So, today we are going to begin our discussion on the last module, where our focus would primarily be on the pathological side of human behavior. And that is the reason the title of the module is psychological disorders. See psychological disorders are usually discussed at two, three forums as part of their course work, when the doctors they get training for psychiatry, they also know learn about psychological disorders. Usually in the university system when you do your masters in psychology, one of the paper usually talks about psychological disorder. In psychology if you specialize in the clinical branch of psychology, then again you go into the exhaustive details of psychological disorder. And many a times you would find that in courses which are otherwise nowhere related to psychiatry or clinical psychology staff, even there you will find a mention of psychological disorder.  But the primary intention of knowing about selected psychological disorders is that the more well informed you are, the higher are the chances that you would be able to at least perceive a potential problem within yourself or in people who are close to you. This is important because of two, three reasons. One, India is a country where you still have a very, very few handful of practicing psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, whereas the population is extremely large. So, for a country of the size of ours, it is surprising to know that we have only 3,000 licensed psychiatrists, so it is very small number. That is one because you have a dearth of experts available in your nearby surroundings. Two, we already have that historical baggage like all of the cultures, all other cultures in the world, where you have certain type of practitioners of certain type of faith, of certain type of healing practices, who have a larger degree of social acceptance compared to a practicing psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. So, somebody simply tells you that you are under the influence of a which, you are under the influence of a ghost and there is somebody who has an expertise in handling with the ghost or can identify and go for witch crafting. There is a larger degree of social acceptance for this compared to when you are told that I guess you are suffering from x type of psychological disorder and therefore, you should meet a consultant psychiatrist. Acceptance level is very low because there are certain stigma that has been attached to such type of things. You do not hesitate meeting a doctor in the health center because you have certain problem that you anticipate, but you would have lot of hesitation going to the counseling site and then finding out how to book a slot with the institute consultant psychiatrist. You will find lot of reluctance and three many of us I would say or I would say most of us are completely ignorant about the aberrations that we usually see in the behavior, but nobody has told us that this is actually an aberration, we are not aware of it the ignorance goes to the extent that because you find a good number of people displaying such type of behavior. Therefore, the acceptance increase and you say I know Suresh had this, Ramesh had this, no Santosh had it. So, you have two three people who you say I know there were three four and because I know there were three four with the problem therefore, this is not a problem at all then you would realize that gradually the problem aggravates in many cases which finally drags the attention of a consultant psychiatrist or a clinical psychologist, but by that time you have already spent a lot of time either ignoring the disease neglecting the disease or whatsoever. So, that is primarily the our intention behind going through psychological disorders we first come to a little bit of description which is not needed, but it is good to have overall view point and then we will narrow it down there are two ways of classification of the disease are done one what is called as the ICD classification the international classification of disease that is the world health organization and then we have the DSM classification which is done by the American Psychiatric Association it is called diagnostic and statistical manual. Four is the fourth version TR represents text revision. So, as of now the latest version of DSM that we have is DSM 4 TR, but by the time we will be completing our end same and by the time these video footages will be ready DSM 5 will come into being. Now what DSM 4 TR talks about the disorder is that you can have disorders first diagnosed in infancy, childhood or adolescence, so you could have one set of psychological disorders that has to do with early level of diagnosis infancy, childhood or adolescence. For example, mental retardation, for example, learning disorders, motor skills, communication disorders these are the disorders which are usually identified much earlier in the life perhaps I must have shared with you that in our country the one of the biggest problem with early stage diagnosis is once again the tendency in the parents to negate the diagnosis. I remember many, many, many cases now I will tell you two cases in particular one which is very old and one which is very, very recent long back there was a camp that was being organized in collaboration with one of the nationalized banks. And we already had the information that there was a locality in one of the cities in stern UP where the density of children with mental retardation and autism cerebral palsy was very high. The camp was organized there and till 4 o'clock or so we had very, very negligible number of parents coming forward with their children to the camp. The idea was that we would have some doctors, some psychologist who will make diagnosis, psychologist will perform the test so and doctors will then recommend what has to be done. And accordingly whatever is needed will be immediately given. So, if the level of the problem is known the experts can tell you that fine you need to go to this center or you need to go for such type of behavioral practices and so forth. Till 4 p.m. there was negligible presence these stuffs were distributed and in certain cases where it was realized that it is only the possibility of training is there.  But what was very sad to experience was that the crowd was more interested getting stuffs which are being distributed free of cost. They were not interested in diagnosis of their children and that is really a sad part of the reality. Second I know somebody very recently around say 6, 8 months back or 1 year back I received a call from somebody who is known to me saying that his daughter has delivered a baby who is now I do not remember the age perhaps 2 years, 3 years something like this. But the child shows certain peculiar forms of behavior. The most peculiar form of behavior was that the child was deliberately trying to ignore contacts with any member of the family. Usually children love to play with the members of the family first. But this child was extremely reluctant doing that and in turn the child was much more passionate about playing with mobile phones. One, two verbal instructions given by the members of the family were not adhered to compared to the voice messages that was sent through mobile phone. This was how it was described and some reason was given for that. I do not want to share the reason here, but some reason was given by the father, by the grandfather that my daughter has delivered a baby who is now this age and now these are the problems. The most interesting thing was that he asked me do you think it is really a problem? I am sure all he wanted to hear was that no, this is not at all a problem and I knew what he wanted to listen to and therefore, I did not very clearly say that this is a problem. But I made a whole story out of it and said that you should certainly go and meet an expert. Then he says that fine I did meet an expert and the expert said that the child seems to have a problem and he has suggested certain training sessions for him. I said fine then you have already cancelled it and the expert follow his advice and he said I do not think he has been able to diagnose it. This was around one year back I think two, three months back now the daughter gives me a call earlier it was the grandfather. Now the daughter gives me a call saying that my father had talked to you and I think there is some problem and I have already consulted a doctor but as parents we want to do our best. So, suggest the best place in India where I can take my child. I did suggest an institution down south and I said that is the best place in the country you can go there. The good part of the story was that some time back I received a call saying that just today itself we have come back from that institution and the child has been diagnosed with something they used a word. I am happy to share this story with you that at least after these many experiences these two stories that I have narrating has changed a lot. Now parents have gone for diagnosis but again there is a sad part in this story too that approximately one, one and half year was lost in diagnosis and coming forward with what the child should have been actually exposed to. And therefore, it is very important that when you have certain types of disorders where the likelihood of diagnosis is very high it can be within few months the doctors can very easily predict or even the elderly members of the family can say that there seems to be a trouble. Elderly members who have seen many, many children growing in the family will very easily be able to tell you that this child has some peculiar behavior. What that peculiarity is that you need to get diagnosed. So, this is one set of disorder that DSM talks about to delirium, dementia, amnesia and other forms of cognitive disorders. Usually all of this has to do with the decline in your cognitive ability either to retain information or to perform on the basis of a given situation. I am told that gradually in our country there is an increase in the number of reported patients in the clinic who belong to the second category. But once again there is a larger social acceptance that people say that this happens in old age and because it happens in usually this is most of them will be apparent in 60 plus age group. Therefore, again there is a greater degree of acceptance. Third mental disorders due to general medical conditions you find in DSM there is a whole lot of description about certain type of mental disorders which are basically a by product of some other form of medical condition.  So, you find whole lot of description it is really such a thick book and truly speaking if you are really not that matured enough to really read the whole set of diagnostic criteria. There are chances that you would find I also have a bit of this read the second disorder I also have a bit of this. So, you run on that risk also therefore, there is no point reading the full text of all types of disorders.  But usually those who are non experts and will still go through the text will have great difficulty for 15, 20 days after reading the book because you become disoriented most of the problem you find in yourself. For certain reasons we are not interested in discussion on any of these disorders except the last three. Once again as I told in the beginning that I know that you are not going to practice either as a psychologist or as a psychiatrist. So, there is no point no reading the disorders at length. I just wanted to show you the classification. We have already discussed impulse control disorders just in our last module when we were talking about aggression. This module we would be exclusively discussing about adjustment disorder and personality disorders only two types of disorders we would be talking about. But before we go into all this what we would do is the way we did it for impulse control disorder. We will have exactly the way it is written in DSM 40 or we will have the exact text here on our projection. And we will see know all the diagnostic criteria for different types of sub classification within these broad category of disorders. But let me tell you that when you look at the diagnostic criteria across disorders you would find that there is an overlap. It is same say for example, if you visit physician and you just report that I have chronic stomach ache since last two days. So, doctors can anticipate that you have gastroenteritis problem. The doctor might anticipate that you have some inflammation within your stomach. You can anticipate of potential ulcer problem. He can anticipate know that probably know there is an infection in your appendicitis and that needs to be taken out. A doctor can say that fine perhaps there seems to be a stone in your gallbladder. There could be multiple possibilities because when you read about the physical diagnosis of diseases you realize that know stomach ache is reported for all these types of diseases. Similarly, you find overlap of know shared symptoms in terms of psychological disorders also. Say for example, change in sleep pattern, change in the eating practices, difficulty in memory concentration or attention. These you would find across disorders. Now, in most of the disorders you will find these things being discussed. Therefore, the skill of the actual practitioner lies in what is called as differential diagnosis. That there is a possibility of three different types of disorders, but I am able to identify one out of the potential three and