I got a little bit lost with the whole where morality came to the picture, but except that I think I quite followed. I really have a little bit of a... Maybe it's my own personal problem, but I hear a lot of judgment in everything which is being said here. I hear a lot of, we are sitting here doing something really incredibly important and great and high and necessary and everybody else outside should come and see how incredibly important it is. They don't know yet that they will know how incredibly important it is once they've been exposed to this incredible thing. Now, obviously from a personal point of view, I agree with you, I am a musician. I think it is great. But, sorry, Bach and Mendelssohn and Mozart, who is what I do every day, have been dead for 200 years now. There are people outside in the street who have other content that is not less valid than what we do in this hall. So what, I would say? So what? Now, let it first... Sorry, I'll get there in a few seconds. I am the first one to think, since this is my life, that an orchestra as incredible as the orchestra that plays in this hall in a building which has so much tradition and history is incredibly important, but it's a part of what we have to do. We cannot lose contact with what's happening now and with what... Why am I, not me, me, but me, a person of my age, what has Mozart got to do with me? What has Shakespeare got to do with me? It's our role as interpreters to find a bridge between these works and these people, but it's also a role to create things that happen nowadays, because if we go on telling people in the street for the next 200 billion years that they're too stupid to understand our great culture, they won't find it more interesting. Now, the point is, we have to have, first of all, not say it, but feel deep respect for other cultures, other kinds of interests of people that are not interested in art, that are not interested in what we consider important art, but have true respect for what interests them if we want them to have respect for what interests us. Because I think essentially art and what we try to do here, and I think that's what he said, because what I've been doing my whole life is try to make music for people who have never seen music before, it's all about an exchange, it's about communication. I try to say something to my audience, I want to hear something, I'm trying to have an exchange with my audience. If somebody does it through music or through theater or through playing football or through reciting Chinese poetry, I don't care. We have to challenge, we have to get into a discussion, we have to get into some sort of a platform where we reach to one another. One last thing, what you said, I completely agree with it, and that's what I've been trying to do a lot as well, and partially failed, partially not, I don't know, but it's very easy to convince anybody in the street who has never been to a concert before to go to a concert once. If you're a little bit charismatic and you have three good excuses, you will find a way after 15 minutes to make them try it out. A completely different story starts where it's about making them come a second time. You will not convince anybody if they have been to an experience which did not move them, they will not come even if you tell them 300 times that it was really important. We are always approaching this by explaining, oh, it's about education and it's about teaching and it's about explaining, we don't have to understand music. Music is not there to be understood, art is not there to be understood, so I don't have to look at a painting and understand anything to know it's beautiful or for you to move me, it either does or it doesn't.  I don't go to many concerts because they just don't move me. Now, why do I have to go to a kid who is 10 and say, I'm going to teach you for the next 2,000 years until you will know enough to understand why music is good? No, we should just make sure, the problem starts with us musicians or us artists. We have to offer something that has substance that will move our audience, then they will come, we don't have to educate them in that way, we will educate them for showing them that real experience is possible. That's my opinion on the subject. Thank you very much. Let me turn this and I'll give you the floor to the final general question and then we turn to the audience. Of course, if you consider this a situation in which arts and culture are much less important than probably it was 100 years ago, before we go to the world of politics or technology or commercial life or whatever, what happened in the world of culture, what happened in the world of arts that much less people are interested to participate in all of this. Yori, what are your... No, I agree totally with what you say. But I think one of the problems we have, as you have said before, we have to have the thing to specialise. We have to do a program in the Festival of Sarsworld with the Ragan Days with the great success with people from Serbia, Bosnia, Turkey, Armenia, and I think we have to open the music to every culture. And it's not only the music which composes great names, which is important, because many of the cultures they have music like the Sephardic people, like the Armenian, like the Serbian. This is really authentic music from the life of the persons because this music has helped still today people to survive. And I think this is the important. When you say this, when you listen to a Bosnian singer singing an old melody, you feel these people are fighting for his life, for having a chance to be alive. And I think we have to bring the music to this level of authenticity. One of the things that makes the classical music dying is because we are Ottomans. We are Ottomans, we are not anymore trained to use the music as something which is essential for life. And I think the chance is to open for really music play by musicians. They fight for the life and for the music. But you see, this is in a way exactly a result of that. If you train people to specialise, they become at the end... No, the people from the Balkans are not specialised. Exactly, that's why I actually agree with you. But I think what happened in the classical world is that we stopped encouraging people to be personal and to be sincere, we encouraged them to fit to certain rules if they want to fit in certain boxes. And I completely agree with you. If my music does not represent my story, and I don't say my story when I play, the audience will feel it and it will not be moved by it, just by me executing notes correctly. It doesn't interest anybody. I completely agree with you. And we must make sure, exactly as you said, that we don't maybe subconsciously have this little bit of arrogance that we think our music is better than other music. Because there is no better music than other music. Every culture, every art or every ritual of every culture is as legitimate and as important. And I think I completely agree with what you said. You say, still we need musicians that can play Mozart, they can play... For sure, also. Because this is also music from our time and we need this also. I must agree too, you know, what can I do? Because you are right, but maybe it's interesting to look at two different layers. The first one is that, of course you need kind of know what you are doing. So the reason how to teach children is with good teachers. And this counts for all books of life, it counts for music or for culture, whatever. If you know why this picture is moving you, you can also talk to somebody else about it. If you really know it. So the first thing is, well, all forms of music are forms of the human animal singing to itself. Why should one be more better than the other? Of course you can say one is better than the other. And then I would always put emphasis on that one. You can also say one is better conveyed than the other.  That only brings you, that's quite a limited perspective. Because empathy enables us to feel and to understand that we could be the other in that situation. Like how could you be moved by a picture if you never sat on a horse, for example.  Or how could you be moved by a massacre if you've never been through it. And also know nobody who has, you know? You know all this because you can feel for the other. And this is an access to all things produced culturally and to a capacity of understanding them. You do not have to like them. Like there's costly music out there, please. But you could understand that. And this broader understanding of something what the human animal does and is capable of and what happens to him, I think for me is the key to something like education or to find that 2,000 year old book incredibly interesting and fresh. Or to understand the music which is not your own culture. And therefore everything is valuable but if it's nicely conducted. But the question is why is this big statement much less evident for so many people? And what is the responsibility? Why is it that the world of arts and culture which has been subsidized for many years?  Where is it that we did wrong? I was thinking about what you said. This is a temple of music. Is it called like that, a temple of music? It's a temple without, we hope, a threshold, a temple for music. Yeah, it's a temple of music. But there is not all music in this temple. And that's, I think, one of the mistakes we make. Because if my son is studying composition at the conservatory in Amsterdam he's very interested in jazz and he's also very interested in rap. And we, as an audience, I think, well I know now because he is interested in that but the very nice thing about rap is that I live in a village like Rome or a small village like Bones, whatever. I write about Bones, that I come from that and I stay there and I want to tell about my village how beautiful it is. So my move is not coming into the center. My move is there. I want to show you, I want to show you how beautiful identity I've got. An important identity I've got. That's the sort of music. But we, I think, me too, we have moved that out instead of looking, ignore it, instead of looking how beautiful it is. Because in Germany, let's say, we have, in my theater, we have a big, big, big music program. But the Germans, to give an example, count on 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4. The, let's say, the red people count like that. 1, 2, 3, 4, which is completely different. And that we've lost, that feeling.


We noted today that the first indication that Canada's economic growth could be affected by what's happening in Fort McMurray came to public attention when BMO reduced Canada's predicted growth rate from 1.5% to zero. They're watching what's happening in Fort Mac, recognizing the impact that that's going to have on the resource economy in this country, and lowering our expectation for growth as a country down to zero as a result. If any Canadian listening today doubts how important Western Canada's natural resources are to this country, they should pay attention to that fact. As Fort McMurray burns, and as the economic infrastructure that has so long supported Canadians is threatened, international observers are suggesting that our economic growth is going to suffer disastrously as a result. And I think that puts the finest point possible on why Western Premiers are so focused on making sure that we have investment in our resource economy, that we have investment in our infrastructure to get our goods to market, and then we open up trade opportunities overseas, including TPP and individual trade deals with India, China, and Japan as priorities. Because these resources matter to every single Canadian, no matter where you live.


