Okay, hello. Now we're going to learn about extending scikit-learn with your own regressor from Florian Belland Thank you Hello, everybody. So in my talk, I'll In my talk extending scikit-learn with your own regressor I'll first give a short introduction to scikit-learn is maybe most of you know and Then I'll talk about an estimator, which is not included Which is not yet included in in scikit-learn a robust estimator called Tiles Zen With this as an example, I'll show you how you can implement your own estimator and scikit-learn how to extend scikit-learn Then I'll talk a little bit about what you need to consider if you want to contribute an own Estimator to scikit-learn and I tell a little bit about my own experiences in contributing to scikit-learn So first of all, what is scikit-learn? So scikit-learn is machine learning libraries So whenever you have some kind of data and you want to extract some insight from this data, you can scikit-learn You can use scikit-learn It's simple efficient tool for data mining and data analytics. So it's really simple to use and So that makes it accessible for everyone and you can really apply to all kinds of problems. So I took this Marketing sentences right from the web page, but it's really true. So it's really extremely simple So if you haven't used it, you should you should definitely look into scikit-learn It's built on NumPy, scipy and matplotlib. So two three famous libraries which are used all over in the Python ecosystem and What is really good? It's open source, but still commercially usable. So it's BSD license. So if you want to Not maybe not contribute everything you do with it back to scikit-learn, you can still use it Which makes it really good in the commercial applications Okay, so this picture it can also be found on the scikit-learn website I like it because it gives a nice overview of the things you can do with scikit-learn The basic areas of applications. So you can do Classifications so a typical example would be if you have like handwritten digits and you want to classify if a digit is a 1 or 7 for instance, then you have everything related to clustering if you're just looking for patterns in the data without having some kind of labels real real Target so for unsupervised learning you can use clustering It also supports dimension reduction techniques So when you have too many features and you want to avoid overfitting for instance You have a lot of tools to do PCA and so on so dimension reduction And of course the whole regression part if you want to find the relationship to a target variable depending on some features and this is what we're going to talk about so but before we start first a little Refreshing from the maybe from school who've learned about this the least square the least square method is called linear regression in scikit-learn and I want to shortly explain how it works because tilesen is a kind of extension to this regressor so We have independent variables x1 to xp and in scikit-learn speak their cold features and We have a dependent variable so the so-called target y and now we want to build a model We want to use the features to somehow predict the value of y and a typical really simple approach It's just a linear model. So you have a linear combination of x and the coefficient w and You try to explain your target variable y with the features x So in order to now find the the W's You minimize a functional which is given here so this is then the least square you are minimizing the the square distances and in a typical one-dimensional case this is a picture here, so the the blue dots is your data and In one dimension so the x axis is a feature and the red Line now minimizes the square distances to all black dots. So this works really well if you have If you have perfect data because there's an internal assumption that Arrow value is normally distributed. So this works then quite well, but in practice and in money Many many projects that I worked on all the data you get maybe from customers is less than perfect so you have a lot of outliers you have corrupted data because of measurement measurement errors because of maybe someone put in a wrong value somewhere and Then Quite often your data looks like this in one dimension So you directly see on the on the right half side that there are some values that don't really fit to the really dense line on the left side so What you would do in this case you would maybe just remove those dots just by by by looking at this plot and decide, okay I don't want to take this into my into my fit But what do you do if you are in a in a ten dimensional space or in a n dimensional space? then you can't just see by By looking at the plot like this, which are your outliers and you need to somehow make some complicated preprocessing to eliminate those outliers so What happens if you now just apply the ordinary least square? So you would get of course a complete wrong result So you would not expect the line to go like this you would rather want to have The line to go through the the black line to the dense line on the left side So this is something I think what this really you really do consider whenever you look at new data That there are no outliers in this new data and that you come up with something robust So the tilesen as a natural generalization of the least square method is an algorithm that now looks at all possible pairs of those of your sample points and Calculates a list of slopes and Then in this case and if you have in the end the list of slopes You take the median and the median is what it makes what what what them what makes the method really robust Because the median doesn't care about a single value. It only cares about the ranks So the order of those values So I think this is easily shown and understood with an example So here again our plot with the with the outliers We now take Two points the two red dots here. We calculate a slope connecting those two plots and add it to the list Just close to the x axis and the slope of 3.1 in this case and now we just go on with all possible points and so this time it's 3.1 again and And Now we are not so lucky anymore. So we have one outlier connecting with one point We would consider not to be an outlier and so the slope is 3.1 and you see the list is sorted and We go on another one and Bet likes or even two outliers and we could go on and on and on but already here We see that if we look at the center of the list of slopes oops that the median so this the center is Correct, so it's 3.0 and if we look at 3.0. So this is The the slope of the line we would expect. Yeah How the line should be so inside this dance line of our sample points. So The whole principle is this that you take the median and then that you don't look at All points so in this method the outliers. They're not really considered anymore in this case So this is the case for a two-dimensional problem. So just one feature and a target variable of course, this method can be extended to To end dimensional space because most cases if you psych it learn we will have a lot of features and not only one feature and In an n-dimensional space, so I've given here the citation to this paper In an n-dimensional space You don't have any slopes anymore so the slopes become hyper planes and the list of slopes then becomes a list of vectors and So but you basically do the same thing you sample in an n-dimensional space and plus one points make in hyper plane and Put this vector of the hyper plane inside the list and then it becomes a little bit tricky because Then you need to decide what is the median of a list of slopes and the median of a list of slopes Can then be for instance the spatial median and the spatial median is just if you see the list of Vectors as just points in an n-dimensional Dimensional space you try to find the one point so that the sum over all distances to all other points is minimized So this is the so-called Fermat Weber problem, but basically it works exactly like like it does here Okay, then again The comparison the ordinary least square and the tiles and if you do this iteration really for all points It finds the perfect line Okay, so This is about the motivation of tiles in and At one project I had to deal with corrupt data and outliers. I could not really by hand remove by hand and Then I tried. Okay. How would I now implement this? Estimator inside of a scikit-learn so The good thing about scikit-learn is that you have a lot of good documentation. So I think The the scikit-learn is used so often because the documentation is just so well so if you look for how to write an own regressor you directly get a manual and You need to if you want to write an own regressor you have to provide two Four functions set params and get params params This is of course for setting and getting the parameters of your estimator and those methods are They more or less used only internally so They use for instance if you do cross validation or if you use another kind of meter estimator those Functions are used to set and get the parameters of your estimator, but you need to implement them for Yeah for for your own estimator and of course you need a fit and a predict method so the base estimator class which is inside of scikit-learn already gives you an implementation of set params and get params so that you can just inherit from it and Since we have since tiles and is a linear model. We can also directly inherit linear model And this also gives you to predict method because in a linear case as we've seen before with the formulas I'm predicting a feature or design matrix X is just Matrix vector product. So you just take X times the weights W. We have calculated before So if we inherit like shown on the right side if you just take in let's our tiles send estimator inherit from linear model we already get set params get params and predict and Additionally, we have so-called mix ins in scikit-learn so the principle of mix ins is that you have some reusable code that can only work together inside something larger and You can combine different mix ins inside a class and in Python mix ins are Done with the help of multiple and multiple inheritance and in our case So there are a lot of mix ins classifier as requestors cluster transformer mix ins in our case