this is called differential diagnosis. Now, before we go to the adjustment and personality disorders, we will know quickly look at the basic causes of these psychological disorders. Biological causes, constitutional causes, sociocultural causes and psychological or interpersonal causes. Biological causes includes genetic, biochemical and all types of organic reasons. Constitutional is know was advocated at one point in time has now been refuted. Therefore, we will just touch on this issue and would not go into the details. Sociocultural whole set of issues like mass violence, economic problems, persistent economic problems, group prejudice or rapid social change. Similarly, psychological or interpersonal causes like pathogenic family pattern, maladaptive family structure, pathological interpersonal relationship or sustained severe stress. We will very quickly know go through these causes to understand finally, what leads to different types of problems. Once again the idea is to make you realize that find these are the potential causes and therefore, one can know be very, very cautious about the fact that certain type of things if it sustains for longer in the family, in the society then it could be detrimental for the mental fitness of the people. As all of us know, we have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome and because these chromosomes have 100s and 1000s of genes, so approximately we have 30,000 to 40,000 genes and approximately 6 billion of our DNA base pairs. One of the primary reasons for certain type of specially organic disorders is certain form of mutation that takes place and genetic mutation has been found in whole lot of disorders. Remember the first criteria where we talked about mental disorders which are diagnosed in early infancy childhood or adolescence. Mental retardation mostly it go the discredit goes to the biological causes, mutation that takes place. You can have even certain types of problems that comes later on in the life of the child. For example, if you are using certain types of paints in the house and if children they usually have the habit of taking peeling out the surface of the paint and then putting it in their mouth that can lead to poisoning in the brain. So, certain area of the brain decays, it does not function. There could be genetic anomaly that can lead to something like say phenyl ketoneuria for example, where the phenyl aniline, the phenylperivic acid does not disintegrate properly and usually what you experience early in the child is a musty type of a smell. So, those who are close to the children they will smell that there is some musty smell around the child, but the problem basically lies that certain enzymes do not break down and therefore certain types of functions that usually our body is able to perform. It is not performed in those children, but the interesting part is that in phenyl ketoneuria for example, it is basically the phenylperivic acid that gradually accumulates in the body, but finally it starts influencing the cognitive abilities of the child. So, you will find a whole set of disorders like this, usually when we talk of mutation either it could be germ line mutation which is basically inherited or it could be a somatic mutation which is acquired. The example of exposure to certain types of chemicals in the environment that is the example of the somatic mutation, whereas germ line mutation would be know where you inherit faulty gene pattern from your predecessors. I do not know if you are aware of there is a family in UK where in alternate generations you find somebody in the family who has severe language impairment and the severity of this language impairment comes out of the fact that the orophacial muscle, this muscle know the lip muscle and the muscle near it which basically allows your lips to move. The orophacial muscle movement has tremendous retardation and then those children born in that family who have know this deformity of the orophacial muscle they cannot speak properly. It was found in one, found in next generation and generation after generation it is being repeated. Few years back know the whole set of research took place on the members of that family fortunately they agreed to give their samples for DNA analysis and now it has been analyzed that we have a gene called Fox P 2 gene which is primarily responsible for the movement of this orophacial muscle. So, one aberration at one point and then you know that some ability is lost or it is compromised with, but in one case because of mutation it happens that is fine. But if you have know perennial know persistence of that deformity that runs across generation that is what is called as germ line mutation that generations after generations in that very family it is a popularly in the scientific literature you will find the mention of K E family. K E family is the family know where you have a long list of people with the problem in the movement of the orophacial muscles. Now, there are know other possibilities where you can have an acquired mutation something like say exposure to ultraviolet radiation that can also lead to it, but what is also important to learn is that besides the genes which are responsible for transcription and translation of DNA into proteins. Basically it is know how these genetic mutations or whether it is germ line or acquired somatic basically know it somewhere it starts influencing the protein synthesis mechanism in the body and because protein has much to do with the proper growth and development of the brain. Therefore, many of the cognitive abilities are compromised with and once you have a severe compromise that takes place with the cognitive abilities you are bound to be considered to have one or the other type of disorders. When we talk of the brain anatomy means the structural know part of the brain or when we talk of the four important neurotransmitters that primarily are considered to be responsible for holding ourselves to the base line normal level or whether it is the receptors or the neural interconnections all of them therefore, they depend on the genes and therefore, once you have problem with know any of these know genetic mutation there could be a severe impact on the protein synthesis mechanism finally, adversely influencing the brain. I am sure know right from your school days you must have seen several such images know that if you have know two parents who are basically carrier of a particular problem this is the usual Mendelian principle know one is to two is to one the first generation you will have where the first child will not be affected two children will be carrier and one will be severely affected. Such type of informations are important for know sharing with others the reason being that many a times the discredit for having a particular type of child is always know put on the mother that you have delivered a child like this or the poor child who is basically genetically affected suffers a lot because there is a great degree of rejection within the family and within the community because one has certain type of problems and nobody know even get gives the discredit to the parents that because you were the carriers of the genes therefore, this force child has developed one or the other type of a problem. We are know just going through one typical example we all know of the ADHD know attention deficit hyperactivity disorder know you will find many school going kids know having certain type of behavior which the teachers will report at all is the most know notorious child of the class and some of them who are taken to the doctors the doctors will tell let know this is a ADHD child know. So, you have an attention deficit you cannot focus attention on one thing for long.  Now, the behavior genetics research show an association between variant of dopamine receptor gene and ADHD symptom. Polymorphism of DRD4 this is the dopamine D4 receptor gene is known as this is called the 7 repeat form in the biological language and individuals who have this know 7 repeat form of DRD4 they have thinner tissue where in their right orbital frontal area. So, this is a right side of your cortex. So, the orbital frontal area the inferior parietal area and the posterior parietal cortex of the brain you will have a thinner cortex this would mean that the total number of neural interconnections that a normal child would have in these areas of the brain the children who have this know 7 repeat form of DRD4 they will not have those million neural interconnections. Now, if you do not have the neural interconnection the way others have this would ensure that neurologically you are different from other children and this neurological difference in terms of behavior is what is people call as ADHD.  So, you are isolated from the rest of the class, but nobody know accepts the fact that fine this child has a neural interconnection which is different from the rest of the children and therefore, needs a complete different form of treatment in the classroom setup for all types of learning abilities right from academic to social skills to interpersonal skills and therefore, the child has to be handled differently. Fox speed 2 gene right now we discussed about it that once you have the verbal dyspraxia know you have this faulty movement of the orophacial muscles you have severe problem with the language communication and the discredit goes not to you, but the discredit goes to the faulty gene the fox speed 2 gene that you have inherited. Now, body chemistry has been also found important for the psychological disorders for example, dopamine and serotonin are involved in muscle control, memory, sleep and emotional behavior. So, the 4 important neurotransmitters that we were referring to right now 2 you find being mentioned here serotonin would be the 3rd one and basically it is the dopamine serotonin know the balance or the imbalance which will influence most of the psychological disorders. Now, you find the dopamine serotonin know levels responsible for things like mood disorder things like sleep disorders you also find it even in say Parkinson's disorder for example, know where you have grave problem in terms of having muscle control voluntary muscle control. The whole range of organic disorders such as say mental retardation such as degenerative disorders such as dementia or circular disorders or cerebro arteriosclerosis the head injury they all have the routine the anatomy the function of the brain and this anatomical and the functional know part of the brain actually largely depends on how you are genetically configurated. So, problem with the genetic configuration mutation of the gene and then you realize that many of the disorders come because of that reason. We want to go into the details, but I must tell you that for most of the disorders which are the byproduct of one or the other type of biological reason for most of them you have one or the other remedy that is available. For example, somebody who is diagnosed with ADHD we have discussed ADHD here forget about this fact that know you have a thinner tissue in certain selected regions of the brain, but there are no training sessions and remember these training sessions for ADHD is for the parents. So, parents are trained how to handle children who have ADHD and basically all of this is basically the behavior modification techniques. Finally, you have to learn certain techniques with the help of which you can very generously handle these children. Unfortunately, we do not have parents training program my recent experience shows that in the hospitals now at least in the urban areas good hospitals when a prospective mother is taken to the maternity ward the doctors will console or the sisters there will console the all the attendants including the prospective mother and they will ask know that for how many kids do you have and there should not be an issue if you have a girl child. So, there is a counseling that I see in the urban localities in good hospitals, but this counseling is only for facilitating the acceptance of girl child, but you do not find a proper mechanism where you are already told that find if you have a child with these type of things this is how you should handle the child. There is no such training program in our country in most of the western countries you would find that there are proper training programs even for prospective parents. So, parenting skill which also includes that find if you have children who have this who have that then how to handle them. Especially teachers who are handling the pre primary school children know it is good to expose them also to such type of training sessions how to handle children who show this type of problems in the class. Unfortunately, nowhere to the best of my knowledge as of now we have training programs for pre primary school teachers to handle children like this, but I must tell you that you visit an expert and they will tell you that you know meet us on weekends one of the week days for say next one half month two months and they will train you in how to handle children. Autistic children you have no such session similarly for MR children. There are a hope for most of these things now you have certain types of recommendations certain modifications that the experts would like the caregivers to have in their behavior which will be very very conducive for those children. We go to the second cause now that is the constitutional cause and now I am coming to a debatable issue which