So I'm really fascinated by the interaction between seagrass meadows and their microbial communities that lives in their sediments. So what we know about seagrasses is that there are these evolutionary descendants of terrestrial plants and on land we have a really good understanding of how terrestrial plants interact with their microbial communities that are living in their rhizosphere and how these plants sort of recruit these microbial communities to become symbionts. Really much less is known or understood about how seagrasses are doing this in the marine world. And so for this research study I was really interested in answering three specific research questions. First, what types of metabolites or small compounds the seagrasses are excreting to their soils or their sediments. Second, can we link these metabolites or the presence of these compounds to the actual plant physiology? And third, what is impact on the sediment microbial communities? So actually to understand how seagrasses are interacting with their microbial communities that are living in the sediments is actually quite a complex question because there are so many different interactions between different microorganisms and between the seagrasses themselves that could occur in this space. And so to really understand how seagrasses could be influencing the sediment communities that are present, you really need to understand the physiology both the seagrasses and the microorganisms themselves. So I first started tackling this project by beginning to go out into the field and exploring the composition of metabolites that are occurring underneath the seagrass meadows themselves. And now in order to do this what I did is I went out into the field settings and I collected pore water which is basically seawater that's occurring in between the sand grains of the sediments and I saved it for metabolomic analysis. So when I started this project there really wasn't a good method available for us to actually begin to measure these metabolites in the seawater in such low sample volumes. And so I had to develop a method that would allow us to detect these metabolites in the seawater. What I was able to then go out and do is actually measure the pore water composition of metabolites across many different types of seagrass meadows and across different spatial and temporal resolution. So after understanding more about the physiology of the seagrasses and what they could be excreting into the environment we then needed to understand what the physiology was of the microorganisms that were occurring in this habitat. And so you can really do this with two different approaches. The first is based off of sequencing methods where you can collect DNA and RNA for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses and when you do those types of approaches you begin to get the genomes of individual bacteria or archaea that are living in these sediments. And then you can begin to understand what is they're actually doing in that environment. So the second method that you can do is do incubation experiments where you can introduce labeled substrates to these incubations and then you can monitor for the evolution or the production of 13 CO2. And when you do this you get an insight into how quickly the microorganisms are using the labeled substrate over time and that gives you some insight into the actual physiology of the microbes that are present. So the first thing that we found when we started to go and explore the metabolites that are occurring underneath these seagrass meadows worldwide was that there's a lot of sugar that is present there and specifically in the form of sucrose. Having high concentrations of sucrose and actually the micromolar levels is quite unusual in the environment because microorganisms like to eat sugar. Sugar is a common thing that we even put in our coffee in the morning for example and that microorganisms across different environments will use regularly and rapidly in their metabolism. So to understand the microbial communities that are present I first wanted to know is the community underneath the meadow specific to the meadow itself? And what I what I was able to find and show is that the microorganisms that are occurring underneath the meadow are different. The community is different than the microorganisms that are occurring outside the meadow. They have the genes they need to use sucrose in their metabolism. However, very strangely when we look at the transcripts or the expression of those genes what we find is that they're not expressing those genes. So they're not making the proteins needed to break down sucrose in their metabolism. So in order to understand this dichotomy between what we see in the genomes and the expression of these genes, we can use our sediment incubation experiments to test to see if there are specific conditions where the microorganisms can use sucrose versus the conditions that we see in the meadow where we know that they're not using the sucrose. And what I was able to show with its incubations is that under oxy conditions and flush seawater what we find is that the microorganisms actually have the ability to use these sucrose in their metabolism. But when we take away that oxygen and we add back the inhibitory compounds that we also measure in the meadow, what we find is that the microbial communities no longer have that ability to use sucrose. And so what this all comes together with coupling the presence of the sucrose in the meadow with the plant physiology and the biochemical conditions that are in the meadow is that we see this accumulation of sucrose over time and it is why we can measure such high concentrations of it in the environment. So seagrasses are these really important ecosystems to global oceans. And so if you think about seagrasses, they only cover about 0.1% of the ocean surface area. However, despite their low abundance in the ocean, they're actually responsible for 10% of the burial of organic carbon in marine systems. So if you think about it, that means that they have this disproportionate ability to bury carbon over long periods of time. And they typically do this by burial through their tissues, but also through deposition of organic carbon into the environment or into their sediments. And so we know, based off of terrestrial systems, that microbial communities play this intimate role in facilitating carbon burial on land. We also need to know how those communities play this important role of facilitating carbon burial in the ocean and specifically associated with seagrasses. Our work really sheds light into this by describing processes that allow seagrasses to interact with the microbial communities that are present in the sediments and provides important insights into how those interactions develop and how they persist over time. The amazing thing about this study is that it's opened up so many different avenues of research that I'm really excited to explore. However, there are three questions that I really want to focus in on. First of all, what other types of compounds are these seagrasses excreting into their environment? And second, how do these compounds interact with the microbial communities are there? So are they excreting other types of metabolites besides sucrose? And are those metabolites then attracting other types of microorganisms that could benefit the physiology of the seagrasses? And the third thing that I'm really interested in understanding is how changing climatic conditions is altering these relationships. So as we see changes in land use that lead to eachification of the environment or changes in climate change, how do they impact how seagrasses and their microbial communities actually interact? And what does that mean for the health of these ecosystems?


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or everything we use in technology today.  Okay, got it All right and make definitive claims Yeah, that that that are that simple Well, let's continue on uh, let's see um Lail 10 dollars statement I would never argue that Ether either coming here in a submarine cannot be tested The by the scientific method so I kyle would agree with this statement I'm not sure once again that doesn't mean either I was the author of the book. It was brother of jared who Ended up crossing the oceans and the barges. Yeah, it was the descendant that wrote the book. It wasn't wasn't them that crossed But just say jarred instead. Just just say jarred brother of jared Okay, his his actual name was hon. Ray Moriankimer Uh, but people just call him the brother jack. It's easier. Um, well just the two families, right in in the submarine, right? Um, I think they're sort of saying You can't scientifically test it to see if it's true. Would you agree with that statement? I'm sorry, I didn't What was the question? Well, the two families that crossed in the the barges that they called it in the book from The the middle east to the meso americas There's no way to scientifically test that to see if it's true. Is there would you agree? Well, there's a lot of science that's pointing at the all necks and we believe that It's very likely that the all necks were actually the geridites Okay, do you have any evidence for that the all necks the geridites were completely wiped out? And the all necks were also completely wiped out So they're both two extinct civilizations that Yeah, they're fitting the right kind of time period and so yeah, I think that that gave right place the right the the right time and Uh, the same thing happened to both of them. So that's evidence Well, I do note that their architecture all of their arts their Systems that they had in place their culture everything was different from a middle eastern culture That's why archaeologists don't believe the all necks the brother of gerid never No one claimed that the brother of gerid was from the middle east What were they from exactly, huh What were they from I didn't say I guess I guess well actually uh Was jerry from the middle east Well, there was there was uh the tower of babel and that was kind of a thing Uh in there and so Uh, I guess you could say that he did travel from kind of that area. So that would be the middle east So I was wrong on that one. So I think that would suggest he was from the middle east Alrighty, let's continue on Um, lio again for five dollars What can I do to test using natural things to test and see if the story of ether coming to this land is true What Observable testable things can you do about the book of ether and whether it's true or not? um, the biggest Thing with the Book of Mormon is always About building a relationship with jesus christ. It's yeah another test him of jesus christ and everything in the Book of Mormon points to him and so As you come to know him better It's through that relationship that you can know these things are true. And so Uh, I'm no mark pointed out in his opening statement. He brought up animals and no one Yeah, we're still discovering new animals every day. We we can't just you know lift up all of the americas and Uh sift him out and say okay There are no horses or something like that. Okay, or elephants in americas, but we We can't account for every single animal that's ever lived in the americas. And so Yeah, just because we're not aware of any Uh, modern day examples of oh, look, I found some uh elephant bones in in the americas Okay, just because we can't point to any specific examples like that doesn't mean they never happened And so a lot of science is kind of coming out today that are kind of pointing towards uh Different instances in the Book of Mormon. So in a previous debate, I pointed out, uh, the human sacrifice And I pointed out that being evidence of the Book of Mormon. But again, this whole uh debate is not about whether or not there's evidence It's about whether or not the Book of Mormon is systematic Alrighty, yeah, as I said evidence where we have no evidence where we expect to find some that we should expect to find some of these Animals we don't we find none of them whatsoever So that's something we would expect to find and we don't also the civilizations would expect to find them We don't especially when it's supposed to be sort of a civilization of 1.5 million people. It doesn't just vanish So all of these are reasons why we the evidence sort of speaks against the book being true Yeah, so it's kind of and and plus the whole idea that you should appeal to your your feelings of Jesus in your life That's not empirical evidence Which is what they ask for empirical evidence is one stuff that you can Touch and see and sort of use your senses to ascertain not feelings.  