since we're writing a regressor We of course inherit also the regressor mix in which gives us additional additional functionality like for instance a score function so but that's already about it so To see the source code so Tiles send as I said before we just inherit from linear model and regressor mix in To get set params get params and predict We override the init function. I made an abbreviation here. So Of course, you state all different kinds of parameters you have in your init function Like if you want to fit the intercept or if you don't want to fit the intercept In my case, yeah, they're like ten different Parameters also if you want to work maybe only on a subset of your sample points and so on and if you want to Make this subsampling with the help of some random State and so on so the more interesting part is then the the fit function Access now the design matrix the feature matrix and why the target as usual in scikit-learn here I Check with the help of check random state the random state if we really do some some some subsamplings if we work on some sub population of X if if you don't want to consider all combinations and We also check the arrays X and Y so check arrays and check random states are two function Which are in scikit-learn utils and if you write your own function if you write your own estimators You should have a look in in scikit-learn utils for all the developer tools which help you a lot doing those repetitive Things like yeah checking array is it a float is it a dense format? And is the random state given as a number that you should use a seed or is it a random state object itself? And should just be passed on So this is about the the developer tools inside scikit-learn then the actual algorithm comes I don't want to go in too much detail about this algorithm. So as I said before it's basically Quite simple. It's just technical because you need to Create all those different combinations of sample points in an n-dimensional space and You also need to consider that you don't do too much. So depending on some some maximum number of samples you might want to consider and also I did the Parallelization with the help of job lip, which is also included inside scikit-learn. So scikit-learn also comes with some external packages, which are directly included like six and Job lip Okay, and then in this green tiles send algorithm part I calculate then the coefficients of course the source code is online. So you can check it out and And Now the coefficients they need to be They need to be stored for the predict function to work and we store it in self-intercept and self cof So that the predict method That uses those arrays works and in the end of course we return self which allows us to chain Different methods together that we can call fit and directly dot predict for instance So after having Programmed this I was really happy that it worked so well So without being an scikit-learn developer or something I could really easily Take my tile send prototype and put it in inside this framework so that it can be used with things like cross-validation for instance and so on and I thought okay, why not just give this back to scikit-learn. So I Got the okay from my boss and decided okay. What do I now need to do to really? Contribute this and again so Contributing in scikit-learn is also well documented. So they have really good high-quality standards and So what you need to do if you also want to contribute something you your code of course should be unit tested at least 90% But of course 100% To make really sure your method works then Of course documentation is really important. So I think looking back the documentation Took me way longer than actually writing the code because you need to find good examples You need to explain a little bit your method. You need to define all your parameters in in springs and so on and Yeah so you should also consider what the complexity of your algorithm is the spatial and runtime complexity and Yeah, as I said before like you need to draw some figures Maybe you want to compare your method to an already implemented method in scikit-learn And if you got the idea of this method from some paper you should of course make a reference to this paper or papers Then they're of course coding guidelines. So as usual pep8 and pyflakes is used in scikit-learn and They really help a lot to find like yeah, quite obvious problems, but it's good that it's automatic can be automatically checked and And as I said before you should You should make sure that you lose use the scikit-learn utils that you don't re-implement stuff that is already there and Another big big barrier for me was that I had to Yeah, make sure that my code runs and Python 2 6 to 7 3.4 and so and so forth And this can be done with the help of 6 that you usually heard of and this is also included in scikit-learn and the probably station with the help of job lip Okay, so this is about the requirements for contribution and then I thought okay. Why not just Contribute this then so a little bit about my experiences so my first pull requests started on March 8 and Yeah, it was my first kind of pull request in in the open source world and the community of scikit-learn is really great, so There were a lot of improvements due to really good remarks, so I I could improve the over the help of The scikit-learn maintainers the performance was increased by a factor of five or ten even so it was a really huge improvement and Also, I got some coding guidelines still I had still wrong at this time So this is really good. So of course showing your code to other people always gets you good feedback and Then there was also a discussion about a tire send being more statistical Regressor and that really machine learning and so on if it should maybe be better included in stats model and If ransack, so this is the random sampling consensus Method is maybe Almost always better than than tiles and and this is something this is included in 0.15 and at this time it was a scikit-learn 0.14 so it was not included at that time So I didn't even know about this existed. So So during that time I learned about the new methods. So Yeah, it was really Really cool and if you yeah, I want to follow up on this pull request. So it's currently it's so cycle So tiles and is still not included. So I'm still working on this and If you want to learn about The discussion was really interesting discussion I can only recommend to everyone if you want to if you want to contribute to an open source project It's always a good idea because during that Yeah, during that way you really learn a lot just about Yeah, how to improve things and what common standards are and so on Okay, so that's about it with my talk Yeah, a little marketing slide blue yonder the company I work for is hiring. Maybe you've seen us just outside At our booth and we will be here until Sunday so even throughout the pie data. So if you want to come and talk to us. Well, okay Thanks a lot Any questions Yeah, so the question was a little more traditional if they're more traditional techniques like what Rich regression. Yeah rich regression is included But yeah, it really depends. I mean rich what rich regression does is it removes Features completely if you have too many features techniques like lasso is another one and rich and There the problem is more you want to avoid overfitting with those methods. So you have let's say 100 features, but only 1,000 samples and this is really prone to Overfitting and then you give it to lasso or rich or another one is ARD and then it's kind of says Okay, I throw out feature number five and it reduces. It's more like a model red rock a reduction thing. So yeah, so the the thing with the outliers is more it's different because you can have this outliers inside one features and So I think it's a good idea to also include More robust estimators in scikit-learn and as of now I mean ransack is now included and this is algorithm coming more from the computer vision So it's a more heuristic. It's not that complicated It tries to select the right points and checks if it adds other samples to this consensus set and so on So I think the scikit-learn Developers are really now looking for more robust things in addition to what they already have Yeah Some more questions Yeah, so the question was if tiles and could be paralyzed and Yeah, it can and I paralyzed it. So the thing is that taking out those Different combinations of all possible points, of course, this can be done perfectly in parallel and calculating then the hyper planes can be done in parallel and Writing back to some large arrow array is can be done in parallel So this is what I did with the help of chop lip which is included in scikit-learn and this works really good Only the last step that you need to find this one single spatial media median. So this is then So the algorithm is based on a reweight at least square. I think it's called modified Weitzfeld's method and this Is then iterative and can't be paralyzed, but the first part of course is easily paralyzed. Yeah