was you know initially proposed in the domain of personality psychology, but later on it was rejected. Although it was rejected you still find you know at times one or two you know researchers reporting something related to this therefore, we will devote very less time to understanding of this. Sheldon was a man what he did was that he looked at the body structure of the human beings know and all he did was that he would ask his clients to remove the clothes which today if you do it you will be put in the jail. He used to ask his clients to remove the clothes and then he would take the body measurement know. So, all body parts he will measure diameter this you know length height density these all types of stuffs he would have and finally, what he came forward with was basically that the people who used to visit him what type of body structure did they have and what type of temperament they had and he finally classified people into three categories ectomorphs mesomorphs and endomorphs and you can see basically how they look like. Then he attach the personality profile to these types of body makeup he said that ectomorphs they have restrained and they have they apply restrained and they are very self conscious people compared to the mesomorphs who are noisy people who are aggressive, but you also find that they are active and he said that when you meet an endomorph they are very social people very sociable very relaxed in their life, but the later researches did not confirm that Sheldon's classification was accurate. It is not that if you are really plump you will be very relaxed you can have a relaxation session even when you are here in the class you feel drowsy you feel sleepy it has nothing to do with whether you are an endomorph or not, but I must tell you that if you go into the details of you know constitutional causes you will find many many types of classifications. One very interesting classification which is the recent edition was by frontman and Rosenman what they they are basically not doctors sorry they are not psychiatrists they are actually cardiologists. These two cardiologists they looked at the what you call profile of the patients who used to come to their clinic. So, basically what he had was a large number of patients who had problem with their heart some type of cardiac attention is needed and based on that they came forward with a type what they call as type A and type B people. One set of people who are very active a very volatile very noisy very aggressive, but then they are also the people who are extremely susceptible to heart diseases compared to the second set of people relaxed social they do perform their task, but not so aggressively and actively the way the other type of people do, but they are the people who are not prone to heart diseases. So, Rosenman and frontman's classification is the latest addition to such type of classification personality classification what is popularly in psychology called as type A and type B personalities, but I must tell you that this is not a sacrosan type of a classification not so scientific the way the biological causes were talked about. Now we come to the socio cultural causes where you have a whole set of problems basically if you look at them you have the persistence of the violence which threatens your survival or the survival of your loved ones and because you have this persistent threat you show certain form of behavior which others will consider to be very weird which reminds me of a joke although it was jokingly told, but I think that know there is some degree of seriousness attached to it and we will talk about it. The joke was that somebody who was a travel ticket examiner in the Indian Relevance after certain years of his duty as the TTE of a running train he used to come home and instead of sleeping on the pillow he would take out his shoes put it on the bed and then rest his head over it because he was accustomed of travelling like this in the train because somebody will steal your shoe therefore you keep it under your head use it as a pillow in the running train and even though you have come back home instead of using a pillow you still use that and this was one part of the joke it has many all this is a long string it has many many things know one thing was that after certain interval he would wake up and know ask so what is the time and this time was attached to the next station where he had to get down because his duty will be over there are many such things that was attached to this story but if you extend it to the persistent threat of violence which can be inflicted either on you or your loved ones there would be a whole lot of change that you see in the behavior of the individual problems that continues for long you have been in the war inflicted zone for example and you realize that you have a frequent wake up sessions when you sleep there is a great degree of acceptance for aggressive behavior whole lot of no great degree of misery in the behavior less degree of no acceptance of strangers great prevalence of loss of faith that you have in others these are very commonly seen in people who are in the violence prone zone for long we do not have the opportunity of having the data from Afghanistan or Iraq as of now but in psychology will find a whole lot of literature that is available on what happened to the Vietnam is and also the US forces who participated in the Vietnam war whole lot of description you will find there in fact I must tell you that this area of clinical psychology became extremely enriched during the second world war had second world war not taken place probably this area of psychology would not have evolved the way it has evolved today globally the highest number of degrees are awarded in clinical branch of psychology compared to any other branch globally discredit again goes to the war if war would not have taken place all these growth and development would not have taken place but there is a heavy price that you pay for it if you are interested I must have shared this with you I am just repeating it when India was celebrating 50 years of independence a study was carried out in India Pakistan and Bangladesh by three set of psychologists in these three countries and they were primarily looking at the changes in the behavior that took place in people who migrated 50 years back who were forced to migrate so from which country to which country you have migrated is not an issue the fact that you were forced to leave your place in one country and you were forced to move to the other country the psychological profile of people and interestingly the result shows that irrespective of which religion and faith you belong to from which country you were forced to flee to the other country respective of this there were permanent patterns in the behavior that was observed in the people who were spread in these three countries who were forced to migrate from one place to the other and the most striking of that was the distrust you do not trust anybody including your own family members and that could be the worst when you sleep on the bed with your spouse and you do not trust him or her whether you are going to be dazed you are going to be killed you are going to be stabbed you are going to be robbed what type of life would that be extremely painful no very recently I visited one of the very prestigious organizations of this country I would not name it and the sad part I realized which I had never thought I had never thought of it I had a meeting with one of the top rank offices there and he said that you know all of us are under constant vigilance so we keep an eye on others and within the organization someone has been deputed to keep an eye on me and all of us know that we are being watched round the clock and then I asked him that then how do you develop friendship here no see there would be a comradeship in the workplace you are friendly to somebody and if I know that somebody is keeping an eye on me and the other person also knows that somebody is keeping eye on him or her and everybody knows that one is being watched all through how do you trust people then this is an organization with a great degree of distrust so on the face I must be friendly but inwardly I will always distrust I do not know perhaps he is the one who is supposed to keep an eye on me I am in the restaurant and very curious know who is keeping an eye on me I am going with my family to an amusement park and no looking at no who is keeping an eye on me life would be terrible I have never experienced a life like that and somebody know imagine somebody who is recruited given this high stick responsibility in a government job and he invests a long career watching others and being watched what type of life would this be and there would be a great degree of psychological price that one would pay for it it was basically the calculation of the psychological price because of the reason I had visited them we will continue with this we will continue with socio cultural causes and then we will move to the next course.


Hello everyone, this is Amit Don and on this channel you'll find financial travel and more videos. If you like what you see, please do the thumbs up and consider subscribing. Thank you. Hello everyone, this is Amit Don of AmitDon.com. Today I'll have another episode of Alexa Tips and Tricks video. And I'll talk about how to use Amazon Echo Dot or Alexa to find your nearest bus, train or streetcar stops. So I'm going to show you examples here for Toronto, Canada, but if you are in a different city or if you are anywhere else in the world, just search for your city. And there might be some, you might be able to use some skills for your city as well, which I'll show you today. So the first thing you need to do is you need to go to Amazon Echo Alexa website. So which is going to be right here. So let's go to. kayak travel hack of the day is not available at the moment from CTV news. Here are the top story Alexa stop. Okay, so what happened? She heard the wake word and she started talking. So I stopped her. Okay, so in order to use the public transit skills, you have to go to the main website, which is Alexa dot Amazon dot CA. And then once you are on the website, then you're just going to go for the skills, which is right there. So I'm going to click on it and then it will bring it to this page. Now here you can search for public transit. Okay, so here you see a lots of results.  And you were depending on where you are, you have to just add the right one to use this skill. So for example, I'm in Toronto. So I'm going to use the Toronto transit, which is right here.  So right now I have already enabled this skill. And then what I did, I set up a default bus stop, which is just near in front of my condo. And then whenever I asked her to give me the latest time or the time when the next bus or streetcar, which is going to arrive, then you have to just tell her, you know, that and then she'll give you the next two times. So for example, you can just tell about using these words. So for example, Alexa, ask Toronto transit, when is the next bus? The next arrival time will be in two minutes than another in eight minutes. Okay, or you can say, Alexa, open Toronto transit. The next arrival time will be in one minute than another in seven minutes. So you can say, you know, some of these and then what what it's doing that, you know, I set a default stop near my condo and just giving the next timing for that stop. If you do not want the default one, let's say like, you know, my default stop for my streetcar is 509, but I don't want 509, but I want, let's say 511. If you do not want to use the default streetcar or public transit timing, then you have to just tell her that the streetcar name. For example, and then it's going to ask you to give the stop number because each stop has a stop number. So if you just tell the next streetcar, which is not your default list, then it's not going to give you, you know, from the default, it will just ask you to use the next stop. The next off what you're asking for, but you have to give the stop number. So here's an example. Ask Toronto Transit, where is the next bus 511? Stop number 14864. The next arrival time will be in one minute, then another in three minutes. Okay, so you can ask any bus or streetcar, which is not on your default just by, you know, asking that specific streetcar or bus number, which is adjusted. So basically, this is how you can set it up for Toronto public transit or we call it TTC. But again, if you there are lots of skills and I have seen lots of like, you know, cities has coverage for their public transit system. So you can just find your own public transit system by doing a search. And then if there is anything available, then you might be able to use the same skills to know when is the next bus or train or streetcar is coming.  Let's say half an hour ago and just waiting there for, you know, half an hour. So what I do, I just ask, when is the next arrival time? And then I just leave home, let's say I would say like five minutes before the arrival time because from my place to the street, the stop is just like a one minute walk. So just leave home like five minutes before. So this is one of the very useful Alexa skills for Toronto public transit. And definitely it's a good one to use. And I feel like what you see because give it a thumbs up and subscribe because there will be more videos coming up. So I'll see you shortly. Thank you.