And so if I wanted to develop a relationship with Jesus Christ, it's not just feelings It's also about observation Okay, uh Yeah, observations.  I don't claim to well In dreams and dreams. I've I've seen in dreams like that's empirical. You're talking about observation No, no, apparently you can observe things in dreams And I've got a whole series on on different things that I've seen in dreams that have come to pass in very interesting ways And so yeah dreams Dreams can be interpreted and dreams can sometimes tell the future Maybe you should have defined what empirical means because you've got a different definition of empirical that is our senses like sight and touch and hearing Like and and your dreams don't count for that spectral evidence not empirical evidence Okay, well when we actually physically see different things come to pass, okay, uh, and While we are conscious and awake That is empirical evidence of something that we saw In a dream and so I saw on a dream Yeah One thing and then it comes to pass that's empirical evidence All right, let's move on from there jelly roger 550. We're almost to the end of our super chats here everybody So, uh, we'll get wrapping up here pretty soon Uh, you know unless anybody has any other questions pop them in the old live chat Uh jelly roger 550 canadian kyle. Do you trust in the leadership of the latter day saint's church? Or do you question them they report a real adam and eve? What do you think? I've provided a video showing my lineage going all the way back to adam and eve and uh, I think that's evidence Of adam and eve. I don't claim that's proof of adam and eve. I just call that evidence of adam adam and eve Oh, I gotta say that Yeah, it's it's on there. Uh, you gotta see my video on my relation to bob nodell That's both of our Our lineage going all the way back to adam and eve. It's pretty cool. So Uh, it's first for checking out All right, we thought on that mark Oh Yeah, there wasn't an adam and eve like the opulation of humankind doesn't go to two people even Though they say that it does it doesn't um, we can track this using dna mitochondrial dna shows there was no two people of origin, you know originating The inbreeding that that would would constitute would be horrendous as well. So, yeah Alrighty again, he's just making his statement on based on his thing. So if I said, yeah, cats are mammals It's his job to say no, they are not Okay, so um adam and eve had children Who did they um had children with? each other And their brothers and sisters, right Yeah And that's not inbreeding I never said it wasn't Okay Okay That question All right, let's continue on um So, uh coconut cream pies for two dollars says dang. What's it calm down with the fallacies? I think they're uh Trying to accuse you in front of me probably I think they yeah I usually don't go on that much about fallacies But I think that sort of when when when you're in a debate about a topic and somebody's just saying hey my definition area You know definition is the one that we're going to use because mine and and then sort of basing your entire argument on that is sort of a very um It's a very it's a very sort of Weird way to debate anything. Um, that's why I generally don't do debate Definitions about debate because there's no reason why Anything can't be defined as anything usually we go for normative definitions Not sort of one that you've cherry picked and said hey, well this supports me so i'm going to cherry pick this one Um, the entirety of academia and science sort of agrees on what what constitutes science Um, I had to do science communications and and stuff when I went through uni Um, no nobody's thinking lord of the rings of the science book. I'm sorry just nobody's thinking Except except carl barron. Nobody. I'm a nobody now All right. Yeah, and and sort of the really sort of weird stuff about proofs and things I think it's because you know, I I usually don't point out fallacy that the ones that they're being made a really Revious, so I kind of am pointing them out in this debate sure The dictionary was written by nobody All right, I didn't quite hear that all the dictionary was written by nobody Okay, because it's written by nobody that's that's yeah, they're the ones who defined it this way It's it's an accumulation of different usages of words throughout society. So All they do is see how people are using words in common parlance and in you know, certain areas and then So that means some people actually do and all the unless you're claiming all those people are nobody There's there's no reason why I can't call this cup Right a kyle. There's no inherent objective reason all words are made up Okay All right, your claim is that nobody Used that word and now you're kind of contradicting yourself because when you defined Or described all these things you're saying that it's all the dictionary is Based off of people using them So in order for that to be true all those people who use it the term scientific as just anything that is systematic All of a sudden all those people are now nobody uh, sort of so so People that aren't involved in science may very well Use it like that. It is incorrect Right, so that now we are kind of moving the goalpost and yeah, okay no All right. Well, we're getting on to our last question here. So Uh in proper nerd fashion, which would make my wife very proud because she is uh, She is she is our dm. She is the uh, my uh She's awesome.  I wish I had a wizard's hat Um, perhaps they were not the omex. Perhaps they were the elves who along with the Left of the realm of men at the end of the third age I mean you joke, but it could have been dwarves, you know being destroyed by smorg Because apparently dinosaurs were there too. So you know because in the world that nothing has ever proven anything could be possible Yep, I get it Oh, I I don't think that's true at all I think some things are not Epistemically possible by dr. McLaughlin's words Nothing can ever be described or should ever be described as true anyway. So there you go Uh, you're you're sort of really miss mischaracterizing what he was saying there Jacqueline McLaughlin in the scientific method. We don't say this is 100 categorically true So you never use the word as I said before which is sort of patently avoid and sort of uh, sort of, you know Try and distract from is that science makes models that describe the world As somebody once famously said all models are incorrect. Some are useful So that's how we determine what works and what doesn't Okay I'm already well, that was the last of our super chats everybody. So, uh, yeah, you can let me know in the live chat if If I'm going to go through the effort here above getting this track exported over to Over to the end of our show here for a little after after thing. But in the meantime Mark Reed, Kyle Adams, a big thank you to you fellas for coming out and having this discussion Yeah, this has been a great time Aftershot mine aftershot mine. Um, I've got it in the chat if you want to post it and and if you want Ryan, I'd really appreciate it. Yep coming right up. All right, everybody keep an eye out for me I'm just going to post in the chat here Mark's doing a little aftershow And I was gonna say I might be back in about, you know, two minutes here and I'll see if I can fire up a little take of What I'm trying to figure out for that That new intro for modern day debate. I don't know if you guys don't like it Then maybe we'll try something else. We'll uh Yeah, so one last question from mark here. Okay, if you were to see Someone hold up their hands and part the red sea or the ocean and just kind of walk through on dry ground Would you describe that as an empirical observation? Um, yes Okay, so miracles are empirical Thank you Well, I mean it as long as you can do that Okay, so if you're to observe something like that then that would be considered an empirical Right, but what I wouldn't wouldn't think is a empirical observation is basically a story about somebody parting the red sea I agree. I agree. It's evidence, but it's kind of testimonial evidence Right, so to you that may be empirical evidence. However to somebody else I didn't say it was empirical Hang on. Let me finish. Let me finish. Okay, so me me seeing that it would be in empirical evidence to me But it wouldn't be to somebody else. It would just be my testimony That would just be you know, sort of just just my testimonial which you know, all kinds of people say all kinds of things I don't see why we should attribute that that level of certainty to a testimony. It just isn't a good idea Yeah, I agree. That's why Just a testimony It's not you can't live on borrowed light as the scriptures describe Yeah, you can't live on borrowed light. You have to develop your own testimony and observe your own experiences. And so for me The parting of the red sea That's the borrowed light. I've got to be able to observe Something like that for myself in order to have my own testimony and so it's seeing miracles and so When the bible describes miracles like that For me, it's not just oh Well, this is something that only happens sometimes only for certain people special people No, that's setting an expectation that it is possible for you to experience massive miracles of that magnitude You personally and individually and even as a community people can observe those things in our day And when people can't observe things in that day That testifies that those things kind of uh, that This kind of stuff is true Yeah, the problem is people don't observe it.  So they certainly are not scientific unsubstantiated claims, but okay All right. Well with that full wrap around there once again a huge shout out to Kyle Adams mark read for coming out and have this discussion And we'll be right back for a little a little after show here So thank you everybody for coming out and Yeah, I set the link in the live chat there mark read. So uh, if you want to take a moment here Yeah, no problem. Uh, Kyle, did you want to tell anybody where they can find you? You can just look up my name Kyle Adams That's my my youtube channel. I'm also one of the glow busters. So you can go check them out Awesome. All right. Now Adams descendant and are probably kind of visiting All right. Well, excellent. Let's uh, let's close her off there But thank you everybody and uh, we'll be right back for a little uh, a little after show music From the looks of things. Uh, just for the fun of it. All right. Thanks everyone


