Great engineering managers practice an inclusive management style. What does that mean? And how can you cultivate one? Well, in this episode of the engineering career coach podcast, Jen Bunk, career coach for tech managers is going to tell us exactly how to do it. She's going to list the points that you can use to create and cultivate an inclusive management style with your team. Let's jump right in. All right, and now I'm excited to welcome in our guests, or I should say welcome back our guest for today, Jen Bunk. Jen is a career coach for tech managers and she is the CEO of People Stack. Jen, welcome back to the engineering career coach podcast. Thanks, Anthony. So so awesome to be here today. So for our listeners and our audience that maybe didn't hear the last episode with you and are familiar with what you do, maybe in your own words give them a little bit of a background on, you know, how you spend your days. Yeah. Well, how I spend my days, our mission, my mission and our mission of the People Stack is to help technical managers upgrade their careers, to really walk the path toward whatever it is that their dream career is and that means commanding a premium salary of at least 200k a year if you live in a place, a high cost of living place like, say, San Francisco or the, you know, the Bay Area. It's going to be higher than that. Maybe it'll be a little bit lower in certain parts of the country. But it's really getting paid for the value that you're adding and doing that with with a zen like work-life balance. So that's really what it is that we do. We focus exclusively on coaching technical managers. That's awesome. And you know, like you said, everyone can give some kind of value and I think a lot of engineering managers, technical managers, they, you know, they're giving value, but they're not necessarily getting in what they should in return and sometimes they're just not comfortable making it clear what that value is. And I don't think you need to do it in a way that is, you know, necessarily like they're bragging. But I know even like in my life as a consulting engineer, you know, it was important to kind of let the to let the clients understand the value that we provided to them so that they knew that what differentiated us from maybe other consultants or other engineering companies. And some people are uncomfortable with that. But if you're uncomfortable with that and your competitors are not, then you're kind of going to lose out. So I think what you're doing is very, very important. And I'm really happy you're doing it. So thanks for doing it. Yeah, thanks a lot. All right, so we're going to talk today about an inclusive management style. We're doing a lot of research at EMI. We've identified kind of four key drivers of great engineering managers being an inclusive management style, providing career growth opportunities for their team, interpersonal engagement and the ability to manage projects. And we're going to talk to Jen today. We're really going to touch on two of those, the inclusive management style and interpersonal engagement. We're going to focus a little bit more on the inclusive management style. And so, Jen, let's kind of dive right into this because it is an interesting topic. It's certainly something that listeners out there can start to do in their careers if they want to, you know, kind of create that kind of atmosphere that's much more comfortable for their team. And I know that one of the first things that you like to focus on or kind of enlist the points that we're going to go through is building trust. So maybe we can start with that. Yeah, absolutely. So it has to start with trust. So when I think of inclusive leadership, I think of how do we include everyone who we possibly can.  So if you're an engineering manager and you have a team, that means empowering everyone on your team and hopefully even everyone in your organization to do what it is that they are great at. So you can't do that and you can't create that space for making sure that everyone's included and has their room to shine and show their superpowers. You cannot do that if you don't have trust. So it has to start with building trust. And it's not just a one time thing. That's the other thing that I would add for now that we can talk about this more and unpack it even more. But like, it can't just be one conversation that builds trust. You've got to start somewhere and so it starts usually with one conversation, but it's really about a series of conversations that are going to happen over weeks and months and often years. And that's how trust is built. Yeah, that's great.  I think that with these four key drivers, I mean, we can tell an engineering manager, a technical manager like here for drivers that if you do these things well, you're going to become a great manager. Your team's going to love you. So that's great.  It's more like something that you need to cultivate habits. Like I always tell my kids, build better habits, build better habits, build better habits. So you got to cultivate these habits around these four drivers all the time in your career and all the conversations with your team and all the emails with your team and all the correspondence with clients and different things. And so I think that's an important important thing to highlight here at the beginning of Jen and I's conversation because as we go through some of these different points. These are things that have to just become normal for you that have to just become all the time things and it happens for great managers. It happens even if you go into sports and you look at the teams that tend to win consistently over and over it's because they're building better habits and doing all the right things. So that's something to keep in mind. So Jen, the next point that we want to dive into a little bit is, you know, getting to know your team. Talk about that. Yeah. Yeah. So a lot of times people say, okay, great, I understand that I need to build trust. How do I do that? And there's no, there's no easy way like we just talked about it's about developing those habits and that happens over time. It's really about thinking about your career and building the path to leadership mastery as a marathon. But how you start is with conversations and how you start is really by getting to know every single one of your team members, every single one of the people who you work with. All of the stakeholders, all of the decision makers for the projects that you're working with. And so when I say know them, often what I tell my clients is know them, know them to their bones. And what I mean is like know them, like know their soul, like see the inside of them and enter their world and really understand where it is that they're coming from. And then you even take it to the next level and you say, okay, I can actually even appreciate where they're coming from. Like, because it's one thing to keep an intellectual and say, yeah, I get it. Okay, especially if you've been there before, right, and you've experienced something that they've experienced before or been on a similar project before, or have a similar personality. It's really easy to build trust with people and to know people and to appreciate people who are the same as us and those similar backgrounds and who have been on similar projects as we have or if it's a project kind of project that you've been on before. And that's really easy. The challenge comes when it's people who are different, different backgrounds or maybe there's something new and contextually it's new kind of project or a new kind of challenge to tackle. So it's really then it becomes even more important to really know where everyone is coming from and appreciate that, like really understand who they are as a person, their personality, their beliefs, their values, their experiences, their triggers, like what might trigger them, like the negative and the positive triggers, like what might trigger them to like just be very, you know, to get angry or to get maybe even hostile or aggravated or demotivated. And then also like what are the things that tend to put them in those kinds of states, but then also the positive side of it as well. What gets them motivated, what really gets them in place of joy and I want to do this and let's do this together team. And so that happens over time but the only way that you can really do that is again is through a series of conversations and a series of communicating with people and really asking the questions and listening so that you can really appreciate where it is that they're coming from. Yeah, and again, it's another one of those things as you can see which is a pattern here that you know you have to do on a regular basis you have to continue to do it. You're not going to get to know someone overnight right so you're constantly doing the learning. And another thing that this I think really kind of highlights is one of the bigger challenges of engineers and technical professionals becoming successful managers is the variable that gets thrown in once you become a manager which is people. People are like totally different. It's not like an engineering equation. It's not like a problem you can solve. Every person is different. Everyone acts differently. Everyone has different communication patterns, different responses to different things. And so unless you know people and you get to know people well, you can't learn their different patterns and work with them the best that you can.  And so, you know, to Jen's point, when you get to know people, you can much better manage kind of the relations between you and the different team members and really get the most out of everybody and put people in the best positions to succeed. Which I guess kind of goes in well to our next point, which is making assumptions or not making assumptions. Right. Right. And so sort of dovetail out of this. Like we're talking about, and to tie it back to the larger idea of inclusive leadership. Right. There's no way that you're going to empower others to be their best and make sure that they're actually included as part of this game, as part of this fabulous journey of building whatever it is that you're building together. There's no way that you're going to be able to do that without trust, without really knowing that, and if you make assumptions. Okay. So a lot of the times when clients come to me with challenges or problems, it's not all the time, but there's a pattern that comes up is they're making an assumption about what other people are thinking or feeling. When really the way to kind of solve that problem and just nip it in the bud is just ask, like, I'm curious, why did you say that? You know, I'm curious, why did you make that decision?  