Yes. Yes, Christopher, you could go ahead and ask the question. Yes, Aster, I wanted to actually get some clarification on those two Bible references on the notes. So one Timothy, one 19-20, and the other one one Timothy 14-15. And just specifically around some of those words where the first one he all mentions about, you know, whom I deliver to Satan that they may learn not to blaspheme. And in the second Bible reference, may the Lord repay him according to his works. So I think they're both, at least apparently it appears to be both with quite strong responses. And is it something that is right for people to do? Because there are people who have also talked sometimes like this and they talk about God, asking God to repay a person for certain deeds. I think the first one is actually, I think, quite a much stronger basis perhaps about delivering to Satan. So I just wanted to take your view on this. Yeah, sure. Sure, Christopher. Yeah, I understand. It sounds very serious where Paul is completely given up on the person. So there's another reference. This is 2 Thessalonians 3 verses 6-15 where again Paul is addressing a disorderly person. And for that person again, I'll just read a disorderly person. So we hear that there are some who walk among you in a disorderly manner, not working at all, but are busy bodies. Now those who are such, we command and exhort through our Lord Jesus Christ that they work in quietness and eat their own bread. But as for you brethren, do not grow weary in doing good. And if anyone does not obey our word in this episode, note that person and do not keep company with him that he may be ashamed. Yet do not count him as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother. So I see here a redemptive approach. So he's saying somebody who's disorderly, you deal with it. Keep in touch with that person. Don't even keep company with him so that he may be ashamed. But the reason why Paul is asking somebody to do that is so that the person himself or herself will have remorse and hopefully come back to the right path. And he adds there, right? Second Thessalonians 3, 15. Yet do not count him as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother. So the heart is right. Now, even when Paul is talking about Heminus and Alexander, I'm sure he has that same heart. And as scripture tells us, we have to go through that process. In Matthew 18, there is a progression, the way in which we must address somebody who is who has wronged us. I'll give you the reference for that. So this would be Matthew 18 verses 15 to 22 where we are told go speak to the person. If they don't listen in private, if they don't listen, then take one more person with you. If they don't listen, then it's an issue which must be brought to the congregation. So I believe that Paul has gone through the process and he has found out that these people are unrepentant and what we were saying earlier. In some of our discussions, we talked about people who have gone away from God and they are unwilling to come back. So let me also give that reference to us. 1 John 5 verse 16 where Apostle John, he writes, he says, If you see any brother or sister commit a sin that does not lead to death, you should pray and God will give them life. I refer to those whose sin does not lead to death. There is a sin that leads to death. I'm saying that you should pray about that. So Hebrew 6 is another passage where we have a similar thing going on where the writer says that there are people who have crossed that thin line. And they've fallen in such a manner that they are unwilling to come back. So as far as my understanding of these two verses goes, Christopher, what I feel is I'm sure Paul must have gone through the process of correcting these individuals but both of them seem to be those who have gone far away from God. And which is why he's having to be very, very strict with them. But even in his statement where he says, give this person over to Satan, there is a component of redemption. Look what he's saying. He says, Hemenus and Alexander whom I delivered to Satan that they may learn not to blaspheme. Basically, as we saw earlier when he wrote to the Thessalonians, if we cut contact with this sinning individual, hopefully they will come to a place of repentance and remorse. So the intention is still restoration though the action is very hard of kind of delivering that person.  And in 1 Timothy 4, this statement, I understand it is a little, it doesn't sound like a very loving or a gentle act where he says may the Lord repay him according to his words. But we know that, okay, how do I put this? Scripps call us to live peaceably with people as far as possible. So we are called to do that. But maybe in this situation, I'm thinking after having attempted reconciliation and all of that, if somebody is continuing to wrong Paul, maybe that's just a statement where he's saying, I want justice. But then yeah, the way it's written it says, may the Lord repay him according to his works. It's like declaring judgment. But in the early church, there are instances under the leading of the Holy Spirit, judgment being pronounced on people. So it's not unusual in that sense. Like if you read about Ananias and Sapphira in Acts 5, they lie to the Holy Spirit and the moment Peter brings it up, they are judged. And these are believers. These are selling believers. And yes, there are of course unbelievers also. There's a sorcerer, I think in Acts 10. So there's a sorcerer who Paul Peter, yeah, Peter Rebuke, and he's unable to seek and little confused about the exact people and chapter there. But that person goes blind. The sorcerer goes blind. So there's judgment. So what I'm saying is, as an apostle, Paul must have gone through the process of forgiveness and reconciliation. But it is likely that these individuals had crossed the limit. So which is why there is a statement of judgment spoken over there. Yeah, thank you. I understand that. But just looking at these two verses again, I think the first one seems to be more harsher because he's talking about delivering to Satan. The other one is kind of like stepping aside and saying, okay, let the Lord deal with the situation, deal with him according to his works. So anyway, just one really quick clarification on another Bible reference. Of course, completely out of army away from the current one that we have. But just on Psalm 91 where we talked about in verse 8 where they say, only with your eyes should you look and see the reward of the wicked. Does that actually mean that we see how the wicked are, in a sense, in quotes, rewarded? The wicked are given, they just sort of will be called to deal with the wicked. Is that what it means? So are you saying that the wicked will read what they have shown? Correct. Yes, Christopher, that's what we see in scripture. Right, so I mean I think in a way similar to these two Bible references also where God will deal with the wicked in a way that deserving of what they have done. So just wanted to confirm that. Yes, yes, yeah, that's what scripture tell us. And the same Paul, he says, the vengeance is the Lord's. So God is a God of oneness that sin has consequences. When we sow to righteousness, we read of righteousness. When we sow to wickedness, we read the consequences of wickedness. So it's just a cause and effect thing that happens. So those who are sinning, they will face the consequences of it. But at the same time, scriptures do tell us like Psalm 89 and verse 14, it says righteousness and justice are the foundation of your throne. Love and faithfulness go before you. So we serve a God who is just, okay, and that's where all these things like what Paul is saying, that kind of, you know, you will receive for the evil that you have done. Because God is fair, God is just, God is fair. So, yeah, God's justice also is something that we must fear. Yeah, so, okay, sure. Thank you, Christopher. Thank you for that. Was there one more hand which was up? Or if not, we can just move on to the next section here. All right, so I think we have addressed this matter as much as possible. But we will again come back to correction in our subject on the local church because there is a chapter there and if you are keen and interested, you can look it up right away. This is in the APC publication called House of God and the topic that talks about church discipline, church discipline. So how to deal with more specific issues and also how to address the matter, if the issue is with the leadership, how to actually go about dealing with it. So, yeah, I think I will let you look at that. And Harrison just adding to what we said about leadership, correcting leaders. So the first thing is to not take an accusation and if there are witnesses and to address it in an honourable way with the leader. Now, if the leader is unwilling to repent or make restitution, in that case, you know, Paul does write, he says in fact verse 20 of that passage, he says that we can bring it out in the open. So you can address the matter in public if the person is unwilling, if the leader is unwilling to repent. So that's also there and I think it will be good if you can just go through that chapter on church discipline and that will help us. Okay, so thank you everyone. That was good interactive. We are trying to understand, you know, practical aspects of working people. Now, moving on to the next chapter here in Kingdom Builders. This is about partnership and it's about being co-workers in the kingdom of God. So obviously, we understand that God's kingdom is a huge kingdom.  