Hi everyone, Joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com coming at you with 2019 NT baseball and that tri-star autograph baseball mixer It's diamond stars right there. It's a quick hitter. Just a quick little four-box break featuring some nice stuff Big thanks everybody here for getting in on it. Thanks to the people who bought their spots straight up Congrats again to the people who won spots and All 30 teams are in let's roll it. Let's randomize each list six and a six twelve times one two three And 12th and final time Got wrecks down to Cameron and 12 times for the teams one two 11 and 12th and final time after 12. We've got the Braves all the way down to the Tigers Now remember this break does include autograph baseballs which are Which does not have a proper checklist So we'll go by our no checklist rules, which you have always seen in our frequently asked questions area So check it out there basically Unless the person written their team name on there or if there's a team name stamped on there for whatever reason, which is very rare We'll We'll give it to the player We'll give it to the team that they are currently on if they're active or played for the longest if they were inactive And we'll use baseball reference.com We'll use games as As the tiebreaker All right wrecks with the Braves Nick with the Cubs Eric with the Padres Nick with the Red Sox Raymond with the Nats Brandon with the Blue Jays Kevin with the Rangers Roy With the Phillies Cody with the Angels Nick with the Giants and the A's the Bay Area teams Bennett with the Royals Cameron with the Brew Crew Rex with the Pirates Cameron with the Astros Brittany with the Mets Rex with the Diamondbacks Kym with the O's Brittany with the Twins Eugene with the Rays James with the Reds Brittany with the Rocks Louie with the Dodgers Brad with the Marlins Nick with the White Sox Bennett with the Indians Kym with the Yankees Bennett with the Cardinals and Cameron the last two Mariners and Tigers Let's sort by column B will allow for a little bit of trading time But before we do that let me flip away from that screen for a second here the three Autograph baseball boxes now. We just need to decide which box were to do here We had box three and four left in 2019 and T So we'll use that die will go one two three for the top box four five six for the bottom box And it's one top box So this we can run this break this mixer back one more time and you'll see this box there All right, I'm going to pause the video while we come back. We'll see if there's any trades Then we'll have the break stick around All right. Welcome back folks. No deals were done So let's roll We'll do the autograph baseballs first and let's see who we got here Like little game show cards tri-star gives you who am I? I'm your 1978 nl rookie of the year in 1982 all-star six-time top 10 in nl In home runs and four-time top 10 rbi's a 1977 college world series most outstanding player hit a home run in my first uh ml first major league game In 86 tied the major league wreck with four home runs in one game And went directly from college to this team starting lineup Let's see if that's the team you played for the longest And here's the final printout right here Oh, I played for this team my entire career Oh, no, I played what one season in uh One season in st. Louis at the end of my career That camera you got it bob horner for the atlanta braves Play with the braves for nine seasons. There's the jsa sticker There he is. You got a rookie of the year description right there, too Atlanta braves wrecks with the braves All right, there you go rex next This baseball looks a little different. All right, who am I? Uh 1955 nl rookie of the year 1962 nl gold glove winner The outfield six-time top 10 in triples And member of the famous 1960 world series champion team and a former manager Who am I? Won the rookie of the year for this team, but played Only two seasons for that team Played 11 seasons With the this other team, which is where he's going to go Not red show and dice Man former manager the pirates yankees astros and expos It's bill verdant Who played 11 seasons with the pirates? It kind of looks like a A different ball. I don't know if This was rubbed in some infield dirt or something like that But that's another baseball for rex Cameron are you looking these up? We're actually getting bill verdant. No way Rex two for two on baseballs Okay, I was gonna be like there's no way you knew furdan. All right He looked that one up. It's all good. All right. Who am I? This is more of a modern player He only recently Was out of the game five time all-star four time gold glove award winner 2013 silver slug award winner And won a gold medal in the 2017 world baseball classic in los angeles. Who am I? I was pretty good for for a little stretch There and played for one team, uh Three teams on entire career, but one team for 11 seasons, which is where i'm going to go What's up gilo started my career with the mariners And then went to the orioles, which is where i'm going to go ended my career with the arizona diamondbacks in 2019 lifetime 277 batting average 282 total home runs 945 rbis I think my best season Was in 2012 When I finished in the top 10 and mvp voting to 287 average 32 home runs 82 RBI 16 sold bases It might be a tough one to get Well, I don't know if you're going to tell about the autograph There's the fanatics tag right there as well it's adam jones That goes to kym and the orioles. All right now the nt box Good luck. Get off the top is matt chapman 98 out of 99 For the a's that'll be for nick stover seven out of 99 Two-color dual relic buster posie Game gear dual relic for the giants nick stover I mean i adam jones knocked out a pretty solid career gilo. He's spent 14 years in the bigs Then he played with with arizona 2019 I guess I was did he play on the olympic team this year? Maybe he didn't there's victor victor mesa 81 out of 99 That's for miami, but he carved out a pretty solid career He almost hit 300 home runs in the bigs Brad with the marlins Kirby pocket nice eight out of 10 Pretty thick card stock right here. This goes to britney and the twins That's pretty cool brit Some pieces of his lumber jersey r.i.p Game used material. It's pretty cool More twins that's even been solvus 39 out of 49 stove. I'm not sure if this is going to fit into a He's going to have to fit into a slider box here There you go another one for britney A redemption You should still be good louise urius Yeah, uh, well it don't need just expired. I'm sure you'll still be able to redeem this louise urius padre's Oh adam jones is playing japan Um in the 2019 checklist he would be a padre He's in milwaukee right now. This goes to eric Nice patch nice autograph for seattle. That's gonna be justice sheffield It's the same deal with this. I don't know if that's going to fit into a 180 top loader In this slider box for now Cameron johns with the mariners with the r of mariners there We've got uh miguel cabrera nice miggy nine out of 25 Dual relic right there Two-color dual relic and autograph shadow box signatures Going to cameron johns and the tigers And yeah, logan must have been peeking There is a vlad jr. Coming up rookie signature jumbo material 94 out of 99 Nice autograph nice jersey pretty strong stuff toronto blue jays brandon There you go brandon nice hit for you And a nice quick break ladies and gentlemen, this is quick hitter break number three I'm joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


My name is Olivia Breen. I'm a long-jump handspinter on my G-trucking field. I've got myself a palsy. My parents weren't sure how life was going to be for me. When I started walking, I ran everywhere and fell over all the time. And then I found sport when I was five years old. I had my first sports day and I won the race. When I was 15, my parents said to me, you should try this sport out. And I went to a talent day with England Athletics and it was the best day ever because I saw people with the same disparity as myself and I was all over the place. It was just really inspiring. Six months later, I was at the Twins 12 part of the game. The second youngest member on the team was just surreal. But yeah, amazing. After 22 hours, I got off to the Sky Squallership and I moved away from home and I was 17 to go to the Lafest Academy. So I wanted to do this to help me be the best athlete I can be to get to Rio. I had a really good year last year. We were competing. It all came together. I got a massive PV. It's all about on the day. You want it to happen. So in the heat, I was like, if you don't give it your all, it's for the final. And then, yeah, it all came together. It was just surreal. And having my family and friends there was amazing. Obviously, being in Tokyo 2021, not having any family and friends there was quite sad. So it's a huge honor to be nominated for the St Davies Awards and I'm raising other athletes to see what's happening.


So, empowering local stores learn from the tech giants while staying local. So I'm speaking to you as developers, as freelancers and consultants. The WooCommerce economy was worth around 31 billion dollars in 2021, a whole lot more this year as well. But to put it into perspective, that's similar to the countries of Latvia or Estonia. Now, our statistics tell us that around 60% of stores are influenced by people like you. That's a lot of power we have in this room, and I'm glad more than five people turn up. It wouldn't quite work. So, this is me. I am Data. I did not forget to update the slides. Hopefully also, you find me a lot more interesting than this. But what really matters is this for stores. So, looking at these lines, and I'm sorry, I can't quite see it, but how likely do you think I'm in the market for a smart watch? Maybe one of those with a fancy nautical feature, a Garmin. So, I do what millions of us do every day. And that's to go to Google and find a good deal. I have a budget of around 250 dollars. But from the first instance from the search result, I realized that that's not going to get me far. You can't see the prices, but the prices range from around 200 to 2,000 dollars. Also, it's pretty overwhelming. I can see who are the dominant marketplaces that appear right at the top. Ron, you must shop local. These are some of the quotes that I used in a presentation for WordCamp Santa Clarita a couple of years ago. But come on, who shops for such a specific item at your local high street? Most likely they will not have them in stock.  