Hey everybody, welcome back to Magic Warts at Oxy! My name is David and this is a deck review. This is the Hocus Pocus deck and they're really super excited to introduce their 40th anniversary playing cards. You know, 40 years ago Paul Grosz started Hocus Pocus Magic and he grew it from a small corner shop into one of the largest family owned and operated magic suppliers. Paul has equipped famous magicians and hobbyists alike with everything imaginable from stage props to coin shells from head twisters to silk scarves all while providing unparalleled customer service. Paul, along with his sons and family, continued to operate the business with the same enthusiasm and dedication to the customers that got them this far. And to honor the 40th year of their business, his sons Max and Cole sat down with renowned card designer Iida Huang to come up with a deck that would capture the heritage and feel of the company as well as appeal to all areas of the card community. All right, so if you look at the front of the tuck case you'll notice that it captures that vintage feel from 1976. You got that deep purple paired with sculpted gold. Harkens back to the days when stage magic utilized contrasting colors and flashy patterns to capture somebody's attention. You've got the rabbit ears and top hat logo that have been reimagined to give a more classic feel while light and airy scroll work provides a pattern without drawing attention away from all that bold typography. And I know you can't feel it, but the tuck case is printed on a really soft touch stock with deep penetrating colors of velvet and it has a really classy look. One side of the tuck case says Hocus Pocus. The other side says designed in Indonesia. The bottom has some ad copy about Hocus Pocus and Iida Huang, and the back design of course is the back design of the cards. The larger tongue flap has a simple spade pip, and then the two inside tuck flaps have the initials of the creators. That is pretty much it for the tuck case. Let's take a look at these cards.  They do have a modern cut and air cushion embossed and if you'd like to learn more about stock, cut or finish you can click the link below in the description. A lot of people always ask how these cards feel and how they handle. The best thing I can tell you is they feel and handle great. I can also measure them for you though. I can measure them, stick them in a caliper and give you a better idea of how they might feel and compare to other decks you have held it before in the past. And so 2.90 is the same thickness as the Union cards, the Snow Leopards, the Citizens and the Black Artifice. The back design on these cards is very classically inspired. There's a lot going on here. Tons of complex imagery. You got that mirrored rabbit ears and top hat. They're positioned in a classic style to provide your eye with a familiar layout. The designers wanted to keep the back design light and incorporate a lot of that thin line scrolling to fill the space between the dotted and broken lined frames. You're going to have 4 pointed stars sprinkled out all through the design and you're going to see them all over the place. So not only in the backs but also in the card faces and the tuck and everything. And then of course you have that deep purple color which I think is recognized everywhere as a color of royalty, magic, mystery and then you have that beautiful gold tone which is really an awesome color to strike against the purple and give it some contrast which I think gives a very majestic and very classic feel to these cards. With this deck you're going to get two extra gaff cards. You're going to get a double backer and a blank face card which are great for magic tricks. Also with this deck you're going to get two original jokers. It says Joker very big and then it has like stars sprinkled around. There's that top hat and the magic wand. And then there's two card reveals, a Five of Hearts and a Six of Spades. And so you might have noticed it in the Joker and I'll show you again here in the Ace of Spades. But you're going to have those wavy lines that appear kind of like as a watermark and you'll see that all throughout the faces of all the cards. So it doesn't matter if they're industry cards or court cards. You'll see that little wavy line effect going on back there and it just kind of adds to just the mystery and the magic of this deck. I think it brings the whole deck up a notch and just kind of just creates another element and another layer of customization that really makes this deck stand out. The Ace of Spades has some gold stars above the spade pip which has a lot of ornamentation in it and then underneath that it says Hocus Pocus creating miracles since 1976. For the most part your pips and indices are completely standard and they'll be instantly recognizable which makes them great for gameplay, magic and cardistry. Your court cards are also going to appear standard however I think there is some customization in there. It felt to me like the king of spades, the queen of diamonds, the jack of spades and there was one other king, I think it was the king of clubs that looked a little custom like maybe they might be trying to be somebody else but I think for the most part it's going to fly right by a layperson they're not going to know. And then the coloring is all this beautiful purple and gold from the back design. All right so that's pretty much everything I can say about the 40th anniversary edition of the Hocus Pocus playing cards from Edelhuang United States playing card company Paul Gross, Max and Cole. Man I want to thank Hocus Pocus for allowing me to have this deck so that I can do the review for you and if you'd like to purchase it for yourself you can find it at Hocus-Pocus.com. Thanks, bye.


In the previous modules we have seen the preparation and in the third module we have so far seen how the materials can be characterized and basically we have grouped the techniques into three different groups namely diffraction techniques and spectroscopic techniques and microscopic techniques. In the spectroscopy we have specially looked at two important characterization tools namely X-ray absorption and X-ray. In the microscopy techniques we will be specially looking at the range of methods that are available which can be mapped under microscopy namely scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy. All these are basically imaging techniques they are quite different from the spectroscopic tools but it is impossible to cover all this in one lecture so I am going to just give some idea about the tunneling microscopy and force microscopy and in another lecture we can look at the most prevalent spectroscopic tool that is SEM and TM which is widely used just to recap on what we have seen already. In materials characterization we basically look at chemistry related tools to evaluate the elemental composition titrations are the best chemistry approaches to ascertain whether we are making the right type of material or not but when we come to the structure we look at the X-ray diffraction as a major tool both for those working with molecules and those working on solids they heavily rely on X-ray diffraction. We have already seen the principles of X-ray and also when we want to look more carefully into the microstructure then we look at the imaging tools in today's talk I will be first talking about almost the first invention on imaging tools that is scanning tunneling microscope which almost brought a new focus into material characterization because until 1986 SEM and TM were the only tools which were popular to study the microstructure of any given solid. One of the major benefit of this microstructure analysis is to see how the defects are oriented in a given sample. So mainly the defects in a solid can be mapped using the microscopic tools. So we will look at the principle of STM in this slide I am just giving you a brief outline of what this technique is it looks simple from this diagram but it can become the most complicated technique in terms of attaining the tunneling condition. What you see here in this is a tip and this tip is actually made to scan in XY direction and when you scan this in XY direction then you should be able to map the atomic level arrangements and to achieve a atomic level mapping of your material you need to have a material or a tip which will also bring about such a resolution and as you would see here from for a naked eye this may look like a pointed tip but the tip in essence should almost be reduced to a single atom tip and that is the most governing principle of this STM. So when you bring this tip into such atomic level dimension then a process of tunneling is possible between this tip to the surface which you want to scan and as a result when you attain a tunneling condition then it is possible to generate a topography of the material that you want to study. So STM is an electron microscope essentially that uses a single atom to attain atomic level resolution therefore this is certainly a more refined technique compared to scanning electron microscope when good conditions for observations are realized the magnification that you can achieve is of the order of 10 million times. So when you talk about 10 million times you are talking about looking at a atom through this probing technique so this is one of the most richest information that anyone can get out of scanning tunneling microscope. So the order of magnification that you can achieve is of atomic level dimension which is about 10 million times. And what we also look here is for a spatial resolution which is far more important than a magnification power because when we talk about optical microscope or scanning electron microscope we usually look at the magnification but here we are looking at spatial resolution therefore this is entirely a different notion altogether in the microscopic techniques. The size of an atom actually is measured in angstrom and therefore one angstrom is a unit of length equal to one tenth of a millionth of a millimeter. So we are actually going to look at the material in angstrom dimension and this can be achieved by STM. This is an animation that I just want to show in the beginning itself which can give you some idea as you would see here this is a tip which is actually scanning through array of ordered atoms and this can actually go back and forth into any prescribed area and as you would see here there is a tunneling that is achieved between the tip and the surface and this can map and if there is any edges or steps that are possible the tip can actually adjust itself to probe therefore in a predominantly flat surface any corrugations or any step edges that is there everything can be mapped once you attain or achieve a tunneling probability. So the machine although it looks very simple in reality the machine is a pain taking effort because this is a ultra high vacuum chamber which is actually having the STM features. So to get a STM image it is a very costly probe. Nowadays different forms of scanning probes are coming where you can even use a scanning probe in ambient condition in a laboratory and in a clean room atmosphere but STM essentially calls for a high vacuum environment. Therefore it is called UHV STM that is ultra high vacuum STM and in ultra high vacuum STM most of the time it is only done at room temperature