Right. And you can go there. Right. And, but you could and that's fine. And you recognize it. We're human. We feel things like fear and anger and disgust sometimes. But to move out of that, a lot of times the best way is just not make an assumption about it and ask the person with curiosity, with compassion, hey, I'm curious why you put this person on the project and not my team member. Because I thought my team member would have been a great fit for this project. That's cool. You know, this other person is going to rock it. It's going to be awesome. But in the future, I'd love for you to consider my team member for this. So can we start a dialogue dialogue about this? Sometimes it's that simple. But like you were mentioning in the beginning, Anthony, that sometimes people feel a little bit weird or don't want to open up these conversations, like especially when it's around like self promotion or anything like that. But anything resembling self promotion or talking about, like even promoting somebody else who's on your team, but it's often about saying and asking the hard thing. That thing that you don't want to ask that person, right, that that thing that you don't want to ask that conversation that you don't want to have is very often the exact conversation that you need to have. Yeah, for sure. And I think that goes into the next point, I guess just to drive it home a little bit more is was asked a lot of questions, which is, you know, kind of what you're framing out there. But I think, you know, this is something, again, that happens consistently. Like if you get into a staff meeting, you know, what happened on this project, we had some trouble, let's talk through it a little bit, tell us, you know, what worked, what didn't work. And you have to keep asking questions. I think one of the challenges sometimes with leaders is that we tend to think like maybe we reached a certain level, which means we know more. More than the people that were leading, but a lot of times they have more answers than us. That's definitely part of it right and that's definitely part of not making assumptions, especially as we get more and more removed from what our team is doing and that just naturally happens as you as you become more and more experienced as a leader. Like it may start to be it's two, three, five, sometimes even 10 or 15 years since you've been doing what they're doing on a daily basis. You're developing as a leader for sure, you're developing leadership skills, but not making assumptions about, you know, the way that something should be done or how it should be built, for example. But it's also about just it's really a key to building that trust is asking for questions than making more statements. And really, like my favorite question to ask if you're like, okay, I want to ask more questions. Can you just give me one. It's why. Because often what's missing from this whole equation of making sure that people are truly included as part of a mission is that there's no mission. And there's no way to include people in a mission if that mission isn't there or if it's not clear. And yes, the onus is on senior leadership to make sure that that mission is there and that mission is clear. But the onus is also on the managers and the team members to if they're not sure what the mission is to ask, right. Why are we doing this. Okay, I get that that's why why are we doing that, like the five wise, you know what I mean. Right. And you can really get to the heart of why am I here in the existential question of why am I here in this seat eight plus hours a day. Like it's not just to build stuff. Right. If there's a larger mission here and if people and if you could help people get connected to that and ask those why questions more often to team members to senior leadership to everyone, then that's also going to create a more inclusive environment as well. Yeah, I totally agree. And I think a big part of an inclusive environment is including your team in the bigger mission or vision of the company or of the project that they're working on. So, if you tell me to go and you know design this roadway or portion of a roadway and I'm doing that all day, three weeks in a row. It can become a not in this, but if I understand that this roadway is going to, you know, get people safely one place to another, whatever the case may be, you know, it takes on a bigger meaning because I'm being included in what the overall picture is. And I know that that's an important part of it ties into a bunch of these four drivers is, you know, connecting people with, you know, the bigger picture of what's what they're working on so that they do feel really a part of that. So I think that that kind of all comes together there. For sure. And then the other thing that I would add on there before we move to the next point is that what a lot of people miss because, you know, folks like you folks like me we talk a lot about organizational mission like know the mission of your organization like why are you going to work? Why do you? Why are you building the things that you're building at the end of the day? But the other thing that I would add to that that so many people miss is what's my mission in my career? What's my individual mission as a leader and knowing that that that's going to help you show up better as a leader and be a more inclusive leader as well because you're going to be able to behave according to that mission and get people on board with that mission as well. And you're going to be more motivated to do better and to always show up as the best that are possible. So that's the other thing that I would add in terms of mission is yes know what your organization's mission is but also make sure you know what your mission is for your career and what kind of leader that you want to be. Yeah great point and that's something too that I can see from managers that can some can fall through the cracks because you're thinking about your projects you're thinking about everything else and you're not thinking about and you're thinking about maybe you are thinking about the bigger mission of the company and you're not thinking about you know what is this person interested in specifically? Where do they? Yeah and the more that we connected get connected with our own missions then that's how we're reminded oh wow people on my team have career missions as well. Like I know one of the things one of the pillars is is about career development right like really making sure that you're talking about the career development of your team numbers so that's going to overlap with this and so if you if you don't really have a sense of how you want to develop your own career and you haven't done that intentionally you're not really going to be able to help somebody else do that. But if you're doing it for yourself and you've been on that path and you've made some mistakes along the way like that's actually even better because then you can help your team to do that as well and be empowered to have the careers and build the careers that they want to build. Yeah which is also goes to a larger point that if you are a manager and you're focused on these four key drivers and you are practicing them your team members are also by habit learning them and they're going to exhibit those drivers and their management styles and they're going to become great managers as well and then you know that's how you cultivate you know a very positive leadership culture throughout an organization it starts with you know the managers building habit. So Jen talk about compassion and empathy and how they're tied into an inclusive manager. Yeah they're tied into it because of trust right. So we started out talking about trust. How do you build an inclusive team and inclusive organization. Well it all starts with trust. How do you build that trust you have to have empathy. And this kind of touches on what I started to talk about before around. Yeah you have to know them you have to understand them. But it has to go beyond. Yeah I get it right. It has to go beyond the intellectual understanding of yes I under I get it. I can give you a five step plan on how to get through this. That's important like that's the strategy and that's the tactics. But when we're talking about empathy it's really about that heart to heart connection feeling their pain. Like literally for a second feeling what it is that they might be feeling because then that's really when you're going to be able to enter their world and say oh wow I don't just get it up here I get it here at my heart as well. And now we can move forward from a place of having that that heart to heart understanding because especially with engineers right engineers and you're super smart right here super motivated. But we live up here most of our day because we have to right because if we make mistakes then then the bridge collapses then then the road isn't built as well as it could be or whatever else it might be. And that's an that's an important part of our jobs as engineers and as people who build stuff right like safety is is important and mitigating and mitigating risk is important. So but that's so that's why we stay up here why we stay up in our heads. But it's really kind of cultivating that that muscle and that habit of learning how to move out of your head and into your heart and having that empathy and having that feeling for for another team person for another team member for another person that that's you know if there's a number two thing that clients comes to me the most with it's you know how do I deal with this person I can't I don't get it right so number one is don't make assumptions. But then number two is really kind of feel what it is that they're going through right like for example a team member might be underperforming right.  And like you might start to get frustrated with them or who knows right there they're underperforming and you just start to blame them and it just it just becomes this this whole thing when so you notice how you might be making assumptions there without having a conversation with them but when you do have the conversation about OK you're not performing up to party or what's going on. It's really about listening to them and understanding where it is that they're coming from. Now I'm not saying to make excuses for anyone like we have performance standards that we want to meet right and it's about getting them back up to those performance standards. Like for example they may be going through something at home like maybe their mom just died and they didn't and they didn't tell you and you don't know that.  But let's say let's say something catastrophic happened in their family and they're in their dealing with something outside of work. You want to create that space for them to be able to share that with you. And then you could say OK I'm going to give you a couple of days off so that you can go grieve and spend some time with your family. My heart goes out to you and then you can you can come back after a couple of days. And so we can all sort of experience that and feel that in our hearts because even if you haven't experienced that exact thing. We have that capability as humans to have that hard to our connection. So that's what the empathy is really about. Yeah and I think while empathy can be difficult and you need to really practice it. I do think that what engineers have going for them often is that in most cases they've been through the engineering ranks like the people on their team are going through now. So they kind of do have somewhat of an understanding what they're going through in terms of the career ladder and what they're dealing with on some of the projects and with some of the clients and some of the stressors involved in that. Which I think for me was always helpful in management as an engineer because you know I felt like in those ways I could relate. But I agree with Jen and that getting to know them also more in the personal side will help you even more with that because you'll be able to relate to some of their other situations and circumstances. So that's very helpful. So our last point here Jen before we jump into our take action segment is talking about controlling people what we can and can't do talk about that a little bit. Yeah. One of the things so if we're talking about inclusive leadership and really the larger larger goal here is how can I be the best leader I can possibly be how can I show up as that superhero leader. And make the largest impact that I possibly can. And one of the larger concepts that often comes up when people ask questions around this is control. And often where people get stuck is they're focusing on things that they cannot control. Oh my God. My boss is hasn't given me a promotion right I've tried and tried and tried for the last three six nine months two years my boss just won't give me a promotion. And if you focus on it from that perspective and have that internal dialogue going on what you're focusing on is in the way that you're looking at it is what you can control. Because at the end of the day. Let's just say in this case it would be your boss's decision whether or not to give you that promotion.  