Exactly. It's just same-day pickup. Because local shops now can have an advantage over leading marketplaces, which is through Google Shopping. If you search for something, you can now filter by what's nearby and labels tell you how far away it is and if it's actually in stock. That's a huge advantage you can have now. So, as a local retailer, what do you have to do? Upload your whole catalogue into the Google Merchant Center. It's free and it even supports organic listings. So, my first of five points is that in shopping, you know, set up, upload all your products. If you know your audience and have demonstrated that you can filter, it's still anonymous, that's why I'm still data at the moment. So, as soon as somebody then searches for a specific product that you have in stock, you have a very good chance you appear right on top. If you want to promote it a little bit more, if you know your budget for marketing, set a return on acquisition spend and just run with it. So, now we have the customer on our side. How do we convert them into making that purchase? So, 66% will opt for the free delivery even though it's more expensive. Zero and free is a very powerful emotion because actually you get people to spend a little bit more. But in the way I see it, we still lose a third of customers. So, this is an easy way. You match the price and offer free delivery. So, now in this way we have all 100% of customers buying from you in theory. If we do a quick maths for 100 customers, you probably have a cost of an additional $1000 on a postage or shipping cost. But you don't have acquired 100 customers, so we only have to make them purchase a second or even a third time and then certainly it's seen as an investment. It's a different way of looking at it. I do understand you can't discount your products and services just to buy customers. So, let's have a look at an easy way to increase the average order value. This is a pretty tough upsell, right? Somebody comes in for the lovely grey one, but really I want to sell them the hot pink item. Suddenly that hot pink item doesn't look so bad when you match it to put it next to maybe a more expensive price. When I didn't know about the Garmin watch, when I sold myself a $250 budget, from the first instant I realized that $250 wasn't going to get me far, so I upped that budget to $500. Now I need to justify that spending that money. Think of a wine list. So, you don't know what the price for wine is, but you open the wine list, you see the budget option, you see the most expensive option and you choose a wine that sort of fits within your budget and feels like the best value. So, price benchmarking is a very common place on marketplaces. Here's another example where you bundle products and now it's almost impossible to compare this with your competitors. And remember what the emotion you get when something is for free. I'm sure you all had some lovely swag from the WooCommerce stand and it didn't make you feel pretty good, right? So, my second point is benchmark your price, benchmark it against your competitor and it will be more important to benchmark it against or within your own products catalog. Figure out what is the trigger that makes the customer feel they get the best value. And remember what happened to me when I was searching for a watch and you maybe have your own example as well. Maybe a bit of homework is to, next time you search for a product, go on a marketplace and figure out what is influencing your decision. It's not always on price, but it's also on reviews, maybe a bundle or even free delivery. So, here's a way to get customer details without them needing to make a purchase. I'm sure lots of you are familiar with this screen for browsing for an Apple Watch. It's actually really nifty because you list every single combination and you don't need to click away to go to another page and compare the different tabs on features. But it's a lead generator. Retailers have now the option to capture details and then market the product that you like pretty much straight away in your inbox. At this point I still haven't bought a watch. I've done a lot of research, but I wanted to extend my shopping research a little bit longer. So, at this point I know three stores should know that I'm interested in purchasing a garment because I've visited them on a number of occasions. I've visited one particular page many times. Remember my name is still Data, so I don't know who I am. Now this is what should have happened.  Try to empathize with them. Are they not going to the competitor or they've lost interest? Trigger an action. Test if they're still interested. Ask, would you like to pick it up today? We can reserve it if they're interested and you figure that out through a click, maybe mail marketing. But they still haven't purchased after we offer a free gift. Maybe it's an extended discount or a warranty. But if they're interested and still haven't purchased, then go in for the deal. Maybe at this time you've only have 10% to convince and with a 10% discount across the board is one or 2% or so that you invest. So my third point is competition is fierce. Analyze your customer and build a marketing automation or as I call it a mouse trap. So back to my watch purchase and now I tell you what really happened. So I'm sitting in the car park waiting for my son to finish his 10th session. I probably should have gone for a run but that's the whole point why I'm buying the watch to remind myself to get off my lazy backside. Anyway, I do get an email and this email is 12% off if I purchase the watch in the next 12 hours. I didn't have my wallet with me. I was thinking shall I wait until next day. I probably lose the discount. Not only that, that 12% actually brings me into the bracket which I think that's good value. That's exactly the budget I set for myself. So what I do, of course I hit Apple Pay. So that's my point. If you haven't got a quick sort of no sign-in payment option available on your site, this is a really quick win and so many sites still don't have them available.  It's fast, it's secure and it leads to higher conversions and they also alternative or local payment types and even now in terms as well, payment in terms. So now I've totally justified a purchase. As I said, I've had a discount that converted me to buying it. It saves around $80. Of course to my friends I will tell I saved $100. I might even tell them which shop I bought the item from which is, you know, word of mouth. There's a value in that as well. But consider would I have bought it if that quick checkout wasn't available because I didn't have my cards with me and I can definitely not remember the last three digits of the security code. The last point I'm going to make is a decided of buying an item whether to buy or not to buy which is to do with customer support and often this is happening post purchase or when you return an item. It is one of the biggest drivers to make a decision and create a customer loyal customer. And returns are impacting profits. It is really very tricky to rival the customer support of the big massive marketplace. You hear of people buying five pairs of shoes and different sizes and returning at least four of them. So for the local merchant that's really very costly to deal with that. I can't change people's behavior but I do realize out of these six common reasons to return an item there are at least four of them that we see as an opportunity for developers to take on. The first one is to describe an item really well. I know it's a bit of a cliche but set the right expectations and that of course does mean lots of pictures and even video. The second one is a confirmation email you ordered size 12 maybe it's not right and give them a chance to put it right before you send it. You might even make a second purchase or an additional purchase there. For the third reason if it doesn't fit ask the customer to buy the correct size straight away and promise an additional discount if they return the item. In that way you've secured your customer and you might even have a chance for a second purchase. And build a form to manage returns. Making it awkward is definitely not going to make you more profit. And there they are that's my final quick point and the last one is to do with returns. It's a scary cost but do analyze each of the returns and treat it like an opportunity. And remember you have fought very hard to acquire the customer in the first place. Thank you very much for listening and preparing local stores learned from the tech giants. My name is Ron.


Yeah, thank you very much. The title changed it a little bit, but the paper is exactly the same. Yeah, you know, Tav and I recently met and decided that the title wasn't that clear, and it had this iteration of the word physical, so we went for empiricism, modality, and physical loss. The outline is just follow, I'll present the problem, then a brief outline of our proposal. I'll just mention the literature. I won't go through the details of the literature motivating the argument, but I'll mention the main, you know, authors with whom we engage. Then here's a first claim. We, as empiricists, we will introduce an ontological claim, then a second claim that would be what we call the egalitarian thesis. But then there'll be a question. Why if we are egalitarian and empiricist? Why would we bother to continue to talk about loss of nature? After responding to that, then we will introduce our third main thesis, which is actually a counter-argument to what we call a dogma, what we believe is a dogma on the loss of nature debate. And then there will be a response from mainly philosopher of physics who defend the primitive mathematical constraints theory. I'll end with a definition of physical loss, tentative definition of physical loss, and I'll just mention not address a few objections. So that's the plan for the talk. The problem is quite evident, so it doesn't need much motivation. Empiricism has historically faced several issues when dealing with nomic modality. In one reading, Hume Strip's way, the world from such features as causal powers or necessary connections and then most neo-Humans sub-OK one version or another of the best system account, which takes nomic modality to be just a property of theories, axioms in a theoretical system. So in every case, empiricism in the Humean tradition turns its back against the ray of modality, reducing it to a detailed property of beliefs, models, and theories. So what we try to do is well, fortunately, we recognize that Humean interpretations do not cover the whole spectrum for empiricists to work. So Humeanism and neo-Humans is one thing, but there are more other parts of the field where empiricists can work. So we try to, that's important, we try to elaborate a form of empiricism that accommodates modality as a future of physical domains. So the ray of modality in physical domains from an empiricist perspective. And we call it physical to distinguish it from mathematical, logical, or metaphysical modalities. In bio-physical laws, we argue, we provide a conceptual framework for arguing that laws inform us about physical possibilities and necessities in their respective domains. So that will be our working hypothesis. That's the definition that we want to defend here. Physical laws inform us about possibilities and necessities belonging to physical domains. And that's what I'll elaborate in the rest of this talk. But here, usually a problem arises, especially from people coming from severe training in the traditional standard base on laws of nature between Humeans and anti-Humans. They'll say, well, but you're not following the rules of the game.  