it's true that for attitude questions especially, but again I'd say for all surveys, that how you word your questions will have a crucial impact on how people respond. And what we'd say is that we want to acknowledge that and then address it by the way that we design the survey. So these are legitimate concerns, but it won't surprise you to hear that we would argue that attitudes do matter. Our attitudes and values are an important part of our social world and if we can't measure them reliably and describe them, then we're going to miss out on a big part of the jigsaw. So see it not as an alternative to behavioural and factual surveys, but as a complement to them. And they matter to policy makers too. Policy makers need to be aware of what people think and whether it's changing. We know that attitudes and legislative change can go hand in hand. So for example, we know they've been changing views about same-sex relationships and that has really led the way for allowing legislation for same-sex marriage. That wouldn't have been conceivable 30 years ago. We also know that policies can fail if they hit attitudinal barriers. It's not just about what people know and what they care about. It's also what they think and feel. Another argument for measuring attitudes is that if we don't do it, that people will guess and make assumptions about what people think and they'll often get it wrong. We also know that when that happens there are competing claims and that there are dominant voices, politicians, journalists, people with access to the media and it will be their voices that get heard. What we want to do is make sure that the public view is collected and known about. And when it comes to solving the measurement and question design problems, that's something that we address through spending a lot of time and effort crafting our questions, testing them and refining them so that we have measures that are robust and reliable. Let's turn now to looking at the British Social Attitude Survey. I'm going to talk about an overview and also some methodology. It's one of Britain's most well-known and frequently used surveys and one reason for that is that it's very highly regarded. It's seen as an independent and authoritative source of information about contemporary British attitudes and how these are changing over time. The quote on the slide from the FT just really illustrates that. This is your at-a-glance overview of BSA and I'll talk about some of this in more detail in what follows, but just to quickly run through it. The British Social Attitude Survey was initiated by Natsen and it began in the early 1980s and we run the survey annually. It measures social and political attitudes and moral values. The key aim of the survey is to look at change over time. Many of our questions are repeated so that they build up a time series, but it's also important that we keep the survey up to date so each year we include new questions that reflect current areas of interest. In terms of methodology, it's an annual cross-sectional survey so it's important to note it's not a panel. It's a random probability sample and I'll say more about that later. We interview roughly 3,000 respondents each year. That's adults aged 18 or over living in Britain, that's England, Scotland and Wales. We don't cover Northern Ireland, but it's worth just telling you that we've got a sister survey in Scotland so if you're particularly interested in the policy context there, Scottish Social Attitude has a much bigger sample for Scotland. The interview itself comes in two parts. There's a copy or face-to-face interview and also a self-completion booklet. We have a range of different funders for the survey and these change from year to year. It includes the big government departments, charities and also grant-giving bodies. We've got a wide range of users from government and charities to other social researchers and journalists. It's also used a lot by academics and students. I used it in my university course and perhaps some of you did too. Just to give you a flavour of what's in the survey, I want to show you some example topic areas. First of all, we cover some of the major policy areas such as health and education and housing. These are typically funded by government. We also have more academic topics, if you like, less regularly on the survey, often funded by the grant-giving bodies and research councils and that gives you a flavour of the kind of thing that you might cover under that heading. Some of these topics are on the survey most years, others are more occasional. The important thing to note is that when you're trying to understand what BSA is about, the topics change from year to year and it all relates to who's funded it and what they're interested in. You always need to do some scoping out to work out which questions are on each year. Just going to have a poll to ask you how long you think it takes to do the fieldwork for BSA. Just to remind you, it's face to face and we get about 3,000 interviews.  Okay, thank you. We've got an equal split on the winning answers which are that 38% of you think four months, 38% of you think eight months and the rest are saying shorter durations. The answer is four months which is quite a long time in social research time scales but it's important for the way we collect the data and I'll say a bit more on that later. So thank you for taking part. I'll show you what the survey timeline looks like. Around the start of the year we're finalising our funding and then we start with question design and sampling. We continue question design and pilot our new questions and then we program the final questionnaire. And then here's that four month period for fieldwork. So between about June and September we're in the field and then after we've collected the data there's a process of editing and derived variable creation before we deliver data in December. And then we spend at least half probably of the year following the survey, doing analysis and reporting and various different types of dissemination. Currently, talking to potential funders for the 2017 survey and beyond so if any of you are on the commissioning side of research or if you've got an idea for a grant funded project that would be a good fit for BSA if you