Hello everyone, this is Mr. P. The topic of this lesson will be consistent sentences. Yes, some writing tips on how to write better, right? So let's get started. So then how to keep things consistent? Well, first you need to identify confusing shifts. Confusing shifts occur in a variety of contests. Then you're going to edit confusing shifts. So how? Make your point of view consistent in person and number. Keep your verb tenses consistent. Avoid unnecessary shifts in mood and voice. And be alert to awkward shifts between direct and indirect rotations and questions. We're going to start with editing confusing shifts. The first point will be make your point of view consistent in person and number. A writer has three points of view to choose from. First person i or we emphasizes the writer and is used in personal writing. The second person you focuses attention on the readers and is used to give them orders, directions or advice. Third person he or she eats one or they is topic oriented and therefore prevalent in academic writing. Once you choose the point of view, you should use it consistently. So how to correct these shifts in person? Writers sometimes make jarring shifts in person when they compose generalizations. One example is according to the new rules, students will be allowed computer access only if you arrive before 9 p.m. Well, do not use you unless you are addressing the reader directly. If you're writing about someone rather than to them, then use the third person. Then you would say something like according to the new rules, students, which is the subject of this sentence, will be allowed computer access only if who, only if the students, so if they arrive before 9 p.m. The next point will be correcting shifts in number. They occur when writers switch from singular to plural or plural to singular for no apparent reason. Choose the plural to avoid using his or her or introducing a gender bias. Like in this example, a person is often assumed to be dumb if they are attractive and intelligent if they are unattractive. So the alternative, changing the pronoun to the singular, would have resulted in gender bias or the repetition of he or she. So then we choose people.  Let's take a look at the next point. Be aware that confusing number shifts can occur between logically connected nouns. As originally phrased, the following sentence suggests that the student have only one pencil among them. There are only two ways to clarify this confusion. The students brought soft lead pencils to the exam, so you would erase the just one pencil, a soft lead pencil and you will create it or you will put it in plural or you can even say each student brought a soft lead pencil to the exam. So or you write everything in plural or you write everything in singular, like on the second example. Now let's take a look at keep your verb tenses consistent. Verb tenses show the time of an action in relation to other actions. Writers are expected to choose a time frame from their work, present, past or future, and use it consistently, changing tense only when the meaning requires it. Our inquiry begins with a look at how the dramatic invasions affected the identity of the late Roman world. This sentence is about a present inquiry into past events and requires a shift from present to past tense. The following sentence in contrast refers to the past events, but it shifts confusingly from present to past tense. According to the traditional view, the medieval period begins when Rome fell. This sentence is about a present inquiry into past events and requires a shift from present to past tense. So then according to the traditional view, the medieval period began past tense when Rome fell, past tense. You may find yourself shifting confusingly between past and present tense when you are narrating dramatic events that are still vivid in your mind. Like in this example, the wind was blowing 150 kilometers an hour when suddenly there is a big crash and a tree falls into the living room. Well, what is the tense, the main verb tense used in this sentence? Is the past continuous, past progressive? So be consistent. Was blowing 150 kilometers an hour when suddenly there was, because we're talking about the past, the past situation, there was a big crash and a tree fell into the living room. You may also introduce inconsistencies when using the present perfect tense, perhaps because the past participle causes you to slip from present tense to past. Be careful. Like in this example, she has admired many strange buildings at university, but thought that the new sign center looked completely out of place. Well, the main tense in this sentence is the present perfect tense, right? She has admired. So then, we use the present perfect tense for an action that started in the past and continues up to now. So overall, trying to understand the whole sentence, she has admired many strange buildings at university, but thinks, so she thinks now, because present perfect is still present, she thinks that the new sign center looks present tense completely out of place. Therefore, you need to pay attention when you are using the present perfect tense. Yes, pay attention to what you're writing, the meaning overall of the sentence. Next point, avoid unnecessary shifts in mood and voice. There are three basic moods, the indicative used to state a question facts, acts and opinions, the imperative used to give commands or advice, and the subjunctive used to express wishes, conjectures and hypothetical conditions. Unnecessary shifts in mood can confuse and distract readers. Like in this example, if he goes to night school, he will take a course in accounting. So then, we can use the present here. So we have a condition, if he could go to night school, he would take a course in accounting. So let's take a look at the last example. The sign says that in case of emergency, passengers should follow the instructions of the train crew and don't leave the train unless instructed to do so. Well, this is not consistent, you need to be consistent even with moods. In this case, we used in the main clause should. So be consistent, use should in the second clause. So instead of don't, use should not, should not leave the train unless