And for us to do our part, we must also learn to serve together with other people in the kingdom of God. So in Paul's experience, 1 Corinthians 3 verses 6 through 8, you know, we've seen the same passage earlier where Paul says, I planted Apollo's water, but God gave the increase. So then neither he who plants is anything, not he who waters, but God who gives the increase. And he who plants and he who waters are one and each one will receive his own reward according to his own labor. And verse 9 of the same passage Paul says, we are God's fellow workers. So the concept of working together in the kingdom of God that Paul understood. And that's what he's saying for a while when he was not there in the Corinthian church. There was this eloquent, well-read, learned individual called Apollos. And he let Apollos take charge and minister to the people at that time. So that's what he's saying, look, I planted. The ministry began with me, but Apollos came in when I couldn't be with you all and he served. He ministered the word to all of you. But you see, God is blessing the labor of every individual. He says, we are fellow workers, we're all working together to build God's kingdom. So partnership plays a very, very important role and we have to recognize that we have to work together with people. And a lot more can be accomplished when we receive the truth that we have to work alongside people. And in this way, we will be able to advance the kingdom of God. Talking about the kingdom of God, we dealt with the God-given vision. We dealt with the dream. Going back to Nehemiah's example, imagine, God put it in his heart to go and build the walls. But if it was only Nehemiah alone who had to go and do this work, I don't think he would have completed it in 52 days. But he had people with him who were partnering in that vision, who were partnering in the dream. So we have to recognize that the dreams and the visions that God gives us, they are interconnected. They are interlinked.  You know, we are serving the kingdom of God and we are causing the growth of the kingdom of God and we are connected in some way. So that is how the kingdom of God works. So we are not independent of each other. We are interconnected and interlinked. But in the kingdom of God, whenever there are incidents where people don't get along. So you could look at it like an army, God's army. What if the soldiers don't get along? Every soldier has the cause of the nation in their hearts and they're on the front line serving the country, protecting the country. But what if they start fighting among each other? A house which is divided cannot stand and that should never happen in an army. So in the same way, believers must learn to recognize other believers that every single person is called, they have their ministry. We are connected, our dreams are connected, our visions are connected. So we have to learn to work together. And it is even more unfortunate when we have people who are experienced in the kingdom of God. You know, we would probably use that term and call them generals or something. People who have served God for many years. For example, Paul and Bonbus, they had the sharp argument about John Mark and what happened, they parted ways. It was really, I don't know what the chapters would cover if they both were together, but they were not together. Later on, Bonbus, both of these stalwarts in the kingdom of God, they had an argument and they parted ways. So when this kind of disagreement and quarrelling and division happens with leaders, it's even more unfortunate. And you know, that's what Evan wants, right? He wants people to be against one another so that we will not advance the kingdom. In fact, he doesn't have a lot of work to do. We are fighting among ourselves and leaders are fighting against each other in the body of Christ. And that is something that we must be very, very, very about and the enemy is out to catch load rangers. He's very happy when people are, you know, they don't want to associate with others, they are by themselves. He can play a game of deception, but God has called us to work together. God has called us to serve one another and see dreams and our visions come through together. So we have to work for unity. As I already told us, a kingdom which is divided cannot stand. So we cannot make God's kingdom progress if we don't learn to work together or partner with one another. So we must maintain the unity in the spirit. Ephesians 4-3, I'm on page 79. Ephesians 4-3 tells us that endeavoring to keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. So that is the call which all of us have. We have to promote unity. We must promote unity and maintain love, maintain peace with one another. That is the true attitude of a kingdom builder and it will result in the strengthening of the kingdom of God. And, you know, any kind of division for that matter, we must be very, very careful about it. And that's what Satan really wants. I'm just reminded of the revival of Azusa Street, 1905. We read about the revival and it was one that made a mark on the teaching on the Holy Spirit and the gifts of the Holy Spirit, the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Because it was all becoming very real when God was ministering to the people during that revival. And it was going really well. It was going beautifully well. But apparently, you know, there were some internal conflicts that started towards the end of the revival. The people who were leading it, there was one particular Navy who was part of, you know, that key team who got upset with William J. Seymour, who is the main man that God worked through in that revival. She got upset with him or something like that. And she had a record of the people, like she would maintain the books. So she kind of took the book and she left something like that. So, and that caused a lot of difficulty, like, you know, logistically and then there was division and all. And, you know, these things hindered the revival. So, was it God who wanted to bring his mighty work to an end? No, not really. It was the internal conflicts which people had that affected the revival in some way. And, you know, this is true of many other Kingdom stories as well. God wants to continue to do his work but when people don't get along, when we don't learn to honor one another, our positions and our anointing, our calling, our vision, that's when we become, you know, difficult to deal with and God's work cannot progress. So, we have to be very careful. And remember we talked about it. Endevering is in a fast and in a quick way. We have to resolve, maintain peace in the quickest possible way because it's very important. Satan knows if you can find a crack in the unity of the believers, he can come in quickly and he can destroy. And just while talking about, you know, understanding others and recognizing the calling that God has over their lives in the kingdom and partnering with people, you know, Jesus said, his disciples came back and they were saying, we saw somebody else ministering in your name, you know, how can they use your name, Jesus? They are not part of our group. But Jesus says, no, don't forbid that person. For he who is not against you is on our side. So, there are so many ministers of God. There are so many people serving believers, serving God. And whenever we come across any person who's in the kingdom, who's in the body, who is serving in the name of Jesus, you know, we must be rejoicing about them and we must be encouraging of them rather than getting insecure and jealous that there are others who are also working in the kingdom of God and advancing the kingdom of God. So, let's try to maintain that unity. Let's try to have an attitude of partnership. So, we are also encouraged that we must be kingdom-minded, kingdom-minded. Meaning, having that mindset that what is it that matters, you know, it's the advancement of the kingdom. So, whatever it takes, it's not about you, it's not about me, but we will work together.  So, basically it says when mindsets don't match, right? When we don't try to maintain that kingdom mindset, there will be divisions. Amos 3-3, it says can do work together unless they are agreed. But when we have a kingdom mindset and we say, okay, we will maintain the peace in the body of Christ, no matter what. Yes, we may have differences of opinion and again we have talked about this earlier. As long as the core issues are things that we agree on, you know, we are brothers and sisters, we can work together. So, core issues would be, we believe the same thing about who Jesus is, we believe the same thing about His finished work on the cross, we believe the same thing about His death, His resurrection, His return, about the fact that we have a great commission that we need to fulfill and that's what we are living for, right? So, these are the core issues, we agree on these matters. Now, peripherally, there can be certain things that we disagree on, you know, the way church should be done or, I don't know, something with regard to a revelation in scripture which one group is not able to accept yet. All those things, that's fine, over a period of time maybe that group can accept the revelation which is given in God's word but we must not make the minor issues the major issues, you know, when we are trying to major on the minors, we get into trouble. But we maintain, we focus that unity, we maintain that kingdom mindset and say, okay, if you are serving God, we are together. Now, let's maintain that oneness of mind, let's advance the kingdom of God together, let's serve as brothers and sisters. So, maintain the unity of the spirit and put God's kingdom ahead of our personal ministry. Now, this, you know, all this is applicable, like we are learning this as spiritual truth but when we are interacting with people, we will have an opportunity to apply these things. You know, there will be times when there is a question, okay, should I give priority to my ministry? You know, my name, my, you know, whatever, my sermons, my accomplishments or when we are working together with people, maybe let's simply one simple example. There is a program, okay, which a few pastors are organizing together and they have put down an agenda and they've said, okay, you do the introduction and the welcome, this pastor will do the, you know, the sermon, this pastor will do the ministry time and you know, some other pastor will come and do the benediction and close off the program. But, maybe, you know, something happens during, as you plan the program, you realize, oh, somebody has come to attend the program who is like one of the generals in the kingdom of God and all of you discuss and you decide, okay, we want to honor this