get in touch with us we're very open to new funders and collaborators on the survey. So I mentioned that the first thing we do really in the design, in the whole process of the survey is question design. And this is for any new questions. We also run repeat questions each year to continue our time series. And the process that we go through is longer and more detailed than you'd find on most other surveys. So we have an initial stage where we're talking to the client working out what we need the question to do, what the objective is and have a number of design meetings. Once we've got some draft questions that have been revised and refined, we'll test them on two pilots both of which are with real interviewers and members of the public. And what that gives us is data from the questions that we can use to test whether there are any particular issues. So for example, high levels of non-response or a code frame that doesn't seem adequate because we get lots of specified answers. But also feedback from interviewers about whether any questions were difficult to read or too sensitive. And they're very good at suggesting improvements to wording as well. The third stage is that after we've refined the questions again, after the piloting, we'll have final questions and we then need to look at the order that we asked them in, both in particular modules and between modules and the flow overall. And we also have to think about the mode for the questions. So as I mentioned, we've got a face-to-face interview and a self-completion booklet. And for new questions, we have to think about what's most appropriate. We typically use the self-completion for batteries of questions that work well laid out on paper and also perhaps sensitive questions or those that would have a socially desirable response. Sampling is happening around the same time as question design. What we want from our sample is that it's representative of our target population and large enough to give us robust estimates. So for BSA, this is roughly 3,000 people. That's not huge compared to other surveys but it does allow us to get a clear picture of public attitudes across the country. What we can't do is very detailed subgroup analysis or regional analysis. So we use random probability sampling which is a statistical method and it means that everyone in our sample frame has a known chance of being included in the sample. We use the postcode address file which is a list of all private addresses in the UK. And we then do some multi-stage sampling that first of all we select postcode sectors, then addresses, and then in the field the interviewer will select a flat if necessary and then the actual person that we need to take part in the survey. So the way that field work works is that the office sends out an advanced letter to our respondents and you can see there's just a picture of our materials on screen so you can see they're quite visually attractive. We do have a voucher, a 10 or 15 pound voucher to bank people for their time and the idea of this is to maximise our response rates and to help our interviewers because they can refer to the letter and make it clear that we're not just cold calling. Also helps that respondents can make an informed decision because we've given them that information up front. The interviewer will then approach and select a respondent and probably make an appointment to do the interviewer at a later time and then they'll carry out the interview in the person's own home and transmit the data back to the office securely and leave behind a self-completion booklet too. There will always be people in our sample that we don't manage to talk to. We get about a 50% response rate which is fairly common for attitudinal surveys and we wait the data at the analysis stage to correct for this. It's worth saying here by our four month field work period that this is because we make repeated attempts to secure interviews with the selected person and that means that we don't just interview the most available or most willing or least busy people because they won't be representative of the public as a whole. It's really important for our robust estimates that we make those repeated attempts to get the most out of our sample that we can. I'm going to hand over to Ellen and I who's going to give you an example of how you can use the data. Hi there. I'm going to take you through an analysis example. This will just illustrate some ways in which the BSA data can be used. This example uses some of the funded questions that are on personal relationships and it was done as part of our 30th annual BSA report. The focus was really on how attitudes have changed since 1983 and this area in particular is somewhere where we've seen quite a lot of change over those three decades. The two questions that we're interested in here are these ones on screen.  For both, the respondent would be presented with a show card that listed five response options. Always wrong, mostly wrong, sometimes wrong, rarely wrong and not wrong at all. So in 1983 we found that 28% said it was always or mostly wrong to have sex before marriage. That compares to just 11% in 2012. If you see the chart here, you can see that there was a really steady decline from 1983 when about 3 in 10 thought premarital sex was wrong. Steadily declining to 2012 where just over 1 in 10 thought premarital sex was wrong. We've got a poll now. So in 2012 we're now thinking about same sex relationships. In 2012 28% of people said that same sex relationships are wrong. What percentage do you think said this in 1983? So the poll is now open. You can vote for A42% E52% or C62%. I'll just leave that a little longer to make sure you've all had a chance to vote. Okay, great. So again there's a split there between B and C 52% and 62% with just a few of you saying 42%. So 2012 is 28%. In 1983 it was 62% of people who said it was always or mostly wrong. So if we look at that in the chart here, so the top purple line shows and the percentage of people saying that sex between adults of the same sex is wrong. So this declined from a high of 74% in 1987 to 28% in 2012. So rather than seeing that steady decline that we saw with the premarital sex line below, there was an increase in the late 80s of people saying this was