today is gonna be a good day that today is gonna be thank you so much thank you for bringing me here I've been in Kenya for two good weeks and all I eat is ugali with salt which is tasty right she gave me ugali and all I need to do is to put salt in there and then blend it but I was craving for Ghana fufu man you know that I can't live without fufu so she said there is a restaurant in Nairobi called Mama Ashanti I need to know the person behind this you don't think so? Mama Ashanti it definitely has to be a woman you want to go buy a Kenyan or a Ghanaian you must be a Ghanaian maybe a Kenyan will need it if it's a Ghanaian or a Kenyan it has to be a woman Mama Ashanti because this food can only be cooked by women wow I'm so sorry Steven I'm so sorry my camera guy even you won't have the chance to enjoy the bones what is this? you don't know this? or they don't know? I know fufu yes this is fufu this is the main course in Ghana it's like our gali here in Kenya exactly you can't compare gali with fufu you can't compare gali with bangku not this one it's because you said it's your main course so gali is the main course in Kenya yes this is a mixture of cassava and plantain and it's a granite soup with goats this is heavenly you know what we are going to find out who made this definitely I need to talk to him before I leave here cut let me go and look for the person I'm looking for Mama Shanti and you don't look like you are Mama Shanti I'm Baba Shanti because when I ate the food I said like who is the woman who cooked this food yes and you are the one popping up no you see there is you have to divide you have to divide the the responsibilities so the face is Baba the one behind the one behind where the real thing comes from is Mama so there is Mama Shanti and Baba Shanti so you are the Baba Shanti yes I just want to know my name is Wada Maya from Ghana and your name is Sen Nanu Sen Nanu from Ghana yes yes who is from Ghana the Volta region Volta, Agbozuma hey and what are you doing in Kenya well I'm making sure that when people like you come you have a hospitable place to come and have some food to come and share fellowship with Kenyans it's also for Kenyans to be able to taste our food from Ghana or West Africa because this is not Ghanaian it's West Africa you have Ugarli here of course we also have Ugarli here have Ugarli with salt we don't put salt in Ugarli when I came in here I saw Ugarli and I'm like this tastes like Akpene with our salt yes I had to put salt in and with the Nyamochoma and everyone was looking at my face that's sacrilege you know that's destroying other people's food I'll never do that I will do that again I'm so sorry for Kenyans and you know what since you're from Ghana I don't know how long have we been in Kenya 27 years 27 years in Kenya why did you leave Ghana and decide to stay in Kenya no I didn't I came here for holiday I'm still on holiday 27 years ago you came for holidays and you're still on holidays how is that possible your visa has not expired yet no it didn't they gave me permanent visa you have a Kenyan passport or you still use it a Ghana passport I have both tell me the reason why you decided to settle in here for 27 good years well various reasons I came here as I said on a holiday I discovered that I was not my body wasn't good with the cold because there's a part of Kenya which is very cold close to the mountains and also a place called Eldoret where the runners come from so I was meant to go to the US to North Carolina which would have been very cold and my dad was my dad was a lecturer here at that time he was like if you can't take the cold here in Eldoret you'll die in the US so why don't you stay wait for the summer to go so during that period I applied for any American colleges here so I could take some credits when I'm going in the summer and then I got into the American University called USIU and I did my first term I got four years unfortunately I did the second I got another four years and I was giving a scholarship to go to the US no to finish there so I finished my undergrad in Kenya in Kenya and after undergrad didn't want to go back to Ghana I did I went back to Ghana and what happened for holiday for six months ah so it's just like you having holidays yes it was just holidays so you went to Ghana for holidays I went to Ghana for holidays I tried to look for something to do nothing came I said let me come back to Kenya so I came back to Kenya with a suitcase full of Ghanian clothes and what happened to the clothes so clothes I've had a clothing business for quite a long time you mean you were selling those clothes that you came from yeah yeah yeah sell clothes evenings evenings and weekends it's called it's called being a hustler being a hustler which year was this 96 97 that's when I started I finished so I came here in 93 I finished university in 95 went back to Ghana I came back in 96 I did clothes for you can say six months to a year and set up a business in clothes I left it I started doing telecommunication I went into sales of telecommunication so I've been in telecommunication industry for 25 years 25 years but I've also had the business in terms of clothing business and in terms of food so this is five years what you see here today we started in 2015 was this the first one you ever established no no no no this is fourth time lucky I failed three times in order to get this I don't understand you tried to set up a restaurant I tried to set up a restaurant and I failed three times this is the last one this is the fourth one not the last the fourth there shall be many other enterprises okay very soon yeah but what is the secret behind Mama Shanti because you know everyone is telling me about Mama Shanti I feel so in my comment section people are like stop eating Kenyan food because people know that I love foofoo and they were like this is the only place that you're going to get foofoo real good foofoo tell me Mama Shanti the secret behind it is a solid partnership so I'm not the sole owner we are three there is myself there is a gentleman called Hawas who is from Nigeria and there is Nana so Nana is actually he is also Ghanian he is basically the one who is the managing partner so he is here normally day to day just that as a good Ghanian he is going to London for holiday you know the way you guys like to do it Ghanian is a London Ghanian is a London so he is going to London for holiday but yeah so because we are a partnership each one of us plays an important role I deal with the strategy and the marketing Hawas deals with the finance and the operations part of the operations and then Nana deals with making sure that the kitchen works and on ground customer experience so the three of us together have made this partnership work my first restaurant failed because the location was not right my second restaurant which was with the same partner failed because the food quality was not good enough my third opportunity we never even got to put the money in the ground because we came together we put the money together in a bank account we kept on looking for location we didn't find and then after maybe three months one person will come and say oh you know my car has a problem can I take out X my mom is not well can I take out Y this is the fourth attempt and it was very successful wasn't worth it investing in this restaurant here in Kenya yes it's been worth it and let me explain the payback may not necessarily be in dividends in financial the payback has been this for me was a project to ensure that the community where I see the West Afghan community had a place to come and find their food this is also a place where when Nigerians or Ghanians or Cameroonians come into the country they know they can come and have some of their food this is also a place where we have been able to bring Kenyans and they can come and they can eat and they can answer oh because they watch a lot of Nollywood ah this is Okra oh this is Fufu oh this is yeah so we are able to this is also a cultural place so for me this assignment is not necessarily about money this is about bringing the West African culture to East Africa yes and bringing the community together 27 years in Kenya yes apart from the restaurant apart from new selling clothes it should be something that will keep you in this country like what? don't tell anyone are you married to a Ghanian or a Kenyan? of course a Kenyan see I know it you met your wife in Kenya yes I did and I think that is the reason why you are still here she is part of the reason part of the reason part of the reason I said the main reason maybe there is a Kubimama Shanti I don't know no but she is a lot of the reason why I said yes I got married to a Kenyan I got married 20 years ago so I think that made me settle very fast you have two kids 13 and 12 and yeah you know what I am so happy to see a Ghanian investing in Kenya which means that it is time for Africans to invest in their own continent 100% 100% you are preaching to the preacher so let us know there are so many Africans watching us right instead of them investing out of the continent do you think it is advisable for us to invest in our own continent no I don't think it is advisable I know it is advisable if Africa is to grow we have the first generation who what we call Pan-Africanist and what they did was to work on the political independence of Africa now in the second generation we are what we call Afro-Optimist and Afro-Catalyst to be an Afro-Optimist is to be optimistic in Africa why would you take your money out of Africa when you are optimistic but to be an Afro-Catalyst which is what I believe in is to invest I would rather invest in Uganda invest in Zimbabwe invest in Sierra Leone than take my money to Europe why why I wouldn't first of all if it is a pure interest the rates that I will get on the continent are better we understand the risks of the continent we understand the people of the continent if you think about it the lines which have been drawn for African countries were drawn by somebody who was drinking something very cheap like in western Pamuay people don't understand the lines that you are talking about what lines are you talking about the geographical lines or rather the political lines which are drawn for the