individual. How about we give that person time to speak? So, when you're trying to accommodate a new item in your program, it is likely that one of you has to give up doing what you're doing. So, at that point, is any one of the minister ready to say, okay, see, if I don't speak today in the program, people will not know that I am one of the organizers. See, if I don't speak in the program today, people will not know what a wonderful sermon I have. See, practically, when it comes to practical things, you know, these things really bother us in our hearts. But, it is in moments like that, when we are saying, you know what, it doesn't matter. This is about the kingdom of God. This is about the household of God. This is about the family of God. Okay, brother, I will not do it. You tell, you give my chance to that person or something like that. You know, that's a very generous and a magnanimous way of dealing with the situation. But, in practicality, these things are challenging on the ground. When we observe people dealing with these matters, not everyone is of the mindset where they say, okay, seek first the kingdom of God. It doesn't matter. My ministry, the name of my ministry, I did this. If people don't know it, it doesn't matter. You know, we have to grow into that maturity. And that is where, you know, it shows that we've understood what the kingdom means and what partnership in the kingdom means, what the advancement of the kingdom really means. Otherwise, what happens? We are trying to advance our own personal agenda. Maybe we have a vision for our ministry and if a certain opportunity, you know, missed that opportunity, then we are missing that kind of a momentum, you know, for our ministry. So, it can be a loss for us, but are we of the kingdom mindset to say, my ministry is not as important as the kingdom. So, we honor the work of the kingdom and we put the kingdom ahead of everything else. So, you know, these are some basic things for us to have very clear in our hearts. Now, let's continue to learn a little bit more about kingdom work. Because the kingdom of God involves people and, you know, various ministers, we have to learn to connect and work together. We are designed for partnership. For example, where we said that the church is the body of Christ. There, we said that there are many members, right? Even in the physical body, there are many members. But the beautiful thing is, all the members learn to work together because it is one body. And in the same way, when it comes to the family of God, 1st Corinthians 2018, we learned, but now God has set the members, each one of them in the body, just as he pleased. So, God has positioned people according to his will and we have to learn to work together. So, everyone does their part. Everyone supplies whatever they have to offer as Ephesians 4.16 says, and we partner together. So, what is partnering? Partnering simply means that we are complimenting each other.  It's beautiful. We receive from it and then there's the grace on another person's life. We need that also, so we are receiving from it. And partnering, while partnering, we have to be careful that we don't start competing with each other. Because if we start competing with each other, then we are no longer fitting that description of the human body. Where every member has a part to play and every member is significant. So, each of us is designed to partner in the Kingdom of God. And as long as we recognize this and the motivation for us growing in the Anointing, the motivation for us maturing in our walk with the Lord, the motivation for us to hone our skills, if it is that the Kingdom of God must advance, it's a beautiful thing because then what will happen? Everybody is growing together and God is able to release new moves. Even as we go ahead into the seasons that God has placed before us, we will see new moves of God because every single person is doing their part, every single person is growing and also learning to work with others. So, we have been designed for partnership and each person has to do their part. Just going back to the analogy of planting and Apollo's watering, we recognize there that each person has a role to play in the ministry. Now, it could be at the same time, there can be many people who are serving in the ministry in different capacities at the same time or once the way Paul was serving the Corinthian Church and then he moved on and Apollo was the one who kind of came and took over the teaching role there. Then in different seasons, the same task somebody else takes over. In whichever manner this happens, we are laboring together. God sends people to work with us or the Lord can send people to enter into our labor. Sometimes it's difficult to receive that. We get very attached to our ministry and we are not ready to let go. But it is possible that God sends somebody to walk into our labor but we need the willingness to let go and say, my season is over, I have to give this over to another person who God has called for this time and this season. So, this is the manner in which we partner together we go by God's timing, we go by God's way of leading us. Particularly when it comes to us handing over to someone in the ministry that we have been working in we might wonder, Lord I served so hard and I haven't seen a harvest and here you are telling me to hand over to somebody else. What is going on? Maybe the way Paul said, I planted, maybe it's the season of planting for which God has graced us and that is the task which he has called us to do and obviously in the season of planting you don't see a mighty harvest because the process has to take place. So we have to be in sync with the leading of the Holy Spirit and be okay with our role no matter how it appears to people outside and what people outside can comment about our ministry. They might look at our ministry and say, look at that person, church planting, they are struggling for 3 years, what are they doing? They are just trying to find a place, they are just trying to keep the 20 people together and ministry is not very effective. We can have comments like this, people can say all kinds of things but where are we with God? Are we in a place where we say, God, you've called me to do this, I'm clear about that. You've given me the grace, I will keep doing what you've asked me to do. Now, we don't know, right? Like if God may bring somebody else into our labour and they have to start off serving the next season where that actual visible growth as such could be seen but we did our part where we sowed spiritually and that spiritual growth was taking place while we were making our investments. So these are all the ways in which God wants us to serve together, partner together, receive one another. I think I will just stop here for today and then we will continue in our next class. So any thoughts at this point, anything you want to add to what I've been saying? If you do that, if not, we will pray, wrap up and then come back in the next session. Alright, so we will keep getting deeper into this topic of partnering and working together and look at some of the practical aspects. I think then it will be a lot easier for us to ask questions too. Alright, so let's pray that. We will pray and we will close for today. We would like to request someone to pray, please. Anyone? If you are able to unmute and pray. Can I pray again? Yes, yes, Harrison. I've fallen out of God, we want to thank you.  We thank you for our churches, we thank you for our ministers, we thank you for our pastors, we thank you for our reverents and we thank you for our bishops. We thank you for everyone on God that you have made disciples. We thank you because you will not just be hearers of your word but Father we shall be doers of your word. We pray that you will equip us with the right knowledge to run this race to the end. We pray that you will give us the grace to persevere. We pray, Lord, that you will help us to make decisions to glorify your name. We pray, Lord, that you will give us the ability to be at peace with all men that we may not be found under God, unworldly before you. We pray, Father, that you will help us to go to serving truth and in spirit that even as we carry our cross we go to follow you. We will carry our cross and follow you to the end. Holy Spirit, we need you. Guide our thoughts, guide our minds, guide our movements, guide our decisions. Help us to see Jesus the way he is. Help us, Father, our God, to know you better because this is all we want to know and this is all we want to live for. Help us to go to live according to your will and not the will of men. Help us, O God, that we may not depart from your presence. Help us, O God, that our selfish aim, O God, come before your will for our lives. Help us that we may be able to fulfill the purpose by which you have brought us into this world. I thank you, Father, because I know that you are taking us to the place of promise. It is not an accident, O God, that we find ourselves listening to the word of God here. But because you have laid it in our heart to God and because you want to see your kingdom expand and you want to bring, O God, change, O God, into every nations and tribes. We pray, Father, that you will help us to fulfill that which you have assigned us to fulfill. We thank you for APC Bible College. We thank you for what they are doing in the Christendom. We thank you for every minister and pastors in this college. And we pray, Father, that you continually equip them for the great assignment ahead. And we pray, Father, that we the students of God, we make them proud and become a disciple for all nations. We bless your name because we know that greatness awaits everyone. Blessed be your holy name, Father, for in Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Thank you so much. Thank you, Harrison. Yeah, blessed. Yeah. So thank you, class. God bless you. And we shall meet again in our next class on any circumstances. Thank you. Thank you. Bye. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Bye. Thank you, ma'am. Thank you. Thank you, everyone. Thank you, everyone. Thank you, everyone. Thank you, everyone.