So I'll try to move forward with that. Because if you're an empiricist, then you have to be a Humean and consider modalities just a property of beliefs, models, and theories. And if you want to have physical modality, then, okay, provide an interpretation and metaphysical interpretation of the grounding for that modality. And we don't want to do that. So we don't want to be Humeans nor anti-Humans. So what are we doing? So we're not playing the game. That's basically the response that we receive. We are really tired about that criticism in case you want to go for that. Now you can go for that, you don't worry. So this is the literature that we are engaging with. There is this beautiful chapter by Nancy Conprite, some lectures, chapter on modality in physics, Net Hall in the same book on a chapter on metaphysical modality. Hall basically argues that metaphysical modality ought to be reduced to physical modality. Then Tina and Ismael have these two very interesting contributions for a defense of modality from an empiricist perspective. John Norton recently published this chapter on how to make, say, possibility safe for empiricists. He doesn't always, he doesn't only speak about possibility, but also about, about necessities. So we follow Norton in some respects. But also we have in my contents a book on model empiricism, which I'll say is the most thorough elaboration of model empiricism in the literature. Anna Tavi and I seriously engage with your contributions. So we'll highlight points in which, apart from this literature, and of course I'll mention a few other references, but we do not directly address the other contributions. And I remember that I gave a talk thanks to your invitation online, and Alexander was saying, you must read Kenton's book, and we'll read it, we'll read the book. So thank you for your advice. So two key tenets that we take from these literature are these. This is almost literally to be found in Sam's chapter in physics. Theories of models are expressed in terms of mathematical structures, informing us about model features of physical systems. So Sam is breaking out. He says, model features of physical systems. And we take that literally. So we'll leave that model some theories to inform us about model features of the world. So that's a model reading of scientific theorizing and scientific modeling. And then we detect what we call the Ismael Regent Taitlima, or tension, the Ismael Regent tension. There is a tension there, but you have to sort out for the character of laws, because of course any attempt at adopting on the logical commitment regarding laws, good seem to lead us to endorse either humane or anti-humane views, and extremely highly qualified people fear that. Catherine Braving, for example, she fears that. Jean and Ismael, she's always careful about not being humane or anti-humane. And for example, Kenton, he says, here it is. So Kenton, we fully agree when you say that there are situated modalities, situated possibilities and necessities, and we think that's perfect. But in your book, you still say, well, and normal physical modality, that's metaphysical. So that's something different. I hope I'm getting that right. And we can discuss that. And then what we say is, no, all that there is, is Kenton's situated possibilities and necessities. A loss of nature are just that situated possibilities and necessities that we access to through empirical research. So by means of protection, experimentation, and so forth. And there is nothing like a super special, non-logical, metaphysical conception of modality. And then Jean and Ismael, in view of this tension, she goes so deep, the tension goes so deep that non-humane empiricists will be happy with endorsing shadows of laws. So that's meant for, of course, we don't want anti-humane approaches. We don't want humane approaches. So what we have is something shadowy, shadows of law. And that's what we try to verify a little bit here with our notion of physical modality. So that's our first claim. And it's usually where discussions stop, because that's kind of a foreword for an empiricist approach. As empiricists, we introduce this claim, which is heavily metaphysical. And Jean would say, we say, we live in a physically modelled world, being empiricist. We live in a physically modelled world, where possibilities and necessities are determined by the constitution, properties, or relations of physical domains. So as empiricists, we acknowledge that we live in a physically modelled world. And that modality is determined by the properties and relations of physical domains. Here's a simple example. Take the case of sodium chloride. South is soluble, we say, and that's a model claim. It's a model claim that depends upon not a linguistic convention. It doesn't depend on a metaphysical postage, on a metaphysical close. It just depends on the molecular structure of sodium chloride. So some may say, well, sodium chloride dissolves in solutes, assuming that the latter are not already saturated with salt. Well, that's a more refined model claim. And some other people would say, well, sodium chloride necessarily dissolves in solutes, granted that a certain set of ketary sparbous condition. And we're all happy with that. These aren't model claims about sodium chloride. And that's the kind of physical modality we have in mind. And here I may run into troubles, because we say the same goes for the invariance of the speed of light. The same goes. It's exactly the same physical modality, which is confirmed by various experiments, and which is independent from the weight source, and from the inertial frame of reference of the observer. So what we have here is two degrees, not two degrees, two scopes of generalizations informing gas-power physical modalities. And there is no difference in kind, in nature. It's just degrees. I tend to say degrees, but I'll try to avoid that word. They just express modality, physical modalities of different scopes. And as empiricists, we want to be egalitarian. So our claim that the world is physical model is egalitarian in this period, since we say that there is just physical modality. Logical and mathematical modality, they are all fine, but they are about language. And so-called metaphysical modalities can be either dispensed with, or they can be reinterpreted as physical modalities when suitable. So that's what we will try to do. And granted, the egalitarian thesis, there comes another piece of argument. Nomic modality is just physical modality. So it's nothing special. There is nothing making it different from the modality of this cup of water on this table. Nomic modality is just physical modality. And here, we're aware that we clash with a longstanding tradition that assigns laws a special place in ontology. For us, laws are not a special kind of fantasy. We need not understand them as, for example, God's commands or second-order relational universals, essential dispositions, nomic facts or counterfactuals, the fundamental structure of the world, or primitive mathematical constraints, which are all different metaphysical clauses for redressing physical modality and trying to keep safe the place of laws of nature in our scientific imaginary. So we don't want to go that way for empiricism. The soul goes unnecessarily too far. Some introduced strange posits, alien posits to scientific practice, and some rely on heavy reconstructions of the details that we get from fiscal laws, from the laws that we have. So here's the question that we usually receive back is, well, why would empiricism bother to talk about laws? In a separate world, that's just in brackets. In a separate work, from the perspective of history of science and science studies, we argue that we should actually do away with laws, because they are extremely conservative in ontological, epistemological, and political terms. The best would be to do away with the law's jargon and the law's posits. And we just can keep with different degrees of different fiscal modalities of various scopes and models and hypotheses and axioms, mathematical equations, structures, and so forth, whatever you will. But we say, well, the law's jargon and the ontological posit of laws of nature is, well, a Judeo-Christian. Let's put it this way. It involves the governing thing, and no, no, no. So it could be better to do away with that. So for the sake of the present argument, non-humane and empiricism can claim that laws are our best attempt at codifying physical possibilities and necessities and running from local and global modalities and from stochastic to deterministic system. So they basically express the generalizations about physical possibilities and necessities. And you can think of any laws. And what they do is to deliver generalizations of various scopes in their domain, as far as we understand them in scientific practice. And the difference in scope among these laws need not be grounded in metaphysically motivated ontological distinctions between different kinds of laws, fundamental and monological, for example, or no, no, no, no, between laws and accidents assaults shall argue, shall argue, but follows. So the law's pragmatic relevance is unquestionable for the empiricist. We can't keep laws if we want to deliver guides for building explanations and predictions and for deciding how to interact with both natural, natural laboratory settings. So we can use them as guides for deriving physically informative, sometimes physical informative inference. So here we come again to a clash with a dogma that I'm pretty sure you're all familiar with. Even if you don't work on the laws of nature debate, that's something that people believe as an article of faith. This is the dogma. Any theory of laws of nature ought to distinguish between laws and accidents. And if it doesn't do that, Mark Lane, for example, it's not a suitable