countries somebody just took a ruler and drew Ghana and Togo Benin and Nigeria no if you think about the people they share culture so yes 100% I agree that we need to invest in Africa as Africans we need to understand that if you are born in Kenya Uganda, Tanzania, the region minimum is part of your stomping ground you should feel free to move across and do what you need to and you should feel free more importantly on the whole continent because it's ours and once we are doing even Africa free trade the only way free trade will happen is by me knowing you as I assume I am from Uganda you are from Kenya she is from Zimbabwe and we come together and we do business together we know each other we travel we see because if you don't travel and see you are also uncomfortable you might think because I think people don't understand what is going on in different African countries because we as Africans don't know each other no we know London we know Paris we know Dubai but we do not know Zimbabwe we do not know Sierra Leone so we have to travel more we have to meet more people we have to invest more if you had a chance to change something in Africa what would it be? the mentality of our political elite the mentality of our teachers our teachers need to teach the youth to come out to be entrepreneurs job creators that's number one the problem of Africa youth is not going to be solved by civil multinationals or civil service jobs in the public sector it's going to be solved through entrepreneurship it's going to be solved with people opening their minds taking their skills to neighbouring countries it's also going to be solved if we change our mentality towards agri business we have to till the land ourselves we have to go back to our roots farming until the land ourselves whoa I feel like I need to talk to you more because you have a lot to share even more than your ratio oh my goodness but tell us where to find you whenever we come to Kenya you can find Baba Shanti at Mama Shanti which part of Kenya? which part of Kenya? Nairobi in which part of Nairobi? Laventine I heard Laventine is for rich people I don't know about rich people I know about people who are working hard to build economies of Africa I just want to thank you so much for talking to me thank you


Author's notes on the history of London, Lessons 21 to 39, Recorded Sections 9 to 16. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain, Recording by Ruth Golding. The History of London by Walter Besant. Notes on Lesson 21 The Terror of Leprosy. Leprosy, a terrible disease of the skin and blood once prevalent in Europe, now mostly confined to the East. Laser, a leper, one suffering from a foul disease, like Lazarus in St Luke 16. Congregate, flock together, crowd with. Stringent, strict. Statutes, rules, or laws. Book of the Jewish Law, that is, the book Leviticus. Lazarates, is afflicted with ulcers or sores. Mass, the celebration of the Lord's Supper in the Roman Catholic Church. Burton Lasers, a village one mile from Melton-Mowbray in Leicestershire. Here on account of its excellent sulphur springs, the chief leper hospital was established in the reign of Stephen. Hereditary, transmitted from parents to children. Read of Notes on Lesson 21. Notes on Lesson 22 The Terror of Famine. Twenty-four shillings a quarter. This is not far from the present price of wheat, which gives us cheap bread. But in twelve fifty-seven, twenty-four shillings would be equivalent to at least twenty pounds in our money. Retainers, those in the service of a noble man and wearing his livery and badge. Hansiatic merchants. Merchants trading with the Hansa cities in Germany, among which was Hamburg, who had formed a league for self-protection about the twelfth century.  End of Notes on Lesson 22. Notes on Lesson 23 St Paul's Cathedral Part 1. Four hundred and sixty feet. The loftiest spire in England that of Salisbury Cathedral is about four hundred and four feet. Its length was at least six hundred feet. The present cathedral, the third on the site, is five hundred feet long. Shrine, a receptacle for relics and other sacred things. The word means a chest. Isle is the side or wing of a church. Scribe a writer, in those early times, so few people could read or write that men often had to have recourse to professional writers. Deed, a written document relating to some legal transaction. Conveyance, a writing legally transferring from one person to another, property, especially houses and land. Humphrey Duke of Gloucester was the youngest brother of Henry V, on whose death he was made regent in England in 1422. He died in 1447. St Cuthbert was a monk, missionary, and bishop of Lindisfarne, an island off the coast of Northumberland, where he died in 687 A.D., and was buried in Durham Cathedral. Sacristy, a room adjoining a church, where sacred vessels, vestments, etc., are kept. End of notes on Lesson 23. Notes on Lesson 24 St Paul's Cathedral, Part 2 Inigo Jones, born 1572, died 1652, was a celebrated architect. Portico, a row of columns in front of a building. Exchange, a building where merchants meet to transact business. Nave, the main body of a church, the isles being on each side of the nave. King Charles II returned at the restoration in 1660. Sir Christopher Wren, born 1632, died 1723, the greatest English architect. After the great fire he rebuilt St Paul's Cathedral, fifty London churches and many public buildings. Over his tomb in St Paul's is the inscription in Latin, If you seek for his monument, look round about you. The Peace of Reichsweig, 1697, made by England, Spain and Holland with Louis XIV of France. Dr. Johnson, born 1709, died 1784, one of the great names in English literature and author of a celebrated dictionary. Oriental scholar, or orientalist, is a man who studies Eastern or Indian languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Hindi, Sanskrit, etc. Sarkophagus, a stone chest for holding a corpse. Porphyry, a hard kind of stone-coloured purple and white. Battle of the Nile, 1798. Cape St. Vincent, 1797. Campedown, 1797. Lord Armina, the official who dispenses the royal charities and bounties. Slavonic, a group of kindred languages including Russian, Polish and Bulgarian. End of notes on Lesson 24. Notes on Lesson 25, Paul's Churchyard. Embattled, built with battlements. Minor canons, clergy of the cathedral who intone the services and look after the music. Charnel, containing the bones of the dead. Sinsbury Fields, the Fenney or marshy ground, lying north of the Moorgate of the old city walls. Papal bulls, decrees and orders issued by the Pope, so-called from the seal attached to them. Latimer, born 1470, died 1555, Bishop of Worcester, burnt at the stake for his Protestant opinions, together with Ridley, Bishop of London. Waterhouse, the building where the chapter or clergy belonging to the cathedral meet. Sacrist, the official in a cathedral who copied and took care of the music and books. Paul's Chain, so-called because traffic was stopped by a chain during the hours of service. End of notes on Lesson 25. Notes on Lesson 26. The Religious Houses. Forester, one who has charge of a forest to cut wood, plant new trees, etc. Vicar, one who acts in place of another, hence a priest who on behalf of his monastery conducted services in a parish church. Orders, the different brotherhoods into which monks were divided. Indiscriminate charity, giving without thinking whether the charity is well or ill bestowed. Minorites, monks or nuns belonging to the Franciscan order, who in their humility called themselves the lesser, minores, brethren or sisters. Black friars were the Dominicans, white friars were the Carmelites, grey friars were Franciscans from the colour of their respective dresses. Charter House, the house of the Carthusian monks. Temple, once the house of the Templars, an order of knights whose duty it was to protect the Holy Sepulchre. Part of the church, still to be seen, at Clarkinwell the gate of the priory of St. John's is still standing. End of notes on Lesson 26. Monks, friars and nuns. Indiscriminately, without making any distinctions between them. Hermit, from the Greek, and solitary from the Latin, mean the same thing, one who retires from the world and lives in a lonely place. Monte Cassino in Campania, near Naples, where St. Benedict established his monastery in 529 AD. St. Benedict is often shortened to Bennett, as in the name of several London churches. Osterities, severe rules of life and conduct. Friars, or brethren, French, Frère, Latin, Fratres, those orders that went forth to the people. Assisi, a town in central Italy where St. Francis was born. And Dominic, born in Castile in Spain 1170, died 1221. Founded his order to convert heretics, and procured the establishment of the Inquisition, or court for punishing heretics. Sanctuary, a refuge where criminals were safe from the law. Sir W. Scott, in the fortunes of Nigel, well describes the lawless character of this district in the reign of James I. St. Bernard, a celebrated brother of the Cistercian Order, born 1091, died 1153. End of notes on Lesson 27 Notes on Lesson 28 The London Churches St. Augustine was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 597 to convert the heathen English. He was the Apostle of the English and First Archbishop of Canterbury. St. Dunstan, who became Archbishop of Canterbury and died in 988, was not only a zealous priest, but a great statesman and ruler. St. Alphage, an Archbishop of Canterbury murdered by the Danes in 1012 AD. Sighs Lane, a lane in the city near Cannon Street. The Basings, an old city family whose name also survives in the Bassishaw Ward of the city and in Basing Hall Street. Bread Street, turning out of Cheapside, shows where the bakers chiefly dwelt in Old London. John Milton, born 1608, died 1674, wrote Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and some beautiful shorter pieces. Three poets, one, the Greek Homer, reputed author of those noble epics The Iliad and Odyssey, about a thousand BC, two, the Roman Virgil, who wrote the Aeneid, born 70 BC, three, the English Milton, the famous Epitaph, was written by John Dryden. William Tyndall assisted the Reformation by translating the New Testament into English 1526 and part of the Old Testament. He was burnt as a