but today as we are addressing this issue in 2011 we have much more refined techniques where even you can go to liquid nitrogen temperature to probe scanning tunneling microscopic images. So the instrumentation has become very very extensive and more improvisations are coming and as I go through some more slides you will understand that now this STM or scanning probe has become a family of techniques it is not just STM it is taken upon itself many modifications therefore STM is not a standalone technique but it is a group of techniques that can be used. So just to impress upon you that STM by itself is actually a ultra high vacuum probe but we can also try to do that in ambient condition by modifying this technique. Now what is this STM all about we can start with some simple definitions just to highlight the point but let me single out the two Nobel laureates who are responsible for bringing this technique and they were awarded Nobel Prize in 1986 Heinrich Rohier and Gerb Benish both this scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for designing this STM. In the scanning tunneling microscope tunneling actually tunneling current starts to flow from a sharp tip to a conducting surface at a distance approximately of 1 nanometer. So that is the tunneling distance and if you look at this graph you would find out that you can play around with a range of current which is your tunneling current and that depends on a very small width of the distance. So within the small distance you can achieve so the tunneling current is exponential to the distance between the tunneling tip and the surface and if this tunneling has to happen you need to have both the tip and the surface that you are proving which has to be metallic. You cannot have a non-metal or a insulating compound and therefore if you have a insulating compound or a biological sample then you need to come out come up with another probe which will help you to do the same atomic level mapping and incidentally that is what AFM is able to do. Atomic force microscope is mainly meant for non-conducting surfaces. So we will go more into this detail as we progress through this lecture. The tip is actually mounted on a piece of electric tube which allows tiny movement by applying a voltage at its electrodes and the tip position can actually be therefore manoeuvred and the tip to surface distance actually can be kept constant we can varying the tunneling current or we can keep the tunneling current constant and vary the distance and this is actually governed by this notion. So based on this tunneling probability it is possible to engineer different type of STM arrangement. So this is the basic principle by which this works out. So some important features that we can get to know about this STM is the tip has to be extremely fine and then the electrons actually tunnel between the surface and the tip producing an electric signal and while the scan is going on which has to be very very slow it is not a rapid scan it has to be a very slow scan and when you do that you can actually trace the topography of the surface. So this enables it to follow even the smallest details of the surface as it is scanning. So three principles that we can come out with one is scanning one is tunneling and the other one is tip point probing. So actually the protocol in a scanning tunneling microscopy is on the reverse order first you try to bring the tip in closer proximity to the surface and then you establish a tunneling and once the tunneling is established then you do the scanning. So these are the three important concepts that you work out during the STM and what is the uniqueness of this STM why we need to take such a costly procedure for mapping because we have already the well established ones that is optical microscopy and then you have SEM we have TEM all these are available at a much cheaper rate compared to STM but if you look at the vertical scale and the lateral scale you can only map those which are above 10 power 6 angstrom. So anything in micron scale the SEM TEM or optical microscope can easily map therefore we have so far been more interested or we are adapted more to materials characterization along this domain. So SEM TEM optical microscopy has helped us but more so in the recent years the shaded area this has become point of focus and more so you can find out the spatial resolution that you can achieve from STM is of the order of angstrom and that is why this is positioned somewhere here. So in comparison to SEM and TEM and other microscopy STM stands out because you are almost taking it near to a atomic resolution. So what is the principle here the principle of operation of this STM is given in this cartoon where you can see that this tip here is actually mounted on a piezoelectric table with the x y arms. So you have x y and z position so this piezoelectric table actually can move this tip in x y direction and this y z direction is given for the tunneling to be established. So once you establish the tunneling then you can actually move in the x y dimension to any part of the sample what you are looking for and then the control unit actually will take care of applying the current at the required voltage for the for sustaining the tunneling to proceed and this is the map which tells you what exactly will happen when this piezoelectric table is moving in the x y direction. So if this is actually a flat terrace then this dotted line will tell you that the surface is smooth and suppose the crystal has a step edge then the position of this tip will move this way and if you see this sort of a movement then you understand that the crystal has a step edge and if you see a bump here a small one then you understand that the surface is inhomogeneous it is not flat or something else is there. So the way the tip moves will give you all the related information with respect to the surface that you are proving. Now the principle of tunneling actually we understand that this is totally a quantum phenomena because if it is a classical picture then if there is a barrier and the object which is supposed to tunnel if it is a macroscopic object then it will not tunnel through this barrier but if it is a microscopic particle like electron then there is a tunnel effect even through a barrier then it can tunnel through. So this is the difference between a macroscopic stuff and a microscopic object so tunneling is possible even if there is a barrier and this barrier actually width of this barrier has to be very small for the tunneling to sustain. So that is the condition that we try to optimize or we try to achieve when we are doing the tunneling experiments. Now if you look at this tunneling phenomena 90% of this tunneling current is actually confined to one single atom and that is what we see here. So this distance d is very important and you will be able to achieve up to 90% here and 99% of the tunneling current can be confined to just two atom. So your probe that way has to be very very sharp and it should be very well defined otherwise tunneling cannot be exercised if your tip is not properly done therefore in STM technology tip preparation itself is a costly procedure and if you understand the chemistry of the sample preparation or the tip preparation you will see that it is a simple electrochemical technique that can bring about great results we will see that shortly from now. So just want to quickly recap what really has happened and how much this simple tunneling principle has been carried over the first experiment that was done by these noble laureates was in vacuum between tungsten tip and platinum surface that was the breakthrough experiment and we would shortly see some of the images which was brought out by them and so therefore the path breaking discovery led to atomic imaging in real space and not only that the STM paved way to a new family of techniques called scanning probe microscopy. So SPM is actually the normal way the microscopy is referred to but it can also accommodate various other tunneling microscopic techniques. In the scanning tunneling microscope the protocol as I told you the first one is to do with the sample preparation then tip preparation and this is a real time photograph that is taken in ultra high vacuum environment where you can see the tip is actually approaching the surface of the sample and you can see this tip is actually seeing the mirror image of the of its own as you bring it closer to the surface. So with the optical microscope you can actually bring it as close as you can and then you can allow auto approach for the tunneling to be established. So today's experiments allow the tip to do auto approach you can bring it as close as you can by following it through a microscope and then you allow the machine to do the auto approach so that the tunneling will be established once the tunneling is established then you are ready to go for mapping the surface. So what you precisely do is cover lot of frames of this sort of pictures and then you try to analyze that you can try to estimate you can try to verify whether the images are as expected and then you can do variety of things with every frame that you are recording you can do line scan I will show some of the examples of what you can learn from such SEM S T M pictures and then finally you can come to a presentation data in three dimension or in two dimension. So this is exactly the way you go about recording the S T M pictures. In terms of instrumentation I have told you there are two approaches one is constant height approach otherwise is constant current imaging so if you have your constant height approach then you are actually varying the tunneling current so you just let the tip experience proper tunneling by varying the voltage that you are applying so you keep the distance constant and you only vary the tunneling current or you can have the tunneling current establish you fix it and let the tip go through the same contour as that of the sample. So if the sample is in homogenous in this way the tip will actually be coming and going this fashion and will exactly map the path of your atomic surface. So both are predominant and sometimes it is always advisable to have a constant current tunneling current and then you let it go through different heights if your sample is dirty and if your sample is not very smooth then in this approach what happens sometimes your tip can actually pick up some dirt or some islands of atoms which otherwise will become very difficult to remove it therefore it is always better to have a much cleaner surface so sample preparation that way becomes a very important issue. So this is another cartoon that shows the same idea of what this constant current imaging approach means but there is another issue the tip that we saw here this is exactly the way the tip will look for and if this tip is actually of a dimension like this but then your cone angle this cone angle if it is going to be 15 degrees or if it is going to be 5 degrees you can look at the relative influence of your scanning microscopy images because if your cone angle is 15 then if the atomic surface is having this sort of patches then your probing will be incomplete these are areas which will not be mapped by your STM tip because of your cone angle therefore the sharper the cone angle better the lateral resolution so your atomic imaging will be very very sharp if you have a very short cone angle therefore preparation of your tip is very very important and this is how you prepare