instructed to do so. The final point is be alert to awkward shifts between direct and indirect quotations and questions. Indirect questions report what others wrote or said without using exact wording. Direct quotations report the words of others exactly and should be enclosed in quotation marks. Let's take a look at this example. In his eulogy for his father, Justin Trudeau recalled having lunch at the parliamentary restaurant when he was eight years old. Spotting his father's rival, he made a childish joke about the man. His father responded swiftly, telling him never to attack the individual and that one can be in total disagreement with someone without denigrating him as a consequence. Shifts from one form of quotation to another within a sentence can confuse readers. So let's try not to do this. Instead, let's take a look at our examples, how to write better. Revised using indirect speech. In his eulogy for his father, Justin Trudeau recalled having lunch at his parliamentary restaurant when he was eight years old. Spotting his father's rival, he made a childish joke about the man. His father responded swiftly, telling him that one should never attack or denigrate an individual even if one disagreed, obviously with that individual. In a revised direct using a direct quotation, then we will write something like this. In his eulogy for his father, Justin Trudeau recalled having lunch at the parliamentary restaurant when he was eight years old. Spotting his father's rival, he made a childish joke about the man. His father responded swiftly, saying, Justin, never attack an individual. One can be in total disagreement with someone without denigrating him as a consequence. Over to you now. So please pause the video for this exercise. So you will need to edit the following so the verbs are consistent, intense, mood and voice. Pay attention because there might be some correct sentences. Pause the video and I will give you the key. Now that you have finished with your editing, let's take a look at the key. Many visitors who looked with amazement at the Great Wall of China did not know that its origin reached the seventh century BCE. That's for number one. For number two, in 221 BCE, the ruler of the Qin state conquered the last of its independent neighbors and unified China for the first time. For number three, it is correct. The Qin ruler ordered the walls that the states had erected between themselves to be torn down. But the walls on the northern frontiers were combined and reinforced. Number four, subsequent Chinese rulers extended and improved the walls until the 17th century CE when it reached its present length of more than 6000 kilometers. Well, that's it for today. You nailed it. If you haven't subscribed to my channel, please do. Hit the like button if you liked the lesson and share with your friends the lesson, please. I would really appreciate it. Having said that, have a great day and I see you next time.


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Hello friends. I'm Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. In this video, I'm going to discuss about map in Apex. So first let's discuss the theoretical aspects of map and then I will be demonstrating you with the methods that are available with map in Apex. So here you can see, as first point says, a map is a collection of key value pair. So in my previous video, I demonstrated you about list and set. So in list and set, we can store only values whereas in map, we can store two things. One is key and another one is value. So this is a pair. So together they form a single entity. Then second point says keys are always unique having a value associated. So keys must be unique and the value which we are going to store with respect to key that value can be duplicate but keys are always unique. Then values can be duplicate. Apex uses a hash structure for all maps. Then adding a map entry with an existing key overrides the existing entry with new. So for example, in your map, if you have, let's say, if you have key as one and value as test. Now for key one, you want to assign any other value. So the value test will be overridden with the new value. So that you need to remember. Then map key and values can contain any collection and can contain nested collection as well. Then keys and values can be of any data type. It can be of primitive collection. In collection, we can have lists set and map. Then S objects, then user defined types or built in types. Right. So for these data types, you can create key value pairs to form a map. Now here you can see different examples like how we can create maps. So here, first example says keys will be string and values will be string. Then in second keys will be in teaser and values will be of string type. Then in third example keys will be ID. Those are related to account and values will be account record. Then in fourth, you can see first we are fetching some account records in form of a list and then we are assigning that list to the constructor of the map and then that list will automatically convert into map and map will be having key as ID and values as account record. And last one you can see here keys are account records and values are list of context. So this way we can we can use list as values as well. Right. So now these are the methods that are available with map. So now I'm going to demo these things. So I'm going to create new apex loss map demo. And here I'm going to create a method. So map. And inside this method, I'm going to create a map and then I will be using the methods are provided through map. So I'm creating a map of in teaser or my string. So in teaser to string map. This is the name of this map and then new map of in teaser string. So this way you can create a map. Now we have a method that is put. So you can copy this name. Then you can write put. So first you need to put key and then value as string. So let's say one and a. Now I'm copying this then to hand be now I'm going to write system dot the book name of this map and plus and then map variable. Right. So if if I use map name in single code so this will be printed as it is and then actual map values will be displayed. So this I also demoed you in case of list and set. So