But instead you can focus on what we can control which is how we show up. So what we can control is how we respond to other people. So yes your boss may say I'm not really sure there's still a few more skills that need to you need to get upgraded before you before you get a promotion. So you can choose in that moment to play the blame and shame and how dare you game. But if you do that then you're focusing on what you can control. But if you say OK I get it there's still a few skills there's still a little bit more measurable impact that I need to give and show in these areas what can I do how can I show up. So like that's one bigger example that has much more higher stakes potentially higher stakes results there. But even if it's just like I don't know someone someone like blows you off or something like like you're supposed to meet with them. You're supposed to meet them at 10 o'clock and you're sitting there and you're like where's where's Jane like Jane's supposed to meet with me. If you play the blame and shame game. Oh my god. Jane's always late. I can't believe she's such she's so terrible. How can she do this to me. But like you can't control whether or not James on time like that's James choice. Poor Jane. If there's James out there we love you. But instead you can say all right gee. I wonder what's going on like again turn on that compassion and that empathy. I hope James okay. I hope everything's okay. And then just focus how you can respond in that moment. All right. Cool. I got I can spend 15 minutes I can I can respond to some slack and messages I can respond to some emails and if she's not here in 15 minutes I can just decide that she either forgot about it or something else came up. So it's focusing on what we can control versus what we can't we can control other people. We can control our reactions and how we show up. Yeah that's awesome and I'm actually rereading this book that I like a lot right now called Zen and the art of happiness by Chris Prentice and there's a great line in the book where he says stress is not doesn't come from the events that happen to us they come from how we respond to those events. That's how stress is created so you know exactly to your point you know something happens to you inevitably especially in the world of engineering on engineering projects things happen all the time. And you know the way that you respond to those will have a major impact in terms of your success overall. Absolutely. Certainly interact with people too. Yeah. And then the other thing that I would stack on top of that is there's a difference between reacting and responding.  Right. Like when when the doctor hits your knee it's going to it's going to there's going to be a reaction it's almost physiological. And that to a certain extent we may not be able to control that because we're human we feel things right we can't always control what it is we're going to feel in a given moment. So it's like allowing yourself to have that reaction of yeah I feel angry I feel sad I feel worried I feel fearful I'm scared like allowing that sitting with it for a moment. Giving it a label like yeah I'm scared. I don't know if I can swear or not but right but like I'm really scared out of my mind right now. And then you can choose how you respond to that right that's what we have control over we can then say alright I can respond to this fear and like curl up into a ball and cry and like never come out of it right. Or I could say alright the fears there. Why is the fear there. How can I turn that fear into an opportunity. Or whatever it is you know so it's it's really like distinguishing between the reaction that knee jerk like gut reaction that we're going to feel because we're human and then what happens in the five to 30 seconds after that and how we respond. Right and and I know probably a lot of listeners are thinking like well that's impossible everyone's going to have that like knee jerk reaction but what I found myself and just working on this specifically is that. It is again the cultivation of a habit it's a mindset actually you're changing your mindset so that when you when things happen you there's like a little bit more space for you to. You know respond and say like okay let me think about this maybe there's something really great that I could take out of this as opposed to not so. It's again none of this stuff is easy if it was everybody would be doing it so the idea the idea between Jen and I having a conversation here is to bring some points out that you can try to work on if they work for you integrate them into your management style. Yep. So with that Jen's going to stick with me we're going to come back in a minute we're going to wrap this one up with our take action today segment and give you something actionable that you can take and try to become a little bit more inclusive in your style. All right we're back with Jen Bonk Jen is a career coach for tech managers and CEO of the people stack and today we're talking about. An inclusive management style which we found to be one of the four key drivers of successful engineering managers. Real quick I just want to recap some of the points that Jen ran through here and then we're going to wrap it up with you and give you something that you can do immediately. Jen talked about you know building trust with your team members is something that you have to do all the time not just something that you're doing every so often you need to build that trust with them to really get to know them. You know kind of enter into their world so that you can you know build that kind of level of engagement and then inclusive management style don't make assumptions. You know that's something you need to ask and flush things out as opposed to making assumptions and in terms of asking ask a lot of questions because the more information you can get. Then you can have that inclusive style you don't have to guess at things and have people think you're not you know connected with them necessarily. Jen talked about compassion and empathy really putting yourself in your team member shoes if you want to become inclusive and include them in things you need to understand how they think and what they're going through. And then lastly we talked about controlling what you can control you can't control what other people do necessarily but you certainly can control the way you respond to it and so kind of cultivating that mindset so. All great stuff Jen what we want to do now is give our listeners maybe one thing they listen to this and they're maybe on their way into work they're on the bus on the train on their commute and they get there they want to start to be more inclusive what can they do. Ask more questions. Ask more questions and the statements right so take a look and it and be more mindful of. Okay what I just said there was that a question or was that a statement and set a goal that any given day you are going to ask more questions than making statements. Because when you ask questions then that allows you to then build trust and get some no people and make assumptions and empathy for people and control what you can control. It gives you that that perspective that you're not going to have if you didn't ask very often we get into statement making mode so that's what I would challenge everybody to do is get out of statement making mode and ask more questions. Awesome. And again that is something you can do today when you get to the office you know you get into a staff meeting in a conversation with someone. Ask some questions and to Jen's point you do have to be careful because sometimes we go into it saying we're going to ask more questions but we start asking a question we end up with a statement like we ended up saying something so. All of these things all of these things are things that you what you need to just do is be aware of them right changing anything begins with awareness and if you if you catch yourself and say okay I'm making a statement instead of a question let me make an adjustment. As long as you can stop yourself you can make that adjustment and I think that's what management's all about it's continually improving continuous improvement refining your tools your strategies the actions you take. And if you keep working on it there's no doubt that you can develop these four key drivers are developing each one of them and I think the inclusive one is important because it ties in closely with some of the other ones like we talked about the engagement. Providing career growth right they're kind of very layered together so. Jen thank you again for coming on the podcast for a second time we're really taking advantage of all of your your insight here and we do appreciate it and how you really laid those out for people. And real quick before we let you go if our listeners want to learn a little bit more about you and some of the programs or the coaching that you offer what's the best way for them to do that. You can check out our website it's thepeoplestack.com awesome Jen thanks so much for your time we appreciate it. Yeah thanks Anthony had a great time. I hope you enjoyed this episode please leave your comments and or questions in the comments section below this video. Also if you'd like to view the full show notes for this episode visit engineeringmanagementinstitute.org or see the link in the video description. There you will find the key points discussed in today's episode as well as links to any of the resources websites or books mentioned during the episode. Until next time I wish you the best in all your engineering career endeavors.


Hello, beautiful soul. It's great to see you again. Today, I've got another special Breath of Life video for you. After the last video did so well and so many people started loving themselves and trusting and honoring and valuing themselves, it seemed to make sense that we really should take this to the next level and create some waves of transformational healing that we can do with the breath of life. In addition to just affirming things to your heart, it's also really good for moving strong waves of energy into your body. And so this video here today is a seven-minute energy reset.  In addition to that, at the very beginning, we will invoke my Merkaba as an extra field of support for you. Now in the past, some people were expressing in the comments that the last video seemed like the exhale seemed a little bit short. And so the animation has been updated to reflect a more smoother flow that should be better for everybody. Thank you so very much and let's begin. Now this Merkaba is one that I have been working with for several months now and I offer it to you freely to use for yourself, too. It's very very simple. Before we do our breathing, simply allow these keywords to resonate within you. Truth, love, authenticity, gratitude, faith, kindness, peace, wisdom, harmony. Now you're invited to take a moment and just become clear with what it is that you're bringing in today. What is it that you want the breath of life to help you anchor into your heart? Take a moment to consider this now. Awesome. Okay, are you ready to begin? Without further ado, let's breathe. Congratulations, you completed it. Take your time to just breathe gently. Be very present with your body. I want you to know that you've done yourself an incredible service here today. And so as you're now starting to come out of the meditation, you can slowly start to wiggle your fingers or toes if you haven't before or stretch your neck and start to come out of this practice and know that you are so loved and honored for doing this work. On behalf of all of our higher selves, thank you for showing up for yourself in this meditation today. If you feel it in your heart, you can also take a moment to share this meditation with someone that you love, someone that you think could use the benefits that it brought you. And thank you very much again for taking the time to work on yourself. With all of that said, there's one more thing that I want to tell you now. Next week, starting on August 1st, we are going to be holding a week of breath work inside of Spirit Mysteries. Every single day, there will be several opportunities to do group guided breath work with us as a community and everyone's invited. In fact, we have a 14-day free trial that is available right now. Come and experience Spirit Mysteries for two weeks to see what kind of magic happens here. The trial will also encompass August 8th and we'll be doing a big group community meditation together on that day as well. So if you're interested in joining the breath work challenge and putting yourself through a week of transformational breathing together with a community and completely free, please use the link below and sign up for the 14-day free trial and we'll see you in Spirit Mysteries and create massive waves of healing together.


