e extent of the drainage problems. Thanks. Can I ask that question? Yeah. Right along that walkway between the retail store and your little parking area, you have some fencing right there, right? Yeah. I was wondering, maybe if you eliminated that fencing and just have it a little more open, so there's a possibility in the future of that maybe spilling out that way where it might be paved a little bit. You still have the vegetation creating the edge but now at least it activates the edge a little bit more. So there might be like a little tables there where you have coffee or ice cream or something that adds a little life to the park, you know. Yeah, that's something I'm looking at. That's all I'm just saying. Yeah, that is something that we have looked at throughout the sort of master planning project, the idea of adding benches in there or even tables. There are some challenges in terms of when you start doing that, you start impacting the trees that are in that area, which are some of the healthiest trees in the park and there's been a real sort of priority, a real kind of directive from the town to try and maintain as much of that canopy as we can, especially the high quality trees. That said, we still have considered the possibility of adding benches or something else in that area as part of a future phase. But for right now, we've been considering that. I've done stuff in the past where you wanted to keep the trees, you put them on pedestals and you put pavers on top of it. So actually you actually lifted it up above the ground level. So you're up a little higher. It gives you some space below. So you're not impacting the roots of the trees, which I think you're trying to do. I don't know, I'm just thinking out loud right here. I really, really like what you got here and what you've done. I think I have to applaud it because you took a space that was all divided and chopped up and created a central space that can be used for many things. I can see maybe having an outdoor wedding there and using the reception, the building is the reception hall. There can be many things that could happen there that now could happen. Or you know, your beer garden or your art shows that happens there from time to time. My last thing that I wanna talk about is, is there a possibility of putting a public paid bathroom there? It's somewhat centrally located on a bike path and they have a designated public bathroom. Even it's a quarter or a dollar, whatever it charges to maintain the thing. I've seen all the cities where they have these public bathrooms in these town areas and it just livens the area that because as you're riding on a bike path, you say, oh, I know there's a bathroom here that I can use all the time. Can we put it behind the house and not in the middle of the park? Yeah, I was thinking right here between the walkway there and the house, there's a little pathway there and a driveway right around there. I've had requests for this in other parts of town too. We've looked into it, they're very, very expensive, but it's not, you know, it's out of the scope of this particular project, but I will say that part of why this site is attractive for having events is because there is an accessible restroom in the Jefferson Cutter House off of the Cutter Gallery and so those restrooms have served the beer garden in the past. So without even building anything, there's potential for accommodating that kind of amenity. Yeah, I'm talking about a different kind of amenity house. I realized that the bathrooms are used for the beer garden and that kind of stuff. I'm talking about just someone that's casually riding the bicycle on the bike path or walking up and down Mass Ave and they have to use a bathroom. And if everybody knew that there was a public bathroom that was clean, you know, it makes it a destination as opposed to I gotta find a store to let me go in somewhere, you know? I don't know, I'm just thinking out loud where things that we can add to this thing here, which is, I love it, but I think I'm just adding different elements to it to make it a little better, that's all.  Well, I also like it. My question is, where's the bike parking? There hasn't been any bike parking proposed as part of this specific phase. I think part of the issue is that because of the way the Minutemen bike trail moves through the site or moves across Mass Ave at this particular area, it's actually not the easiest place to disembark from your bike as opposed to Uncle Sam Park or the area on the other side of Mass Ave by the lovely coffee shop whose name I'm forgetting at the moment. Please stand. Yes. Well, I guess what's prompting my question is when Aeronaut was doing the beer gardens there. Bike parking was an issue and as part of that, they brought in temporary racks which were located just outside the perimeter of the park in the alley, basically. And that wasn't the greatest solution if for no other reason than the racks they chose would no longer be allowed under our new bike parking guidelines. But there clearly is a significant need, especially if you're seeing this as an event space for figuring out some way to offer substantial bike parking here. So this project, the conceptual plan is very large scale and encompasses the entire park link back to the entrance to the Russell Common lot off of Mystic Street. But this is phase one, which is basically just the park in the front of the house to the Mass Ave and Mystic Corner. We've talked about that being something, phase two is ADA accessibility to the house itself, the museum itself is currently not accessible at all. So that's the areas around the house and we're working on that next through CDBG funding. And then phase three is the area, oh forgive me, to the northeast of the house, like yes, there, thank you. And this is an area we believe could accommodate that. So it's a good point that it's something that's necessary for this location and bike parking isn't adequate in this area, but it's not part of the segment of the project we're talking about tonight. I will say that what's been nice about having the alleyway be kind of a flexible use up until this point is that one of the restaurants in the center just got licensed to do outdoor seating there right along the edge of the park this summer. Yeah, so it's been great to find creative uses for that space since it is a pretty wide walkway. Which restaurant, just curious. If they're not ready to hit the ground yet, but it's, well no, it's all public information, it's fine, it's a fun job. Oh good. Yeah. So I'm content that it's on your radar, the bike parking, so enough said. And I'll just add on the bike parking that I think that once we get to the third phase, which is what Allie was talking about would be like in this back area, which we've also talked about other uses and there's also a little bit of like mixed ownership back there. But I think it's worth looking at both related to restrooms and bike parking and maybe other things too. The parking spaces that are in this general vicinity and even some of the, there's actually a little bit of green space in here too. And just sort of, and thinking about how we can install some of the things that we're talking about. I think it's great, great suggestions. Sorry, Rachel, go ahead. No, no problem. I was actually just going to, in addition to the bike park and the only other comment I had when I reviewed the plan earlier was very similar to Kin's in terms of kind of plan south where you have that, all of that planting and the fence having been to events at this park in the past, I certainly appreciate the fact that you've condensed the event space into one section, but it is nice to be able to still be in the vicinity and step outside of the main green. Especially as somebody who has a young child to be able to kind of have another green space that you can kind of meander in a little bit more permeable way in and out of. And especially as we kind of move out of it, move through this period of the pandemic and then out of it, having secondary gathering spaces within this park. And I think that space down there is kind of a good space for it where people can be a little bit more distant but still part of the events is something to take a look at rather than planting the entire space. I think that's really well taken. I feel like we're always constantly referring to later phases, but part of the, in terms of secondary or sort of tertiary even spaces, I think part of that is the area closer to the corner of Mass Ave where that circuit path is on the other side of the tracks and there's some seating there that's set off a little bit. There's also currently the two fenced gardens that are on either side of the cutter house, which are a very kind of separate space and will be reconsidered or kind of reinvigorated as part of the later phases, probably out of necessity. And then I think as Jenny alluded to that area down sort of by the parking lot and by the cutter gallery is another area that we've been thinking about how can we make that kind of a multi-use space or a space that includes seating, includes pause areas, something that can be another gathering space that is distinct and kind of flexible and multi-use potentially. So that's been a goal as well. Great. I'm looking forward to see it come to life. Thank you. Thank you. Good. Thank you, Carlo and Palli. It's a great project. I don't have anything beyond what the other folks already said. Thank you. Thanks for your patience to be here. Thank you. All right. So moving on, up next is meeting minutes. Several prior... Will you do the next meeting? It's okay. We kind of need to do those meeting minutes. There's three of them. I'm okay to table them as long as they're posted on the... You know what? Let's do them because the next meeting is going to be a long one. We have a hotel coming back. So let's just get to it. Do you know about that? So 427. Anyone feel free to begin? I have two changes on the second page. Oops. Sorry. I just popped my thin cloth. The paragraph is Mr. Benson motioned. The condition should be either with 30 days to file a demolition permit or within 50 days to file an EDR, not end EDR. And then the next sentence should be, if the house is demolished, then an EDR application with plans for the site must be filed within a month after demolition. I think after demolition needs to be added after the word a month. And then in the next paragraph, where it says Mr. Benson moved to approve their revised sign proposal, I did not move to approve it because I was voted against it. I don't know who moved to approve it, but it wasn't me. Which one was this? I paid Tokyo. I think I did that. That works for me. I'll have to go back and check. I'll go back to the, if you don't mind. I mean, I'll say loud, but I'd rather check the video. The only thing I know is it wasn't me. Okay, got it. You see the mirror? Yes, I see. You see the mirror? Rachel, you could have done that too, Rachel. Yeah, I don't recall. I'll check. That's all I had on those. So I would move to accept the minutes of April 27, 1920 with the amendments just discussed. Okay. Second. Second. All right. Jean. Yes. Rachel. Yes. In. Yes. Steven. Yes. We vote yes. We'll pass as amended. Next up is May 4th. I had no changes on it. I moved to accept the minutes of May 4th, 2020 is presented. Second. All right. Jean. Yes. Steven. Yes. Rachel. Yes. Yes. I vote yes. All right. So May 18th. I had a change. Go ahead. There was one point that was attributed to me but it was actually Jean. I'm looking for it. Not seeing it now. I didn't see it either, David. But I'll suggest one while David's looking. Right. Yeah, go ahead. I guess about the fifth paragraph, the one that says Mr. Watson asked. The one fourth line down says, nope, that's the wrong one. One that said Mr. Watson said he thinks there are two issues. The third line down said Mr. Benson agrees and should say Mr. Benson understands town council's finding, not agrees with but understands. Do you see that, Jenny? Actually, no. Can you tell me what page you're on? Page three of the minutes of the 18th. Okay. Mr. Benson. It says Mr. Benson agrees with town council's finding. It should say Mr. Benson understands town council's finding. And on page four. Oh, Jean, can I interrupt you? I found the first sentence of the next paragraph. It says Mr. Watson asked about the square footage for public access. Oh, that was me, right. That was Jean. Okay, Mr. Benson. Okay, got it. Thank you, David. On the next page, it's the page four where it says Lisa Hines. Her name is spelled H-Y-N-E-S-N-I-N-E-S. Thank you. And then I'll just mention that Mr. Seltzer suggested a change to what he said and I think he's correct. I got that one too. Okay, and that's all I had on the 18th. So I would move adoption of the minutes of May 18th, 2020 with the changes, amendments as indicated. Second. Jean? Yes. You good? Yes. You? That mean, yes. Yes. Rachel? Yes. All right, I vote yes. Units are done. Thank you all. Thank you. All right, open forum. If there's anyone who's still in the meeting that wishes to speak, you wanna raise your hand in the Zoom chat box or participant's box. Happy to call on you. Give you a few minutes to speak. All right, no one's gonna take me up on that this evening. Thank you. Can I ask one question on the last four pages or five pages on this thing here? Is it, are they meant to be Garbledy Cook or did I get something wrong here? I'm not sure I know what you're talking about. Is it like in the PDF version of something? Yes, and it's like, you know, percentage to percentage, backwards L, upside down C, T, pi, I think that's your down, minus something. I don't see that. Mine was fine also. So what did I miss? Emails from residents. Yeah, correspondence. All right, so I didn't get any of that stuff then, okay. All of the, everything is posted if you go to the hyperlinked version in the Novus agenda, you'll see all of those documents. So it's, I don't know what happened when you consolidated the whole document as one PDF, but. Okay, no, okay. I just couldn't understand what that was and I didn't know what I missed something or something. Motion to adjourn. Motion by Kim. Second. Second by Rachel. All in favor. I guess I have to do it by roll call. So Kim. Yes. Rachel. Yes. Gene. Yes. David. Yes. I vote yes. Thank you everyone for your work. Thanks for being understanding of me tonight as I wrestled with this whole thing. I really appreciate everybody on it. Oh, I wrestled too, Gene. So. It makes for a better board. And longer meetings. Yes, both thank you and sorry to everyone. All right. Good night everyone. Good night. Good night. Bye.