now I'm going to open execute anonymous window from where we can execute this method. So name of classes map demo. So I'm going to create its instance. Now through this instance m dot we can call this method. Now I'm going to execute this and I'm going to open the log so that I can see that. So I can see the output. So this is incorrectly done. That's why it is showing error. So whenever there is an error so you can see that exclamation mark was there. So it executed. Now we need to click on debug only so here you can see this is the output of the map. So he is one and values a then keys to and value is B. Right. So this way you can put the values. Now here you can see a second method is put all. So if you want to put value of a map into another so you can use this method. Then if you want to put S object area so you can use this as well. Now, let me show you one more thing that I explained theoretically like if he is same and we are assigning any other value. Right. So he is to and value is C. So B will be replaced and value will be C. Right. So I'm just writing it over here. Copying this pasting this. Okay, I'm removing this. Right. So earlier, he one is having a and two is having been then this map will be displayed. Then one is sorry, I am just commenting this. I'm just modifying the key to with value C. And then I'm again printing the map. Right. So let's see what happens. I'm executing this. So two outputs will be there. So here you can see first output is showing a one key and value a to as key and B as value. Then later on you can see key to is modified with value C. Right. So the value is overwritten because on same key we are assigning different value. Right. So this way you need to you need to take this care like if key is already available and for same key you are assigning value. So that value will be over. Then if you want to remove a particular key so that is also possible. So let me add one more. Let's say three. We're moving this. We're moving this as well. And it is C. Right. So now our map is having three values. Right. Now I'm using map. Remove. And I'm passing. He has to. And I'm going to display this map again. So two outputs will be there one from line number seven and one from line number nine. So let's see what happens. So again I'm clicking on debug only. So here you can see first output is showing three values ABC and keys are 123. Then we removed key to so values also removed and only two key value pair are available.  Then if you want to know the size, you can. So I am commenting these two statements. And here I'm putting science. So you can just add dot size with the map name. So you can store it into integer variable or you can directly print it with some system dot debug. So here you can see sizes three because three key value pairs are available in the map. So this way you can see now next an important method is values. So if you want to fetch only values like ABC. So for that you can use this method. So there are two methods. One is values and another will be. Key set right so through true values we can we can separately have the values. Those are available in the map and through key set we can separately have the keys. Those are available in the map. So now this. This statement system dot debug will be printing only values. Those are available in the map. So I'm going to execute this. And also you can assign these values into some list and then you can also use that. So you can see only ABCR displayed here. Right. So I'm copying this. And let's say I'm creating list of string. Here is equals to this. So this way you can see. I am assigning map values into list of string because here you can see a value data type is string. So that's why I created list of string. And then I'm going to display this. So I'm executing this. So this way you can assign values to a particular data type. So here you can see output is same. Right. So whatever type is available here similar type of list you can create and you can assign the values with the help of this values method. So this way you can you can fetch all the values. Those are available in the map. Then next method is so let me first explain this method key set because we are discussing this. With values. So I'm commenting this. Right. Or here directly I'm going to use this dot. Right. So now this will be printing only keys as output. The keys basically you can store into set. If you want to store because keys are unique. So here you can see these are the keys one to three. Right. So now you can create a set integer because keys are integer. So it's set equals to and this you can write here. So this way all the keys will be stored. Here something is incorrect. I forgot to write new. That's why it is showing the error. So now it is correct. I'm executing it again. So this time all the keys will be stored into set and then I'm going to display the set. So here you can see keys are displayed. So this way keys you can store into set because those are unique and values you can store into list because they are there. So values can contain duplicates as well. And in list you can store duplicates. So this way you can divide your map into certain list as well. And similarly if you have set unless so you can combine them as well. Right. So he said we saw how we can use then we have clear. So if you want to clear the values of map, you can do that as well. So I am removing all these and here I'm putting this again. And here I'm using clear. So what will happen line number seven will print all the values with all the key and value pair which are available into map. Then line number eight will clear all the data which is available into map and then line number nine will display blank map. So I'm going to execute this so that we can see the output. So here you can see first map is sorry first system dot debug is displaying map values, then we called clear method so map is clean and it is displaying nothing. So this way you can erase the values of map. And then the next method is clone. So for cloning you need to create one more map. So I'm copying this thing one here. So this way you can assign or you can clone a particular map into another and here I'm putting this thing. So both will be displaying