Hello, I'm Ines Tenenbaum, Chairman of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. In my first hours as chairman, I spoke frankly to families and consumers across the country. I said that as the leader of this important safety agency, I was committed to creating an open and transparent CPSC. We have kept our word, but now we're taking our commitment even further with the launch of CPSC 2.0. CPSC 2.0 is all about letting you know what's going on at CPSC and gives you an opportunity to participate in the safety discussion. I am very excited to announce that you'll find us on a new CPSC blog site we're calling On Safety. You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Flickr. These are terrific tools that I plan to use frequently to keep you up to date on what's happening on issues that affect you directly. These sites are for the moms, dads, grandparents, and others who want to protect themselves, their home, and those that they care about. I'll do my best to keep you up to date by posting here frequently. You'll also see on our new site a video series, The 60 Seconds of Safety. If you have a minute to spend with us, you may learn something that will keep you safe for a lifetime. I also want to hear from you. I want to know what's working for you in keeping your family safe and if there's something you'd like to see on this site. CPSC stands for safety, especially the safety of children. Together we can take safety to the next level.


Okay, welcome to our practical approach to one thing and one thing only today, menisci. So I'm starting out with exactly what I said I wasn't going to do, a slide. You know, this is not meant to be didactic. It's meant to be an interactive experience so that you really understand how to talk about, not talk about, menisci. But I have to have some just basic framework of anatomy and here it is. So I made this simple diagram and on your, on your left is a kind of a broader half circle and on your right is sort of a tighter C-shaped circle. The one on the left happens to be the medial meniscus, your left. The one on your right is the lateral meniscus. This part of the meniscus actually attaches down into the screen. That's called the root ligament. We can't see that. But this is the meniscus root. Here's the front root. There's the back root. And then the rest of this is the anterior horn and we'll keep it simple. The front third is the anterior horn. The middle third is the body. The posterior third is the posterior horn. Once again, these are the roots attached by ligaments. The menisci are also attached out peripherally by the capsule. Some tighter than others. In fact, the medial side has a tighter attachment than the lateral side. That's why it's more prone to certain types of menisco-capsular injury. And the same rules apply here. A third, a third, and a third for anterior horn body and posterior horn with attachment on the outside. Now on the inside, the free edge of the meniscus is not attached. It's like the wingtips of a manta ray. It's just floating in synovial fluid. And sometimes it'll get a little bunched up or squished. And when it does that, it looks a little funny, especially when there's synovium. That is the normal phenomenon and pitfall known as meniscal flounce. And we're going to see it. Now the meniscus is also divided up into thirds. An inner third, a middle third, and an outer third. And in every meniscal tear, we want to comment on that because the tears that occur here, you should almost never ever operate on. They're all going to heal well enough on their own, better than they would do if somebody manipulated them or cut them out. The ones in the middle, kind of maybe yes, maybe no, but usually not surgical candidates. The ones on the inner free edge, those are the ones that are more likely to require surgical intervention. And these areas are also known as the red-white zone in the middle, the red-red zone on the outside, and the white-white zone on the inside in orthopedic parlance. Now this next slide, and this will be the last slide before we go into cases, demonstrates the meniscus in cross-section. And you might have noticed in the last slide there are some different colors in there, and I don't really care about those too much. But the bottom line is, within the meniscus, there is specialized anatomy that conducts synovium from the joint to the outside. So there is a pathway of flow, I can draw it for you, see if it'll let me, there's a pathway of flow that goes this way. Notice it goes right along this purple and yellow anatomy, and that persistent flow along these bands of collagen that live inside the meniscus represents the normal intrameniscal signal, which you now see is not present in the inner third, as depicted by this purplish area, starts around the middle third, depicted by the yellow, and then kind of breaks off into two bundles, one here and one there, kind of makes like a little fork, or a couple of bunny ears, if you turn it straight, upside, right side up, and those bunny ears are normal. They should be relatively faint. They should never be equal to or brighter than a highland cartilage. They should never go all the way back to the capsule. They should never go up and down. They should never have complex character. They should have exactly what I've drawn here, this gently sloping character. Now, a lot of your colleagues will refer to these signals in different ways. You'll hear them call contusions, you'll hear them called degeneration, you'll hear them called mixoid change, you'll hear them called cysts, and each one of these has an appropriate setting where it's to be used. But let's give an example. You're fresh out of training, and you call the signal in the meniscus in a 32-year-old otherwise healthy girl that just ran three miles, meniscal degeneration, but the rest of her knee looks fine. Why in the world would you use the term degeneration? She has no DJD. Her meniscus is of normal size. She just ran three miles. It is a silly term to use in that setting. Or if I hear degeneration in the 13-year-old, what 13-year-old has a degenerated meniscus? Nobody, except maybe somebody with a discord meniscus. This is silly stuff. This is like saying, let's give all the banks any of the rules they want. That's silly stuff. Let's stop doing silly stuff. And your job, your primary job, is to save the whales, save the menisci. The slightest amount of trimming in the meniscus, change the knee dynamics forever for that person's entire life. It is a total game changer. So the worst thing you can do is call something that is not there.


Hello, and welcome to the session on sliding window protocols. At the end of this session, student will be able to describe various terminologies related to sliding window protocols. In the elementary protocols, data frames were transmitted in one direction only. In most practical situations, there is a need to transmit data in both directions. One way of achieving full duplex data transmission is to run two instances of one of the elementary protocols, each using a separate link for simplex data traffic in different directions. Each link contains a forward channel for data and a reverse channel for acknowledgments. In both cases, the capacity of the reverse channel is almost entirely wasted. The reverse channel normally has the same capacity as the forward channel. A better idea is to use the same link for data in both directions. In this model, the data frames from A to B are intermixed with the acknowledgement frames from A to B. By looking at the kind field in the header of an incoming frame, the receiver can identify whether the frame is data or an acknowledgement. Although interleaving data and control frames on the same link is a big improvement over having two separate physical links. Yet another improvement is possible. When a data frame arrives, instead of immediately sending a separate control frame, the receiver restrains itself and waits until the network layer passes at the next packet. The acknowledgement is attached to the outgoing data frame using the ACK field in the frame header. In effect, the acknowledgement gets a free ride on the next outgoing data frame. The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgments so that they can be hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is known as piggybacking. The principal advantage of using piggybacking over having distinct acknowledgement frames is a better use of the available channel bandwidth. The ACK field in the frame header costs only a few bits, whereas a separate frame would need a header, the acknowledgement and a checksum. In addition, pure frames send generally means a lighter processing load at the receiver. The piggyback field costs only one bit in the frame header. It rarely costs more than a few bits. However, piggybacking introduces a complication not present with the separate acknowledgments. That is, how long should the data link layer wait for a packet on which to piggyback the acknowledgement? If the data link layer waits longer than the send or timeout period, the frame will be retransmitted, defeating the whole purpose of having acknowledgments. If the data link layer could foretell the future, it would know when the next network-like packet was going to come in and could decide either to wait for it or send a separate acknowledgement immediately, depending on how long the projected wait was going to be. The data link layer cannot foretell the future, so it must decide a scheme such as waiting a fixed number of milliseconds. If a new packet arrives quickly, the acknowledgement is piggybacked on it. Otherwise, if no new packet has arrived by the end of the time period, the data link layer just sends a separate acknowledgement frame. Before going further, pause the video for some time and find the answer. Once you have done this, you may resume the video. A technique in which acknowledgement is temporarily delayed and then hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is known as dash. Option A, back, option B, piggybacking, option C, waiting, option D, none of these. The answer is B, piggybacking. The bidirectional protocols that belong to a class called sliding window protocols are one-bit sliding window protocol, go-back-end protocol, selective repeat protocol. In all sliding window protocols, each outbound frame contains a sequence number ranging from 0 up to some maximum. The maximum is usually 2 raised to n minus 1, so the sequence number fits exactly in an n-bit field. The stop and wait sliding window protocol uses n equal to 1, restricting the sequence numbers to 0 and 1. But more sophisticated versions can use an arbitrary n. The essence of all sliding window protocols is that, at any instant of time, the sender maintains a set of sequence numbers corresponding to frames it is permitted to send. These frames are said to fall in sending window. Similarly, the receiver also maintains a receiving window. Corresponding to the set of frames it is permitted to accept. The sender's window and receiver's window need not have the same lower and upper limits or even have the same size. Although these protocols give the data link layer more freedom about the order in which it may send and receive frames, but not dropped the requirement