Well, welcome everybody to Auditorial's latest 101 webinar. It's great to see so many people lined up for this one. So today I'm on my own. I'm presenting on groundwater related issues, which is my background. And we are looking at multi-level wells for high resolution characterisation of groundwater contamination. It's a little bit about myself. So I've got a Bachelor Degree in Science and a Master's in Hydrogeology and Burmese Science, and I used to work in that area, both at catchment scale, sort of hydrogeological investigations and a lot of work in contaminated sites, side of things to be an EPA auditor for contaminated land before setting up hydraterra. And I have been involved quite a bit with these multi-levels in a number of facets. Once setting up hydraterra, obviously came very away with the technology and how to install it and also done many reviews of these sorts of technologies as part of projects. So yes, that's my background and I look forward to sharing some knowledge with you today. Before we charge into things though, don't forget the Q&A. We love getting questions from you and it's a big part of what this is all about, sharing knowledge. So to raise a question, just use the Q&A button at the top as indicated on that slide. What are hydraterra's webinar series all about? Well, we're a specialist technology provider and we believe that with technology we can solve many problems, including how to do environmental monitoring better. And because we know about those technologies, we want to share how they've been applied in the industries so we can improve the industry as a whole. We're also keen to facilitate education. So a lot of these webinars we're preparing, we're looking to ultimately have as part of broader training courses. And we'd like to see ourselves as a bit of an industry leader bringing new technologies to market and raising awareness amongst the engineers, engineering consultants and scientists, et cetera, about what can be done in that area. Alright, so that's the introduction underway. Now into the more serious side of things. So I'm going to start with the overview of multilevels, why we actually need multilevels. Then I'm going to look at the technology aspects of these multilevels. And then we're going to delve into some detail around two of Solon's multilevel products probably the industry leaders and have been used widely in Australia. Then the final part of the webinar will be for questions and answers. Okay, so multilevel wells for high resolution characterisation of groundwater contamination. What is this all about? Most hydrogeologists are familiar with these terms, but I think it's important to go over a couple of things. Really multilevels are used to help us with our hydrogeological assessments. And as part of those hydrogeological assessments, we are looking at systematic study of the geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry and contamination at a site. Okay, so there's quite a few things that come into that. Really what underpins the hydrogeological assessment is a clear conceptual model of what's going on. And it is so important to get that right when you're dealing with managing contaminated sites. But this is sometimes hard to do, right? So there is some guidance on how to undertake hydrogeological assessments. Now I've got the EPA guidance there, EPA Publication 668. I'd suggest to you that you have a read of that. It provides some guidance. Multilevels provide us with important information for some hydrogeological assessments that would be very difficult to otherwise obtain. And sometimes that data is crucial. So I'll be showing you a few examples of that shortly. So the references, here's a few references that sort of relate. Feel free to have a look at those at your leisure. I'm going to charge on a bit. I've got quite a few things to talk about today. Okay, so really the objective of using multilevels is to aid our hydrogeological assessment, right? You don't just use them for the sake of it. You use them when you think you're going to get data that will really benefit your understanding of a site. So what do we really need to understand when we're putting out doing our hydrogeological assessment? We need to understand the aquifers and aquatards. So an aquifer is a water bearing, is a rock that has capacity to hold water. Okay, so it doesn't necessarily, it's not always wet, right? But the aquifer is the description of the material itself. And an aquatard is typically a material that is two orders of magnitude of lower permeability. I think it's two orders of magnitude lower than the material adjacent to it. In other words, it's the stuff that stops groundwater flow. And we refer to that as aquatards. Apologies to those hydrogeologists in the room if I muck that definition up slightly. We also like to know groundwater flow directions and rates, right? That's important because it tells us where the contamination might be going. And it also gives a thumb indication of the rate that it might be traveling. But then we want to know the quality and we want to know the contamination status of that. And those are all very important things to understand to be able to assess the risk that the site might pose. In reality, layers of permeable deposits or fractured rock, which are often aquifers, are often isolated from each other hydraulically. What does that mean? It means that water does not move between them. Okay, they're separate layers. And therefore they need to be assessed independently. You can't drill a hole through both and screen across it. That's actually illegal. You're not allowed to do that. So you need to install multiple wells to characterize these different aquatards. So what do multi-levels do? Well, multi-levels help accurately define the vertical hydraulic gradients, right? So that's the difference between the heads or the hydraulic pressure between one layer and another. And that provides you with some thoughts about which way that water is going to move between those formations. And it also provides us with a higher level of resolution of characterization of what contamination is there in those particular layers. Okay, if you don't screen across discrete layers, then you can't really definitively describe the condition of those discrete layers. Okay, so many studies I've been involved in, people have screened across multiple, you know, fairly small lacrophers. And they've taken effectively an average across it because that water is mixing in the well. That's not good practice, right? That's not good practice at all. It's possible that you've got one layer that's got free phase in it and another layer that's clean. So that data is not much good to us. That's why multi-levels can be useful. So in summary, multi-level monitoring systems improve our hydrogeological assessments by collecting high resolution data, informing our conceptual hydrogeological models, increasing our understanding of the contaminant migration pathways, allowing us to look at the chemical distributions. And this is both in soil vapor and in groundwater. So they're really good for looking at those relationships where you might have contaminated groundwater and you're interested in how that contaminations also affecting the soil vapor phase. And they're very good at helping us with our hydraulic gradients. Okay, so that little picture on the right-hand side just sort of shows if you have multiple measurement points, how you can plot up a distribution of contamination more clearly, and also inform your groundwater flow directions. So what do multi-levels look like? Okay, so we're going to look at this in a few ways today. This schematic, and thanks to Solans for preparing this picture, really shows a pretty good summary of three sort of fundamentally different approaches to collecting groundwater at multiple discrete depths. So the one on the left is what we call a multi-level system, which is the topic of the day. It's got one casing and it's got multiple ports in it. You'll see that those ports that are in it, which are that sort of hatched pattern. I'm not sure if you can see my mouse or not, but the hatch pattern there, they have a sand screen around that. And then either side of it, that gray material is clay or bentonite, just like if you're constructing a normal monitoring well. So lots of isolated zones down one hole. Okay, so a multi-level system can be defined in that way. Multiple levels being collected within one hole. Now, sometimes we talk about nested wells or well nests. This is where you've got multiple wells and those multiple wells are installed within one hole that you've drilled, but you've got multiple casings.  Now, with these ones, my experience is they can be problematic. These well nests, I have installed some or been involved with installation where we've had troubles, which I'll talk to in a minute. Then we have what we call well clusters. Okay, so well clusters is effectively where you drill separate monitoring wells. You construct them as you would normally construct monitoring wells.  