wrong and that was really at the height of fears around the AIDS epidemic. This is a really big change over time and shows a shift in public attitudes since the 1980s and this is actually an area where we've seen one of the biggest changes over time. So we can use BSA data to explore whether these changes reflect a change in attitudes across society or if certain groups are driving that change. We did some analysis by Religion, School Party and also by Age. So first of all looking at religion and views on premarital sex, this chart shows the percentage of people saying premarital sex is wrong among various religious groups and over time from 1983 to 2012. So in general we know that people are less likely to belong to a religion now than in 1983. So we might then hypothesize that views have shifted because few people are now religious. However when we look at this chart and we compare the views of the religious groups across time we see that views have changed within each religious group. So you can see for example that among Roman Catholics in 1993 32% said premarital sex was wrong and that's now defined to 11%. So you can see some of the larger shifts have been among the religious groups while those with no religion they didn't actually have that part to go because only 11% said this in 1983. We found a similar pattern when we looked at views on same sex relationships by religion as well. So the fact that many religious people have changed now more liberal than they once were suggests that there are other forces that are more important here than just the decline in religion. Okay so now looking at political party support and this time we're looking at views on same sex relationships. So there is still a difference in 2012 between the major parties with conservative supporters being more likely to say that same sex relationships are wrong. Llyfdemes are most liberal in their views and as well as those who don't have any affiliation. But within each group again we see that change over time. When we looked at premarital sex there was very little difference nowadays between groups. Okay so now looking at these results by age there's a slightly more complex pattern when we look at this by age so I'll take you through the differences first of the 2012 only. This chart shows a portion saying that these kinds of relationships are wrong by age. You can see that for both same sex relationships and premarital sex the oldest group is much less accepting of these kind of relationships than the young groups. So for example nearly 20% in that oldest group who think premarital sex is wrong and about half think same sex relationships are wrong. It's worth noting that for premarital sex the middle age groups there appear to be more accepting of premarital sex than the youngest age groups. When we did analysis of this we actually found that there wasn't a significant difference between these groups overall. Looking at change in age groups over time it's interesting to examine by age cohort rather than simply looking at age groups. So this is where we select a cohort and look at how their attitudes change over time. This is not a real cohort because this is a cross-sectional survey as Miranda's already mentioned. So we're not following the same people but we are able to follow the same age groups and see how their attitudes change over time. This will really help us tease out different effects in changes over time. So in this chart we see generational change in attitudes of premarital sex over time. So we have a line for each birth cohort and we're divided by what decade they were born in. So for example with top line is people who were born in the 1920s second line is people born in the 1930s and so on. You can see that the top line doesn't extend all the way to 2012 and that's because we don't have the sample size in those later years. You can also see that the black line is people born in the 1980s. They started joining in when there's a big enough sample size of people who were old enough to take part in the survey. So that's in the early 90s. So in general you can see that the lines are stable across time and that means that each cohort has not changed its view over time on premarital sex. The younger generations have more liberal attitudes and the older generations have less liberal attitudes and those attitudes do not tend to shift as people age. What this does mean is that as younger people grow older and replace the older generations then attitudes across society as a whole will change and you'll see the patterns that we've seen in a decline in people thinking that premarital sex is wrong. So this chart is generational tech change in attitudes to same sex relationships. Now here you can see there's a slightly different pattern. So when we look at how cohorts have changed their views over time all of the age groups have shifted that there was an increase in people saying same sex relationships are wrong in the late 80s and then there has been a decline since then. So if you look at each individual line they do all follow that pattern. So this shows a different pattern to when we were looking at the premarital sex. Although there are differences between the cohorts of the generations are less liberal than the younger generations we also see a pattern of change over time within each cohort as well. Okay, so just to sum up on that we've seen huge shifts in attitudes to same sex relationships and attitudes to premarital sex since the 1980s and we've seen changes in attitudes across lots of different groups in society. There's little difference between groups and their attitudes now towards premarital sex except noticeably for religion there are still certain groups now that's more likely to see same sex relationships as wrong. However, when we look at analysis by age that's shown that different cohort trends there are different cohort trends between these two questions and that highlights the different patterns that could be hiding underneath changes over time. So despite huge shifts there is still a sizeable minority who say homosexuality is wrong, 20% however from the patterns we've seen we can see that it's very likely there'll be a further decrease in the proportion saying this. And just very quickly here's a slide