that the protocol must deliver packets in the destination network layer to the destination network layer. In the same order, they were passed to the data link layer on the sending machine. The physical communication channel is wire-like. That is, it must deliver all frames in the order sent. The sequence numbers within the sender's window represent frames that have been sent but are not yet acknowledged or the frames which can be sent. Whenever a new packet arrives from the network layer, it is given the next highest sequence number and the upper edge of the window is advanced by one. When an acknowledgement comes in, the lower edge is advanced by one. In this way, the sending window continuously maintains a list of unacknowledged frames. Since frames currently within the sender's window may be lost or damaged in transit, the sender must keep all these frames and its memory for possible retransmission. Thus, if the maximum window size is n, the sender needs n buffers to hold the unacknowledged frames. If the window ever grows to its maximum size, the sending data link layer must forcibly shut off the network layer until another buffer becomes free. The receiving data link layer's window corresponds to the frames it may accept. Any frame falling within the window is put in the receiver's buffer. When a frame whose sequence number is equal to the lower edge of the window is received, it is passed to the network layer and the window is rotated by one. Any frame falling outside the window is discarded. In all of these cases, a subsequent acknowledgement is generated so that the sender may work out how to proceed. Note that a window size of 1 means that the data link layer only accepts frames in order. But for larger windows, this is not so. The network layer in contrast is always fed data in the proper order, regardless of data link layer's window size. Figure 1 shows an example with a maximum window size of 1. Figure 1a shows that initially no frames are outstanding, so the lower and upper edges of the sender's window are equal. But as time goes on, the situation progresses as shown in the next slide. Unlike the sender's window, the receiver's window always remains at its initial size, rotating as the next frame is accepted and delivered to the network layer. Figure 1b shows that the first frame has been sent, sending window points to sequence number 0 because it is waiting for an acknowledgement. The receiving window points to sequence number 0 because it is waiting for frame with sequence number 0. Figure 1c shows that after the first frame has been received, receiver window is rotated by 1 and is pointing to sequence number 1. But still sending window is pointing to sequence number 0 because it is waiting for acknowledgement to be received. Figure 1d gives the picture after the first acknowledgement has been received. Sending window is rotated and receiving window is pointing to sequence number 1. In this video, we have seen the basics of sliding window protocols. Thank you.


Hello everyone and welcome back to another video. In this week's video we're going to be looking at conditional formatting But how to use formulas in order to generate the conditional formatting Rules or criteria should we say? For that we've got a table you can see on the left-hand side here So we've created a scenario of a movie rental So you can see what a list of movie titles and you can see the start date Someone obviously took the start at the rental of the film and then the end date And we want to compare this end date to today's date what you can see here in row six So you can identify all of those films that are currently Overdue so they're either sort of the date is past when they meant to bring it back And we want to highlight the ones that we need to now chase these people up about So in order to do so we're going to use conditional formatting But ultimately we're going to be using a simple formula to identify true or false What ones are either overdue or actually they're still fine to continue When using formulas with conditional formatting, there is a couple of rules that we need to abide by This is ultimately that the formula we use must evaluate to either a true or false result or the numeric equivalence, which is one and zero or Ultimately if we're going to be using a formula what evaluates to a number If it generates a positive or a negative number It will be treated as true and if it evaluates to zero then it will be treated as false So it's just another little criteria just to let you know So if it's going to generate a number from your formula if it's a positive or a negative number So basically anything other than zero it will be true, but if it's zero it will be evaluated to false and then therefore Perform the criteria that you require First thing we're going to do is just enter our formula here into column E Just so you can see what it looks like and make sure the formula is working before we add it to the conditional formatting All we're going to do is simply do equals End date is less than or equal to two days date And that is the formula one thing we need to do is just check our references here So we just need to do an absolute cell reference to our today's date in row six here Just to make sure that it's not going to be changed Obviously as you drag this formula down to do so all we need to do is just hit F4 once selected that C6 for in our example here Hit enter and it carries on as normal So we'd copy that down and we can see we've got a range of true and false answers So we just can check that yes. So the ones we've got false It's given us end dates that are in excess of today's date and therefore they haven't yet exceeded their end date So they're still fine and we don't need to worry about chasing any of those people So we can jump straight in to the conditional formatting now that we know the formula is working as intended To do so we need to and this is a key part to remember Because we want to apply our formatting to the entire row and so that these ones here where it says True we know that these overdue. We don't want to just highlight this one date We want to highlight all that reference all that row relative to that date So that we've got a clear indication of all the information that is now overdue to add the conditional formatting What we now need to do is make sure we selected the whole Table or whole range we wish to apply formatting to so in this example You can see up pretty much selected the whole table minus the headings at the top there We're then going to go into conditional formatting and we're going to go into new rule And then use a formula to determine which cells to format So in in here, this is where I can now enter the formula over quiet So for us, it's going to be equals and my sub first cell is going to be D 9 I want to see where that is less than or equal to our today's date which is in C 6 So this is obviously the basic we've put in there But what we need to now do is ensure we've got correct Absolute and relative cell references applied to our formula and by that I mean we need to ensure that C 6 that we're going to always be looking at this today's date So in order to do so, we just need to highlight and do f4 and You can see by hitting it once it gives us dollar signs to make sure we're absolutely on the column and the row reference So that's great We always want to be referencing this in regards to comparing against today's date But in regards to D 9, we always want to be obviously looking at this column of D So yes, we want to lock that but we don't want to lock the row So as this formula comes down, we obviously want to be looking at each row independently So that it can do the evaluation on if that end day is Less than or greater than then today's date. So for this one, all we need to do is F4 once twice gets you on to the row and then the third time means we're then locking that column D And then that is our formula that we require for this conditional formatting The last thing to do is just add a color of choice So we can format based on when this evaluates and then we can go into maybe that pink there Select okay, we get back to this page here. So we can make sure all validating happy Select okay one more time and you can see we've now got the formatting applied to those rows Where the movie title is now overdue and we can quickly validate that against this simple formula We put in in the first place. So all the ones will have evaluated to true We can see yes that day is indeed true because it is less than or equal to today's date And we can just cast the eye down there and we can see that all of these are actually past dates Apart from this one actually in row 15 We can actually see that the 12th of June. So it's actually today's date So this one is you could say it's overdue because today has been reached But you might also want to say okay. Well, it should be arriving back today So it's not quite overdue in that sense Last thing to remember to do is just remove this column E here just so that we you know Just tidy up the page and then we can go we've got our nice tidy and completed table So I hope you enjoyed that video and it gave you an insight into using formulas with your conditional formatting If you do have any questions at all, please just leave a comment below this video And I'll get back to you as soon as I can Also as an addition We've got some films there if you've seen one of these films and you suddenly think I really like that film I'm not gonna go watch it because of this video again Why not drop us a comment? It'd be great to hear if you actually have been inspired to watch one of these films based on today's video Lastly if you did enjoy today's video Please don't forget to give the video a like and also if you are new or use as your repeat viewer of our channel Please do remember to subscribe to the channel and hit that bell notification button so you're notified of all of our future videos Thank you very much for watching and I'll see you in the next video Before you go, don't forget to check out the other videos on our channel Or you'll see everything from other functions and formulas through to tips and tricks We've also created some playlists so you can see these categorized together So make sure you check those out and get all those useful information And obviously as always don't forget to subscribe and hit that bell notification button