heretic at Filvoida near Brussels in 1536. William Cooper, born 1731, died 1800, the author of the Task and Other Beautiful Poems. End of notes on Lesson 28. Notice on Lesson 29 The Streets. Plantagenet, Henry II, 1154 to 1189, was the first of the line of kings bearing this name, so called from the badge worn by Henry's father, a sprig of broom. Chesle was the Anglo-Saxon for pebble, and Kiesel is the German for the same. The Chesle Beach near Weymouth is a remarkable bank of shingle joining Portland Bill to the mainland. Somerset House in the Strand. The palace of the protector Somerset has been pulled down, and public offices erected on its site. Northumberland House, now demolished, has given its name to Northumberland Avenue near Charing Cross. Southwark to many inns, in particular the Tabard, where Chaucer's pilgrims assembled. Medieval, living in the Middle Ages, that is some time before about 1500 AD. Ironmongers in their lane, that is ironmonger lane, turning out of Cheapside. End of notes on Lesson 29. Notes on Lesson 30, Whittington, Part 1. Mercer, a merchant who sells silken or woollen goods. Executors, those who are appointed to carry out the last will and testament of a dead man. Leventine, in the Levant or eastern part of the Mediterranean. Guinea, on the west coast of Africa. Pizarro, a Spanish adventurer who conquered Peru from its native rulers or incas, and was murdered in his palace at Lima in 1541. A piece of eight dollars, that is about thirty shillings. Assessment, the value put upon hassle property, in order to fix the amount of taxes to be paid. End of notes on Lesson 30. Notes on Lesson 31, Whittington, Part 2. Vintner, a wine-seller. Wycliffe, born about 1324, was a learned theologian and rector of Lutterworth in Leicestershire. For preaching Protestant doctrines, he was summoned to appear at St Paul's to answer a charge of heresy in 1377. John of Gaunt, thus made the second attempt to deprive London of its liberties into charter. Matilda, the opponent of Stephen, had tried long before, but it ended in her overthrow. The Marshal was the commander of the royal forces. To put London under him was to destroy its liberty. This office is hereditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk, and like other royal offices became unimportant when it became hereditary. Men of the peasants, 1381, against overtaxation and being bound to the soil as serfs by their landlords. John Ball, the popular preacher, used to ask, when Adam delved and Eve span, who was then a gentleman? The Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury, had, as Chancellor, proposed the taxes complained of, therefore the peasants murdered him. Descending, repealing of a law. End of notes on Lesson 31 Notes on Lesson 32, Whittington, Part 3 Burning of Heretics and Lollards In 1401, in the reign of Henry IV, an act of parliament was passed for burning heretics. Lollards were those who differed from the church before the Reformation. The name comes from a German word, lollon, to sing, from the custom of these reformers. Mansion House, the official home of the Lord Mayor. The present building was begun in 1739. Previously a house in Cheepside was used for the purpose. Bond, a written obligation binding someone to pay a sum of money. When money was needed the king used to borrow from wealthy citizens and give a bond or promise to repay. St. Michael's Paternoster Royal is in College Hill near Cannon Street. The church was so-called from the Tower Royal, given by Edward III, in 1331, to his Queen Philippa, for her wardrobe. End of notes on Lesson 32 Notes on Lesson 33, Gifts and Bequests Mark, a coin now obsolete, worth thirteen shillings and fourpents. Interdicted, forbidden, prevented. Technical school, where useful and practical arts and trades are taught. Aqueduct, an artificial channel for water. Seven Oaks in Kent. Highham Ferris is a small town in Northamptonshire. End of notes on Lesson 33 Notes on Lesson 34, The Palaces and Great Houses The King-maker Warwick was so-called because he helped Edward IV to become king in 1461, and restored Henry VI for a time in 1470. He was slain at the Battle of Barnet, 1471. Quadrangle, an open court, square with buildings all round it. College of Heralds, a government office under the Earl Marshall, which looks after pedigrees and armorial bearings. Hampton Court, a royal palace begun by Cardinal Woolsey. St. James's Palace, the official residence of the Queen in London, Buckingham Palace being her private residence. Buttery, a storeroom where liquors and other provisions were kept. Baynard's Castle has given its name to one of the city wards. The Duke of Buckingham secured the crown for Richard III, and then, being insufficiently rewarded, rebelled against him, and was executed in 1483. George, Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV, first sided with his father-in-law the Earl of Warwick, then joined his brother in 1471. With justice, therefore, Shakespeare called him false, fleeting, purgant Clarence. He was accused of treason, and found dead in the tower in 1478. End of notes on Lesson 34 Notes on Lesson 35 Amusements A sham fight at which knights mostly on horseback used to show their skill. Twelfth Day Twelve days after Christmas, formerly an occasion of great festivities which have now nearly died out. Moorish Dance A moorish dance to an accompaniment of bells and tambourines. Cressit, a kind of lantern, formed of an open brazier filled with combustible materials. Hemilants, a kind of horse-soldier armed with a short lance. Mummeries, entertainments performed by men in masks. Curfew, the bell rang at eight o'clock at night as a sign to put out all lights. Ancient towns having much wood were liable to serious fires. End of notes on Lesson 35 Notes on Lesson 36 Westminster Abbey Thorny, Isle of Thorns, E.Y. and E.A. meaning Island, as in Anglesey, Chelsea, Wintlesey Precinct, the limit of the ground belonging to a church or other institution. Commissioner appointed to see that the work was carried out. Sir G. Gilbert Scott, born 1811, died 1878, was the greatest modern English architect. Luke Sanctuary, fled for shelter to the Abbey whence she could not be taken without violating the privileges of the church. William Caxton set up in 1476 the first printing press in England. Coronation Chair, under this is the famous Stone, brought from Schoon by Edward I, over which all the Scottish kings had been crowned since about 800 A.D. End of notes on Lesson 36 Notes on Lesson 37 The Court at Westminster Star Chamber Court, in which cases were tried before some members of the Privy Council and two judges without a jury. This was established in 1487 to restore order, because great lords and landowners used to frighten juries from giving true verdicts. Bear and ragged staff, the arms of the Earl of Warwick, consisted of a bear erect and hugging a rough steak. Arras, tapestry for hanging, so called from Arras in the north of France, where it was made. Refectory, the hall where the monks or nuns took their meals. End of notes on Lesson 37 Notes on Lesson 38 Justice and Punishments Executive officers, those whose duty it is to enforce the law. Contrition, repentance. Securities, stocks and shares, papers which can be of no use to the ordinary thief. Bridewell, the site of a prison, now demolished. It adjoined whitefriars, and may be seen in the map to the west of blackfriars. Amande honorable, French, when one who has done wrong gives satisfaction without loss of honour. Pillory, a framework supported by an upright pillar. In it were holes through which the head and hands of offenders were thrust. In this uncomfortable position they had to stand exposed to the insults of the mob. Cogged, loaded so as always to fall in a certain way. Title Deeds, writings drawn up in proper legal form to prove the possession of property. End of notes on Lesson 38 Notes on Lesson 39 The Political Power of London Françard, an early French chronicler or historian who visited England in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II and died in 1401. Besotted with, stupidly and excessively fond of. Commonalty, the common people. Barclay Castle in Gloucestershire where Edward II was murdered in 1327. A son was born, Edward, Prince of Wales, born in 1453. After the Yorkist victory of Northampton in 1460, Edward's claim to the throne was set aside in favour of Richard Duke of York, father of Edward IV. The Prince was slain at the Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471. Benevolences, loans of money supposed to be voluntary, really compulsory, made by merchants and other rich men to the king. Papers, blank checks, orders on the bank for money with all except the amount required filled up and properly signed. Factor, if two times three makes six, two and three are each factors of six, hence it is something which helps to bring about some result. End of notes on Lesson 39 End of notes for Lessons 21 to 39 Author's notes on the history of London, Lessons 40 to 63, recorded Sections 17 to 25. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain, recording by Ruth Golding. The History of London by Walter Besant Notes on Lesson 40, Elizabethan London, Part 1 Stowe, born 1525, died 1605, a famous writer in Queen Elizabeth's reign on the antiquities of London and other places. White Chapel takes its name from a white chapel of ease, built to relieve Stepney, in which parish this district was till 1763. Tenters, pegs the stretching cloths, sometimes hooks were used, from which we get the phrase to be on tenter hooks, to be on a stretch with anxiety. St. Catharines has given its name to the great docks east of the tower. Bull, bear-baiting, the sport of setting dogs to worry bulls or bears. Alsatia, for a vivid picture of this haunt of rogues in the reign of James I, the reader is referred to Sir W. Scott's Fortunes of Nigel. Austin Friars, the space known as Draper's Gardens, because the Hall of the Draper's Company is adjoining, in Throgmorton Street, is on the site of this monastery. Canwick, now Cannon Street, was so-called because the wax-chandlers and candle-makers lived in that part. End of Notes on Lesson 40 Notes on Lesson 41, Elizabethan London, Part 2 William Shakespeare, born 1564, died 1616, the Prince of Poets, who lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Ruins of the Monasteries, which had been suppressed by Henry VIII, in 1536 to 1540. Cold Harbour, a merchant's mansion, once standing on the bank of the Thames in Thames Street. Geneva and Bands, a kind of collar worn by Protestant clergymen, so-called because Geneva, the home of Calvin, was the centre of Protestantism. Palaces along the Strand If you walk along the Strand, you will notice that many of the short streets leading down to the river bear the names of noblemen, such as Arendall Street, Norfolk Street, Salisbury Street, etc., from the old palaces which once stood there. Staples Inn, a picturesque group of old houses in Holburn, was formerly a wall market. Staple means a fixed market. Which street is near Holywell Street in the Strand? Cloth Fair is now a poor neighbourhood near Smithfield. End of Notes on Lesson 41 It's on Lesson 42, Elizabethan London, Part III. Impressment, in the absence of some orderly arrangement such as conscription, where all serve, or a voluntary system like our own, the press-gang used to kidnap people and force them to serve. Animosity, anger, ill-feeling against. The steel-yard, on the side of which Cannon Street Railway Station now stands, was the house of the Hanser merchants. John Collett, Dean of St. Paul's, born 1466, died 1519, was one of the leaders of the revival of learning in England. St. Paul's school, which he founded in 1512, has been moved to Hammersmith. End of Notes on Lesson 42 Notes on Lesson 43, Trade, Part I. Stapels stalled their market, i.e., to buy things before they arrived at the market so as to sell them at a higher price. Lübeck, a large port in North Germany in the Baltic. Staples, originally all kinds of raw produce, came to be applied only to wool. Staples in was once a wool market. Instead of selling our wool, Edward III brought Flemish weavers into England to encourage manufacturers, till then England produced and exported wool to Antwerp and other manufacturing centres, but did not make it into cloth. Hamburg was a member of the Hansiatic League. The screen was presented to the Church of All Hallows, the great Thames Street, in 1710, by the Hansiatic merchants. End of Notes on Lesson 43 Notes on Lesson 44, Trade, Part II. Incubus, something that weighs down and hinders. Religious Wars in the Netherlands, between the Protestant Dutch and the Catholic Spaniards who were oppressing the country through great part of the sixteenth century. Bourse, the same as exchange, where merchants meet to chanceact their business. British wool, in Bruges, because it was much exported thither from England before the growth of home manufacturers. Flemings, the natives of Flanders, who were the chief manufacturers of Europe, long before England took the lead. 14%. The height of this rate may be seen by comparing it with the two-and-a-half percent, which is all England now pays as interest upon her debt. Bethlehem Hospital, corrupted into Bedlam, is still a hospital, but only for the insane. End of Notes on Lesson 44 Notes on Lesson 45, Trade, Part III. Bruges to Civil Wars, that is, the religious wars referred to in Chapter 44. Venetians, before the discovery of the sea-root to India and the East, Venice was the first maritime and commercial power in the world. The route round the Cape of Good Hope was discovered by Vasco de Gama in 1497. Malakas, a group of tropical islands between Celebes and New Guinea, rich in pearls, spices and precious woods. Calicut, the port in Madras, where Vasco de Gama first landed in May 1498. The cotton cloth, called Calico, was first brought thence. Moorish Pirates North Africa has always been a haunt of pirates. In 1816 Lord Exmouth had to bombard Algiers, and even as late as 1860 the European powers had to suppress piracy in Morocco. Dordrecht, a commercial town in the south of Holland, near Rotterdam. The South Sea Company is celebrated above the other trading companies for the great speculation in its shares, called the South Sea Bubble, in 1720. End of Notes on Lesson 45 Notes on Lesson 46 Plays and Pageants Part 1 Mummers, men who played in entertainments masked and in various disguises. Mask, a kind of play in which the actors wore masks. Milton's Comus is a well-known mask of high character. Mystery, a name for a religious play representing some scene from the Bible or scenes from the life of a saint. Admonition, warning. Frescoes, paintings on a wall covered with plaster, done while the plaster is still wet or fresh. Sequence, that is, the connection of one event with another. Properties, the articles used in the play, scenery, dress, etc. Realistic, looking as though they really were the persons represented. Tableau, scene. Lessee, one who rents a theatre or holds it on a lease from the owner. End of Notes on Lesson 46 Notes on Lesson 47 Plays and Pageants Part 2 Pageants, grand shows, processions. Sensors, vessels for burning incense. Conduit, a pipe or channel for leading or conducting water. Cross of Cheap, a memorial erected in the centre of the cheap or market in memory of Queen Eleanor. Jerkins, a kind of jacket often made of leather. Canoply, full armour. Bannerette, a little banner. Blackjack's, leather vessels for holding liquor. Marmsey, a strong sweet wine. Marshall, draw up and arrange. Lord Mayor's show on November the 9th, when the people have an opportunity of welcoming the new Lord Mayor on his entering into office. End of Notes on Lesson 47 Notes on Lesson 48 Plays and Pageants Part 3 Libretto, the words of a mask or play set to music. Scenic, on the stage. Ben Johnson, born 1574, died 1637. A great English playwriter and poet and a friend of Shakespeare. Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, born 1561, died 1626, was Lord Chancellor and a great writer on philosophical subjects. Oberon, the King of the Fairies and husband of Titania, as in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream. Save James, that is, King James I, a piece of courtly flattery due to Johnson's connection with the court. Prince Henry, who is meant by Oberon in the Mask, died in 1612 to the great regret of the people. Phosphorus, Lucifer, the morning star that brings the day. End of Notes on Lesson 48 Notes on Lesson 49 Plays and Pageants Part 4 Gamma, i.e. Old Mother, Gertens' Needle, is a very rough old play about an old woman who lost her needle while mending a pair of breeches, and after accusing every one of stealing it finds it after all in the garment itself. It was written some time before 1560. Gamma, the French grandmaire, grandmother, contracted into Gamma, and then Gamma. Contortionist, one who twists himself into extraordinary attitudes to amuse the public. Octagonal with eight sides. Prologue, the verses spoken before a play to introduce it to the audience. Golden Lane, a street near the Barbican turning out of Alder's Gate Street. Bankside in Southwark on the southern side of the Thames. End of Notes on Lesson 49 Notes on Lesson 50 The Terror of the Plague Part 1 Pretensions, ambitious claims. Wars of the Roses, a civil war lasting 1455 to 1485. In thinking of the loss of life occasioned by this war, it must be remembered that such loss fell most heavily on the noble families, the mass of the population was not so much disturbed by it. Long Acre, a street near Drury Lane, now chiefly occupied by carriage-makers. Delirium, a wandering in the mind caused by fever. End of Notes on Lesson 50 Notes on Lesson 51 The Terror of the Plague Part 2 A record of names of persons who have died. Such records are now accurately kept by the registrars of birth's deaths and marriages. The King, Charles II, who whatever his faults may have been, was at least good-natured and averse to suffering. Samuel Peeps, born 1632, died 1703, was secretary to the Admiralty in the reigns of Charles II and James II. His famous diary gives a graphic picture of life during these reigns. End of Notes on Lesson 51 Notes on Lesson 52 The Terror of Fire Part 1 Coleman Street runs northward from Lothbury, behind the Bank of England, to Moorgate. The name goes back even to Saxon times, and probably comes from one Keolmund, who had a farm near. St. Urkinwald, an early Saxon bishop of London, who encouraged the citizens to restore their ruined city, and himself built the bishop's gate, named after him. His shrine in St. Paul's was long an object of reverence. Paternoster Row, always a great centre of the book trade, it was a row immediately adjoining the precincts of the cathedral before encroachments were made. Naturally, much of the booksellers' wares was religious, Paternoster's, Arvet's, Credo's, etc. Chancell, the east end of a church in which is the altar, separated from the rest of the church by a screen or railings. Latin can celli a grating. Transept, the part of a cathedral projecting on either side. Cathedrals are generally built in the shape of a cross. The transept is the arms of the cross in the ground plan. End of Notes on Lesson 52 Notes on Lesson 53 The Terror of Fire Part 2 Astronomer, one who studies the stars or heavenly bodies John Evelyn, born 1620, died 1706. A gentleman of the reign of Charles II was made one of the commissioners for the restoration of London after the Great Fire. He wrote a diary which is not so amusing as that of peeps. St. Dunstan in the east in Tower Street was the first church restored by Wren after the fire. John Dryden, born 1631, died 1700, one of the greatest English poets. He was a supporter of the House of Stuart and was made poet laureate. Obnoxious Exposed to End of Notes on Lesson 53 Notes on Lesson 54 Rogues and Vagabonds Vagabonds wanderers who have no settled home living, called Wapping Wash or Marsh in the time of Queen Elizabeth when it was first drained and banked in, lies on the north bank of the Thames in Middlesex near the Thames Tunnel. Lambeth, facing Westminster on the south bank of the river, is low-lying, and was called in Saxon times Lamb Highs, meaning low-me or muddy landing-place. On the south bank of the Thames, one mile south-east of St. Paul's, is a centre of the Leather and Wall trade. Rotherhithe, or Redriff, on the south bank of the Thames, lies east of Bermondsey and faces Wapping. The south end of the Thames Tunnel is in