with a few bits of publicity that we got when we released those findings so we got picked up across lots of different papers and radio and TV news as well. And that leads on nicely to talking about dissemination and analysis of BSA. So a good place to start to get an idea of what BSA analysis is out there is our BSA website and there's a screen grab of that on the screen now this hosts all our online reports and we've been publishing our annual report here for the last few years there's also some standalone reports on there as well. So when would it be appropriate to use BSA? Well BSA is a fantastic resource to understand what the public thinks about particular issues to explore differences between groups so we do analysis by key demographics and also to examine trends over time in attitudes and you can do looking at trends over time by different groups as I've just shown you in the analysis example there. However, there are certain circumstances where BSA is not appropriate so one key example here is doing detailed geographic analysis so if you have a research question that's really trying to pin down into a certain area I'm afraid BSA isn't the best vehicle for that because of our sample size and because of the clustered nature of our sample so there are other surveys for example something like understanding society it's a huge survey, it's got lots and lots of respondents so that might be a better resource for if you're really going to look at very detailed geographic analysis. Another example of where BSA is not so appropriate it's not appropriate at all is if you're interested in understanding how individuals change their views over time so that is longitudinal analysis so if you're following individuals rather than looking at cross-section of the time again understanding society or any other longitudinal survey would be a better resource. So waiting and dealing with missing values if you're doing any analysis on BSA you should always use the weight which is called weight factor, WT factor it has the same name in every year so on every day setting will be called that and you just need to apply that before doing any analysis. Unlike many other surveys we always include don't know and refusal responses in our analysis these are valid responses to attitudinal questions so if you're analysing attitudinal questions then you need to include those most other surveys will set these responses to missing or negative value but on BSA data sets you'll see that they are not treated as missing value so they will be a positive value. Note that that doesn't apply to every single question across the survey if you're looking at background variables such as age or sex that you might want to exclude the missing values there and there will also be genuine missing values on all questions so for example that question wasn't rooted to a particular group of people they will have a missing value there. So just some practical issues for analysis here if you are doing time series analysis you should note that there are separate data sets for each year of BSA and all variables will have the same name across those data sets where they have been asked in exactly the same way if there's been a slight change in the wording we will change the variable name Repeat questions will be repeated every year it's likely that they'll be repeated every few years and if you're looking at changes over time a good tip is to focus on the overall trend rather than focusing on small year to year changes you should look at them in the context of the overall pattern Just on a more general level the questionnaire is split into three versions versions A, B and C Each version is asked to about 1,000 people so 1,000 respondents A lot of questions are asked of the full sample they are asked to all three versions there are roughly 3,000 responses but some questions are asked on one or two versions so they will only have 1,000 or 2,000 respondents This might have implications for your analysis so it's just worth looking into that and you can have a look at the questionnaire documentation to get more details I will now hand over to Sarah who is going to talk about accessing the data This is what the UK Data Service website looks like You can see it's www.ukdataservice.ac.uk We provide access to the BSA microdata amongst many other datasets The quickest way to get to the BSA data is to go to the get data which I'm clicking on now It's moving a little slowly I think it's a slow computer Key data on the left hand side screen Then you'll come to this screen here that shows you all the different kinds of datasets that we have available We have a lot of UK surveys These are the large scale surveys often commissioned by the government and many of those We also incidentally have cross-national surveys longitudinal studies including cohort studies We have international macro data including data from the OECD, UN and many others UK census data some business micro data and also qualitative and mixed methods data as well as some administrative data Anyway, sticking with the UK surveys I'm going to scroll down slightly and then click on the British Social Attitude Survey This should take me through to the series page Any survey that's repeated with similar questions or with similar methodology has a series page Not all surveys, of course, are repeated but surveys like the BSA are repeated and so have a series page Here's the series page There's a bit of information a little bit of an overview in the series abstract If you scroll down, getting started just general information about how to get started with our data in general frequently asked questions which is specific to the BSA and some related resources and related case studies and some external links as well The key thing is if we go back up to data access and click on the data there you can see here are all the different data sets that you can get, all the different BSA data sets I could just click on download order which is to the right of the screen but I'm not going to do that because I think it's more important to go via the catalogue page which has got all the information You can also download the data from this page As you can see it says catalogue at the top the name of the survey this time it's the 2013 To