a STM tip and the STM tip can be prepared by a simple electrochemical procedure in this case what you see here is a prepared tungsten wire which is held by a manipulator and this is actually n protected in air column where as the leaching is done here then it will drop down and you can preserve the tip this is the situation after this is leached and it is cleaved so when it is actually this area is getting leached here then you can see that you get a very fine tip at this side and this is almost near to a single atom tip but in reality you never get a single atom tip so there are different ways that this can be done but this is the simplest and cheapest way of preparing a STM tip so this is usually engineered for variety of applications for example if you are working on a ultra high vacuum condition then tungsten molybdenum iridium are the preferred tips if you are working in air then it is platinum or gold platinum iridium these are used for such procedure and we also have other ways of doing this the disadvantage of your electro electrolytic method is that there is formation of oxide at the tip so usually ion milling is done in order to prepare the tip you can see this compared to this tip you can get much sharper one by using ion milling and ion milling can actually keep away from other oxide impurities therefore this is one of the preferred way of doing that this is another technique called electron beam deposition where you you can actually grow the rod on a silicon particle you can grow a tungsten rod which is very very small the thickness of this can be 15 nanometre so you can artificially grow STM tip this is the protocol that you usually use when you try to map a surface first the trace can be interpreted as a grid and then this is converted into a contour map like this and after that this you can try to get images of decide color or shape so once you scan through there is a procedure by which we can try to map the imaging therefore this is coming out as a software we will not be looking at those details so each of this scanning is padded up with a software procedure which will give you the pictures the way you desire there are some calculations that also can be made on every STM topography that we make I will give you some idea about the applications of STM once you probe what is all that you can look for and from our own experience I would like to quote few details one one of the main application of STM is actually in ultra high vacuum environment where you try to control depositions in atomic level I have already discussed this these slides in module 2 while discussing about molecular beam epitaxy but today I am going to show some of those results again but will tell you how to map those depositions so the first application is on surface coverage and another popular area where STM is playing important role is in nano lithography and also we can look at interface effects so we will go by some of the applications of this technique this is the first STM image that was mapped by the noble laureates or the pioneers binish and Royer they actually should try to scan the silicon one one one surface and this is a grayscale image which shows that they could find a seven by seven reconstruction of a silicon one one surface later with lot of improvements you can see a much better topography of the same surface what you see here is nothing but the step edges of a silicon one one one it is cut like this typically when you take a STM picture you will get this sort of contour and what you see here this is one edge and just below that in one nanometer scale you would see another step edge and below that is another step edge so each one is a step and if you suppose go to a small point and then try to look at the atomic level resolution this is what you would observe so what you are observing is in a very small area of this terrace you can go to very higher spatial resolution where you can see a typical seven cross seven reconstruction of silicon in one one one surface so this bright spots are nothing but this seven cross seven reconstruction that you are saying so what in essence you can see is not only a macroscopic image of your crystal you can also go down to spatial resolution where you can see atom by atom the periodicity and if you if you see any of this reconstruction is disordered so you can look at the defect ordering in those structures not only that if we try to deposit something on the surface then it is possible for you to understand how the deposited material is growing so you can look at the coverage so this is a clean surface of silicon so when you deposit some material then you can map how to understand the growth mode and how much layer thickness of the deposited material is grown on the surface so all this can be verified with the inside two STM probing sometimes it is possible to deposit some material and retract the deposition gun and then immediately bring the STM probe and look at the coverage sometimes it can be taken inside two to another chamber where you can do the coverage calculation this is one of the view graph which I have already shown in module two but just to reinforce what information that we can get out of STM I am showing this copper one one one visceral surface this is a very important protocol that one has to follow when we specially try to make new materials this is a very clean surface of copper one one one with the step heights if it is a visceral copper one one one surface you would actually see the breadth of this terraces are of this dimension roughly of the order of 10 to 15 nanometers so with this sort of visceral surfaces you are almost forcing a different growth mode for different materials that is the reason why we go for copper one one one the same material suppose I want to grow iron film on copper one one one the terrace and the morphology of your copper one one one surface will initiate a very different growth process compared to a copper one zero zero growth process so if you want to understand atom in atomic scale how this growth process proceeds then you need a very good understanding of your of the STM so STM plays a very important role therefore to dictate the growth mode and what you see here in the inset is nothing but the atomic resolution of this copper one one one surface as you can see here typically this is a 5 cross 5 nanometer image and you almost see no defects in atomic resolution therefore this surface is quite good and we can proceed with depositing any sort of a film on this surface that is the message that you take from this view graph and what can I do with this from the cartoon that we saw in the earlier slide we can use the same information and then try to calibrate how the iron is growing on this copper one one one surface as you see here this is iron on copper grown using a thermal deposition and when you put some iron atoms there is a step decoration that is happening only at the age of this terraces iron atoms are going and sitting therefore for those who are interested in the magnetism of this iron films it becomes a very very important information because you are almost successfully making a one dimensional iron stripes one dimensional iron stripes so in this you can see what is the nature of magnetism there but from STM point of view I do not want to discuss the magnetic information but you see here is a line that can be drawn on this topography which is a post analysis you do not usually do this when you are scanning the STM you can save this frame and on this frame you can actually draw a line here like this and that is what you see here this is a line drawn and this line scan is what is given here in the inset so what you see here is this is the line that is drawn and on this line you can see sorry this is the this is the line that is drawn here and what you see here is some troughs and this troughs mean that between two iron islands there is a break which means the iron atoms are not actually fused together there is a discontinuity so I cannot call this as a iron stripe but it is a one dimensional wire but with discontinuity so if I keep on depositing then this sort of troughs will be missing so then I can say it is a one dimensional wire but now it is simply remaining as a one dimensional stripe but it can become a one dimensional wire and as you would see here the length of this wires can be as long as 1000 angstrom or 2000 angstrom depending on the continuity of the stripes now what other information that you can get here when you draw the line you can see some sort of white spots there and this white spots clearly say that on the first iron layer there is a second iron atom going and sitting on the top and that can say whether it is truly a one dimensional wire or it is a one dimensional wire with a double layer of iron so this mapping you cannot do any otherwise other than with STM therefore it is important for us to do a line scan in this case now if you improve little bit more on the thickness then you can see that this is only a continuous layer second layer from growing so all this information that you can get out of a line scan from a post calibration that you can do while saving this images now the same example we can take but we can try to deposit the iron layers instead of using a thermal deposition technique where you get this sort of one dimensional stripes we can use a different deposition technique called PLD that is pulse laser deposition and if you try to deposit iron atoms then this is the picture that you get and STM clearly shows that the way the iron atoms are deposited is entirely different from the previous slide that we saw so the growth mode depends on the growth technique that you follow from thermal if you go to a more dynamic deposition technique which carries your iron atoms with extra kinetic energy then the growth morphology changes and here is another line scan for such a iron grown film on copper 111 where you can see if I draw a line scan across two three steps this is one step and this is one step and then there is a small step there and then comes another step so I am drawing a line scan across four steps then you can see here the step edges are marked by this so this might on the whole may look as though it is a inhomogeneous surface but it is a homogenous surface but you can get lot of information about this so as you go through this you can find out this is your step edge and then whatever that is happening here this shift corresponds to one monolayer because that variation is from 0.4 to 0.6 nanometer which means only one atomic layer is growing but there is also another small hump there which corresponds to one more monolayer that means over one of the iron island the second layer is also trying to grow so this information you can get out of a line scan for iron film that is grown using pulse laser deposition this is another example which I have briefly mentioned in module 2 which I want to revisit suppose I want to make a artificial alloy where I am going to put one layer of iron one layer of copper one layer of iron alternatively and keep on growing an artificial alloy because iron and copper are immiscible alloys then I can easily map whether such alloy can be formed because the first layer what I have deposited here as iron can be seen here these small dark spots are those first layers which is fully covered by the second layer that is copper and this grayscale is nothing but the second layer so in the initial growth mode we can try to map whether it is