we said that the original internet protocols didn't support security so people have created some add-ons and they can be used at different layers in our protocol stack. We can have the add-ons inside the application so add the encryption to the application so it encrypts the data as it generates it or inside the operating system so the operating system does the encryption and there's two modes really that inside the transport layer using an extension of the transport layer and a common one is called TLS but also called SSL so don't get confused when I say TLS or SSL I generally mean the same thing they just it was originally called SSL but as the versions changed it became TLS but in this context we mean the same so at the transport level or at the network layer level that is encrypt the IP datagram or at least the data inside the datagram using IPsec or the fourth case which we finished on last week was at the link level used the link technology to encrypt and different link technologies support encryption especially wireless and we went through using this example topology and protocol stacks to show that with application level security we get end-to-end encryption but we must as the application developer deal with that security make those security mechanisms so there's some complexity for the application developer some systems support that so secure shell is one that you've used on a regular basis but there is others as well or at the transport level where the application developer doesn't have to worry about the implementing encryption and other security mechanisms they use a library usually that comes with your operating system or comes with an application and that library usually implements TLS or SSL one such library open SSL but it only works for one transport protocol so it's not as generic as some of the others but still end-to-end encryption which is good HTTPS is the best known example of that HTTPS simply is normal HTTPS using TLS then we said at the network layer there's IPsec also can provide end-to-end encryption which is good and it encrypts everything whether it's UDP or TCP whatever the transport protocol is being used the data is sent to IP and then IPsec encrypts that so it doesn't matter which transport protocol we're using doesn't matter which application layer protocol we're using if it's HTTP traffic email instant messaging it still can be encrypted with IPsec so it's the most general of the three solutions so that's good it's good because it can be end-to-end it's bad big the problem with it is that it often involves the end user on the host where we run IPsec host A and host B to do some configuration set up the security parameters so that they can communicate between the hosts so that makes it not very convenient for many common applications so it's not widely used in this mode we did look at also Wi-Fi encryption we looked at the case where we could use encryption just across a link good as they encrypt everything whether it's UDP or TCP IP version for IP version six doesn't matter it's encrypted as it's sent by the network device the problem is it only applies to that single link it doesn't give us end-to-end security so it only has limited purpose so that the four main solutions but we said IPsec is not so common use for this end-to-end encryption but it is slightly more common for other setups and we saw when you look in your mobile phone under the VPN settings there is an option to use IPsec and that's where IPsec and some other technologies are used and we'll show them in the next couple of slides and the next topic will return to this issue of VPNs so we say that network level security IPsec and even others is commonly used in what we say tunneling mode what does tunneling mode mean change the proxy have you covered it in maybe Dr. Comet's course maybe maybe not we'll define it but we'll you you've seen tunnels talked about we'll define it shortly but first let's look at an example and make it reasonably clear I hope here's our same topology as before but in this example we're going to use IPsec on my host my computer my laptop for example and instead of having a running on host B we will run IPsec as another endpoint let's say on router y so the idea here is that when my host A sends its IP datagrams IPsec will encrypt the data but instead of sending it encrypted all the way through to host B we send it encrypted all the way through to router y router y which is running IPsec decrypts what it receives and then takes that plain text data and sends it normally to the final destination host B so the red line highlights the the path for which the data is encrypted using IPsec first thing I think you will note we don't have end to end encryption between host A and host B the entire path does not use encryption and that's a disadvantage here because if an attacker intercepts the traffic between router y and host B the traffic is not encrypted so that's a security flaw it's only encrypted from the router to host A why would we do this then as opposed to the previous version of our application of IPsec where we had it from host to host why would we run IPsec from host to router if it gives us less security what advantage does it give us what's what was the problem with IPsec again what what what did we say the problem was have a look on the slides it may say that is in the the end-to-end application of IPsec it's good from a security perspective because we have encryption all the way what's the problem with it it usually requires some manual or some support the IPsec features need to be available and some manual configuration in the endpoints in the hosts so if that's the case where IPsec is used there's a manual configuration necessary how can this case host to router application of IPsec be better than the previous one what's the advantage here the you the user at the recipient host B's endpoint doesn't need to configure IPsec the administrator of the router needs to configure IPsec but not the user of host B well does that make much difference it does if there are many hosts inside this subnet let's say router Y is the router for for SIT and the hosts inside SIT there are hundreds if not thousands so we don't need to configure IPsec on every individual host inside the subnet we configure IPsec on the one router for SIT and the external the host a in this case yes we still need to configure IPsec here but internal or the the destination network it's much simpler it's just on one device that covers the entire network so that's the the trade-off that arises in this approach we no longer have end-to-end encryption we have a potential area of compromise between router and host B that's a negative but the advantage is that we no longer need to configure IPsec on every individual host inside this network we can configure it once on the router it doesn't have to be done by you or the end user it's done by the network administrator who should have more knowledge of how to set it up correctly and in many practical cases encrypting from host A through to the router maybe secure enough because often let's say the router is that for SIT often we may trust the network internally so all the traffic between the SIT router and the SIT hosts like my office computer and so on we assume an attacker cannot intercept that because they must come into SIT and physically access our cables to intercept so we consider this portion of the path from Y to B more secure but from SIT's perspective outside of router Y that is out on the internet we don't trust therefore we use encryption across that part of the path and that's where IPsec has a larger larger rolling being used in the internet and not just IPsec there are other protocols that do similar how how is it done so that's the advantage here but how is it achieved I try to capture with these packets so not draw them again slightly different from what I drew before but just to make the packets easier or quicker to draw this is the IP datagram this is the data and the source address is A and the destination address is B right we're sending from host A to host B so this is what the IP datagram originally looks like from A to B and some data inside whether it's TCP UDP or some or doesn't matter what application but what IPsec does when we've configured it in this mode is it takes that original IP datagram encrypts it all and puts another IP header on the outside and we see that down the bottom the original IP datagram going from A to B and the data is all encrypted but an additional IP header is attached and the source IP address is A and the destination is router Y the endpoint of the IPsec security connection as a result we send this datagram it's still an IP datagram with a normal IP header we send it through the internet via our Wi-Fi someone intercepts it over my home Wi-Fi network what do they see well they don't see my data they see it's going from A to Y they don't see the transport layer because it's encrypted so they don't know if I'm using HTTP or some other protocol they do know A and Y are communicating and as it goes through the internet similar someone on the internet that intercepts cannot see the data they cannot see it's destined to B but they can see it's destined to Y in the outer header this datagram gets to router Y which is the other endpoint of the IPsec connection and as the endpoint what it does is it removes because it's the destination Y it removes the outer header decrypts the inner part and what do we get we get the original IP datagram and send that onto B so as Y receives this encrypted IP datagram it realizes on the destination we're using IPsec actually inside the header there's something that indicates we're using IPsec we decrypt the data and find it's another IP datagram and the destination is B so we forward that datagram onto B who receives that original datagram so that's the the basics of the how we send over a portion of the path encrypted in this case from host A to router Y questions on how at this stage it's a very important technology and you probably use it if not have in the future everything okay at the back okay the end alright so a question about the end-to-end encryption first is this case end-to-end encryption what do I mean by end-to-end well in this case we're talking about host A wants to communicate with host B so host A is one endpoint host B is the other endpoint so this case on the screen is not using end-to-end encryption because we don't have the data encrypted all the way between the two endpoints so this is not end-to-end encryption and and that's a negative in this case a disadvantage this one is end to end encryption we encrypt at the source endpoint send the data encrypted all the way across the path and decrypt at the recipient endpoint that's what we'd like in most cases and that's what TLS provided and even application level security because we don't want anyone in the entire path to be able to intercept but with the IPsec set up there's a disadvantage event end-to-end encryption we must configure the endpoints to support IPsec so in this case where we don't have end-to-end encryption we lose some security because we don't have encryption across the last segment in the past but we gain some convenience because we don't need to set up IPsec on all the in hosts here let's say all the hosts inside SIT we only need to set it up on one router so that's the trade-off there if we don't have end-to-end encryption it means we're going to have to trust someone in the past here we trust whoever operates the network between router y and host B maybe it's your home and you trust that no one can access your home and access your network maybe that's satisfactory or maybe it's an organization where you work for and they have secured their network using other means so this may be suitable the way that we implemented this by taking the original IP datagram destined to be putting it inside another IP datagram there's really two IP headers here one that says the source is A and the destination is B and the outer header so there's an inner header and an outer header from A to Y this concept of putting one IP datagram