the top right you can just click on that download order button in order to download the data Before we do that we'll have a look at the title information which tells you who has deposited the data who actually did the work on the data and who sponsored it If I go down a little further the citation so obviously if you use this data you'll need to cite it and it should be pretty simple basically copy and paste that and that's the citation for this particular data set If we go down a little further the abstract has the key information so if you're new to a survey and you're not entirely sure whether it's for you or not this is a really good place to go because it gives you all the background information often gives you the aims of the survey it draws attention to other surveys that are related in this case the BSA has a module for the International Social Survey Program that I think every year I expect Eleanor and Miranda will correct me if that's wrong so that means that you could if you're interested in that particular module look at analyses not just for Britain but for other countries if they're included in this program Towards the end of that there's also main topics this is something that's quite important it gives you a little bit of an overview of how the data are collected and also some of the key questions again coverage universal methodology this is good because it shows you exactly which countries for example were involved which spatial units again it's just an overview if you're not really sure that this data set might be for you you're not entirely sure and want to check now moving down this is the key thing really documentation so this has got all the information that you should need in order to be able to use the BSA properly so this is the documentation that's provided to us by NATSEN and I can just briefly show you for example I think there we go I've clicked on the questionnaire and what you can see is it has all the information it has a list of contents and then if I scroll down it has information about each of the variables and this is searchable if you use control F and then search through you can find information about particular variables and if I go back there's also obviously you'll be interested in potentially all of these things but the user guide again this is searchable if I want to look at waiting using control F just search and that should take me to all the places in the guide that tells me about waiting so if that's the thing I'm interested in okay now to download the data you should just click on this download order button I'm not going to go through that what you will see is that you'll be expected to log in to the UK data service in order to do that you need to be registered with us and anybody can register so it's a quick process should only take you 5-10 minutes to do that and to download the data you need to say what you're going to use the data for it doesn't have to be a funded project or anything like that you can use the data for any research purpose and what we'd like is for you to just say what the use is so that that's in and their funders are also aware of how the data is being used and what will happen is that that will take you through various screens where you'll agree that you're not going to for example pass the data on to any other person and when you get to the end you'll be able to download it in SPSS data or probably tap delimited format so that's the those are the sort of stats packages that you're likely to want to be able to use this data in another way of accessing the data is to access it online so if you look near the download order button just to the left of it there's a button that says access online and I'm just going to click on that and this is an alternative way of really looking at the data I wouldn't suggest you would use this for proper analysis of the BSA it's something that could be useful if you're planning to teach students about the BSA or if you just want to explore it a little bit yourself but don't want to actually download it so if I click on the left hand pane and variable description I can see different clusters of variables here if I click on the one that says newspaper readership and internet so this is on the left hand pane near the top I click on that you can see on the right hand pane a list of the questions come up and if I click on the first question in the left hand pane it says do you normally read any daily morning newspaper at least three times a week and that's question 221 and on the right hand pane you can see more information about that particular question so it has the literal question it shows the coding so one is yes, two is no it is don't refuse and nine is a refusal and it shows the numbers of responding to answers to those queries and the percentages note that these are the unweighted percentages however okay there's some summary statistics so the number of valid non-missing cases, the number of missing cases and the universe so in other words this question was asked to everybody if we look at the next question we can see a follow on question which morning paper do you normally read or which most frequently and you can see the list of the papers and you can see at the bottom it says minus one is not applicable and those 2064 people are the people who obviously don't read morning papers so that's pretty straight forward and you can see at the bottom the universe is now if yes at ReadPap which was the question that we looked at just before I'm not going to go any further with Nesta there are other things that she can do with it obviously you can look at all the variables I've just done in that way you could if you near the top next to description there's something called tabulation so I could fill this in and you can create a cross tab that way but you do need to be already logged into the UK data service in order to do that so I would suggest if you're going to do that login first and then go into Nesta there are other things you can do this once you've created your cross tab you could show it in terms of a graph and you can see various things along the menu bar at the top there on the right hand side you can, once you've logged in you can also wait the data you can subset it and you can also in fact