a continuous growth or whether it is a column growth so if it is a two dimensional growth then it is easy for us to map so as we are trying to deposit such bilayers of iron and copper you can see from two monolayers to eight monolayers or 18 to 50 monolayers we can keep on stopping at every region and try to see whether you are able to grow such flat atomic layers to build up a equiatomic iron copper alloy composition so that way STM becomes very useful in terms of coverage calculations we can also try to deposit a variety of other stuff and try to see in atomic resolution whether a periodic ordering is there this is a surface reconstruction of nickel platinum alloy on nickel 100 surface and as you know this is a FCC lattice and you can easily map whether this is a iron platinum sorry nickel platinum which is growing epitaxially on nickel 100 surface as you could clearly see such ordered nickel platinum alloy can be made in a nickel surface it is also possible to map some adsorbed atoms on nickel this is a one of a good picture which shows how xenon can be adsorbed on to nickel 100 at very low temperatures it is very difficult to deposit xenon but xenon when it is when the substrate is cooled at very low temperature it is possible to trap xenon atoms so this sort of mapping can also be done and you can also see that on nickel 100 surface there are some defects which can also be tracked when you look at phase transformations between iron and iron BCC and iron FCC as you know BCC iron is magnetic FCC iron is non-magnetic when you are trying to map the iron films you can easily find out whether there is a transformation from FCC to BCC as you would see here the angle for this BCC atoms is 71 degrees whereas for FCC it is 90 degree stripe and therefore if you map this region and this region in atomic scale you can find out this patchy region whatever you see here is totally a BCC iron compared to FCC iron so when you grow such very thin layers it is possible not only from phase contrast but you can easily pick out from this lattice arrangement and pin point which are the regions which have converted from a FCC to BCC so such conversions can be easily mapped using this resolution nano lithography most of the time this view slides are shown as an example where you can actually try to decorate any surface the way you want therefore this is one of a very useful technology by which lithography can be engineered as you see here in a surface you can bring your STM tip you can actually capture some material and then you can go and with forward or reverse bias you can try to dump that material on to a surface that you are desiring by this way you can actually grow a coral or a decoration on a particular surface so this is possible because you can actually take some add atoms on to the STM tip and then by way of applying the voltage you can dump those sticking atoms to the surface and such techniques are useful to make any sort of device applications and this is one of the example where a guy who has hired by IBM was successful to capture xenon on nickel so this blue dots are nothing but xenon which he could just pick up from the STM tip and go and exactly decorate a IBM letter on nickel surface so this can play a very crucial role that way in doing nano lithography and this is one of the most popular cartoon which is shown in almost all the STM lectures here is one coral surface which shows how iron atoms can be grown on copper and each one is an iron island which can be properly placed using ACM tip so several such things can be done this is a 48 iron atom coral which is dumped on a copper surface and this is again done by the same group so several things can happen we can also try to map how the interfaces are ordered in a situation where you are growing two different materials for example you take gallium antimenide and indium arsenide and when you are growing a multi layer you can get a STM image of this contrast what you are seeing here is gallium antimenide which is a 12 mono layer stuff and this is packed between or sandwiched between 14 mono layer indium arsenide as you can see here the repeat is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 which corresponds to actually 14 mono layers of indium arsenide and 6 such maximas are there corresponding to 12 gallium antimony layers so you can essentially map how this interfaces are growing and you can see each one is a repeat so you try to first grow gallium arsenide then indium as gallium antimenide indium arsenide and so on and one can also find out how sharp this interfaces are because you can see in some cases the antimony is actually coming out into the indium arsenide layers so specially in semiconductor physics this inter diffusion of antimony or arsenide is very very detrimental therefore STM can map and tell you whether you are growing sharp interfaces or not so this is very vital and in this case what is actually seen is not the gallium in indium ions it is just the arsenide and antimony layers that you can see here now when we have a problem in trying to study a non-conducting materials what we do in that case another technique which comes handy is AFM now AFM is there more than STM because most of the labs can afford a AFM main reason you do not need a ultra high vacuum condition and second you can actually keep it in a very small place it does not command that much of attention as the STM so atomic force microscopy was developed 2 or 3 years later after the STM was discovered now here the principle is very simple where you are trying to use a cantilever where you which houses a tip and this tip actually is scanned across a surface and if there is any ups or downs in the surface then the deflection in the cantilever is photo detected using a laser beam a laser beam is actually falling on the cantilever and any deflection that is actually seen and this can actually be traced as a topographic therefore the same information that you get from STM you can also get out of AFM only thing here we do not look at the tunneling probability there is no tunneling here it is just a simple micro tip which is actually scanning across a surface and the way the topography is contoured here is based on a laser beam deflection which is monitored by a photo detector so this is the principle so this gives a luxury for most of the experimental people to study their materials and specially if they want to look at the atomic scale resolution there are several things that we can talk about the way the AFM tips that are made also is equally important and it is a challenging task as that of STM this is typically a contour that you can generate out of AFM microscope what you see here is a pyrotic graphite structure and this tip actually scans through and there are different ways that you can scan this topography one is using a constant mode or and not sorry contact mode another one is a non-contact mode or the other one is a tapping mode usually tapping mode is preferred or which was the first generation AFM which actually keeps tapping and mapping the atomic arrangement one problem with the contact mode is that it although it has a high resolution it will destroy or damage the sample non-contact mode gives a luxury of not corrupting your sample but then suffers from resolution and the tapping mode is better resolution but with minimum damage but during tapping mode or contact mode you can also get many other informations which is actually based on frictions so when you have a tip and then you scan through it will actually drag drag through the atomic periodicity but because of the frictional exercise you can actually bring about more informations on the atomic arrangement so we will see that example later the principle of operation as I have told you is based on a cantilever so this can be used for atomic level imaging and then this is the basic principle of your force microscopy we can actually detect the forces between a mass attached to a spring that feels some force when it is brought very close to the surface ideally the mass would not damage the surface and the sensor that responds to a force and a detector that measures it in these force microscopy the numbers that we need to understand is to do with the force constant so the frequency of the atoms vibration is roughly of the order of 10 power 15 hertz and the mass of an atom is of this therefore your spring constant is roughly of 1 Newton per meter we also can extend the same AFM principle to understand how the lattice arrangements are placed and this is an improvised technique of your atomic force microscope which is called friction microscope if you scan through a sodium chloride lattice you can actually see the kinetic friction is actually averaged out therefore it is 0 but once you place a load on your cantilever then you can see that when it is actually placed on a on the top of atom then it will actually take a frictional force until it is moved to the other atom which will come out as a jump so either you scan it from left to right or right to left you will actually almost generate a hysteresis and this is the principle of the frictional force microscopy that you use to contour how the atomic arrangements are placed for example if you take the case of sodium chloride you can see that the atomic ordering is periodic and therefore you get a image out of this using a frictional force microscopic and for a copper 111 again you see a similar periodicity but whereas if you go for copper 100 you see a irregular lattice spacing so that clearly represents what sort of atomic arrangement that you can sense lastly I just want to cover with one animation this is another improved SPM probe which is called as spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy where the tip you can see has a magnetic tip it is not just a metal but it is a magnetic tip and this will keep sending the conduction electrons to the surface and the surface here is nothing but a manganese anti ferromagnetic surface where every other manganese atom is anti ferromagnetically arranged so the way the conduction electrons goes from the magnetic tip to the atomic periodicity is different so as a result if it scans layer by layer or every at atomic arrangement then it will easily map the regions which are ferromagnetically aligned to the magnetic tip and anti ferromagnetically aligned to the magnetic tip as a result you will get a topography almost similar to this the brighter areas represent the ferromagnetic alignment with respect to the tip and the darker areas will actually represent the anti ferromagnetically aligned region so if you have a magnetic tip then it is possible for you to map a anti ferromagnetic image and this is how it will proceed finally you will get a topography like this which will give you a dark and white pattern which will clearly say that your surface is a anti ferromagnetic surface so this much information you can get and just to sum up I want to say that there are different phases of scanning probe microscopy one we looked at the STM another one we looked at the AFM and then we looked at the frictional force microscopy and there are lot more coming in the form of magnetic force microscopy popularly known as MFM we can study spin polarized tunneling also so any sort of images can be made I have particularly avoided showing some classic examples where you can even probe biological samples but for our course this is important to understand that any sort of inorganic materials can be mapped using STM.