inside another what do we call it it's generally referred to as tunneling so that's what we mean by tunneling carry one datagram of using IP inside another IP datagram so this is an example of tunneling the concept is with we're sending from A to B but we send it via a tunnel from A through to Y this setup may be used again back to the example the network from Y to B let's say is SIT's internal network and host A is my laptop at home as an employee of SIT I sometimes need to access the internal network from home to access some special servers the database servers and the servers inside SIT so we may use this setup in that from my host A through to the SIT network basically is the public internet and we don't trust that so all of our communications between host A and the router Y should be secure so we use a tunnel in this case an IPsec tunnel between them but we trust the SIT network so we don't need the setup on the internal network in practice to set this up the router Y needs to be configured to support IPsec and it's often referred to as a tunnel endpoint or a VPN endpoint a virtual private network endpoint and so that would be set up to allow any employee from SIT from their external computer to connect into the router this would require some setup on my laptop maybe some software installed or set up the operating system so that I know that the endpoint is router Y open your mobile phones again some of God I'm open they're very fast at doing this well done go to the VPN settings and find IPsec or just the general VPN settings on your phone where is it you find it and tell me what are some of the settings yeah the VPN settings so you can choose the different protocols one is PPTP is there another one IPsec choose IPsec use IPsec and there are different versions or different variations you need to choose something about the keys but address if you find under IPsec settings you'll see that you need to specify the server address in your phone so what your phone is like host a what you do on your phones you set up the IPsec settings or the VPN settings in general to say that my server is router Y and you set the other security settings so that now when you use your phone whenever it send anything across the internet an IP datagram is created a normal one and then it's sent to the IPsec software on your phone which then encrypts it and sends it using tunneling through to router Y router Y receives it decrypts and forwards that original IP datagram to the destination whether it's host B or someone else so that's what the the VPN settings are used for on your phone where your phone can create a secure connection to some intermediate server a VPN server what can an attacker learn if they're in the internet in this internet portion of our path what can they learn the address of the source and destination more specific now because we have a few addresses in here right if you look in the outer header they can address learn the address of the original host host a and of the router so they know I'm communicating with this router for example they know if they can identify my IP address corresponds to Steve they know Steve is communicating with their SIT router but they don't know which internal hosts inside SIT that I'm communicating to they don't know if it's B or C or someone else so that's some extra feature that we obtain using this service we hide the final destination here's a variation in this first approach the end user must set up the IPsec security connections configuration on their device you must set it into your phone or your laptop or your your PC again that may be too inconvenient sometimes here's another case let's say on the left to the left of router X is one office one campus for example and to the right of router Y is another office or another campus and in between the two routers is the public internet so on the left maybe rungs it on the right is bunkery and in the middle is just the public internet we use some internet service providers to communicate between campuses so in this case at the two routers at the edge of the two campuses router X and Y we set up IPsec again we trust the internal communications I trust when I send something inside my campus it'll be secure no one's going to intercept I trust all the students so we don't worry about security across the path from a to router X similar at the other campus from host B to router Y we trust that network we don't worry about encryption there but we don't trust anyone in the public internet so what we do is we set up our two edge routers to use IPsec when a sends a datagram to B here's the datagram source address a destination B the original datagram it goes through eventually gets to router X that's the path it takes router X realises anything that's going out of me I need to use IPsec and send it to router Y so it takes that datagram encrypts it all and puts it inside another IP datagram the outer header says the source is X the destination is Y so this datagram is sent across the internet goes to router Y router Y is the endpoint of the tunnel and it X removes the outer header decrypts the internal datagram and sees ah I have something from A to B let's forward it on to B and B gets the data so this is another application still using tunneling and another approach of using IPsec what's advantage of this compared to the previous one an advantage why is this approach good what do we gain from doing this compared to the previous one or what do we lose what's a disadvantage compare this one versus this what do we lose well we lose some security over some portion of the path here we had encryption from a all the way through to Y here we only have it from X through to Y so we've lost some security from a through to Y maybe that's not a problem if we trust this internal network what do we gain convenience convenience because of we don't need or the end user doesn't need to set up their host to support IPsec you don't have to configure your phone the SIT router is configured to encrypt everything that it gets so the the network administrator sets up the two routers to use IPsec the end users do nothing and therefore it's very easy for end users they they don't have to care about their VPN settings or security certificates and so on so that's the advantage of this approach again it's using tunneling we put one packet inside the other of the same type and encrypting that and the other name of that is a virtual private network of VPN the internet we call a public network many people own parts of the internet it or operate different parts of it so we don't trust the internet generally it's a public network but by encrypting the data and sending across that public network no one can see the data it's as if the data is now private for us no one can see it see it it's private so we have a private network between X and Y it's not a true private network a true private network is if I own all the cables all right so not very convenient we get a virtual private network the same level of security as if I owned all this all the cables because still no one can see the data hence we call this a virtual private network of VPN between X and Y and we may refer to X and Y as VPN endpoints or tunnel endpoints this case is also a virtual private network but from a through to Y VPN and sometimes we'd refer to Y or in this case X as well as a VPN server VPN endpoint which direction am I going this one so that this summarizes what we've said so far tunneling is putting packets of one protocol type into the same at the same layer at least so putting our IP packet from the network layer into another IP packet at the network layer is referred to as tunneling there are other types of tunneling and it's commonly used for security we encrypt data we can do tunneling using secure shell that is I can access a website using HTTP but those HTTP messages are sent using a secure shell connection we may see that next week and I think you noticed on your phone when you look at the VPN settings usually you have three different options there's IP sec PPTP and L2TP they are three common VPN protocols and it depends upon the network operator as to which one supported most operating systems of end user devices will support all three not all but the the organizations like FIT the router and so on may not support all three and we use tunneling when we encrypt the data to create a virtual private network PPTP I think is the point-to-point tunneling protocol and L2TP is the layer to tunneling protocol we can have the advantage of configuring the security mechanisms on the routers rather than the end hosts but the disadvantage is we don't get end-to-end encryption last one here in this case we say we trust the internal network let's say router wide our host B is at rung sit and A to X is here at Bunker E where's a problem in this case where many problems what's a problem what don't you trust what's the weakest point you think in this case there's too many links between host A and router X well let's think about that host A is my laptop there's a link to the Wi-Fi access point on the wall that has a cable going down to the third floor second floor in this building and that's where the computer center is and there's a router there and that router is router X so it may be in the best case there's one wireless link from me to the access point and then one cable from the access point to the router there's probably a switch or two in between in practice do we trust that no why not let's say I trust the users inside SIT I trust the other faculty members staff I trust the students all right I don't don't worry but let's say we worked in a company and we trust all the other employers employees so what would be the problem still in this case still inside this right at host B is there a problem this is our other office so let's say we have a company now two offices one in in different cities so from A to X is one office we trust all the other workers in that office and from Y to B is another office in another city and we trust the workers there same company so where's the weak point where's the weak point and there is a weak point we trust the workers so I don't expect to someone to come into my ethernet cable and and cut it and tap into it because they if you don't work for us you have to get into the building and we have security you can't get past security so still what's the weak point here we have security to stop people from getting into the building and tapping into my ethernet network but someone can sit outside of the building in their car and capture my Wi-Fi packets because of the nature of wireless when we transmit our packets don't just go across a single link they go the broadcast in all directions when I transmit from my laptop to the access point on the wall trends the signals are going outside as well so someone can be sitting outside listening into my Wi-Fi traffic so the weakness here is this wireless LAN link how can we overcome that without having to lose the benefits of using the VPN from router a to router y how do we overcome the weakness of the wife wireless LAN link log in or use some link level encryption just across the Wi-Fi link use WPA for example for the Wi-Fi link we trust the wired links we use WPA across the wireless link