Hello hello and welcome to the vlog! It's day 11 of the vlogmas! Oh, I just got done shoveling and walking the dog. It's hard to see right now because I'm all blown out. My whole neck is ice cold and it's like really numb. Like I accidentally hit my neck and I'm like, did I even feel that? So numb! But anyway, I had to shovel the driveway and the walkway. Sorry about the line, so I was wearing a hat for quite a while. But yeah, so I'm awake now if I wasn't! After work I went to Walgreens to pick up our prescription finally because they weren't open the other day. So, oopsie. Doyle's got this little treat. Get it! Yeah! Anyway, um, but yeah that's what's happened in at this point. Doyle, he's like back for more. What's, what's the deal bud? No, I'm just doing it one-handed buddy. That's why it's taking me a long time. It's back in the cupboard, it goes. But yeah, so that's what's happening and what else did you do today? I didn't really do too much today. I emailed Erin Condren, not like the Erin Condren, but like I emailed Erin Condren about that other box that's here, so I'm still waiting to hear back. I did mail out the prizes for my two giveaways I was hosting on Facebook. So if you don't follow me on Facebook, feel free to follow me because I do most of my giveaways on Facebook because it just makes life so much easier. There's lots of other like rules and regulations on the back end of YouTube for like giveaways that I don't really want to deal with. So I do them on Facebook for the most part. But mailed out those prizes today and then I mailed out my two bad planners back to Erin Condren because they gave me a shipping label but now I have two other good ones but I have two extras, so anyway. But that is what is going on here. I think I'm gonna make a little bit of dinner because I haven't even put up my Friday vlog. Like Emily is slacking like FDE is slacking hardcore but I need to get a lot of stuff done this weekend. So I was very excited and pumped about that. So I think I need to make some dinner and then just edit because I really want to watch the crown. Like do you guys watch the crown? I'm kind of curious. I just got into it so I'm on season one so I haven't gotten to season two. Which I know season two like just came out because I got a pesky little email about it because I love me some Netflix. But I'm kind of getting like more and more into it. I think I'm on like I don't know like episode seven or eight or something of the first season. But yeah, I don't know. I really enjoy it. It seems quite like factual I think. I mean at least like the timelines of things are really factual. Sorry, I'm like in my email right now doing things as I'm talking. Okay, I haven't heard anything from Aaron Condring yet. So we shall wait. But yeah, like the timeline seems pretty factual so that like makes me enjoy the show even more. Even though I kind of like know what's coming up.  I'm like hello. I feel like Doyle like I hold his face like this. I need, I should have worn a scarf but I did not. It's so blotchy and gross, blotchy and gross. But I'm kind of into the crowd. So if you guys are into it, like let me know in the comments or if you're into any other like Netflix show or series, I'll let me know in the comments below too. I will tell you one of my favorite Netflix series, not Netflix series but show I think is still on Netflix is Sons of Anarchy because oh my god, Jax Teller, thank you. Just yes and thank you. That's what I got to say about that. Even though like in real life I would be like, that's too scary for me. But since I like know the character from the show, I'm like all about it but nope, not in real life. I'd be too scared. I'm like, uh-uh. I like play on my dating apps once in a while, like mostly when I'm with my friends because they think it's hilarious to like play with it too. I see someone with a motorcycle and I'm like, nope, I gotta swipe left. Like I cannot swipe right because I am so afraid of motorcycles. I don't know why. I have had, I've been on a motorcycle once and it was super scary but I was also like really really young. Like I don't think I was even 10. Yeah, so it was like kind of scary. But we were in Washington state in these big like mountainous regions.  So it kind of like scarred me a little bit, which I think I'd still be like neurotic and crazy anyways and just be like no motorcycles for me. But I also have a really good friend that's an ER nurse and then she tells me like horrible stories about motorcycles. So I don't know. I'm not trying to bash motorcycle people out there. Like I have friends that have motorcycles. It just scares me personally because I'm a big, big scaredy cat. So yeah. Oh, also new shirt alert. I got this at Target the other day and it's like a chambray. It's like really really soft and I believe it's their, didn't they get rid of their Morona brand? I'm pretty sure it's a Massimo brand, but it's like a snap. Like it's got snaps. Hold on. We'll get, we'll get scandalous. Er, like it's a snap, which is kind of cool. And it's like totes of crotch cover you guys. Like check it out. So, I mean, I didn't button this one today, but like totally crotch covering like yep. And yes, I am wearing like some version of a Canadian tuxedo right now because I've got kind of Denimie on the top. It's still chambray, but it still looks like denim. And then I got dark on the bottom, what drives me a little bit crazy. Is when the tones match, I can't do that. I can't do it. One of my coworkers has done it several times. I always am like, oh, you're wearing your tuxedo today. And she thinks it's funny because she loves denim. So it all works out. But anyway, I am rambling on way too much for it to be the very beginning of this video. So I need to go and I need to make something warm.  And I'm going to edit and do some things. And Doyle is kind of running down the stairs. Here it comes. What are you doing, bud? What are you doing? Yep, that's what he's doing. And I will check in with you guys in just a little bit. Bye. You guys are like facing the ceiling at the moment. It's several hours later and freaking tired. But I wanted to show you this. I'm not going to show you the front because I don't want you to know my parents address or my address. But look, my mom sent me my Christmas card from Christmas, Florida. Isn't that cool? But I wanted to show you what my mom did for her Christmas card this year because she always makes them every year. So this, oops, let's see. This is what the Christmas card looks like this year. My mom hand stamps all of these. She's a very talented lady. So anyway, like I said, it's several hours later. I am so tired. I'm like, I was trying to watch TV or actually I was watching The Crown because, you know, like getting obsessed with it. It's really good. And my eyes are like going blurry. It's like, ugh, like my head's just nodding. I'm like, okay, it's like time to go to bed, you know? I got one of my vlogs edited and uploaded. And then I got another vlog almost done. So it's not unfortunately all the way done yet, but that's okay. I'll finish the edit and I'll definitely get that uploaded tomorrow. So that should be good. But I think I just need to drink the rest of my water here, which I still have quite a bit left. I don't know what's up with me today. I'm just like tired. Like, I don't know. I think just the weather and the darkness is like getting to me. Because I don't feel like this in the summer, like ever. So anyway, I am going to get going for now. It's about 9.30, but I need to go to bed. I am just dragging.   And hopefully I will be in Snooze in town by 10. So yeah, I will see you guys tomorrow with more fun things. And thank you guys so much for watching. Feel free to subscribe if you want to. And you can thumbs up the video if you have any questions or comments or concerns. Feel free to post them down below. And I will get back to as many of you as I can. Hope you guys are having a wonderful day and I will see you in the next video. Bye, guys.