That's a pretty good way to do it. The problem with doing it that way is cost. You're drilling lots of holes, so there's significant cost with it. There are also some other considerations which I'll come to in a minute. So there's sort of three broad categories, okay, of how you might collect multi-level data. The one on the left is what we're talking about today really, these multi-level systems. I'm just going to compare the pros and cons of these a little bit in the next couple of slides. Okay, so if we're looking at a traditional well and we decided that, okay, we don't need to have multi-level at all. We just want to use a traditional well and have a decent length screen. That's obviously going to be compromising our ability to extract high-resolution data that might be characterising different layers within the strata we've drilled through. The consequence of that is you can make some bad decisions in terms of the actual total extent of contamination. For example, it's quite possible that that contamination was isolated to a shallow zone, but because you've screened down to a more substantial depth, you might assume that contamination goes further down than you realise. Now, obviously your borehole logs and things help a bit, but it's a pretty common error, right? And there's obviously long consequences that come from those assumptions in terms of remediation costs, etc. So in this schematic, you can see on the right-hand picture that's a fully screened well. So I assume that might be going down five metres. And on the right-hand side, you've got a multi-level system which is screened and discreetly screened across multiple pretty fine aquifers. So obviously, if you're collecting samples which are discreet to that particular layer, you're going to get a different data set if you're getting an average flow into your monitoring well through a fully screened well. Interesting to note on the left, that's some real data that so-and-so provided to me, which shows how much contamination can vary down a profile. So these are differences in concentrations in milligrams related down profile corresponding to the schematic on the left. So if they hadn't used multi-levels and they just used a fully screened well, it's quite likely they would not have picked up that variance in the quality of the groundwater within those individual strata. So that's one big reason to use multi-levels versus one long screen. So now on the well clusters versus multi-levels. So well clusters have some potential to create preferential flow paths between them. And the schematic in front of us which shows those arrows of water flowing down through one area of screen and then across into another is hypothetically quite possible to have happen. If you think about what you've got around your screen, it tends to be your sand filter back, which is high hydraulic conductivity. So therefore it potentially becomes a preferential flow path impacting on that. So if you can avoid those sorts of things from happening, you're less likely to get errors. So that's one of the downsides of fusing well clusters. I would say though, in terms of well clusters, if you put a reasonable space between them, you're going to avoid that problem. Well nest versus multi-levels. Well, well nests, I would steer you away from well nests. Some of you watching may have had better experience with on the mind, but they tend to be pretty fiddly to install. And you tend to therefore get compromised data. And I think this schematic shows what happens. So I installed one of these up at the Anzac Park Rifle Range in Maruba in Sydney to monitor a coastal aquifer one time. And they promised me it would work. And we put seven of these tubes down inside one well. And in the end, we only had one that actually could retrieve groundwater. So it sort of put me off these a bit of experience. But you can see from this schematic what can happen. So you can get bridging. So what is bridging? It's where you've got these multiple tubes down one well and you're trying to backfill and effectively fill up voids that are in the subsurface with your bentonite, for example. But it's pretty easy to get one of those tubes because you've got so many cutting across a bit and creating a bit of a hole effectively behind it as the bentonite fills up on top of it. So you're never quite sure if you've achieved a good seal around each of these ports. So that can be a risk with these types of installation. All right. So I hope that part of things helps. So there's some reasons to use multi levels and some case studies. I thought you might be interested in just so you realize they are quite widely adopted in Australia in the Melbourne area in the basalt aquifers of the newer Volcanics. So that's the sort of Western suburbs of Melbourne. You get a lot of basalt out there and there's some good basalt quarries and you tend to get the groundwater in the fractures within that basalt. It used to be a very valuable, valuable aquifer. Unfortunately, it has been impacted in quite a few of the industrial areas with significant amounts of hydrocarbons, etc. So you can use multi levels to identify various fracture sets to see whether or not the contamination is extending down through all those fracture sets or is bound up in just some of them. And some of those fracture sets are discontinuous, so there's no reason why they would be contaminating groundwater further down. But as a hydrogeologist, you don't know which ones are connected and which ones aren't. So multi levels help characterizing that. So those have been used for looking at various non-aqueous phase liquids, you know, hydrocarbons, fuel, etc. On many sites in those newer Volcanic basalts. Just a couple of things I wanted to talk about here is they are excellent for looking at where you've got VOCs, free phase and groundwater. They're excellent to sort of look at those different components. Other sites where we're dealing with Dean apples like various chlorinated hydrocarbons, they're good for also screening at multiple levels to look at those dynamics. In some instances, people want continuous data from multi levels. Now it's not as straightforward as a traditional monitoring well, but we do do continuous monitoring senses that fit inside multi levels. So you can get continuous data from those over in South Australia. We've been involved with some investigations of saltwater impacts on the Murray River and use of multi levels to monitor, you know, which particular aquifers are hyper saline. A lot of the aquifers over there have got long screen wells that go through them that were actually designed to drain irrigation waters. So using those as monitoring wells is pretty problematic versus actually sticking down a multi level to actually work out where the hyper saline waters are. In Western Australia, we've used these to investigate groundwater surface water interaction at a particular mining site. You get some really good vertical hydraulic gradient data to help you work out the dynamics between those. And then in terms of soil vapor assessments, these have been used pretty widely for looking at VOCs within both rock and soils. They've been used for landfill gas profiling, particularly where there's been an issue identified with landfill gas sites. It helps tell you which strata the gas is moving through. And then a sort of a more interesting application in a way was on a mine site where they sometimes use what they call a wet cover over tailings. Tailings are the crushed up rock from mine processing. So you use a wet cover to stop those tailings from acidifying and producing acid mine drainage. But in this particular application, we used it to assess how far oxygen was moving through their wet covers. We set up a multi level and we used a manual device to measure the vapor in a bunch of ports. So there's a few examples of how you could use this. All right, under the technology options. So many years ago, we did a big review of this for origin energy when they were looking at ways of monitoring groundwater impacts from coal seam gas. And they asked us to look at everything under the sun. So we looked at multi levels as well.  So there's a few different systems. Schlumberger have this thing called the West Bay system. There's a thing called the Fluke system, which the McCurry boys matrix drilling, I think are the distributors for in Australia. Then we have the Solence Waterloo system and the Solence CMT system, which products, which hydroterror are the distributors for. I guess if you're interested in the Fluke system or you could reach out to MatrixTron. So just a little bit about each of these. Look, the Schlumberger West Bay system is very expensive, but it can go very deep. I've never installed one myself. And I don't think you would use it much in contaminated investigation. I don't think it's ever been used in Australia. I might be wrong, but I certainly haven't come across it. So it will be unusual to be using it. But just in terms of some stuff about it, so it consists of multiple casings that you would attach together. There's many ports that you can fit to it and you can isolate discrete zones and you progressively build it and lower it into your drill hole. Looks like there's two particular sizes of 38mm one and a 55mm one. And you need to drill your hole either 75mm or 160mm in diameter. Alright, so a little summary about that one is you'll see the bottom row. It's very expensive. They are designed for long-term deployment. It takes a moderate amount of time to collect sample. Now this is moderate in the context of multi-levels. Multi-levels typically do take longer to collect samples than traditional monitoring levels. I think the big key feature of this one is its maximum deployment depth. So that can go at 1200 metres, so that's a significant depth. I won't go into too much more detail there. The flute system. Look, this is a really clever technology. It involves effectively, it's a bit like a balloon. If you look at that picture on the right, you can inflate it down into your groundwater well. And then on the outside of what you've sort of pushed down into the well are a series of ports that are held out against the side of the well. And that is clever. So that's how that works. I'm not going to talk in detail about that today. We don't have that much time. But it is clever. And there's a few key things you can do with this technology. Like you can actually, with one application, it will allow you to detect the seepage that's coming in along a bear hole. So you might put it down in a bear, down the bear hole. And it will show you the input depth that bearers contamination has come in at because it actually reacts with the sleeve that you push down into the ground. So that's quite clever. A few key features about this one. It's medium sort of length time to deploy versus the others. So, you know, it's probably not a differentiator. It might be a bit quicker in some instances. There's obviously various pumping devices that you can connect to it and the rate of sample collection will depend on those. You can go greater than 1200 meters with this