download the data I wouldn't suggest this is a good way necessary to download all the data because it's probably just easier to do that on the main catalogue page but one thing that it does allow you to do here is to download a subset of the data so you can download particular variables of interest if you're going to do that then make sure you get all the variables you need including the waiting variables and any other administrative variables that you need so I'm going to stop there and I think we're going to move on to questions okay so you can see on this slide the NATSEN contact should you have any questions and you want to contact Eleanor Moranda or just more generally is BSA at NATSEN.ac.uk and I forgot to mention actually something important if I just go back to the UK data service website there we go okay so I'm back on the UK catalogue page but you can do this from anywhere on the website the top right hand corner if you click on help that takes you through to some various help pages but in particular if you click on get in touch you'll go through to a web form and this web form will allow you to send a query direct to us at the data service and we provide email help desks help basically to any of our users who have questions about the data the kinds of questions that we're able to help with is if you're struggling with say registering with us or accessing the data or if when you come to look at the data you're not entirely sure what you're looking at or you don't really understand the documentation these are the sorts of queries that we're able to help with if you have a more advanced query about analysis then we're not really the right people to contact about that a query that suggests maybe that there might be some problem with a particular variable or something more advanced than that than we would contact then to ask them to help with that so I think that's the end then I'd just like to thank Miranda and Eleanor for their presentations and I'd like to thank you all for coming and I think I will end the webinar as I say the recording should be available on our website in the next few days ok thank you very much bye


Hello and welcome to the International Daily Roundup by People's Dispatch, where we bring you some of the major news developments from across the world. Our headlines Protests in Minneapolis Intensify After Police Repression One Death Report US Ends waivers to China, Russia and other countries or Iran sanctions Workers at South Africa's McSteel factories decide to strike against day-cuts New wave of protests hits Algeria over the arrest of activists We begin with an update on the situation in Minneapolis in the United States where protests continue after the murder of George Floyd Things have intensified as the police clash with the protesters One protester is reported to have died because of a shooting incident while one has been arrested by the police The circumstances behind the death of the protester is not known yet, neither is the identity of the perpetrators There were also reports of a target store being raided by the protesters after they were refused permission to buy milk for those hit by tear gas shells from the police The protests were especially intense as the third precinct office of the Minneapolis police This is the precinct where the four police officers accused of Floyd's murder were serving While the mayor of Minneapolis has assured a federal investigation into the death of Floyd, the police officers are yet to be indicted Protests have been demanding that the officers be charged and arrested for their crimes, which is recorded live by several eyewitnesses and went viral over the social media Early this morning, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the end of the last sanctions waiver provided to Iran under the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action or the Iran Nuclear Deal According to this waiver, a few Russian, Chinese and European firms were allowed to work at certain Iranian nuclear sites despite the sanctions Despite unilaterally withdrawing from the JCPOA or the nuclear deal in 2018, the US had continued to renew these exemptions every 60 days However, Pompeo announced that after the expiry of the current 60 days period, companies working on sites in Iran will be subjected to sanctions in the United States The US continues what it calls its maximum pressure campaign against Iran and has imposed several fresh sanctions despite the appeals from the international community Iran has been one of the worst affected countries by the COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions have hampered its ability to contain the outbreak in the country This month, the US has also tried to extend the UN arms embargo in Iran set to expire in October as per the nuclear deal It even went to the extent of threatening to snap back all pre-2015 sanctions on Iran In our next story, members of the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa or NUMSA at MUC Steel's production units in South Africa have embarked on a strike action beginning today The workers are protesting the company's unilateral decision to cut their salaries by 20% Described by Iran's website as Africa's leading steel supplier, MUC Steel produces a variety of steel and aluminum products for use in different sectors Businesses expected to be hit by the strike action include MUC Steel Coil Processing, Exports, Fluid Control, Roofing, Special Steel, Trading, Tube and Pipe and MUC Steel VRN NUMSA has accused the management of using the pandemic as a pretext to attack workers' rights The union has further alleged that MUC Steel is not applied for temporary employment relief scheme or TERS The scheme helps distressed companies pay their workers' wages during the COVID-19 emergency TERS is funded to the Unemployment Insurance Fund that requires mandatory contributions made by employees and employers of any company registered with it Any company which is made this contribution regularly is eligible to apply for financial assistance under TERS Not applying for this scheme indicates that there have been irregularities in the UIF contributions In the meanwhile, MUC Steel has claimed that NUMSA strike is unprotected and has threatened workers with retaliation In our