I'm Andrew Bebe, I have the least number of patents on this panel, I also have, I tied for the least number of Olympic medals. I will let you guess who got the Olympic medal on this stage, but it was not me. I want to just confirm that everyone here is in the right room, so I'm going to ask you all a couple of questions. You can respond by just raising your hand. How many people care about climate? All right, awesome. We're definitely in the right room. It's also nice to be in Europe, not the US, where the response can sometimes be different. How many people are climate tech founders? Okay. How many people are founders? How many people are climate tech founder curious like you might want to start a climate tech company if your boss is not right next to you? Okay. For one of those reasons, one of those hand raises, you're in the right room, everyone else you might just be tired or jet lagged or something and you're just hanging out. I hope we will also provide you with some inspiration about climate tech and the opportunities that we see as investors and as former founders. What we're going to do today is dig into what I would call the decarbonization economy or the future of climate tech and try to leave you with a couple of things. One, we can't not have a little bit of walk down memory lane or history lesson because everyone up on this stage has decades of experience in the field, sometimes starting companies and sometimes funding them. But I think that there's some lessons learned from the clean tech 1.0 period. The second thing we're going to try to leave you with is a treasure map of opportunity. What we're going up here is investing, I think, really aggressively in a lot of different areas around the world within climate tech and we think that there are some great big categories that still need incredible entrepreneurship. I'm going to start off with just a couple of things that I think are different. I was a climate tech or we used to say clean tech founder back in the early days. It was 2002 when I started my company, a solar technology company. Clean tech was like a thermostat setting and the kind you used to have to slide with the thing, not Tony's kind of thermostat. And Al Gore's movie had not come out yet. So those were early, early days. It was very hard to find investors. That was a big difference. But the outcomes were also a little bit different. There were just not as many strong founders coming to the table. There were not as many major outcomes and there weren't as many unicorns. A couple of them are represented on the stage today. But now I just have a little list. Proterra, North Volt, QuantumScape, Volta, Jobe, Rivian, Lilium, Perfect Day, Beyond Meat. Those are just a few. I think we were all invested in one or two of them. But there were dozens after that that are unicorns today in the climate tech space. So I think that just shows that things have changed substantially and that we're just getting started. Goldman Sachs and I think BCG just recently came up with very similar numbers. Saying over the next 30 years, we're going to have to invest three to five trillion dollars to address the climate challenges that we face as a globe. And when investors see three to five trillion per year, it suddenly becomes one of the biggest tams imaginable. So that's what we're going to dig into right now. We've got a great lineup of fellow panelists. I hope your expectations are very high. We have a lot of shared views about what's happening here. But I think you'll also find a little bit of contrast. We came from America and we came to Europe because of a shared view that climate tech is actually more of a leadership position over here than in the US. And that's not that common in technology. A lot of technology we think of as at least starting over there and then being exported. That's changed too. But in climate tech, it seems like it's happening here first in a lot of ways. Tony got ahead of it and actually moved to Europe. The three of us just came over on jet lag inducing flights yesterday. So Tony, I'm going to start with you.  So tell us, in your view versus climate tech 1.0, what's different this time? Great. Thanks for the great opener. Let's see. Right now, what's different is the fact that just before COVID, we were really still kind of in neutral with kind of climate change stuff. So during COVID, we've all kind of found religion or at least a lot of places have found religion on it.  It's happening. We need to do something about it, not to what level it's a different thing. But what I've always found is that it's been consumer led up till now. It was always the consumer was going to pick up something in the climate change area and help pull that forward. We're now seeing businesses actually investing in amazing ways and getting involved and saying, teach me, help me. We need to move this ball forward. So it's not just the early adopter companies. You're seeing companies across the board, across the world, wanting this technology. Sure, there's still laggards. But the early adopters and now the innovators are taking these things up and asking for solutions. I get emails each week saying, I have companies. It's these weird consultants. I have companies looking for these types of solutions. Do you have anything in your portfolio? Do you know any companies that have these kinds of things to help these other companies they're looking for? So that's one thing. The second thing that's happened that's changed is that you know how this went. All of us did 10 years ago. We're sitting here doing this and it was crickets. Absolutely. Nobody cared what we were doing. Now all of a sudden, just over the last year, I have all these huge VCs call them up. What's in your portfolio? What are you guys working on? What can we get involved in? So it has totally changed the mindset and people are now coming into this space and money's coming in this space. More brains are coming into this space than ever before. So really, it also changed. But there was a blip in 2008, 2009, where people, VCs were making those calls. They were getting excited. In 2002, when I talked to VCs, they said, Andrew, trust me, no venture capitalist is ever going to put a penny in solar. Like up and down Sand Hill Road, five years later, they were going bananas for it. So that part didn't work out for a lot of them. What's different this time? They're rushing back maybe within a couple of extra zeros. But why is the result going to be different? Why is it different is because they're hearing from their LPs. They're hearing from various big groups, big companies out there, saying, what do you have? Just like they were asking me, what do you have? They're asking those, all the VCs up here as well as out in the world, what do you have to help my company? So when they're hearing and people screaming, big companies with a billion dollar budget saying, I need this, they're taking notice and going, we need to invest so that we can see the upside on that. So it's not just doing the right thing for the planet. It's green for green. Okay. Brooke, maybe you have PTSD talking about this period. You and I were both entrepreneurs back then. Before we talk about what you're doing now, just going into that way back machine a little bit, what do you think our lessons learned from some of the experiences you had either as a founder or as you were transitioning early at Kleiner into this new phase of investing? Well, Tony I think says this very well that you have to start with the customer in mind. I think the customer mindset has shifted. I mean, it starts with movements. It starts with there's the youth movement, the Greta Thunbergs of the world rising up and getting politicians to pay attention, consumers getting CEOs to pay attention. That's real economic power and interest that's driving, I think, a lot of this capital, a lot of this regulatory shift that we're seeing. So that's one thing that's totally different now than it was. Certainly, when I started my first company in 2002, it was a desert. And it was a desert for the last 10 years or so as well. So availability of capital has changed completely as a result. And I think the opportunity set is just dramatically different now. And when did you join Kleiner's Green Growth Fund? 2010. Okay. And in 2010, it was a little contrarian still.  A lot of people look back at the history of that period and say, see no one ever made any money. Why would I do this again? What's happened to that fund and performance? Yeah, look, I joined in 2010. It was right at the sort of peak of climate tech mania. We entered a phase of incredible challenges. We had the Great Recession. We had unprecedented competition from China. $10 billion going into the solar industry, which you know very well. We had the discovery of the lowest cost fossil fuel extraction technique known as fracking. Those all created huge challenges. But it turns out, in retrospect, when you go back and you look at the investments that we made right after that same time period, when everyone else in Silicon Valley was running for the hills, the investments that we made crushed it. They did incredibly well. I'll give you three data points across the stack. So in aggregate, I think there's this theory that the whole industry was a giant failure. If you look at all the dollars that went in during that time period, it's about $25 billion in total. Today, that $25 billion is worth $500 billion in public stock of companies today that are worth over a trillion dollars. So that's the aggregate. And I'd say that's hard to call that a failure. The stuff that we did specifically at Kleiner and my team in particular, John Dorr told me once that he and Vinod Kosla had this measure of whether an industry was ventureable. And they would determine that by whether or not you could return an entire fund with one investment.  We did that with Nest. We did that with Beyond Meat, with QuantumScape. There's a host of other companies in there, Protera, OSISoft, Enphase, now the most valuable solar company in the world. So you look back at that era and venture capital is a hits business. So you can look at a lot of different failures. And if you take out the winners, well, yeah, the sector wasn't very good. But the key is to get into the winners. And when you do, they can more than outperform the rest of the losers. You can only lose one time your money. You can make 10 times or 100 times your money on the winners. And that's what actually happened. It just took a little longer. So I think the real tragedy is that Silicon Valley declared it a failure a little too early. And venture capital is a 10-year time period to really know whether you're any good at this. And that's what it really took 10 years later. It's a highly measurable industry. It's just that that measurement, the performance reviews for venture capitalists are sort of seven to 10-year time frames.  