Rotherhithe. Stringent, strict, impotent, powerless, unable to work. Stocks, a wooden frame in which the legs of criminals were confined. The Barbican, a street near the site of the Old Alder's Gate. Barbican means defensive works for a gate. Turnmills Street is near Farringdon Railway Station. End of Notes on Lesson 54 Notes on Lesson 55 under George II, Part I, The Wealth of London. Essayists, people who write essays, that is short compositions on any subject. Picture-esqueness, beauty and grace, qualities which might be supposed to make anything a good subject for a picture. Ruffles, pieces of some white material plaited and attached as a frill to the collar and sleeves of garments. Ostentation, making a great show. Puritanism, the more sober style of life and thought introduced by the Puritans, who were a religious party in the times of Elizabeth and the Stewards, and were desirous of a purer and simpler doctrine and mode of living. End of Notes on Lesson 55 Notes on Lesson 56 under George II, Part II. Predecessors, those that went before them. Cruciform in the form of a cross. The ground-plan of many churches is shaped like a cross. St. Stephen's Wallbrook stands behind the mansion-house where the Wallbrook used to flow. Lectureship, the office of a lecturer, one who gives lectures, discourses or, as in this case, sermons. Many was left to pay for these sermons, that is, the lectureships were endowed. Harboring, sheltering. Organisers, those who get up and arrange anything. Haymarket, obviously once a haymarket, is near Trafalgar Square and Coventry Street near Leicester Square. Innovations, novelties, new things. End of Notes on Lesson 56 Notes on Lesson 57 under George II, Part III. Broad Street between the Royal Exchange and Liverpool Street. White Cross Street is near the Barbican Aldersgate Street. White Chapel, in which is Middlesex Street, commonly known as Petticoat Lane, is reached through Aldgate. Hogarth, born 1697, died 1764, a celebrated English painter, chiefly famous for moral, satirical and humorous pictures, drawn from everyday life. Asphalt, a kind of mineral, pitchy substance which melts in heat and can be laid down so as to form a hard, smooth roadway. Vauxhall, in Surrey, in the parish of Lambers, on the south of the Thames, there was once an old manor house here, called Forks or Fox Hall. Hermansy Spa, so-called from a mineral spring, discovered there in 1770. Spa, a place where there is a mineral spring, gets its name from a celebrated watering place in Belgium of that name. Punch, a drink containing five ingredients, water, spirits, sugar, lemon juice, spice. End of Notes on Lesson 57 Notes on Lesson 58, under George II, Part 4 Decorus behaving in a decent and respectable way Appreciation, estimate, judgement about Congregation gathering together Benjamin Franklin, born 1706, died 1790, a native of Boston, USA, who lived for some time in England. As a scientist, he is famous for electrical experiments, as a politician for the share he took in upholding the independence of the American states. Transmission, handing down from father to son. Externally, outwardly. St. Catherine's Ratcliffe, Shadwell, Stepney are all in the East End of London. Jurisdiction, legal authority. End of Notes on Lesson 58 Notes on Lesson 59, under George II, Part 5 Lighters, large boats or barges used in unloading ships. Bleaching grounds, where cloth was laid out to be bleached or whitened by the wind and sun. Hopp Bines, the stalks of hop plants. Transportation, conveying convicted criminals abroad. Till 1869 convicts were sent to Australia, now they are kept in convict prisons at home. Classification, dividing and arranging into classes. In Bezel, to steal something entrusted to one's care. Press Gang, a party of sailors under an officer who forcibly took men to serve in the Royal Navy. Anarchy, absence of rule, disorder. Gordon Riots, in 1780 led by the fanatic Lord George Gordon. The mob raised the cry of no popery on account of a law then proposing to remove hardships from Roman Catholics. Riots and plunder were the real object of the mob. The disorder had to be suppressed by military force. Organised in 1829 by Sir Robert Peale, after whom the members of the force were called Bobbies and Pealers. End of notes on Lesson 59. Notes on Lesson 60, the Government of the City, Part 1. Denominations, religious bodies or sects, the members of which are all called by the same name. Latin, no men, a name.  Community, a people, the public. Achieved, one by effort. End of notes on Lesson 60. Notes on Lesson 61, the Government of the City, Part 2. Symbol of, the representative of, the presence of a policeman as the outward form taken by the law in the eyes of the people. Moat, meeting. Hence, folks moat, meeting of the folk or people. Ward moat, meeting of those living in the same ward or city division. The companies, such as those of the Goldsmiths, Merchant-Taylors, Drapers, etc. Quarter sessions, the sessions or sittings of the law courts in a county or city held every quarter. Archives, public records. Sergeant means servant, officer, here of the law. Ordinarily it is a rank in the army. End of notes on Lesson 61. Notes on Lesson 62, the Government of the City, Part 3. Advocate, argue in favour of. Tenacity, perseverance holding on. Latin, teneo, to hold. Livery, because the members of the different trade companies used to wear a distinguishing uniform or livery. Fletcher's, arrow-makers, French, flesh and arrow. Trust money, money entrusted for a certain purpose for which alone it can be used. Technical, where useful trades and sciences are taught. End of notes on Lesson 62. Notes on Lesson 63, London, Greater London. Conservative, preserving so far as convenient the present state of things. Functions, powers and duties. Reformatory schools, where boys and girls who have committed some crime are sent to be reformed to better ways. Assets, property actually held so that it can be set off against a debt. Democratic, giving power and influence to the people. Oligarchic, giving power and influence to the few. Lawworthiness, right to assist in the making of laws. End of notes on Lesson 63. End of notes for Lessons 40 to 63. End of notes and end of The History of London by Walter Besant. Recording by Ruth Golding.


This is the things that you don't hear about. If a big ol' G get hit, they ain't coming to look for them, they coming to look for me help them. See how this guy ain't belt? So you don't have to know how to avoid these traps and stay in your lane. I don't look at social media. I don't look at nobody's podcast. So whenever I hear whatever going on in social media, WAC 106, 9, Charleston White in this, Mob James in that, I can go and just call or they call me and tell me about it. And then now nobody call me for money, but they'll call me when it's a problem. Wow. See, and that's guilt by association. And that's what happens a lot to me. And I don't know if you just mentioned, Mob James in Charleston was just in Dallas on his podcast and I know you got a phone call. It was because of two different agreements, I mean two different ways that two different people done things. So when I look at it, I know that both of them had good intentions without a shadow of a doubt. But both live two different lifestyles in two different parts of the world. And so when I look at it, I hear all the things and I do, I am on social media. So I do see the comments, you know what I mean? So how do how do you bridge those gaps when two people are trying to do the right thing and you know both of them? Well, let me put it like this once again, I don't look at social media. So when you say what they say it, I don't know what I only can go by. Which ever? No, no, no, no, not what I heard is how somebody treats you. And therefore that makes me an unbiased urban analyst. I got it. Because if I don't know nothing, I can't speak on it. If nobody brought up none of them, I wouldn't know nothing. I don't surf social. I don't even look at my show, whatever I do. I don't go and look twice. Never have. I don't look at nothing twice. Have never looked at no menace to society, have not read toky books, have not read Cody's book. I stay in my lane because usually what they're talking about, I live. But I know the rules to this game. So if I don't know nothing, unless somebody tell me, I might get a call from Ray Shaw. That's Raymond Washington, which I did. Pretty boy got a call. I told them, I got a call. My James got a call. Stag got a call. My big got a call. I can name them on and on about stuff on social media where now's the problem. So if I don't know nothing, that's guilt by association with me. Everybody assume that I look and want to. I ain't got time for that. Every day I'm trying to get a hustle and get something to do to make my mama proud, to stay safe. And I just stay out the way. So I want that to be known. So when you ask me about them, I really can't speak on it because I ain't looked to listen to it. I'm only going by exactly what whoever told me.


Hi, I'm Daniel Borza, a chef here at Hackensack Meridian Health. And I'm David Apostle, a registered dietitian at Hackensack Meridian Health. And we're here at the Johnson Diabetes Center, because we know that holidays can be tough on your diet. So we're here just to share a couple of healthy recipes. Today, we're going to be making cranberry oatmeal cookies. Our first step is to preheat the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Then we're going to spray a large baking sheet with cooking spray, or lined with parchment paper, and we're going to set that aside. In a medium bowl, we're going to mix together brown sugar and oil. You're generally saving yourself about 400 calories by using this blend of brown sugar. Then we're going to add the egg and vanilla, add bananas, and beat well. By combining whole wheat flour, cinnamon, and flaxseed, you're adding additional healthy fats and whole grains. In a large bowl, combine flour, oats, flaxseed, cinnamon, baking soda, and salt. Make a well in the center of dry ingredients, and pour in the egg mixture. Fold wet ingredients into dry ingredients, stir in the cranberries until batter is incorporated.  Then we're going to put in the oven and bake 8 to 10 minutes or until slightly golden on the bottom.