deployment. I'd be interested to hear from the McCurry boys on how deep they have gone in Australia if they're on this call. What else should we talk about there? Suitable to do low flow sampling can remove relatively large volumes using YouTube sampling pumps. Waste volume load you to zone isolation. So that's an important thing. You're not having large purge volumes to remove. It's a dedicated system. So you don't have to worry about decontamination between sites. So that's pretty clever. It's quite expensive, the sample to collect. Now on to the two products that I know a lot more about than those ones, but be aware there are other options, right? So Solon's test to multi-level systems, which we've been involved in installing both of those and sold quite a few. Less of this particular one and more of the one that's about to come called CMT. The Waterloo system is modular. So it's a bit like a West Bay system. You build it in sections of casing and you'll see that picture on the right there. So it has stainless steel ports that allow water to flow in at the depths that you install them at. And you put in packers. So packers are things that swell up an isolated zone in a hole. So they sort of come in two sorts. There's chemical ones which sort of react and swell when they come in contact with water. And you have others called inflatable packers, which you inflate with compressed gas from ground surface. So the components of those are stainless steel sampling ports, and then you have carbon and packers to isolate the zones. Dedicated or portable monitoring instruments. So you can have things like vibrating wire piezometers to measure water level automatically mounted in those stainless steel ports. You have a well head, which is where you connect up to your telemetry, etc. You can also up to your sampling, up to collector samples from. So in terms of deployment, it does take a long time. I don't know, very is an emotive word, but it does take a long time. And the installations we've been involved with these Waterloo systems have taken quite a bit of time. They're really used in sites like uranium waste, radioactive sites, highly sensitive sites, which need long-term multi-level monitoring. And you put a fair bit of time into designing where those ports need to be and set them up. They're a very robust system. Everything about them is pretty serious, you know, the size of the packers and everything. So it's not a small job to install them. And if you've got a decommissioned one, you'll have to drill it out. Okay, but it's a very robust system. They do go to substantial depth. We don't seem to have, well, we've said it's an unlimited depth. You can certainly go a long, long way down. So these systems, when would you use a Waterloo system? When you need to go deep. Okay, when you need to go substantially deep. So the last one that I wanted to talk about was continuous multi-channel tubing for the CMT system. And this is by far the most commonly used multi-level in the contaminated land industry. And that's because it's relatively low cost versus these other options we've looked at. And it's relatively easy to install versus those other options. So it's a beautifully simple design. The CMT, the term continuous multi-channel tubing is referring to the tubing itself, which is a continuous extrusion. And each of the channels of that tube can be used to create a discrete port at a certain depth. And it's pretty simple to make those ports. You can just cut a hole at the depth you want. And you wrap some stainless steel mesh around it at that depth. So the good thing about that is it can be constructed on site. Because often you don't really know the strata until you go to the site, right? You're drilling and then you've got to install maybe that same day or the next day. So you don't have a lot of time. So it's great if you can build these things on site. It can be a lot more adaptive to what you find under the ground. And that is one of the key strengths of this product. It's not to say that installing these things is easy. Each of these ports needs to be considered as about the same amount of effort that you put around sealing off any well screen. In our traditional world, you've got to put your vent tonight in. You've got to put your sand filter pack in, etc. So it takes time. I will be looking at that in a little bit more detail in a minute. All right. So just going into detail now about those two, the Waterloo system and the CMT. So where do these ideas come from? Who invented these multi levels? Well, it's interesting. Normally they come out of a university. These sort of great ideas. And in this case, the Waterloo system was initially conceived by researchers at the University of Waterloo, which is located in an outer suburb of Toronto, really. So over in Canada. And they've been being used for over 30 years. So as we said earlier, so I won't spend much time on this. It's made up of modular components. There's the packer on the right. You've got your stainless steel port there. What's attached to the top of that is actually these vibrating wire piezometers. So they are giving continuous data, the one on the left. The one on the right is a small double valve pump, which is how you pump that water to the surface. So water rent is through the stainless steel port and is pumped to the surface with these very small double valve pumps. Meanwhile, groundwater level pressure is measured using those vibrating wire piezometers. At the head, you can see, look, there's a fair bit going on there on this little, at the well head, you've got various wires coming up from your vibrating wire piezometers, et cetera. So when we install these, typically consultants get us involved to do the installation because they're pretty complicated to install. When it comes to actually collecting the samples from these, you can see you've got your typical low flow pneumatic controller there on the right. That's a good way. I mean, that's the way you do it. So you use the same sort of controller that you're familiar with for any low flow sampling. But as you can see, right, it's not immaterial, the amount of effort to build one of these systems. Typically what happens is you've got the drill rig on site and you're progressively lowering this section down and you're adding in your next packer, you're adding in your next screen, you're making sure you've got all your cables, et cetera, coming up to the surface. So it truly is quite a complicated machine to build. Here's a bit of a picture just to sort of back up what I just said. Look at all those cables and things coming to the surface. You can see the casing being progressively lowered there. You've got an orange clamp on it, holding it in place on the right. You've got next section of gray casing that would be pushed down and screwed onto the top of that one that's there. So you need to take your time and make sure your sample lines and your cables are all threaded through correctly. So that's how you build them. You can see that little fitting on the left there. That's how you attach the packers to the casing. So you have seals on there. And that's so the casing attaches to the top of that packer section. Ports and accessories. So ports are made of 316 stainless steel, a single or dual stem, which means you can have pumps, transducers or open tubes all connected to port stems. That's what I was talking about before. You can use a one inch bladder pump or a 5-8 inch double valve pump to bring those samples to the surface. Pressure transducers can be read from the surface without readout or data loving equipment. Water levels are measured manually with a small diameter water level meter. Open tubes can be sampled via peristaltic pump or foot valves. Now there's these little micro foot valves that you use. So you're probably familiar with the traditional foot valves that you use, the Watera style ones. Well, these are a much narrower version of that, but it's the same technology. So the packers are used to isolate the zones, right? So in this instance, you're not using bentonite. A lot of you might be familiar with. You're actually using these packets to seal up against the wall of your hole. When you're putting in something like a Waterloo system, it's so much easier if you've actually drilled the hole with a diamond core rig. So you've got your core and you've got a really good awareness of the strata that you're installing it in. The packers use internal water to hydrate the permanent packer expansion material. So I swill up in it. The casing internal diameter is filled with water to overcome the buoyancy. So obviously as they get pretty long, if it was filled at the bottom, it would float. So they don't do that. They let the water flow up as you're installing it. That's what the Wellhead manifold looks like on the Waterloo multi-level system. The manifold organizes tubing and cabling from each monitoring zone. That's pretty important to know. So in the end, you can build these things and wonder which port, which tube at the top corresponds to which port depth. So it's very important to document these things as you go. So when you do finally get to collecting your data, you're getting it from the right port. There is this optional multi-purge feature, which allows you to pump from multiple double valve pumps that are down the well in the same time. So that does speed up sampling. So you can be collecting many samples at the same time. So that's quite clever. As I said, these multi-levels have been used in various applications. In Australia, we've used them for characterizing groundwater surface water interaction over in Western Australia. Over in the US, they've been used in various military and nuclear installations. They're used to look at saltwater intrusion, soil gas surveys, et cetera. All right. So now onto my favorite, the continuous multi-channel tubing or CMT. I think I'll just skip. The main thing out of this particular picture or this slide is to understand that it comes in two sorts. A three-channel and a seven-channel. Three-channel means you're going to have three ports. Seven-channel means you're going to have seven. Now, sometimes people like to cut two ports at the same depth and use one to collect water. And the other one just to measure the water level limit. It's not a bad idea. So really, you choose based on how many ports you think you're going to need. So you want to think that through first. In terms of installing these, though, it's fairly sonorous versus what you've just seen with the Waterloo system. So in this case, it's using stuff that you're all probably pretty familiar with.  