next story, Algeria's witnessing a fresh round of anti-government protests is Monday Protests under the banner of the Hirak Movement, stage rallies and demonstrations in cities across Algeria Despite the restrictions enforced in the country due to the coronavirus pandemic, as well as a ban on holding public demonstrations The anti-government protests were held in major cities coinciding with the Eid al-Fitr celebrations The protests were organized to show solidarity and extent support to the prominent members of the Hirak movement who have been imprisoned or detained by the authorities According to the National Committee for the Liberation of Prisoners, there are currently close to 50 activists imprisoned for their involvement in the protests last year Just last week, three Algerian opposition activists were given lengthy prison sentences on the basis of the social media posts on Facebook In our infocus section, we bring you an interview with Kenya Alcozer, an activist and organizer with Union de Vecinos An organization in Los Angeles, California, and she talks about issues regarding rent in the country and in the city, especially issues faced by migrant workers Hi and welcome to People's Dispatch. Today we are joined by Kenya Alcozer, who is an organizer with Union de Vecinos in Los Angeles, California This organization works around a lot of issues relating to housing and amid the pandemic and lockdown, the organization has been very active in organizing and calling for the cancellation of rent So thank you Kenya so much for joining us. The Union de Vecinos has issued a very clear demand of food, not rent The organization is called for rent strikes. It is called for the cancellation of rent This is something we're seeing in the US, not only in Los Angeles, but also by organizations on a national level across the country So why has the demand for the cancellation of rent become so pressing? The reason why is because we don't see a future for tenants to keep their homes if there are in debt to their landlords A lot of our community members had to go on rent strike on April 1st because they didn't have money to pay for April's rent We're in May. It doesn't seem like it's going to be any time soon that we're going to be able to have the communities actually go back to work and receive full payment of not just what they missed of work, but for them to continue to survive for the following months So rent cancellation is very important for us because it tells people that it is not okay for people to be in debt We know that there are a lot of our community members that are already in debt, whether it's credit cards or student loans So adding another debt onto communities and onto folks, it lives them in a very precarious situation If we say people go into rental agreements where they start paying rent to landlords and they sign this document Then that really tells tenants that if for whatever reason they're not able to pay that rent, then they will go through an eviction proceedings and lose their home anyway So it doesn't really solve the issue of people not losing their homes and that is why rent forgiveness is the best way for people and anybody to be really safe in their homes during this pandemic And the food not rent actually calls on to really prioritize different things during this moment Food is more essential right now than paying your rent is, feeding your family is more essential And that is where we're also trying to really push back against this essential worker narrative Although yes, we understand that there are workers that thanks to them we are surviving through this pandemic There's also need to be an understanding that those workers safety nets are not being protected, which is housing, health care, and even workers rights and salaries If the worker is essential then his necessities need to be essential as well, and that is what the push for food not rent is actually also talking about So, amid this context what is the organizing by Union de Vecinos and other community organizations looked like And also, what are the, amid this organizing, what are the demands that have emerged to the state government, to the federal government and from the organizations themselves So, Union de Vecinos, we are in both Heights and East LA, which are very predominantly Latino immigrant communities We have a lot of our membership that are in the informal economy sector, there are other street vendors, mariachis We have folks that babysit, other community members, kids, so there is not, oh and then for the most part a lot of our workers are also garment workers So on the former sector they're either garment workers, they're fast food workers, retail, so all these jobs that are low wage jobs for the most part So one of the reasons why this, trying to push this through, it wasn't, like I said a no brainer, a lot of our members came on April and said, you know what, we're not going to be able to pay our rent For us, as Union de Vecinos working with tenants for many, many years, we know, and working with lawyers that defund tenants, that we know that the first thing that you need to do is document To protect yourself and start documenting in case you do go to a fiction court So for us, it was like, okay, we need to start documenting this, so sending your letter to your landlord saying, I've been impacted by this COVID-19 health and economic crisis And I'm not going to be able to pay this month's rent, actually helps tenants out in the process of like when we do go to court We have something to back up these tenants case in order for us to win some of these cases And the other thing that we also have a clear understanding on is courts and this particular system doesn't have the ability to evict every single person They're going to have to do some negotiations even within court There are 70,000 eviction cases that go through one court here in LA, which is Stanley Moss Court, every year If they were to do something like this, I mean, it would be very difficult and very drastic to evict We have in the city of Los Angeles 62% of the population are tenants And this is just the city of LA If we were really going to go through a process of evicting every single person that didn't pay their rent It would have been nearly