Yeah, and as a result, we were able to spin out. As most of the industry bailed on it, we stuck to our conviction. And we spun out in 2017 and we formed G2, which is the same guys working on this for 10-plus years together. And we're going to keep doing it for the next 10 or 20 years. OK, great. Julia, after your Olympic medal in sailing, is that right? Sailing? Yeah. It was 30 years ago, Andrew. OK, so a couple of years after that, you got, you were as a consultant working on climate work, but then you got into climate investing after that first wave. So when you look back from a little bit more of a distance, what caused you to say, very early, compared to this current wave, what caused you and your partner Scott to say, yeah, this now is the time? Because in the Gardner hype cycle, there's this beginning, I'll do it from my perspective, but this beginning, very, very early period, that's a great time to invest. Then there's this peak, and that's a terrible time to invest. Then there's the trough of disillusionment, probably also a good time to invest. And that's what you're saying about G2VP came in at that trough point. On the second wave, you sort of came in early. What caused you all to believe and really know at the time that now is the time? I think in a nutshell, it is this very demonstrable convergence that we see clearly between government, business, finance, and consumer demand, to Tony's point. It's all converging and happening. And I want to tell you just a couple of things that I witnessed at the TED climate countdown, which was in October over in Edinburgh, across the Scotland peninsula from where COP was. And this was Vice President Al Gore's event leading up to COP. And there were a number of exciting movements there that I think demonstrate this. So from a government standpoint, we now have 90% of global greenhouse emissions covered under a net zero commitment. 90% of the world says, yes, we're going to do this by 2050 with 2030 goals intermediary. Business has said, to your point, I need these technologies. There's something called the First Movers Coalition that was formed with 30 leaders from the hard to abate sectors. And they've raised their hand to say, I need this. And I want to help bring down the green premium. This is Maersk and Volvo and United Airlines and Orsted. So those eight sectors that are really hard that we haven't quite figured out the solutions for yet, their corporates are raising their hand and saying, bring me these technologies. Finance, we all heard about the global financial alliance for net zero. That's $130 trillion worth of assets across every class, from asset managers to asset owners, insurers, banks. They have said, I'm in for net zero. And consumers, if you look at the Yale Climate Communication Center, we now have in America, which I think has been the laggard here compared to Europe, on attitudes. Over half of Americans say climate change is something that's alarming or concerning to me. And I believe we've caused it, and I believe we need to do something about it. So the tipping point has happened, I think, across all these sectors. And the movement is there. And start-ups are responding in a fantastic way. And yeah, I mean, 10 years ago, we would have never been able to get those names to step up and say, yeah, we want to be customers, bring it on. Not just consumers, but the big companies, the big businesses. One of the headlines out of COP26 was that the governments didn't quite sort of align on all the key issues, but business stepped up. Was that spin? I know businesses did step up, but was that just sort of a consolation prize because the governments couldn't pull it off? Or do you think businesses are going to play a much more expansive role moving forward? I think it's the latter. I think businesses that win are ones that see that this is a strategic advantage. And so the leaders are leading, and the followers will fall away. Brooker, Tony, what do you think? Are big businesses stepping in and going to be there for the long haul? Or if they're customers, I was talking to somebody at a big consumer packaged goods company, and one of the biggest, about regenerative farming. And they said, oh, yeah, we're all in on regenerative farming. I said, you told me that 10 years ago about organic, and you would have organic on labels for everything, and you were sourcing organic. Then consumers stopped being interested. You stopped making that organic mayonnaise that I used to buy, right? And that was because the consumer pull went away. So how committed is big business? I think one thing I noticed at COP is no one is denying climate change anymore, right? So ExxonMobil, the worst defenders in the world are calling for a price on carbon. So I think that's a big shift. But it does depend on consumers. I think if the consumer sentiment shifts, or again, that's why this is happening now is because people are paying attention to consumers or voters, like it's grassroots that cause these movements. So that has to continue for CEOs and businesses to continue this momentum. So from my point of view, I think there's a will, and they want to do this. They need to do a lot of learning and figuring out how to properly implement or test some things. So before it was kind of greenwashing sort of like, okay, we're gonna try some stuff, but they weren't really committed to it. Now they're saying we're gonna try things and we're gonna have to commit to something. So I still think we're figuring it out phase and they're gonna try many different things, but they know they have to commit this time. There's no more, you know, just hand waving. And so I still, you know, there's still gonna be the early adopters who are rushing and taking it on, but some of these big guys are still, you know, they're slow. They just, they are what they are, but it's a trend that isn't gonna stop. It's not gonna be like 2008. One other thing to mention, the underpinning and the really important part of this framework is accounting. And a major announcement was just made, so the International Sustainability Standards Board was created last month. That's a big deal. Accounting doesn't usually excite anybody or get them out of their chair, but if you're a business, you are now clear on how you account for sustainability. This merges all those acronyms that you've heard of, CDP and IFRS and GIN and PRI and you name it, into one body that says, okay, world, this is what matters, this is how you measure it, and you can't run away from that. So I think that's actually really critical. You're absolutely right. And when you see it and investors on the stock markets or whatever, you know, they just look at the numbers. And if that's a number that's there, those externalities are finally priced in. That's an amazing thing, because it's another metric that they have to optimize around. So after my flight yesterday, I was a little bit bloodshot eyes and tired. So of course I did what you do at Slush, which I learned on the way in. I'm my driver. I went to the sauna right away. My new best friend Daisy, when I walked in, she asked me within like five minutes, really tough questions about climate, which I wasn't expecting.  But after my third dip in the Baltic, I actually was able to start to converse with her about these big questions. And she said, who are the zero sum, is this a zero sum game and who are the losers? And so I'll just make it easy. Are oil and gas just screwed here? Are there categories of companies that literally like just can't get out of the hole that they've dug for themselves? You know, Chris James was a venture number one who was on the stage at TED with Ben Van Bearden of Shell. And he had a great quote, which was, you can't have a business whose strategy runs counter to society's goals. And I think in a nutshell, if you are producing something that produces emissions that you can't capture and sequester. And the world has said, this is where we're going, which the world has now very clearly said, I think you're in trouble. His point was we can innovate from the inside. I'm going to be an engaged manager here. And there's a lot of work to be done. But I think you have to be a progressive, future-looking, green hydrogen, clean fuels, certifying, migrating to renewables company if you're going to. We're getting the treasure map. That's good. Brooke, I'll give you two perspectives. So one is that generally we find that strategics and companies have a really hard time evolving. Like innovators dilemma, it's real. It almost never works that companies can evolve to the next chapter of technology in their industry. So I'm generally very skeptical. If you look at the math, though, of climate, we need to decarbonize every sector. But in every study, the IPCC, lots of different versions of this, you always end up with an extra tail here that you have to remove from the atmosphere. And just to put it in context, the global oil industry moves around today about five gigatons of material. That's what gets moved out of the ground and burned, ultimately. We have to take 10 gigatons out of the atmosphere and put it back underground or mineralized. So who's going to do that? Like literally, who's going to move those molecules around? And some of that has to be the same people that built the infrastructure to go the other way. And we just have to flip it in reverse. That's the opportunity, whether they can step up to the challenge or not, in the face of all of this economic challenge and running away from their profit centers. Super, super hard. But OK. Yeah. Well, it goes down to the management teams, as you were saying, and the boards. Are they really innovative? Are they really forward-looking? Most of these companies have been in maintenance mode. They've been maintenance mode. The CEOs just kind of watch over it for the investors. And they know how to do capital allocation on the things they know, not new things they do that are coming. The thing that's really interesting to me is the fact that if you look at a lot of the ways to do green chemicals, green fuels, these other things, it's actually cheaper for the infrastructure to build the infrastructure in the CAPEX for a lot of these new industries, or these transformational industries, than what it took to do the petroleum side stuff. So it's actually, you could actually make more money because the CAPEX is lower. And so that might be the perfect reason why these big companies might do it. It's like, oh my god, lower CAPEX, better margins. We just have to adopt those things. So I like the fact that, in a lot of cases, in the Petro to green world, the CAPEX can actually be lower. OK. All right. So I'm going to summarize so we can get on to the treasure map, which is going to lead everyone to great places to invest in. And also hopefully start amazing world-changing companies and make a ton of money in the process. What I learned is this time is different. There are a lot of different behavioral issues around the way consumers act, companies act, and now governments are finally maybe possibly acting. And then in the last one, I'm just going to summarize that you all said oil and gas is totally screwed. So I know I'm paraphrasing, but yeah. There is a zero-sum game. So let's talk about the treasure map. And we'll do this fairly quickly. But if you could just each explain areas that you feel, even in this possibly hyped, possibly like not even begun to be correctly sized in terms of market opportunity world of climate tech today, what are the early stage opportunities that you wish were getting more attention and more great founders? OK. I'm going to say circular economy. So 55% of the world's emissions come from energy, the systems, the transportation, the buildings. The other 45% comes from production of goods and food. We've got a very clear path around renewables for the 55%. We don't have the clear path on the 45%. So in partnership with abundant, clean, renewable energy, think of all the systems you can enable, the processes you can enable to collect, recycle, and reuse material. We can't keep extracting with the way we have in the past. So I would like to see more in each of those areas. We're doing this already with our partner Fortum here in Europe. But there's a lot more opportunity, particularly on the types of recycling for hard to recycle materials in plastics, for example. So