theory of laws. It has to distinguish between laws and accidents or between nomic generalizations and accidental generalizations. And then, of course, the game begins. Recall the familiar example. This example, I think it's from Reichenbach or perhaps before him. All gold spheres have a time each of less than a mile. And the other statement, all uranium spheres have a time each of less than a mile. And then we begin, well, what can explain that? God's commands, they'll say, second order relational universals, essential dispositions, and so forth. And why? Because we want to find a ground for actually explaining why uranium spheres have a time each of less than a mile. Well, because if it was larger than that, it will run into immediate, I forgot the word, immediate, over here, fission. Yes, sorry, sorry about that. So what we say is that this distinction between these two clings is rhetorically powerful, but it's ontologically misleading. Think if you have, you know, two bottles, one with water, and one with pure alcohol, and you put them in the fridge. And you say, oh, one is frozen, and the other one is not. And that's what's going to happen. And then you will try to find, is it God's commands? Is it, you know, universals and so forth? Of course, the example of the gold sphere and the uranium sphere looks more scientific. So it seems more compelling, especially for those with, for people inclined to the metaphysical stance, seems more compelling to actually go on to the work and try to find the groundwork for the distinction. But we reject that. We follow two parts. So the first is the physical laws that we find out about through empirical research do not warrant an a priori nor an a posteriori categorical distinction between loss and accidents. There is no way to find an a priori categorical distinction between loss and accidents. There may be different generalizations of various scopes, but an a priori conceptual truth of loss of nature, you don't find something like that in any, you know, warranted way. And if you go for empirical evidence in the sciences, then, well, again, you won't find something that categorically allows you to distinguish between loss and accidents. As empiricists, here we go with the empirical stance, of course. So we declined the temptation to distinguish between loss and accidents by positing metaphysical or mathematical presuppositions, additional metaphysical clauses. So we declined going that way. And again, when it comes to physical laws, we only have a random supposedly design necessities here and there in various domains. And hence, we invite the audience to embrace the laws that we have and not the laws that we wish we have. So that's what way to go about it. And then second, empiricism embraces the ultimate, and we try at least to do so, to embrace the ultimate contingency of the physical world. Contingency appears in our most robust model claims about physical domains. Think, for example, again of the principle of the speed of light, which holds that nothing can travel faster than 299,792,458 meters per second. But for empiricism, this is not something one can discover or establish by conceptual analysis, but only through empirical investigation. As any other finding in empirical investigation, we may find out in the future that, well, the speed of light was different or that we didn't get it, you know, it's approximately, acceptably right. So although morally robust, it remains thoroughly contingent. No background logic, Otavio and Tchaikovsky say, no background logic or mathematics make this numerical value the unavoidable value of light's speed. No amount of a priori reflection alone will render it inevitable. And then, especially from the philosophy of physics, people would say, well, but we have primitive mathematical constraints. So here I'm approaching the end of the presentation. We have primitive mathematical constraints. The PMC theory would say certain mathematical truths, certain mathematical facts constrain physical possibilities and necessities. So in the 17th century, we have got, 21st century, we have mathematics. Mathematics will act as a constraint on physical possibilities and physical necessities. Or so the rhetoric goes. The rhetoric is super heavy in this literature. Here's an example by Tim Motley. So he says, in each case of a law expressed in a differential equation, in each case, there are models or solutions of the equations from these mathematical results, model conclusions flow like what's from an open spigot. All one does is to treat a set, the set of mathematical models of the basic dynamical equations as the possible worlds in a standard model semantics. A set of events is physically possible only if there is a mathematical model or the fundamental dynamical laws that corresponds to those events taking place. We can talk about that for a couple of hours, at least. There are, yeah, there is a set of assumptions in this passage about what I want to call your attention to is to the force of the rhetoric that says that you have a set of mathematical equations and then you work out solutions of those mathematical equations and you'll get information about events, physical events that are physically possible or physically necessary. And that modality, physical modality will flow from there like water from spigot, from a spigot. Yeah, because of course in the philosophy of physics this is usually said in another sense, in a sense that well you can design a possible board with set of equations and then you interpret that world and you'll see what's possible there or what's necessary there and you may end up in contradictions and so forth. So you will explore the space of possibly design necessities. But what I'm trying to highlight here is the way in which you know you replace the standard talk of laws of nature, 17th century style talk of laws of nature and now these primitive mathematical constraints that are particularly popular in the flow of physics. There is plenty of people, brilliant people working on that now, but we can go on in more detail later on. So our response would be that empiricism fully recognizes mathematics contributions to the formulation of physical laws, but excessive focus on fundamental physics laws will motivate the BMC theory, making us prone to forget about you know the humble inductive empirical origins of our most robust, even of our most robust physical generalizations, think of the speed of light, postulate, and then essentially mathematical formalisms provide a tool for codifying model information, but that's all they do, codifying model information and to not provide a source for atomic modality. Then what we need of course is what we'll tell you and other people, Mark, Colin, and Stephen French have done. We need to provide a framework for accounting for the application of mathematical structures to physical domains, but I think I'm just going to go super fast here. You use lots of different pieces of mathematics, variables, functions, vectors, spaces and so forth for modeling physical domains, but it's not that the physical modality comes from there, but only that from there you get your best language for codifying possibilities and necessities and the ultimate crown is always empirical and you get there intuitively. In all of that I think we may agree. So to definition that's absolutely not needed, but this has been a friendly workshop, so I'm going to be break here, I know you won't be too aggressive. This is a definition. So routinely expressing mathematical terms, physical laws are empirical hypotheses expressing generalizations about possibilities and necessities in various physical domains. Oh no, we'll say the manifestation, those are propositions, those are not the laws we want, and I'll say yes, these are propositions, empirical hypotheses, but modality is not the victim. Modality is physical and it comes from physical systems, physical possibilities and physical necessities. So we'll try to keep in the middle, in a middle way between humians and anti-humians. This goes beyond the conceptual frontiers of the humian versus anti-humian framework. Maybe that explains why nobody wants to publish this paper because they always send it to humians or anti-humians and they'll say, oh no, this is not the rule that we follow in the game. So they do not require the theology minded distinction between no economic and accidental generalizations and that model force need not be grounded in, for instance, a DMC. Objections. The first two we have actually recede them, but I don't take them too seriously. Ultimately, lost masquerade. People have said there must be a law giver, or we wouldn't exist if there were no laws, or people have said, well if there were no laws, Fisi would not be possible. But I don't think that's something to really worry about. But yes, epistemic fears. What you have said, all the audiences have replied, it's just a matter of multiple beliefs. So who cares? It's multiple beliefs, empirical hypothesis, theories and models, multiple beliefs. You're not saying anything robust about physical modality. In the paper, we try to do a bit more. I haven't said anything here about that. And then another one, we are not respecting the rules of the game. So everybody will be waiting for our view to collapse into humianism or anti-humianism. We don't think so, but we may be wrong, of course. We may be wrong. And then this is an objection that I received from, you don't remember, a conference online. And I couldn't respond it. And Otavia is now taking care of that objection. What happened with physically relevant modalities? Because of course, models in physics, they have all these weird things that there is no physical interpretation for that. But we think we can have, yeah, thank you. There were short questions. I don't have a question about that thing. I wanted to ask you about something on the modeling slide. I'm curious about why you chose that particular quote that you did, because the particular quote from modeling... Yes, your quote. Modeling. Modeling. Yeah, yeah, yeah, okay. It's the slide labeled as numbers. Sure, sure, sure, sure. Because this particular quote doesn't seem like it's... I wouldn't have thought that this is the illustration of the thing