At the top of it, you have these various tubes coming to the top or channels, I should say. And they've got this neat little numbering system on there. As I said, they must log just like your well-construction record. Make sure you note very carefully the depths that you have ultimately screened across the port depth. Make sure you record the lengths of your sand filter packs because that all affects the performance and the actual data you're getting out of these ports. Sometimes people get along and halfway through the thing, they decide, oh, we've actually put it at the wrong depth, and they adjust things and pull up, and that obviously compromises a lot of things. So it's very important to be planned out before you start the installation on site. So you know what depth to be standing at, and you can construct it as you like for the well. So these are ideal for shallow groundwater monitoring. So the Waterloo system we were looking at, that's ideal for depths sort of greater than 300 metres, really. But the CMT has depth considerations. So I think within here, they tell us the optimum depth. So we just like to see what they say there. Most of the CMT systems I've installed have been down to a depth of about 30 metres. And when you think about most contaminated sites, that has most of them. So it's pretty handy. So these are good for monitoring contaminant plumes. They're good for determining those groundwater gradients. And they're very good for the vapor monitoring. You can see in the picture on the left there, they're installing one. So this is mid-installation. So typically you've built this on site. You've finished your drilling. You've got your geological log and you're saying, okay, I want ports at these depths. And then these, if you look at what's being lowered into the hole there, you can see these various screens and spaces that they've put on there. So that's sort of how it works. One thing to be really wary of is when you first turn up the site, it comes in a big roll with tubing. And it's got a fair bit of springiness to it because it's been rolled up for a while. So it's good to lay it out flat, stick some sandbags on top of it, and leave it for a day just to flatten it out before you sort of really get stuck into things. Otherwise it's pretty hard to make it go straight down the hole. There's an example of what I mean. So it comes in that roll and they're laying it out on a plastic sheet on the site and then they're going to start cutting ports and things into it.  So you typically just do that with a texter. And then they've got this CMT toolkit to actually make the ports.  The clip is there to actually then cut out the plastic between the holes that you've punched with the port cutter. The little red screwdriver is used to put in the expansion bungs and then these black tecker pliers they're called to use to attach the metal around the ports. Now here they are using the port cutting tool and you'll see on the right there, it punches a nice, neat little hole. That line drawn across would have been the line where they've said we want to have a port at this particular depth. The line going up the middle is to mark the location of the particular channel. Obviously, you've got to be a bit careful because there's a fairly thin wall between the channels and it's not unheard of for some people to accidentally cut through the wall between the channels which is counterproductive for what you're going to do. Here you can see someone cutting a port and pushing in the expansion bung which is then done up tight to seal the port. You see the hole below the port that's allowed to allow water to flow down the port below that bung otherwise it starts to float, I should say. Here they are putting a port screen in place so that's your stainless steel mesh. These centralises are very handy. They help keep the whole thing in the middle of the hole. It allows you to get your bentonite and sand down to the depths you need it to be at. At the bottom of this, you need to seal cubes. You use these plugs, these expansion bungs but there is a central port and that central port is effectively provided water to flow through this nosed man that you see on the right-hand side so that attaches to the bottom, water flows in through that mesh that's on there and it comes up your central tube. What we're looking at there is the fed-in channel CMT. Here's another picture of people installing. As I said, or maybe I didn't say, Hydrotera is a certified installer of these systems and we've done quite a few now. So feel free to reach out to us. How to measure as you go, right? Because you've got all these ports you're trying to construct. It's important to have a tagline which is that device on the right-hand side. You'll see there's a heavy weight. All this is is a weight on a cable with measured depths on it. So you use that when you're constructing your seals to measure the depth that you have placed your bentonite just and etc. And you write all of that down on your well construction record. Very important. At the top, that's what your finished well head looks like. And you use that to sample. And I believe we've got various sampling options here. So they have been very clever solans to developing these micro double valve pumps. You can see on the left-hand picture, that's a pump, believe it or not. That is a double valve pump. And it fits inside these small tubes and allows you to collect samples which you control those double valve pumps just using your normal pneumatic controller at surface. So these pumps are also pretty handy for collecting groundwater samples in general when you're dealing with a really, really narrow well. Like sometimes you've got what you think is a blocked well, happens from time to time. Keep in mind that these sorts of pumps do exist to allow you to collect a groundwater sample even from some sites that would appear impenetrable to a standard sort of 30mm double valve pump, for example. You can collect vapours through plugs for soil gas. That's that picture on the right-hand side there. It's one of the great applications of the CM2 that you can collect soil vapour across multiple levels. You can use mini inertia pumps which are like your Watera pumps, just really narrow ones. I've used them. They're surprisingly effective. If it's shallow enough, you can use a peristaltic pump and attach a bit of tubing to the end of that but you won't do better than about five metres below ground surface for that. The last thing there is they do have a water level metre that is narrow enough. It's got a 102 water level metre, narrow enough to go down those particular channels to allow you to collect water level data. Just a little summary on those and then I've got a bit of time for some questions. CMT versus Waterloo system. The Waterloo system is best from 30 metres to 300 metres. But as I said, technically it can go a lot deeper than that but everything gets heavy. It gets more difficult to install. The CMT system is best between, all I would have said, maybe even less than six metres depending what you're doing it in, but six metres to 50 metres. I think the way best we've done is about 30 metres using the same term. It can be installed both in overburden, soil for example, and bedrock. In terms of how you isolate the zones, if you're wanting to use packers, you can always use a packer with the Waterloo system. If you want to use it with a three channels, if you want to use it with CMT you've got to use just the three channel. That comes down to the particular diameter that they've set their packers for. You can use layers of sand and bents tonight in both options, although with the Waterloo systems I've seen they use packers a lot. Maximum number of sampling zones is an interesting one. So a Waterloo system can have up to 24 and a CMT system can have up to seven because it's only got seven channels. There's another key differentiator. Both can handle soil gas as well. Measuring depth to water, greater than six metres below ground water. You can use your 1.2 water level metre and sorry, that was less than six metres. Greater than six metres, you can use a 1.2 water level metre or you can use pressure transducers. So we have deployed pressure transducers both in the Waterloo system and in the CMT systems, which have been successful and we've installed these systems where you're just using discrete pumps or when we've had that manifold and collected modable samples from channels at the same time. So in summary, these multi-levels are quite handy to help inform your conceptual model. Obviously there's a bit more work to be done to install them than traditional monitoring wells but there's also significant money to be saved by not having to install as many wells. There was four options, technology options. We went through the Schlumberger West Bay system, the Fluke system, the Sollanced Waterloo system and the Sollanced CMT system. By far the most commonly used is the Sollanced CMT system. We can help you install those if you want to go ahead with it. We've also covered the differences between those two systems in detail. All right. So we might now move to the Q&A. Hopefully we've got some questions. No open questions. Goodness gracious, that's a first. All right. Well, if we've got no questions, I think we're just about out of time. Feel free to reach out to Hydrotera for any further information you'd like on multi-levels and how they can be used for your hydrogeological investigations. And thanks very much for joining us today. Have a good day. Thank you.