that would be one. Awesome. Can I do a second one? Yeah, quickly. Yeah. I think we now recognize that nature and biodiversity are vital to our economy. WEF, Das Gupta, lots of reports showing this. Nobody's doubting that anymore. The way I've measured carbon accounting, like we co-invested in Sinai, I would love to measure biodiversity. What are the right metrics? What are these plants doing? How does it matter? And if I'm a company, how do I account for my biodiversity activity? So I think that would be my second one. Brooke, that's awesome. I'll give three ideas. So one is just to build on the circular economy. Our food system is broken. We need better ways of growing food. We're eating the wrong food. It's causing not only environmental damage, but a health epidemic as well. So interested in new ways of growing food. We've made a couple investments here over the years, and I think there's lots of work left to do there. The second area is autonomy. This is just we look for technology megatrends. This is a massive megatrend robotics, machine vision, very powerful technologies that can drive efficiency and manufacturing, supply chains, logistics. We've made some investments there. I think there's lots more work to do. And then the third, kind of the wild card area that I wouldn't have said six months ago is fusion. I'm actually kind of like, for once in my career, actually bullish on the prospects of fusion. I can't believe what I'm saying that. Cold. Okay, go, Tony. Okay, well, Julie, you had one of, that I was going to come up with is trash to treasure. We already, we've mined a lot of things. We just have to go mine our trash heaps. There is so much minerals, so many materials inside those trash heaps and the ones that we're producing today that we can go and take and circular. So for sure, trash to treasure. The other thing I'd like to see is innovation on the design side, on the life cycle side, for designers, for engineers, for industrial operations engineers, all these things, to really understand when you're making decisions today, tools to help them make better decisions. They want to make earth-friendly decisions. They want to make things that are better for their company, but they don't have a broad enough education on that. They don't have tools to help them and they do what they can with inside of their companies. So I want to see other, see startups come with solutions to bring tools to these large companies to help them make better decisions about what they're going to be doing in the future with their new products that they're producing. Okay, awesome. We have one last round here and I'll say for me, decarbonization of agriculture. So I spent a long time working on decarbonization of the energy sector. That's now doing really well and there will be trillions of dollars invested to complete that work. A lot of us have been investing in decarbonization of mobility. I know a lot of people here are working on that. That's going really well. We just hit 10% of all new EVs sold or electric. That's incredible and that will, that inflection point is now, I think, done and we're going to see it take over every corner of mobility. And I think next is a wave of decarbonization of agriculture and that's going to be a very exciting and highly investable space. Brooke's already backpivot bio, which is doing great work there. So now I'm going to do something totally unfair. We're going to do a lightning round where I'm just going to say words. I haven't really told them what the words are in advance and they're going to do a thumbs up or thumbs down on the word at all. So it's like, you know, Roman word association. You guys already from cold fusion. Everybody, it's not cold though, don't say cold. Okay, just fusion. Okay, okay, great. So 50-50, small modular fission reactors. Okay, 50-50, amazing. Venture capitalists are not a herd animal. I thought we would all be, okay, green hydrogen. Okay, fuel cells. Or what? Fuel cells for anything. Okay, that was a little... Okay, you could sort of be halfway, okay. Kelp, just going to say kelp. Sure. All right, we don't know any better. Bioplastics for, you know, sequestration. Okay, CO2 enriched or let's say decarbonized concrete and cement. All right, our first four thumbs up. Decarbonized synthetic fertilizers. Okay, first four. We won't need them actually, but. Yeah, okay. And then regenerative ag as a venture category. Regenerative agriculture as a venture category. As a venture category? Not just a good idea. That's up to the audience. You need to make it. I don't know. I won't say no, but I don't know if I like this. All right, so there you have it. I think we covered 10 different categories. They are very quickly totally unfair. I'm sure if some of you disagree with those, you should go to the people who said the opposite and change our minds. And if any of you are thinking about building climate tech companies, this is where the next trillion dollar opportunities lie. There is just a treasure map full of opportunity for all of you to build great businesses. And I hope you feel that the past is the past and that future is climate tech. So thank you very much. Thank you.


Gary Payton, inside they go to Reggie Evans. Working on Drew Gooden. That one rolls out here is DeMar Johnson. That Drew Gooden, former Maverick, knocks down the three. Let's see what kind of show he can put off. Reggie Evans misses Jamariel Moon to follow it's block. Here's Drew Gooden, knocks down another three. And three's company is right in threes at the American Airlines Center. And that's the start you want. Two dribble spin, if nothing really that my move could do.  Here's Moon. Strip by Andre Emmett, drive, lays it in. Oh, what a homecoming for Andre Emmett. And three's company up eight. It beats three-headed's monster's way. Jason McSeal. You cannot do that. You got to break off. He scored the last eight for the three-headed monsters. The lead is now two. Clock now, spins off of Quintale Woods. Here's Reggie. Payton, forward decision, I thought by Reggie Evans shooting that fade away. That's not his game. That particular play. Uh-oh, he's in it for four. Well, he's said a little bit more than that. You know, here's Emmett. The scorcher brought it back, popped up on the teepee, a little bit different. He said 48 is the correct point to have 45 before it but you don't work up that. Here's the game winner that somebody else enjoyed is the game winning shot by Jason McSeal. And three's company will head to the championship game against Power next week in Brooklyn.


We don't do a good enough job of dealing with negative emotions, right? We need, we need a, we need a systematic way to deal with negative emotions. At some level, we are over-indexed on positivity. We think that we should only have positive emotions. That positive emotions are the only thing that belong in your portfolio, and that's wrong and that's a dangerous. Negative emotions serve a purpose, but we have to deal with them properly. What's up, everybody? And welcome to the show today. We drop great content each and every week, and we want to make sure that you guys get notified, and in order to do that, you're going to have to smash that subscribe button and hit that notification bell. And if you've gotten a lot of value out of this, make sure you give us a like and share our videos with your friends. Now, I think regret in and of itself gets mislabeled and a lot of people consider rumination to be regret. So what is the difference between the two? And I think that nuance is important as we start to talk about the power behind regret. It is a great question. It is a great question.  Rumination is like a heavy blanket, right? So and it's such a it's such an important point. We are not. We don't do a good. We and I say really Americans in some ways, we don't do a good enough job of dealing with negative emotions. All right. We need we need a we need a systematic way to deal with negative emotions. At some level, we are over index on positivity. We think that we should only have positive emotions that positive emotions are the only thing that belong in your portfolio. And that's wrong. And that's a dangerous negative emotions serve a purpose, but we have to deal with them properly. So when you face a negative emotion, including a negative emotion like regret, which is our most common negative emotion, you have a choice, choice one, you can ignore it. You can say feelings don't matter. I'm going to be put. OK, that leads to delusion. You can also, as you say, very stutely. You can also wallow in it. You can say feelings are. Oh, my God, it's like, oh, the feelings are the only truth. Oh, my God, it's as there's no chance here. Oh, I'm just going to think about this and think about this and think about this and think about this and not use it as a not use the regret as a poke, but use it as like a warm bath to luxuriate in. That's really dangerous, too. What you want to do, what we want to say is that negative emotions, particularly our most common negative emotion of regret, that is a signal. It's telling us something. We need to think about it. So feeling is for thinking. We get a negative emotion. It's like, oh, the world is trying to tell me something. I have to be awake and alert to what it's telling me. And then it is a powerful instrument for moving forward. I think one of the things that was. Some great insight in this book and illuminates everything is breaking up regret in the four categories. It was I think it's a lot easier to say I have no regrets if you're not looking at it in a granular level. So once you started breaking it apart and I started going through all the different ones, there was regret that popped out that I realized that I feel now that I understood it better and was even discussing it with AJ before you came on. So if you if you wouldn't mind, would you break those up into the four categories for us? Yeah, yeah, thanks. So let me let me, as always, not directly answer your question, but meander into it. So the here's the but it's a there's an it's an important meander. So when we think about regret. The way that that, you know, and again, it's like some very great social scientists have studied regret in all of its dimensions. When we think about what people regret, they've often analyzed it. And I did this too in some work that I did, analyzed it by the domains of people's life. This is a career regret. This is an education regret. This is a health regret. And what I found is that that wasn't very revealing. Exactly as you say, Johnny, because beneath those domains is there's something deeper going on. And let me I think give you an illustration about that. So I have so what I did as part of this research is I collected 16,000 regrets from people in 105 countries. It's crazy, just an incredible trove of human stories and longing and aspiration. And I have if you go to my database, I can find you literally hundreds of regrets that go like this. X years ago, there was a man slash woman who I really liked. I wanted to ask him her out. I didn't ask him her out and I've always regretted it. OK, so that's a romance regret. Then you have people who say, I really regret not starting a business. Shouldn't have worked for somebody else. I really regret not starting a business. OK, that's a career regret. Then you have people who went to college. Oh, I really regret not studying abroad. I was too chicken to do it. And now I regret it. That's an education regret. Those three regrets are the same. That doesn't one is an education regret. Yeah, one is a career regret. One is a romance regret. But they're the same regret. It's a regret about boldness. You're at a juncture in your life. You can play it safe or take the chance. You play it safe, you regret it. And so what I found is that there are these four... So now I'm actually answering your question, Johnny. There are these four core categories of regret. One of them are what I call foundation regrets, which are regrets about essentially not doing the work. About making choices in your life that gave you an unstable platform. Smoking is a big one. Not taking care of your health, not exercising, not eating right. Not working hard enough in school. Not saving enough money, those kinds of things. Now those are sometimes complicated because those things are not always in somebody's individual domain, but individual choice. But foundation regrets. Second one, boldness regrets. If only I'd taken the chance. If only I'd taken the chance. To me, what it suggests is that human beings want to... It goes to our motivation conversation. Human beings want to do something. We want to learn, we want to grow. We want to have a psychologically rich life. Three, moral regrets. Very interesting topic. Smaller in number, but fascinating in their own way.  