So in this video, I'm going to be talking about Ethereum and Ethereum Classic. What is the difference? Because let's face it, a lot of people are complicated. It's complicated enough within the cryptocurrency space. Might as well, new people coming in, understanding Bitcoin, viewing Bitcoin, then all of a sudden, understanding Ethereum, then realizing, oh, there's something called Ethereum Classic. And there is, I would say, confusion among the general populace about this. So hopefully, right now I'm going to explain to you in a very high-level, simplistic way why there are two Ethereum's and what is the difference between the two. So let's rewind back, say, a year and a half ago, where this whole thing started. Okay, so before there was two Ethereum's, there was obviously regular Ethereum. And basically what happened was this, about a year or a year and a half ago, something was created called DAO, Decentralized Autonomous Organization. Think of it as like a crypto hedge fund or a crypto venture capitalist fund online. It raised about $150 million at a speak worth of American value. I don't know how many Ethereum tokens I was back in a day. However, there's a huge problem because the code itself wasn't that well built. Let me put it that way, okay? So now they raise $150 million of US currency in Ethereum, that is, and it had this virtual crypto fund. And along came an individual, individuals, we don't know who this person or person's was, and they took about $50 million. But people call it a hack, more or less it wasn't a hack per se. I always say, imagine if you have a key to your house and you leave the key outside in the sidewalk. Is the person hacking your house? No, you gave them the key, they opened up your door, they got in. That was kind of what happened with the DAO. A person saw a faulty door or saw an entranceway that wasn't programmed quite well. And let's call them day for the sake of this video because we don't know that person. They went in and it took $50 million. Now the community went crazy, absolutely crazy. Think about it, you just invested this thing, $50 million gone. And at that time, the DAO had a huge percentage of the total supply of Ethereum. So I forget the percentage number, but a massive amount of all circulating Ethereum was in this DAO. And that's like the lifeblood of the protocol or the Ethereum protocol. So they had to come up with a proposition. What do we do with the $50 million that was stolen? How do we get our money back? So all these people are trying to think of different ideas, et cetera, et cetera. They came to the conclusion finally that they need to create a fork. They need to stop the blockchain that they have right now currently and create something fresh from scratch. Now a lot of people were up in arms about this and a lot of people didn't like this approach. But they had a consensus. People were voting on this and the majority voted, let's fork Ethereum. Now let's kind of pause for a second and talk about a fork because I was confused at the beginning. And let me summarize what a fork is. For example, in the blockchain and we know that the blockchain responsible for authority, that's what's really good at. That's why it eliminates middlemen. We want a third party that's unbiased, that's not connected to anything that's not centralized, which is a blockchain that determines value and that determines authenticity. So if we're looking at any blockchain, whether that is Ethereum blockchain, so for example, that's the blockchain. When a fork happens, meaning they actually stop supporting the longest chain. Miners, users, the protocol will dump that chain and go to a new chain. That's why it's called a fork. So what happened with the Ethereum fork was the longest chain through consensus, through the miners voting, through the users voting, through everybody coming together, they said to get our $50 million back from the DAO and to save all the Ethereum tokens, we have to stop supporting this long chain. So they forked it. However, a small subset of people, they didn't want a fork. And so they created their own. They stayed on the Ethereum classic. That's why you have two different names. You have the Ethereum classic, which is like, I say 10% or something like that, was the people who said, I don't want a fork. I want to continue with the longest chain. So if we're looking at this, so I made this quick drive for you. So the blockchain, the longest chain is always the one with the highest authority, the one that's validating everything, the one that people look for trust. So if we're looking the longest chain, that was a theorem before the DAO. So the DAO, you had $150 million raised, then you had $50 million that was hacked. And so for them to get the money back, they got through the consensus. They're like, all right, we've got to stop this chain and start a new chain. So this started a new chain and got the money back. However, a small subset of people, they said, screw that, I'm going to start my own. So they started their own chain, which was the original Ethereum chain called Ethereum classic. Now, some people say this is bad. I don't think so. This is bad. I think this is a good thing because the whole beautiful thing about blockchain is through consensus. So if a group of people want to come together and they want to commit to a blockchain, and they want to add value, and if users want to add value, you can do so. It's not centralized. So I actually think Ethereum classic provides value towards Ethereum. It's just a different currency running on the same type of protocols, doing pretty much the same different things. However, there are key differences between Ethereum and Ethereum classic. A, Ethereum classic, the main leaders are kind of in the shadows. People don't talk about that. Plus, there are more or less, I guess you can call them maximalists. They want to stay pure to the immutable ledger. However, Ethereum is more or less like a software company. They want to grow. They probably might have hard forks in the future. Even with proof of stake, that may be another hard fork. Their plan is to go do global scaling. Now, why does Ethereum classic have value? Speculatory market at the moment. Like anything, if you look at stocks, majority of the stocks have value because of speculation. If you look at Silicon Valley with the VC, it's through speculation. Why are certain companies worth hundreds of billions of dollars when they don't even have revenue yet? Speculation. Ethereum classic is speculation. Ethereum, though, on the other hand, yes. They're a speculatory market, but they actually have used case scenarios. They just announced Ethereum Alliance development. The United Nations wants to use it. Smart contracts on the rise are actually big enterprises that are physically using the technology to benefit their company. So, to summarize, Ethereum classic is just the old blockchain of the original Ethereum and has its own currency. And Ethereum, which is about the classic, just Ethereum is the new Ethereum blockchain but part of the Ethereum foundation, the Ethereum protocol. And it has most of the hashing power and has majority of the miners on that. So, there you have it. That's Ethereum versus Ethereum classic. If you guys have any questions, leave a comment below. And like always, if you're new to the space, I'm giving you a Bitcoin and Ethereum. I have a link to a Coinbase account below if you need access to get a wallet or even buy some Bitcoin or Ethereum. And leave me your Bitcoin and Ethereum address below with the stipulation. Like always, what's the next video you want me to make? And also, yeah, that's it. Peace.


Wheaton okay does with JW it does wait with the rest I can't wait man you did a phenomenal job and if you need another black superhero I offer myself and my talents check the Mohawk mr.


are you coming to me? There you are. Good afternoon. Let's just talk about that connection with what we were seeing data-wise in the US over the weekend to lead us to a reference point for this week. Very interesting. Obviously we've seen a continuation of a rally in bonds as we've seen yields fall back. That was after the US Fed chose to leave their projected forecast rate rises in place and didn't increase that expectation. Data since has been pretty soft. So the 10 years is down to about two and a half percent. That's only 30 basis points below the Aussie 10 years. So pretty tight there at the moment. I'm pretty quiet as well, Carson. And we do have, I counted them, 10 US Fed officials speaking this week. One of them is Janet Yellen. She speaks on Thursday. So a lot of commentary coming out of the US Fed. So not surprisingly, I think people are sitting on their hands to see how that plays out. And it doesn't help when there's no eco news to come out of the US and basically swerve all of that chasser and noise off course, does it? I mean, if you wanted to clear the decks and say, let's have a data point that we can work off, sorry, this week is not going to help you. This is a problem in Bob Markets' like certainty. That's why, you know, they have a jump on board of the irrational exuberance we've seen in equity markets as well. And you can see that in the US 30 year rate, which is actually down at 3.1 percent, really hasn't moved. So you're right. I mean, you'll get a lot of commentary, but you're actually spot on the market once data points and they want to see, you know, how growth is performing, how inflation is performing. And it was very interesting because if you go across the Atlantic, you can compare contrast with what we're seeing in Europe. The chasser took on this tone of hawkishness that we just didn't see from the Fed last week. So here you've got some contrasting views on where to next. And that was very supportive of the euro in the event as much as it might be. But strategically, what do you think is at play there? Just a priming of markets for less future stimulus from the ECB? Look, I think it is trying to manage market expectations. You're right. I mean, we did see the ECB decrease it's bond buying from 80 billion euros a month down to 60. You know, that's going to have an impact. It leaves more bonds on the table there. It's going to certainly have impact on yields. And you would suggest that the commentary follows on from that, which is about a more normalisation of quantitative easing in Europe. And, you know, that's not surprising considering we've had the US essentially in rate rise mode now for about 15 months. Across the Tasman, you know, this week, the RBNZ is going to be also featuring. Are they going to be trying to talk down the local unit there? And do you detect on that measure? Do you detect even now a bit of a gulf opening up between the RBA that may well have just given up on the game and thought, well, let's not even have a pretense of easing because we cannot fight the Fed. Whereas the RBNZ, what might its approach be this week? Yeah, look, I think it'll be really interesting. You know, I think you're absolutely right. You know, the US is driving a lot of this and it's the US is certainly taking some pressure. RBNZ has its own issues and we could certainly see them having to make an adjustment to rates in the near future. I think Australia's in a different situation.  They would want to see the US increase rates, you know, probably more regularly than what they've anticipated at this point. It's going to be interesting and I think you're absolutely right. You know, they all do flow on, you know, those flow on effects do impact other central bankers and they do have to take that into account. Simon, good to talk. We will check in with you soon. All the very best for now. Just before we lose you, actually, let's just brief all. Can we bring him back? Maybe we can. Maybe you can.