same values. Right. So I'm going to execute this. So here you can see both are displaying same values. One is from into SDR map. And another is from into SDR map one. So this way you can clone the values as well. The next important method is contains key. So it basically checks whether a particular key is available in map or not. So it returns true or false. So we can see contains key to. So if it is available, then it will be displaying true otherwise false. So we can use this into if condition as well. So you can put that part into it. So here you can see it is showing true because key to is available. So you can use this part in if condition as well. So if it is written in true, then some set of instruction will execute. Otherwise other set of instruction will execute. Then equals will compare two maps. Then through get we can have the value corresponding to a particular key. So this is also important. So here I'm using get. So what will happen? I'm getting value against key number two. So in output, it will display only B because for key to a value is associated as B. So here you can see. So this way if you want to get a particular key keys value, then you can use this get method. And is empty will check whether the map is empty or not. So you can apply this as well. Is empty. So sometimes whenever we query records from the Salesforce object and nothing is queried. So before iterating that map, we need to check whether it is empty or not. So for that purpose, we can use this is empty method with checks whether map is having something or not. So here you can see it is showing false because map is not empty. If it is empty, then it will display true. So this way I demonstrated you all the methods. Right. So you can create these things as well. So let me demo you one of the object related thing. So I'm cleaning all these. So let me create a map of ID account. So a CC ID, sorry, account ID map. Right. Equals to new map of ID, account. Right. So in PPT, you can see when we are creating new maps. So here I'm passing this account list. So here what I can do, I can write select ID name from account. And then system.debug. So here I'm putting this plus and then again this I'm saving this. So I'm going to fetch two records from account object. So it will return a list because whenever we query, we apply SOQL. So automatically list is returned. So this list will pass into the constructor of map and that will convert into ID and account record automatically. So now I'm going to execute this. So you will see the output in form of ID and account record. So here you can see account ID map. So this is the ID and then account record details. So account record detail is having only ID and name because we added only two fields. So this is the first record and this is the second record. So with ID account details are associated. So this way you can use the map. So normally we don't query like this. So maybe you have your data already available into list. So then you can iterate that list and you can assign data into map or you can directly pass those lists into the constructor of the map while creating the map. So this way you can use your map with S objects as well. Right. So I hope you understood how we can use these methods of map or performing various tasks. And with this explanation, you understood what map is. So I also created videos on list and set separately. So those are available in this playlist. So you can watch them as well. So these are three collections list set and map. So all three we need to use whenever we work with apex. So you need to understand all these things properly. So I tried to give demonstration related to list set and map in three individual videos. So watch all of them all of them so that you can understand the concepts and later on in this playlist, you can watch other videos as well related to apex. And on my website study Salesforce.com, you will find all the links related to Salesforce videos as well. So do visit that website so that you can have all video links together on single platform. So I hope you understood whatever I demonstrated regarding map and apex. Thank you for watching this video.


On a federal high court sitting in Abuja has adjourned the hearing of the suit seeking to stop the federal government from going ahead with its plan to securitize the ways and means debt of 22.7 trillion Naira by confating it to a promissory note or issuance of treasury bills and bonds certificate. The applicant in the suit is challenged in the legality of the six defendants, namely the President, the federal government, Central Bank of Nigeria, Ministry of Finance, Debt Management Office, National Assembly and the Attorney General to issue bonds according to the law. The presiding George justices Kola Wali on Motor Show adjourned the hearing till 4th of December to allow all the parties to file necessary court processes and then adopt the same. Assembly is as bad as 22.7 trillion. It has accumulated over the years. It is actually against the Section 38 of the CBN Act, which requires that amount borrow should be paid within that particular year and by securitizing it, it will form part of our national debt as it is currently. So why we were in court is first of all to establish that this act of the federal government is against the law. The approval granted by the National Assembly is against the law and all the processes and the steps already taken or that the Debt Management Office will be taken in time is actually against the law. Furthermore, the move to securitize these unpaid loans is against Section 38 paragraph B of the CBN Act, 2007. Borrowed amount that is borrowed under the WESA means ought to be repaid within that particular year and knowing that it is not repaid, Section 38 expressly prohibits the repayment to be in a form of securitization, promissory note or any form of bond at all. So even if the federal government wants to repay this debt back to the CBN, it cannot be portioned to Section 38, which is why we are in court. It ought not to be by way of securitization, which the federal government, the CBN, the Debt Management Office has actually started the process right now. Don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.