I've got a woman in the book who would regularly steal candy from a store when she was 10 years old. She's always, she revealed that regret.  She's in her 70s. It happened 60 years ago. I have regrets about people bullying people, kids in school, all kinds of regrets about marital infidelity. People, I think there's something heartening about that. Is that these moral regrets suggest that we actually want to be good. And when we're not, we feel terrible about it. We drop great content each and every week, and we want to make sure that you guys get notified. And in order to do that, you're going to have to smash that subscribe button and hit that notification bell. And if you've gotten a lot of value out of this, make sure you give us a like and share our videos with your friends. The final one are connection regrets. Connection regrets are the biggest category. And it's basically you have a relationship, I don't mean a romantic relationship, any relationship. You have a relationship with parent, a child, a sibling, a friend, whoever. And it sort of comes apart and you want to reach out, but you think, ah, it's going to be awkward to reach out and they're not going to care. So you don't reach out and you drift further apart. And people deeply regret that. One of, to me, and I think it's relevant for some of the stuff that you guys have talked about before is it's amazing how important friendship is in people's lives. I mean, there was a revelation to me. Like friendship really, really, really matters in people's lives, more than I expected. And I think that more than many men are willing to see before their eyes, especially men, but women too, but especially men. And so the lesson there is, I mean, to me, that's been a big lesson for me that the connection regrets because here's what happens. I'll give you an example. Let's take two characters, all right? They're friends, but the friendship has come apart. And most of the time these friendships come apart not because of any cataclysm, because of any fight or anything like that, you just kind of drift. So we got two friends, Johnny and AJ, all right? They have a close relationship, but over time it starts drifting apart. And I say to AJ, okay, oh man, I had this friend and I was really close and somehow we just drifted apart and I should probably reach out, but it's really awkward and he's not gonna care. You're so wrong about that. You're so wrong about that. Number one, there's a lot of evidence showing that those kinds of things are much less awkward than we think. And also it's almost always well received. And so what I've done to people in writing this book and reporting this out, the story kept changing on me because people would change their behavior in response to the conversation. But I said to one woman who had this kind of story, I said, well, what if Jennifer, like she grown apart from this one friend, what if Jennifer reached out to you? Oh my God, that would be the greatest thing. I would love it. I would be so touched. It would make my year. It would make my decade. And I'm like, well, you kind of answered your question there. I would argue that connection regret is the genesis of the show. Whoa. 15 years ago. And it's focused on relationships. And I think what's happened over the 15 years of doing the show is that with the rise of social media, with the rise of technology, we've over-indexed on actions and behaviors that don't foster real relationships, real deep friendships, being vulnerable, not showcasing your highlight reel, not high-fiving people when they have something to celebrate in their life, but being for them there for them when the chips are down and opening up when the chips are down for you. And we see this time and time again with our clients. And we've asked a few guests, what to do when you feel that disconnection happening? And I think this two-year period, we've felt it across many of our relationships. Friends moving away for work, friends having health issues, obviously during the pandemic, and just all of us being in this heightened sense of anxiety, we've let some of those relationships slide. And now we feel this pressure of how do I reconnect? How do I rekindle it? And you bring up such a great point that it's not a matter of how, it's just a matter of do it. Any reaching out is gonna be impactful. It's not, what's the best way to do it? What does science say is gonna get the warmest response time and time again as you saw in your respondents? Any reach out is gonna be responded too well. I would like to stand up from my chair and shout amen right now because I think that is one of the biggest takeaways of this book. It's been the biggest takeaway for me, AJ. Here's the thing. If you are at a juncture where you have a relationship of any kind, you say, well, should I reach out? Should I say what I really, should I tell somebody I love them? Let's get all gooey on us. All right, should I tell somebody that I love them? Should I reach out to someone who I haven't talked to for a while? If you are at the point where you're asking that question, you have answered it. The takeaway from me is always reach out. If you're wondering whether you should reach out, the answer is yes. The act of the question gives you the answer. And one of the things that comes out, and there's some very, very interesting research on this on a number of different domains, is that we often woefully overestimate how awkward we will feel about something and how uncomfortable we'll make other people. And Vanessa Bonds at Cornell has some great research on compliments, where it's like giving people compliments. We're worried that if I give you a compliment, I'm worried like, oh my God, and it's gonna come out wrong. People don't care, you got a compliment. They love getting a compliment. They're not evaluating how articulate you are. They're not evaluating, oh, did he get the color of my glasses frames exactly right? It's just that. There's a great, there's a Nick Epley study in Chicago, a fascinating study where he went to, he had people on the commuter train in Chicago and he had his research, he had some people just get on the train as usual and he had other people and their job was to strike up a conversation with a stranger, okay? Kind of uncomfortable, right? And they said, well, how are you gonna feel about that? And how are they gonna, the stranger gonna feel about that?  Get the results in, eh, it wasn't come time, the other person, I kind of liked it. I mean, we're just, it's one of those things that we're just really wrong on. So, well, we're wired for connection. And when we had Vanessa on the show, we talked about that, we over index ourselves on how awkward something is gonna feel. The other person is over indexing on their own awkwardness as well. So they're missing your awkwardness. They're not feeling your awkwardness because they're so self-conscious of their own. And the surprise in all of this around the connection piece or the coming up, and I love all of the anecdotes in the book is that small actions here, repair all of that time lost. And you can pick things up again. It's not a matter of blame. It's not a matter of needing even to apologize. The simple act of saying, I'm thinking about you. I care about you enough in this relationship to reach back out is enough to repair that connection regret.


In five videos, I share with you Michael Faraday's great 19th century lecture series The Chemical History of a Candle. Faraday said of a candle, there's no more open door by which you can enter into the study of science than by considering the physical phenomena of a candle. Even now, 150 years after Faraday delivered his lectures, one would be hard pressed to find an object of study that would equal a candle. Through a careful examination of a burning candle, Faraday reveals the concepts of mass, density, heat conduction, capillary action, and convection currents. He demonstrates the difference between chemical and physical processes. He reveals the properties of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. And in a stunning final lecture, he uses a candle to explain human respiration. In creating these videos, we used Faraday's original language because his poetic terms of phrase charmed us. We changed his words only when necessary. We updated terminology, especially chemical terms, and we replaced some demonstrations with modern or safer ones. Even with these changes, the lectures can be a challenge for the modern viewer. And so to help today's viewers appreciate the lectures, my co-creators and I have done three things. First, we created an alternate version of each lecture that has a commentary track. In the commentary track, my co-creator Don DeCosta and I guide viewers through the lectures highlighting the concepts underlying Faraday's demonstrations. And second, we added captions to all the videos, including the commentary versions. And third, we wrote a companion book for this video series that is available as a PDF for free. The book contains the complete transcript of each lecture as delivered in the video series. To help you grasp Faraday's key points, it has an essential background section that explains in modern terms how a candle works. And each lecture is preceded by a short guide written in contemporary language. These guides mirror the lectures chronologically, so you can follow while watching the lectures. In addition, the book has a detailed teaching guide. Faraday aimed his lectures toward those new to science, especially young people. His lectures remain today an excellent introduction to the scientific method and serve well as an entry point to the chemical sciences. The teaching guide contains a section called The Big Ideas of Chemistry, which uses simple analogies to introduce younger students to the particulate nature of matter. Following this, the guide contains six activities and one set of demonstrations that teachers can use to help students investigate for themselves the chemical history of a candle. Each activity has a student worksheet followed by a teacher's guide. Teachers can use these guides in student worksheets for free. We give you the complete book, Free as a PDF. You can download the book at engineerguy.com slash Faraday, or you can buy it as an e-book in paperback or hardcover. So, I hope you enjoy the lectures. For me and my co-creators, Don DeCost and Alex Black, they were a labor of love. I'm Bill Hammack, The Engineer Guy.