that you want to argue against. In fact, it seems like what modeling is saying, at least interpreted on its basis, is actually just an expression of your view in the deacinocratic language. Because all that he's saying is, here's one way of interpreting what he's saying. He's not saying what his actual views are. But from the quotation, you would think, well, we learn about, we've got our physical theories. They're empirically confirmed in the usual way. We get evidence for them in the usual way. After we have those theories, which are ultimately empirically grounded, those theories tell us things about physical possibility. All the flowing is coming from after we have the theories, and then we're making deductions or inferences from the theories that we have. What you're worried about is driving claims about physical modality before we got to the point where we have our well-confirmed physical theories. But it seems to me that what modeling is saying is like, he's describing the procedure that you apply after you have the physical theories. And that's totally compatible with what you're saying, isn't it? That's a great point. No, that's an amazing point. I already wrote a ton. I'm going to think about it. I'm going to go back to modeling's work. But even there, if he's, perhaps he's focusing, like Tina and Ismael says in his 2018 contribution, the mistake philosophers of physics make is that they focus too much on the end result, on the end result. So you wait to have your physical theories write or approximately write, and then you say, well, where does dynamic modality come from? Well, it flows from, yeah, I know, but perhaps we are focusing on the early stage of where, you know, from where we work to get decent physical generalizations about components and necessities. Yeah, Tina and Ismael says exactly that in the 2018 book chapter. And in the 2017, she says something similar that in philosophy of physics, one of the mistakes is that you focus too much on the end product. And if that's the case, well, that will explain, yeah, definitely. Perhaps modeling wants to say something similar, but we don't want to be any kind of primitists about nomic modality. We don't think that laws are something, but we have nomic generalizations about physical possibility and necessities. So there perhaps we will disagree. Interesting. Maybe you can find a quote that illustrates that. That's the main thing. Oh, perfect. Yes, yes, I'll take care. Thank you. Okay, thank you, Christian. Great talk. I will try to not to put forward the same whole objection about you having your cake and anything to do, but I will ask have a related question. And lyricism can be said to be many things, but well, it's a philosophical tradition that gives experience a key central role in warranting ontological novelties, and especially perception. So I was wondering what's the relationship between your ontological commitments with physically necessary and possible facts to the domain of perception? Perception. Hundreds of pages in this book. In the context book, there's hundreds of pages. Okay. Yeah, Kenton's book is really good. Yeah, no, it's really good. Yeah, I'm not talking. It's really good. And yeah, and a few people like Kenton, John Norton, and well, there are people I mentioned here, they don't work on, yeah, how you get to, you know, modally infused theories and models. And Norton, for example, will say, well, he will relate modality with evidence and he will say what's possible. It's what evidence that positively allows. And what's necessary for the empiricist is what evidence compels, compels. But of course, he falls into the problem of offering thresholds for the amount of evidence you need for judging possibilities and necessities. But yeah, I couldn't go for perception. I'll go for observation, detection, experimentation, replication, and so forth. And yeah, different procedures for gathering evidence. So Christian, I want to try to say something constructive about where you can keep encountering this humanism. I think the issue here may be that people just follow on Norton's point want to understand in what sense this is an empiricist view. And so the issue is that you say that physical modality in the world is something that's determined by properties and relations, what depends on properties and relations. And what people want to know is, so what is the determination relation? What is the dependence relation? And historically, some people have said, well, I'll tell you what it is. And then they spell out a metaphysical proposal. That's non-human view. Or they'll say, I'll tell you what it is. And they'll spell it out in a deflationary way, right, in a big victim way. And that's a non-human view. Now to the extent that you don't spell out this relation, that must be frustrating for people, right? Because they want to know what you need. What is the determination relation? What is the dependence relation? Now, you can say, well, I'm not going to say. I think that's not what you want to say. Then you've got to say something. And so we're waiting for that. Yeah, I love how Andin asks the question. It's amazing. Yes. No, I do have to wait a little bit more. No, wait until I send to the manuscript. We're trying to say something there. You just reminded me of James Goodward's complaints. I'm not sure if you have read this chapter where Goodward speaks. He has a dialogue. He makes up a dialogue between a Platonist metaphysician and he himself and James. And he basically complains that all these words, determination, determinable laws, these positions are co-opted by the mainstream metaphysics. And that he feels fully free to use the same words in a different sense. But of course, he spells out what he says by that. I'll send to the manuscript. But we will certainly try to avoid engaging, especially in a paper-sized, in a paper-length manuscript, we'll certainly try to avoid engage with all these metaphysical today, too. We'll try this way. So you don't think it's empiricist? Well, I'd like to know the sense of which it is. Yeah, right now I don't know, because I don't know what determination, Yes. Okay, for now. Thank you. I'm going to write that down. Yeah, thank you. Christian? Okay, okay. Okay, I had some questions before and also similar to Engels, so I should ask something different. I could ask something different. But just to start with that point, I mean, the monthly is, quote, for me it's absolutely neutral with respect to this discussion. I mean, this is the usual way in which philosopher of physics usually just lay out what dynamical laws, how could you get something like models from dynamical laws? Your paper, 2020. Yeah, yeah, but this is different. Yeah, yeah, I wouldn't want to do that. But I agree with Sam that doesn't reflect what the model in his view is. I mean, it's not how primitiveismo is not him. Tell me more serious. Yeah, I mean, it's like, I mean, I could imagine that someone like, John Erwin could perfectly agree with that, and it's not the model in his philosophy, I could agree with that. And it's a very neutral description of what is going on. And you have to add something else to say, okay, this is modern talking. This is not modern talking, it's just any random philosopher of physics. This is, I think this is what Sam wanted to say, and also I agree with that. But there's something there that goes against what you said before. And you said in some point that, I'm just an interfere. This is this definition of modality relates modality with laws, right? We can obtain something about modality in any sense, only through the laws. But you at some point say, okay, I don't believe that nomological modality collapses with physical modality. So if I understood you right, you are thinking of, okay, we can imagine some physical modality that is not related to the laws. It's related to something else. Otherwise, they usually collapse, although they usually think that physical modality subtains through the laws. So I want to hear what who else could be, I mean, usually we think of modality in terms of law, physical modality in terms of law, last definition, but you said that they don't collapse. So probably you are thinking that there is another source for physical modality that is not in the laws somewhere else, but I would like to hear where. Yes, yes. So we definitely do not think that laws impose modality on the world. No. Okay. Yeah, so we don't think that. We think there is just physical modality. Okay. And that what physical laws do is to codify and express our best generalizations about possibilities and necessities. And that those possibilities and necessities depends upon the constitution of physical domains, properties and relations. Yeah. And then they're going to engage with that metaphysical language. Yeah. But the fear, the collapse fear had to do with that collapsing with either humianism or anti-humianism. Okay. Yeah. So you don't think that physical laws give you physical modality? You don't think that. To inform you about physical modality. Yes. Okay. But so physical modality should be grounded in something else or they are just primitive. Yeah, physical domains. Yeah, but it is too bad.  They are just out there. Okay, fine. But this is just one position that could be also, I would like to hear, okay, what is grounded in this physical modality or what is, I mean, is giving me to this, to this. Depends on the context. Okay. For the Hooke's Law, for the Hooke's Law, different kinds of sprints for Coulomb's Law, electrostatic propulsion. Okay, okay, okay. For example, some things that are, yeah, physical domains. Okay, okay, okay, okay. But, for example, that humian will reconstruct metaphysically in such a way the world that they will say, well, these are all A-modal properties, especially generally distributed and we say no, that's too much.  I will say no, that's too much. So, what is it? Well, okay, okay. Southern chloride, you know, what are electrons and light speeds and how do you access physical modality through experimental research? Detections, measurements and so forth. And then you get evidence for your model claims. Yeah. We will, we got to talk about that. Yeah, yeah, thank you, thank you. Sorry for the people that. Thank you for, yeah, thank you.