impossible to go through the court system one And it would be impossible for the sheriff's department who are the executors of those court processes to lock out every single person in the city of LA So we're also utilizing this as tenant power to really bottleneck and push a system that has been for a very long time in oppressive system against poor communities We're also operating under the understanding that this housing crisis didn't start with a pandemic, but it was an existing housing crisis In the United States, we had, before the crisis, the numbers were 10 million houseless folks in the community, so homeless folks in our communities And 18 million vacant housing And this is the felt aftermath after the 2008 housing crash So there is a clear understanding that there is housing Here in LA, you go to poor communities like East LA or South Central And you see empty houses that are still owned by the banks that they were foreclosed on Houses that could be utilized right now to house people during this pandemic Because one of the things that has been essential to put this curve down has been people staying in their homes But what happens to those that don't have homes? So we have organizations here that have been amazing like the California Homeless Union and others That their job has been to push and really demand for all these vacancies to be utilized during this moment Especially not just the housing that has been foreclosed or housing that is currently vacant But also these hotels and motels in the community, we have a lot of vacancies there So one of the things that we are trying to figure out, it's like how do we start pushing our government and our local officials at every single level Locally statewide and nationally to really start thinking about the ability of housing every single individual We know that that is a possibility And one of the things that we are also realizing is that we are also part of the Poor People's Campaign and National Call for More Revival And one of the things that it's not just a policy issue, it's also a moral issue At this moment of time when we are talking about people dying, it is okay for some of our government officials It's okay for them for Poor People to die And that is something that we are also pushing back That no paying rent campaign is also a campaign of telling people to not put anything into the system That is actually wanting them to die Going to work earlier on this stage means the possibilities of you catching this disease and bringing it back to your home So it is pushing back It's something that we are thinking about more critically, even with our community members It's a process where we are actually engaging in more political education Of talking of why are we going back to work for or why are we paying rent And the little relief that people are receiving from federal government or statewide government It's so insignificant in reality I believe it was like $1,200 per adult and then $500 per children Well, that could be just what you receive, it's just one month's rent And that's it And if you pay that money then where are you going to find the money for food Where are you going to find the money for medication And those are the things that we need to prioritize A lot of the things that we are also seeing with this campaign We don't want to put our money into the pockets of our corporate landlords or back into the banks This money needs to stay in the community to secure the community's survival We are pushing for something that is more realistic for community members One of the things that our community members that are those essential workers are getting sick And we are seeing the effects of that In Texas a lot of folks that are working in the meat packing industry are getting sick Therefore all these meat companies are closing down Well, in California the meat price has doubled for the most part So even food is becoming more expensive during this time And if you're having to choose between paying a huge amount for food And then having nothing left from your rent, then that is a problem A lot of our community members here in LA are paying 60 to 75% of watching more 60 to 80% of their income is going into rent or into housing And that is something that we are also talking about It's not fair. We know that folks that live in public housing are paying only 30% of their income And there are some protections for those folks But again housing has been something that has not been prioritized Even public housing is something that has been dismantled A lot of costumation A lot of folks that are poor are now being forced to work If they want to continue to live in public housing Public housing has been disinvested from It has been attacked in the sense that mixed income families are being evicted from public housing I'm sorry, mixed immigrant status families


You can't. What a dump. I wonder if the sisterhood know we're here. If you see them, let me know. I refuse any interactions with them. Doctor! So, what's so important? We're a long way from home. Gallifrey isn't that far as planets go. I don't mean I'll pretend home. I mean Doctor Who wrote it. My word! What are you doing here? That weeping angel. You doctors were sent into the void. The companions were sent. But I was neither. So I was sent elsewhere. How about you? Through a crack in time. It just appeared in my bedroom. I went through and then I met Ramana. Explain yourself. Oh, Bollocks. Ramana, I'm sorry. But I've not been entirely truthful with you. Yes, I can see that.  Give me the truth. Leave nothing out. My name is Paul McGinn. I am an actor from Earth. Plays the role of the Doctor. Wait. So, the Doctor is a role in a film? TV show, but yeah. And I got here. I saw an opportunity to live out this role that I love. I couldn't help myself. I'm sorry. You're masqueraded as my friend. If the Doctor, if my real Doctor was calling out, was hurt, or worse, I wouldn't have known. I am sorry, Ramana. I meant no harm. I deserve that. You really pretended. Why not try and get home? Why would I go back to a world where I'm just an actor? When I could be this? Of course I understand. I mean, for example, I have recently killed this universe's master and have taken on his position. And not only that.