And also in River States, Tonya Cole won the governorship primary to fly APC's flag in next year's governorship election. Cole polled a total of 986 votes against five other aspirants In line with the guidelines and as the recording officer of this exercise, I hereby satisfied that architecture Tonya Cole has scored the highest number of votes in this exercise is hereby declared winner. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification bell so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Good afternoon and welcome to Think Tech Hawaii's Lakeable Science. I'm your host Ethan Allen and I appreciate joining us again. We are going to talk about a very likeable topic today. We're going to be talking about water and groundwater in Hawaii in particular, but we're going to be looking at three different lens, the lens of team science. Lots of science these days has become more complex where science is no longer done just as biology or just as chemistry or just as physics, but the kinds of projects that are done require people from very diverse disciplines to step together, to step into teams and work together. And today we have three guests here all associated with the Ikea Hawaii project. Peter Adler, Gwen Jacobs, and Greg Chung, the former from Accord 3.0 Network and the latter two from UH. So maybe start out by telling us a little bit about what Ikea Hawaii is and why or how it is a diverse team. Great. Yes, thank you and just delighted to be here. So Ikea Hawaii is an EPSCOR funded project funded by the National Science Foundation. So just since our viewers probably don't know EPSCOR is an acronym? Oh yes, EPSCOR is an interesting acronym that stands for the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research. This program specifically funds research projects that are a benefit to the state. And Ikea Hawaii, which was funded last year, is focused on water sustainability, has four main components. One is a research component to try to understand more about how our aquifers function. The second is a capacity building and education component. We're recruiting new faculty at both Manoa and UH Hilo, educating graduate students in postdocs. The third is a significant community engagement piece because all of the research that we do, we want to translate into hopefully help for decision makers in the state. And the fourth is an infrastructure project for which we will be building a centralized data repository of water data for the state. Excellent. Excellent. And I know, Peter, you've been working with them on this whole team science business. So why is this a challenge for your career? Well, you know, and many of your listeners would know and observers, that so much of historical science was done by sole researchers working on great big things, whether it was Gregor Mendel or whether it was Madame Curie. But science doesn't work that way anymore. Once in a while, but more often it's big enterprises well funded. Well, not always well funded, but funded. And with teams, teams of different people and more and more it's interdisciplinary. So social scientists and physical scientists and biological scientists need to find out how to work together on a common problem. So that's where the team science piece fits into this. Team science is basically a number of researchers or a number of teams of researchers who are working on common questions. Right. And the public may not typically realize it, but scientists sort of grow up speaking different languages, right? They learn the language of the discipline they're trained in. Biologists learn how to talk about different species and different biological machinery. Physicists learn to talk about phenomena in their own language. And it gives people very blinders almost, right? They begin to focus in more and more narrowly. And so getting teams to work effectively together is a real challenge. And then there's the whole actual, the whole other challenge, which is this business you mentioned about engaging the broader community. And Greg, that's a big part of what your role is, right? Correct. So what are the particular challenges here? Well, you know, the internal challenges, as we've described are really sort of bringing people who come from different disciplines and have different terms of art and different models and different approaches to their work and figuring out a way to how you bring that together. This project also has the additional knowledge of ensuring that our research is aligned with the decisions that policymakers and regulators, in this case, water regulators, are needing to make. And that involves bringing in a whole another set of interests and issues, language, approaches, priorities. And aligning the science with the decision support needs sometimes is a bit of a challenge because there's a lot of translation that has to go back and forth both ways. Translating the needs, the policy needs, the decision making needs to a science hypothesis or problem, and vice versa taking that technical information and translating it into a policy decision or policy implication. Right, right. And this is complicated too by the fact that lots of different people have vested interests in our groundwater supplies, right? And rather, unfortunately, rather different interests. The cultural community, the military has interests in it, the average person on the street, the communities wish to preserve the land, all these people, the tourist industry, and a number of these groups actually have considerable, shall we say, legal interests in the groundwater of Hawaii. So we have to sort all this out in this project too, right? Yeah, absolutely. I mean, one of our partners that we're partnering with in the project is the USGS, the Water Branch here, because they are, they have been building a lot of the hydrological models in the state for many years. So we're partnering very closely with them. I think also the way we designed EQI is it's really designed as one integrated science project other than a set of parallel projects that we hope will knit together at some point. So each of the components that I mentioned before, all four components are really interrelated. So the stakeholder work will drive the type of science questions that we work on. The science then also drives our ability to recruit new faculty and new graduate students. And then the infrastructure platform needs to support it all. So all the members of the team really have to understand each other's science and understand each other's languages. So that's a significant challenge because we have geophysicists, geochemists, software engineers, social scientists. Yeah, it's a very mixed bag. Right. And so you've dealt with some of these kinds of challenges in past projects. Do you see unique ones here, unique challenges? Well, this is a wonderful project. First let me just say this is a fabulous project and it's a sizable grant and brings a lot of new intellectual firepower into the state to work on some pretty tough issues. And these disciplines do need to work together. No one discipline has all the answers. The economists can't answer it, hydrologists can't answer it. So it's a dispersed problem and a dispersed knowledge set. And that's the trick here is to bring for Gwen and Greg and the others to bring that together to try to answer some common questions. Uber questions, superordinate questions. So what do you, that's sort of the next question of what are these sort of big driving questions here? Well, just at the science level and also again this is really driven very much by the needs of the decision makers in the state and what we've learned just through much of our initial research and I think this has been known for some time is that we don't really understand some of the basic aspects of how our aquifers work. We don't understand how much water there is in the aquifers and how long it will last. We also don't understand well the pathways in which water flows through the aquifers which has all kinds of implications for management boundaries as well as contamination issues. So it's a very complex science problem in and of itself and then also integrating all of the stakeholder needs and feedback also adds another dimension to it. That water just won't stand still. The other challenge is we're dealing every island because of the age differences of the island presents a different subsurface geology and all of that impacts greatly how those aquifers operate. Right and it's not just like a bunch of water sitting there all in one big bolus in the middle of the hills that you can just sort of draw out. There are impermeable and permeable regions and they're sort of contained water that's held up separately from others and as this gets explored I know particularly on the big island they found more water, much deeper, more fresh water, much deeper than they expected which I suppose is good news right. But it is surprising to many people when they hear oh we have 30 years of water left here on Oahu which should worry you anyhow because it's not very long time but to realize that we really don't have any real clue about how much water there is. I mean we really don't have much estimate at all right. That's true and I think and also the other challenge for us that really is a unique Hawaii challenge is about the geology. We live in a volcanic island so many of the models and techniques and approaches that might work well in California or other areas won't necessarily work for us because we really need to understand that substructure in order to have a good representation of how things will work, how where water flows. Right, we have water that flows in and flows out under off the coast and into the ocean as fresh water that we never sort of see right it just passes through the whole island and they don't that doesn't tend to happen in a continental system right. It's true and we also have wells in which when they test the age of the water the water is 4,000 years old so that suggests that that's coming from a well that's completely contained and may not and is unlikely to be replenished on a regular basis. And that's of course then the other part of this is right this our state is growing actually growing quite rapidly our water needs are increasing probably even more rapidly than our growth and how can we figure out where to develop where to look for water where to get our water from plus how to of course dispose of our wastewater in ways that aren't going to be as sort of sustainable as possible right. A lot of people want to live in places that are dry and sunny and have a golf course in the swimming pool so there may be plenty of water you know just around the corner but it's not there. So there's a lot of movement that may need to happen and you really need to study that so you don't overdraw it. Sure, I mean we saw the big agricultural boom of Hawaii's past actually drained some of the aquifers right and streams stop flowing out of the mountains and things because literally the water table from some of the very highest water just dropped. So it's a sobering thought because we don't want that to happen too much further down. Absolutely. Yeah I mean I guess the one variable that is known we can tell pretty much accurately how much water we're pumping out we can make probably some guesses how much water comes in from the rainfall but beyond that there's really everything else is pretty gray right. Absolutely and you mentioned submarine freshwater discharge I mean that's an area that we really don't understand I mean we some of our researchers have looked at the freshwater coming up at the coast but as you indicated on the big island there's clearly a lot more water coming out at much deeper depths and that's a variable that we have really very little understanding of. Right and it's critical if the whole island is really a quick and simple flow through system then a few years of drought will very rapidly lead to very serious problems. If instead there's large reservoirs and what you're seeing draining out is indeed a tiny fraction of what's coming in and for many years earlier that then it's a different business right we have. You know given what is really emerging now on climate change sea level rise getting more precision on water for water management understanding how aquifers do and don't connect where the pockets of water are and aren't that's going to become even more a pressing issue. Exactly and it's pressing not just here on Hawaii but on any Pacific island and it's I mean UKVI as big and complex as this problem is it's looking really at only two aquifers one on Oahu here and one on the big island and yet even here on Oahu we have nine or eleven major aquifers or something so it's yeah all we're seeing is a little slice and we're trying to get a handle on that to begin to understand well so we know how to apply that same measurement technique that modeling technique to the other aquifers right. Absolutely and I think some of the work that's been done by the Fresh Water Council led by the Hawaii Community Foundation has really looked at this in detail to try to really look carefully at what our risks are and so it's well established that the amount of rainfall that we're getting is decreasing over time and we have some very long term records of that from some of the work of Tom Jambalooka at UH but all indications is that rainfall is decreasing in some areas and also differentially more on the dry