Adams Oshomale, former national chairman of the all-progressive Congress APC, has reacted to comments by a former secretary to the government of the Federation, Babacare Lauer, over the party's Muslim-Muslim presidential ticket. Now Oshomale said Nigerians should differentiate between a Christian by mouth and a devil by heart. He wondered why Lauer, who was involved in a grass-cutting scandal, could counter APC's Muslim-Muslim ticket. Apparing on TV on Wednesday, Oshomale stressed that the APC presidential candidate Bola Mettinibu was a better Christian because he was married to a Christian for almost 40 years, with children practising both Christian and Muslim faith. What's running us to discuss this debate is Okiyo Yesarafa Omolei Esquire, he's a member of the all-progressive Congress and a human rights activist, and also joining us is Honourable Angu Ongu, he's a special assistant to the Benarist State Governor on Student Affairs and also the Zonal Coordinator of the Article Support Organization. Thank you gentlemen for joining us. I was my player to be on your program this evening. Alright. Thank you very much. Thank you. Great. I'm going to start with you Mr Omolei. It's very interesting to see that we're continuing to have this conversation or this debate about the Muslim-Muslim ticket. Now many have queried why the APC presidential candidate is trying to see if he could replay what happened during the 1993 elections, I beg your pardon. And they're saying that this is 2022. Why don't you understand where the people are coming from? But again, we do have a divided nation when it comes to this religion and politics. But what are your thoughts being that Baba Cheolawal is actually being the one who's being put on the chopping board this evening? Well, people must realize that politics is dynamic. I've got to agree that we must be sensible and sensitive to the feelings of our people. But what have we said that we must realize that our politics should be age-based and that religion should not be a determining factor for somebody or people who could lead us to the promised lands. Nigeria is currently on a journey. I will must ensure that we look for credible competence and enable people who could assist this nation to their promised lands. So are you saying that there are no credible competent people from another faith if they were to be put on that tinnable ticket? Is that what you're implying? Because you started, I like that you started by saying that there is a need to be sensitive knowing I want to add that Nigeria is divided along ethnic and religious lines. And you said that religion should not be a factor. But it is indeed a factor in reality. So should we also blind our eyes to the fact that this is a factor and we must consider it whether we like it or not? All right. Let me take course to Nigeria constitution. Nigeria constitution is the grand norm for whatever we want to do politically. Qualification and what have you. Nigeria constitution 1999 as amended, amended does not recognize any religion. In fact, it stated that Nigeria is a circular state and on the strength of that religion that's why I said should not be the major point that we should be discussing. We should be concerned about the quality, capability, and ability of those to be put on to lead this country to the promised lands. Okay. Okay. I think that we're having a little bit. Let me say this. Okay. Quickly, because I think we're having a delay from you, but go ahead. In Nigeria, particularly in the Northern region, we have eminently qualified Christians. People could be vice presidential candidate of APC, but most of the time in terms of Nigerian politics, but the issue of election, I must be sensitive to the fact that Northern region is populated by Muslims and if you are looking towards winning an election, you must consider that factor. And what is more, in picking the battle candidate of APC, legion was not put in the front bonnet, rather merits integrity and what the person is bringing to the table has this country. I'm so sorry to talk over you. There's a delay, but I got the gist of what you're saying. So in one breath, and I'm tossing this now to Angu, in one breath, you're telling us that, oh, in the North, we have more Muslims, you know, in the North. It's highly populated, but we have more Muslims. But in that same breath, you're also saying that, well, when we're considering this vice presidential ticket, religion was not a thing. Two things that contradict themselves.  But then when we were picking a candidate, we didn't think about religion. Anyway, to you, Angu, I want you to explain to me why you think that whether we like it or not, religion is a factor. Again, Northeast elders have said that the ticket of the APC is a very divisive ticket. I want to know if you share that position. And just picking up from where Mr. Moyelay just, you know, dropped off, does this argument really hold water in the scheme of things? Angu, can you hear me? Can you hear me? Yes. Go ahead. Thank you very much. The Muslim ticket of the APC shows that they don't hear about how Nigerian will. It is a clear case of not feeling the pop of Nigerians. And it has shown in how the APC ran this country for the past seven plus years. They are dry, dry corner policies. And the people policies, policies that have not reflected on the web being of Nigerians. And that has reflected very clearly in their choice of running it. It has shown that it is a party that does not feel the cause of the... Because this is a government that the whole security architecture of this country, this appointment has come from one particular region. Not just coming from one particular region of this country, they are also from a particular religion. And if the APC is an extensive party, if it is a listening party, if the party cared for Nigerians, the party would have known that Muslim-Muslim tickets will not auger well for them. Just like we all know, there are very competent Christians. Like the one you mentioned, the former S.G.F. He is a competent Christian. The former Speaker of the House of Representatives, right on Abu Dhabara, are very competent northern Christians. But then politics is a game of numbers. It's one thing to be competent. It's one thing to be able to cut across, to be able to win the elections in itself. And many have also made a case for the APC saying that, yes, you have people who are competent from the other religion, but how capable are they, I beg your pardon, to be able to garner the much-needed votes for the APC to win the election? I think that's also something that we should question. Thank you very much. I will not go into the debate of number, as much as it is very, very important in politics. But I must tell you that the whole of Saudi Arabia, the whole of a better part of Nubian, Kebi, Kanu, Adamawa, Bauti, Bwende, all of these states are mentioning about 45% Christians. And I know the media, the Niger media is not, our journalists are always not ready to do their job, to do investigative journalism, to know and maybe prove me wrong in what I'm saying. So even if it is a game of numbers, then I'm sorry, I don't need to do this. I don't need to do this, but I will do it. It's very, very, it's very, very pedestrian to refer to the media as not doing investigative journalism. It's very pedestrian to say that. But go ahead. Like I was saying, the Christians have done that. In Northern Nigeria, and still in the parts of the nation, the APC would have known that a Muslim-Muslim ticket would further in dividing this country. I mentioned before the appointment being made by the Bahá'u'lláh government. How they in there are taught towards a particular religion and people from a particular region. So if they really want to win even the Christians in Northern Nigeria, they just mentioned that it's not East Hell that said that ticket is divisive. And I would like to rest my case on that to say that the ticket of my party, the ticket of His Excellency, President in waiting, Alája, Tifu'a'buwaka, Tifu'a'buwaka, Tifu'a'buwaka, and the ticket is a ticket. That's Nigerians to vote. Because it's a ticket that unites all Nigeria. OK. Let me quickly, just to get a word in, because we're out of time. Mr. Amoyale, I beg your pardon. In a few words, In a few words, what can the APC do? I mean, it might be too late in the day, but this argument and mud slinging about the ticket, the Muslim-Muslim ticket has continuously dragged, even up until today. But then we also know, you and I know, that we're very divided along these lines. And now more than ever, there are tensions everywhere in the north and the south and the east in the middle belt. How does the APC hope to quell these tensions and blur the lines with this ticket, knowing that there's a lot that is flying on these 2023 elections or lots riding on these elections? That's a very good question. Now, we must understand one thing. When APC picked Ashwajibola Hamet in Ubu as its flag bearer and he submitted his name and that of his presidential flag bearer, so I knew and that person was a Muslim. There was no cry about Muslim-Muslim tickets. But in moments, Ashwajib... I think that we've lost that connection with you, Mr. Amoyale, but I want to thank you gentlemen. Amoyale Sharafa is a member of the APC and he's a human rights activist. I want to say thank you gentlemen. Unfortunately, the connection has been really bad tonight. But Amoyale Sharafa is a member of the APC and he's a human rights activist. I want to say thank you Angu-Angu. He's a special assistant to the Benway State Governor on Student Affairs and he's also part of the Atikwa-Bubakar presidential campaign. Thank you so much gentlemen. I wish we had enough time to address this issue. We wish we had enough time. Nigeria, go out there. Vote for the PDP. Vote for Alajia. We're not letting people campaign on the show gentlemen. We'll give you an invoice for that. But I want to say thank you everyone for being part of the conversation tonight. That's it on Plus Politics. I'm Mary Ann Ako. We'll be back tomorrow with a bumper package. Have a good evening.


Welcome to this explainer video on the SDM32 Nucleo Motor Control Expansion Board using Arm Embed Environment. This expansion board enables you to drive a two bipolar DC or four unipolar DC motors. During this video, we will show you how to drive four unipolar unidirectional DC motors. We are going to explain how to get your application running in the Arm Embed Environment. The first half of the video will focus on the software setup, and the second half will detail the hardware functionality available. Now, connect four unidirectional DC motors to the expansion board. Then, connect a voltage supply. In this case, we use a 12 volt supply. Then you can connect the SDM32 Nucleo board to a PC using a mini USB cable. And then, you are ready to power on. The board is automatically detected and seen as a disk drive. Now, connect to the Arm Developer.Embed.org website and log in with your credentials. Click on Hardware, then Components, and select Motor under the actuators category. Click on XNucleo IHM04A1 Dual Brush DC Motor Driver and find the Hello World IHM04A1 application example on the next page. Then, import it into the online compiler. Open the main program and choose the desired target platform. Add a new one if needed. At this point, build the application and download it on the Nucleo board. After completing download, or when pressing the black button on the Nucleo board, the application will reset and start. This simple application shows how to run several unidirectional DC motors at different speeds. And now, some details about the STM32 Nucleo Dual Brush DC Stepper Motor expansion board. It includes a fully integrated D-MOS Dual Full Bridge Motor Driver, the L6206. At www.st.com.x-nucleo under the reference XNucleo IHM04A1, you can find user manuals, quick start guides, bill of materials and lots of other detailed documentation to help you on your way to building your application.