My history with the Yarnsworld is one of deep adoration. And what some might describe as moral insanity, yes, reader, I have completely and pitilessly butchered the chronological and publication order of Benedict Patrick's wonderful Yarnsworld novels. I read the first, when I first discovered the awesome, then followed it with the fourth, which was just about to come out. After that, Benedict asked me to better read for him, and I did that with the 50 Yarnsworld novel and several other of his projects.  Yet, somehow, I utterly disregarded two of his earlier Yarnsworld books. Those brave foolish souls in the City of Swords is the one I always knew I'd get to, something about the title speaks to me. It makes an eloquent promise which Patrick delivers on with a deft swipe of the pen, or several million keystrokes, whichever one seems more likely. I took him the City of Swords in the audiobook format, Derek Perkins does excellent work here, his grave and stately voice, as narrator shifts every which way as he breeds life into the myriad characters that populate Patrick's novel. The City of Swords, also known as Espadapan, is home to the Bravadori. Even portrays them as heroic swordfighters in the vein of Zorro, reality renders them as glorified tugs and bandits. Rather than the honorable and noble queens protectors, they're supposed to be the Bravadori, or instead violent. If exception is killed, individuals gather it up in stables, criminal gangs in truth, battling for supremacy, stopping on his shorts of murder, most of the time. The novel opens with our first protagonist, Arturo, at last arriving in Espadapan to join what he sees as a brotherhood of heroes and defenders of all things good and right in the world. It doesn't go as well as you'd like to think it would. Arturo witnesses a full night's fierce combat between the top stables in Espadapan. The lion's paws and the mice, his hope to take part quickly dashed by fear. So begins a long and arduous journey towards relining the heroes of legend with the flesh and blood people who were Bravadori masks and wheeled Bravadori blades. And the many Bravadori who holds bloody battle during Arturo's first night in the City of Souls is Yzel. Yzel is one of the shaven, combatants infamous for their onaless ways. There were Bravadori two ones, before they committed a crime foul enough that saw them unmasked and thrust out from the life of pampered comford and luxury the Bravadori lead. The name, as you might assume, comes from the fact that as soon as they lose their honour, they are shaven, their heads, as a sign of their dishonour. Yzel's journey is one of redemption and herobism, inspired by the idealism of none other than Arturo. After a fashion, our third protagonist is Crazy Raccoon. This Bravadori encapsulates the distance between the legend and the reality of his part-upon's blade masters. The man with the fiercest reputation in all the City of Souls, Crazy Raccoon's sturn is a fortune, come one after the other. And with breakneck speed. The three make quite the unlikely bad fellows, and much blood will be spilled before there is an honest reckoning between them. Off on a quest to defend a small village from scores of bandits, Arturo, Yzel and Crazy Raccoon will have to re-examine their biases and deeply held prejudices and get over themselves if they are to survive what's to come. Sword action galore. And if you think bandits are not quite a scary enough threat, do not fear. The forests and wildernesses of the Yarnsworld are always full of monsters. There's a path to return to these characters, and I certainly hope Benedict decides to do so. I've grown very fond indeed of Arturo, Yzel and Crazy Raccoon. Each of the three has completed their character arc in ways that refute the societal norms Benedict has created in this particular corner of his Yarnsworld. Yet each of the three has demons yet unconquered. And the conclusion to this novel certainly shows there is yet more work to be done. Nothing that takes away from the standalone nature of this read, but the possibility of another adventure with this unlikely trio at the centre of it appeals to me. No question about it. As is the way of the Yarnsworld books, Benedict Patrick tells vignettes from the world. Myths, legends, the stories behind the legends. So they start off reading as little more than stand-alones. These always have a motif that becomes more and more evident the further you read. Sandwiched between each chapter, they give the Yarnsworld its texture. By the end, these interludes come together into an engaging mosaic that connects to the conflict at the core of the novel. Also, I love this title so much. Ever since I first came across it some six, seven years ago, I've been riffing on it in D&D sessions, in the shower where no one is supposed to hear but my nosy neighbour inevitably does, and at one time I was supposed to give a presentation in front of half my ear at uni. It's a problem how deeply embedded this title has become in my mind, is what I'm saying. You'll enjoy this novel if you fancy high-octane sword-fighting action. You have a thing for characters with complex inner-lives that clash with the Personas Day project. You love folklore-based and non-European mythos and cultures. This one is heavily Mexican-inspired. And more. Probably. I can't recommend this one enough, folks. It's an absolute delight you'll blaze through. If you only take a chance on it, you should. Once you do, come back. Let me know which one of the three was your favourite protagonist, and why. Also, have you read, or are you going to read, any more of Benedict Patrick's novels? I've reviewed a good few of them in my day, and have added links below, if you would consider reading those. I might also do a tier list once I am done with the very final of the Yarnsworld novels that I have not yet read. It might be a little wild, though. We'll see. Until then, I'm Philip Magnus. You are not. I'll see you again next time. Bye!


The world is changing since now. You have to check out Cointelegraph like every day. Hi, this is Maria Jones at Cointelegraph channel with a rundown of our hottest news stories from across cryptocurrency this week. Breaking news, Bitcoin will be under the law in China. All Chinese virtual currency exchanges must stop trading to remain compliant, regulators have announced. While slowly appearing from China appears to confirm that trading will no longer be legal from Bitcoin to fiat platform. Bitcoin prices are already reacting with 24 hours losses approaching 21% at $3,000. Cryptocurrency CEOs have reacted to BTC China and now other exchanges shutting down with firm plans for the future. Can any government just ban Bitcoin? Early on the topic of cryptocurrency bans, can major governments actually step in and carry out the unthinkable ban of Bitcoin? And even more pressing questions can they even enforce such a ban and how would they do it? Presley is impossible for government to seize your Bitcoins unless you decide to hand over your private keys. However, most citizens and institutions like to stay on the right side at the low. Governors across the country in question would be shot and by selling Bitcoin would be difficult and risky. In this sense, Bitcoin would suffocate and perhaps the government's objectives might be achieved. There are about 35 million millionaires in the world right now. There will only ever be 21 million Bitcoin. There will never be enough Bitcoin in existence for every millionaire in the world to own even a single one. This is one of the two main features that give Bitcoin its value, its scarce and authentic. Throughout history, there have been many different stores of value from Seychelles to Galt. All of them were underpinned by these two core characteristics. The future of Bitcoin is almost certainly a bright one, but forget about the near term. If Bitcoin is digital Galt, then its long term value is what really matters. Bitcoin is rare, Bitcoin is scarce. The vast majority of people don't own even a fraction of one. What's Bitcoin's long term potential? It could easily become so valuable that even millionaires can afford an entire coin. When they value Bitcoin, it really doesn't matter how people use it. What matters is why people choose to own it. Is there been an overreaction from the news coming out of China? Some people argue that the basis of the latest announcement of China's SEO ban are unreliable, as there has been no formal statement from a government official. The origin of the news was a Google-translated article from a Chinese journalist who apparently has spoken to some officials. That's three layers from their regional service. Anyway, the last time China banned and wanted to stop Bitcoin, they reversed the situation a few months later. This overreaction may actually provide a fantastic opportunity, likely to be the last time to buy Bitcoins at these levels. We have just been gifted a 30% return as BTC dipped below 4,000 USD and then returned to business as usual. Either way, Bitcoin is likely to go as normal, the real loser as Ethereum, which is likely to get slain by an SEO ban. If you've ever been around long enough, you probably know that MasterLock is something as a legend in the Bitcoin community. His main claim to fame is that he called the top of the November 2013 Bitcoin bubble and the subsequent bear market. MasterLock now predicts that Bitcoin price will reach 15,000 USD by the end of this year. What's more, he believes that Bitcoin will reach a price of 40,000 to 110,000 USD by the end of this bull run. He gives a frame of 2019 at that price target, while these numbers seem absolutely extraordinary. Many traders have noted that the recent bubble doesn't seem so bubbly after all. Bitcoin has not yet gone parabolic and it's the end of previous bubble cycles. Of course, as any investing prospectus will tell you, you know, past performances is no guarantee for future gains. It remains to be seen if MasterLock is correct in his predictions. For the very latest news and events from the crypto scene, check out Cointelegraph.com and subscribe to our YouTube channel. If you would like to ask me a question or share your story with us, just leave a comment right here and see you next week.


This study examined how the viscoelasticity of a hydrogel affects the migration and fusion of mesenchymal stem cell, MSC, spheroids. The researchers found that faster relaxing hydrogels were more conducive to cell migration and subsequent fusion than slower relaxing hydrogels. They also discovered that inhibiting two signaling pathways, rock and rack 1, prevented cell migration. Finally, they combined biophysical and biochemical cues provided by the faster relaxing hydrogels and PDGF supplementation, respectively, which resulted in a synergistic enhancement of migration and fusion. These results suggest that the viscoelasticity of a hydrogel plays an important role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies based on spheroids. This article was authored by David T. Wu, Mani Diba, Stephanie Yan and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.