side than on the wet side so that bodes poorly for our sustainable water supply. Exactly a lot of challenges, a lot of challenges in upcoming years to face and we're going to talk more about that when we come back. I'm your host Ethan Allen here on Likeable Science. With me today are Gregory Chung, Wen Jacobs and Peter Radler we're all talking about team science and EKVI project please join us again right after the break. Hey everybody that's Ian social media here at Think Tech Hawaii thanks for tuning in and sorry to break into your show if you're listening on the podcast thanks for listening watching on YouTube we appreciate the subscription etc. If you are a long time listener viewer of Think Tech Hawaii you would know that we are on every day five to six hours a day basically streaming stuff that's happening here in Hawaii that matters to everybody worldwide basically. There's a lot of stuff that we've got going on and we're excited about many of them our 2017 is going to be really cool but right now I can tell you that we are on iTunes where you can listen to all of this stuff now. We're really excited about how that's going and we have just started a on the street feature where we take a camera out to the street and stream live to you guys out there and getting what people in the local community out what they want or are thinking about and sharing that with you and we're really excited about all that stuff we're really excited about you guys watching and following us on all the social media sort of things Instagram Facebook Twitter all that good stuff look for us Think Tech H.I. watch us on Olelo thank you so much everybody here appreciates it hello. And you're back here on likeable science on Think Tech Hawaii I'm your host Ethan Allen I'm here with three wonderful guests today Greg Chung Gwen Jacobs and Peter Adler all involved in various ways with the Ikivai project studying Hawaii's groundwater. Before I get back to our next question so I do want to put in a little plug for an upcoming event the March for Science on Earth Day if you're not don't know about it go to March for Science Hawaii and find out about it well worth it. Now so we talked in sort of some general terms in the first part about the challenges of cross-disciplinary communication also so what are some of the techniques and methods you use actually to get the physicists talking to the hydrologists talking to the social scientists so one of the I would say that the center of gravity at the moment is really trying to put together a partnering agreement a compact in which people have some common understandings of the rules of the road for the next four or five years as they work this and those are going to include things like authorship or data how we're going to handle data sets and what can be made public at what stages some of it will be agreement to the fundamental values which are pretty well articulated in this project so we're putting that together we're right in the process of stitching that together and co-hearing people and that includes communication plans and organizational structures making sure that we understand who reports and part of it is the performance of what they've signed on to do in exchange for receiving support but the other part of it is also making sure that we get that cross-disciplinary cross-walking going on so that the what Tim Burnett does on the economics is in consort with what Ali Elqadi or Steve and Anthony are doing on hydrology and on what others are doing on the chemistry and the geophysics and the engineering of that so the whole idea is to say are we focused, are we talking right, are there anomalies in what we're seeing in other words there's one person discovering something that says no what you just discovered that doesn't make sense here so that's where we want to get to is this compact? Right and that helps because it's a sort of iterative process building that it really forces people not just to talk to each other but actually to listen to one another probably even more important. And sign on to some ground rules. Right and that's a really good thing to establish that kind of basic we're all on the same team here it gets almost to that whole idea of what's sometimes called collective impact right? Right that's right. Also I'd say are the ones we have is this is a very young team with many young investigators on this also this team has never worked together before this is the first time we're all embarking on this kind of grand experiment and we're also distributed team as well so we have a whole team over at UH Hilo which we're using different methods to try to communicate with and we'll be bringing new individuals to the team on as we recruit new faculty and postdocs so this agreement that we're putting in place will really be our guiding document to hopefully steer the project. Excellent and you were speaking of some of the technology so the cyber canoe? Yes they're cyber canoe so we're working very closely with Jason Lee's lab at UH Manoa and he's developed this great technology that allows you to not only have a very large scale screen display to be able to put all of our data up there but it also works very well as a collaboration environment. So we have just finished the installation of a new cyber canoe at UH Hilo and we have one at Manoa and so we'll be able to communicate with our colleagues there and that kind of that kind of face to face even though it's virtual is really essential for a project like this. Absolutely and I was also going to say piggybacking off of your earlier question to Peter that another sort of element to the complexity of the project is as we talked about earlier the need to align with our stakeholders interests and needs so there's a whole other set of expectations and rules of the world if you will that for many researchers and academics there's not been used to operating under or by so that adds another element of complexity to bringing this team together. Sure and you want the products of this team and the project to be very useful on several levels very useful sort of research tool but also to be broadly useful to lots of different communities to be able to take this and say oh we can find out more about our water on our island be it Chuk or Palau or wherever right. Yes absolutely and a huge challenge this is a challenge for many large science project is to be able to take the research that we do the new and innovative research and translate that into something that can actually be used by the stakeholders so one of our grand challenges that we're taking on is to develop decision support tools for our water managers that will leverage our research our data infrastructure and many of our hydrological models as well. Right and that decision making process and having it informed processing formed by the best possible science and again that ties back to my earlier plug for the march for science that's what the march for science is all about on a larger scale but it plays out here in the same exact way right so given that we have these very diverse audiences how do we ensure that we're hearing all the voices that need to be heard. As you can probably figure out communication is responsibility of everybody and a huge coordination task both internally and externally and so what we're trying to do is set up really relationships with the water managers the regulators in the state where it is an iterative process as you indicated previously. We're going to be learning together we're already learning some things we're learning about some decision support needs that we did not anticipate that we did not know how to put the proposal together factors that they are now needing to consider in estimates of sustainable yield like impacts to coastal systems coastal ecosystems or impacts to traditional customary rights how do you integrate those kinds of factors into estimates of sustainable yield that's not stuff that we had anticipated and so this is going to have to be this iterative process the only way we can do that is if they become part of the team essentially. I was going to say that sounds like basically the MOUs you were referring to have to be the partnership agreement has to be sort of expanded to include this ever larger group of more and more diverse interests which makes the language of it an ever greater challenge. One of the things we've been learning is that as Greg and I and some others on the team have been going around talking to the water managers and allocators and regulators and they're pretty hungry for tools. They're hungry for very practical kinds of things so that's one of the bridging pieces here that has to happen between sort of town and gown if you will to use an old phrase. We can generate a lot of curious questions and interesting things and researchers follow their noses and they love it but people downtown who say I could really use a visualization tool or a new framework an analytic framework for this or that and we're learning what they want. I mean the clearly the large scale developers need to know you don't want to stick up a thousand room resort and suddenly realize that you don't have any water available nearby. So somebody needs to know that and that translation of the research into actual practical usable terms is a whole sort of second level challenge that many academic projects never face. Many of them are content to be stay within academia basically. Yeah absolutely I think so two things that have happened already that are really encouraging as Peter was saying and Greg and I have been on many discussions with different stakeholders is just how much we've been welcomed in terms of this project and also how willing they are to share their data. So and this is something I didn't know initially going into the project is just how difficult it is to do water research in the state because the data sources are distributed, they're connected, they're hard to access so it's very hard to get the data that you need to do a particular study. And so part of our infrastructure build will be to try to collect those data sources together and then serve that back out to the decision makers so they will have access to this all these tools and this data. Right so part of that process has to be that communication issue where you help everyone understand that really we are all on the same team even if you're from the community and you're from the Department of Land and Natural Resources and you're from the Board of Water Supply fundamentally we all want the same thing here right we all want to 10 years, 20 years, 30 years down the road have plenty of fresh water to drink. I often describe this project as much in a cyber infrastructure project as it is a hydrological modeling project because the decision support tools that we are able to create we're going to be really dependent on Gwen and her team. She happens to be Director of Cyber Infrastructure which is very helpful because it's such a big part of our ability to do that translation and build those kind of tools. You might mention also the nexus over to Hawaiian historic knowledge. I think that's a really unusual piece. Yeah you know one of the components of the project is we have a group of researchers who are looking at the archived Hawaiian newspapers that have now been digitized and looking for stories and references to water in our two study areas to see what our kupuna were saying about water as they knew it and understood it. So that research is just beginning and there's a few little things that have started to come out of accounts of Hawaiian farmers drilling and finding water on what we now call Ford Island for example. And so that information will help us sort of focus some of our data collection and also help us focus better understand how water was actually being managed and utilized in these areas. I think it's a really interesting piece of this because it connects historic knowledge that is being revived or brought out, recreated in new forms with contemporary science. So it's trying to put these pieces together. It's another cross-disciplinary walk. Exactly and I mean even that the Hawaiian term for water when you do it twice, five I, it's wealth which suggests that the Hawaiians had a very deep understanding of what really counts in life. I think in addition to the newspaper work we're also going to do interviews and this gives us the opportunity not only to learn more but also to communicate this project to too many of the local residents. So that's a really exciting part of the project as well. By drawing them in of course you hopefully get a better reception for the project. Absolutely. The communities that we're working in really need to, they're beneficiaries of this work. They're the ultimate beneficiaries in some ways of this work. So they need to be part of this process as well. And to the extent that they can actually provide us further input to the science and to the research that's great but we want to make sure that they understand sort of the water resources that they're relying on to live where they do. Excellent. Well I want to thank the three of you, Peter, Gwen, Greg. It's a great pleasure having you on, talking about the interesting intersections of team science and Ikiwai itself. I look forward to further conversations perhaps about these and best of luck with the project. Thank you. You've been watching Likeable Science and we'll be back next week with another show.