and across the public internet we use our IP sec base virtual private network so we must make a trade-off between providing high security encrypting as much as possible versus making it convenient for the users and administrators a VPN makes it very convenient but we lose some security we may use a combination of link level encryption across the wireless portion of EPN across the public internet as a trade-off of course I don't trust the students in SIT so even if we do have a VPN I'm going to be using HTTPS for transport like encryption to log into websites and so on so we can have a combination of these security mechanisms it's not just one of them any questions on virtual private network so far and especially these two cases of using IP sec we can use L2 TP and PP TP these other alternatives in a similar manner as IP sec that brings us the end of these slides so well no there is some slides about secure email we're not going to touch them we're going to continue on this topic of internet security but we're going to look at it from a different perspective coming back to our VPN where yeah the VPN maybe not the VPN we'll come back to one of our earlier ones even say when we used HTTPS which is using TLS one more not that one this one this was our example when we used TLS transport layer security this was the packet down the bottom that was sent across the red line across our wireless LAN ethernet and the public internet someone intercepts this packet they're out in the public internet what do they learn when someone intercepts this packet what do they learn about the communications they know the source and destination so they know a is talking to be anything else they know that talking using TCP and inside the TCP header will be the port number so they probably can work out what application they're using they can't learn the data so that's the main thing we want to protect usually the data but they can learn some things and especially who is communicating sometimes we would like to hide that who is communicating because if someone can observe the the entities communicating and how often they communicate and what patterns of communications that can reveal valuable information sometimes so in addition to trying to keep the data confidential sometimes we'd like to keep the identities of those communicating confidential HTTPS doesn't do that because someone can see it's still a talking to be and similar application level security didn't do that it was still identified as a and B using IP second end to end mode doesn't hide who is communicating it's still a talking to be but with a VPN someone intercepts on the public internet what do they learn about who is communicating a to y what does that tell them anything useful it still can be useful for them why they learn about why let's say a is my laptop at home all right so they know it's me we'll talk about how they can map the address it's an IP address back to me in a moment and the network from y to B is the SIT internal network so B is a server and why is the router of SIT so with this VPN solution someone they know it's a talking to why they don't know that talking to be so they don't know I'm talking to this specific server but they do know I'm talking to someone in SIT so they by using a VPN we've hidden some information but we still reveal a lot we reveal the the user a and we reveal the destination network and that may be sufficient for an attacker to learn something about who's communicating to know that I'm communicating with SIT may be valuable for them so we'd like more security than that sometimes can we hide the source and destination completely that's one aspect of internet privacy this one does it help a little bit again the attacker on the internet doesn't know it's a and B they know it's X and Y but still Y may represent SIT X may represent my home network they can't map it back to the individual computer a but they can map it back to the network of a so again can we hide that can we make it so that they cannot learn who is communicating and that's the next topic on internet privacy


This study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of costridium difficile vaccine in healthy Japanese adults aged 40 to 75 years old, finding high seroconversion rates for both toxin A and B, with lower response to toxin B evaluated using TNA. The proportion of participants with solicited local reactions, systemic reactions, and unsolicited reactions were 67.6%, 19.1% and 20.6%, respectively, with most adverse reactions being mild to moderate in intensity and resolving by three to six days post-vaccination. No withdrawals due to adverse events or serious adverse events occurred. This article was authored by Osomomotsuoka, Doval M Patel, Shinsasaki, and others.


Hey Co-Friends, I'm Bianca Renee, and you're watching Bianca Renee Today. And today, I'm finally going to give my opinion on the Living Proof Curl line. I would say this is new, but it's not exactly new. I'm just really late actually getting around to using it, but you know, better late than never. Today I'm gonna be using the Living Proof Curl Shampoo, the Curl Conditioner, as well as their Curl Definer and Curl Defining Gel. There are other products in this line, like a Curl Elongator, which sounds really cool. There is an oil, what else is there? And the Curl Enhancer. So when you have a brand or a product line of words like Curl Enhancer, Curl Definer, you're like, what are those? Are you a leave-in conditioner? Are you a cream styler? So, I mean, I know brands like to get creative with their names, but I also just need you to tell me what it is, just straight up. I'm not gonna try all the products today because I frankly don't want to, and I think I've tried them at least once before and I wasn't blown away, but I'm gonna try what worked best for me after a little bit of experimentation. So, let's start off in the shower.  I'm gonna be using the Living Proof Curl Shampoo for waves, curls, and coils. This is a sulfate-free shampoo, and it does smell really good.  It's supposed to be a creamy, rich, low-lather shampoo that will gently cleanse without stripping your hair. It also claims to provide a superior slip for weightless detangling, leaving your hair stronger and more defined. I did not notice any slip in this shampoo, but after I rinsed it out, I do think that my hair felt clean, you know, just kind of whatever. Definitely didn't feel moisturized after, but just clean. Then I'm going to grab the Living Proof Curl Conditioner for waves, curls, and coils. Also sulfate and silicone-free. These are 12-ounce bottles. They both smell the same, that same like grapefruit scent. This conditioner is supposed to moisturize and detangle my hair without leaving any heavy residue. It was not heavy, but I wasn't exactly blown away by the slip either. It felt decent like putting it on my hair, but it wasn't extremely creamy, rich, or moisturizing. It was kind of just doing, you know, the bare minimum, I guess. I don't know, it doesn't make me like super excited to keep using it. Alrighty, you're getting me fresh out the shower. No makeup, because I'm going to see Mary Scott's skincare today, so I can't be walking in with makeup on. But let's try some new products. I'm going to be using the Living Proof Curl Definer, which is like a conditioning styler. Hmm, does that mean you're more of a leave-in or cream? It's a styler, so I think it's a cream styler. And then on top, I'm going to add the Living Proof Curl Defining Gel for waves, curls, and coils. Basically because I think I've tried these two before, and this was my favorite match-up between all their stylers and their collection, and I also can't find anything else. So, that's what we're going to use. Starting off on damp hair, let's do one, two pumps. Has the same grapefruit smell as the shampoo and conditioner. Very creamy consistency, now this does. Very lightweight serum-type texture, more than a thick cream. So hopefully this will be good for fine or thin hair, because it's not too heavy. I do like the smell, but if you're sensitive to smells, I could see this probably bugging you, because it's a little strong. And two more pumps, maybe three on this side. I don't know, I'm not really getting moisture vibes from these products, or a slip. Sometimes I don't like how a product feels as I'm putting it in, but then it surprises me. Next up, the gel, a lightweight gel that provides long-lasting hold, we'll see about that, without the crunch or weight. It adds humidity-resistant control, that's good, and definition for frizz-free styles on all curl types. Yeah, same smell. Here's the consistency, thick-type gel. And I'm going to smooth and scrunch. I'm all styled up, I'm gonna let it air dry as I go to my appointment today, and then I'll come back and show you how it air dried and I'll kinda do some more styling, be right back. And I'm back, that is how I got to this part right here. Now my hair is completely dry, I just let it air dry today, I didn't diffuse at all, and this is how it looks. So, as you can see, I have a little bit of frizz, but that is kind of because when I got my appointment, I had to put all my hair up and away so that Mary Scott can do my facial, but what do we think? It's very soft. I don't really have any hold anymore. The scent is gone, so the scent isn't going to bug you, but let me just kinda like, let's fluff it out a little bit. This is kinda what I would expect from a cream styler on day one. I don't know, it still looks, you know, pretty. There's a little bit of frizz there. The actual definition of my curls, I wouldn't say they're very defined. Let's see how much these products cost because these products were sent to me, but if I go to the Living Proof website, the shampoo and the conditioner are $32 each. That's more than Curlsmith, and y'all already give me mess for liking Curlsmith, and this is even more than that, so I don't know what to say, y'all are not gonna like this. $32 for the shampoo, $32 for the conditioner, $34 for this five fluid ounce, no, that can't be right, for the five ounce butt. Okay, well still. The defining gel is $28 for the five ounces, and the Curl Definer is $34. I really think Curlsmith is like $25. The elongator is $38. I don't know, here's my thing. If I'm gonna be spending that much, or if I'm gonna be even recommending to you guys to spend that much on a product, I need the ingredients to be like out of this world. So as you guys know, I love products from Curlsmith, but they have very rich natural ingredients. Even brands like Ceremonia, like their bottles are pretty small, but they're very natural ingredients, so it's kind of like when you go to Whole Foods, you pay more for like the good stuff. These products are sulfate and silicone free, but I don't see any ingredients that are really blowing me away. Like I see Shea Butter, Grape Seed. Let me read this little book. On a positive note, there's my friend! There's Leticia, the owner of Tress Hats, those satin line leather hats that I like. Yeah, that's her. Doing big thing, this is the best part of a collection, is Leticia, to be honest. So in this whole little booklet that they sent me, I don't see a lot about like the ingredients in it, so that just makes me be like, why are you so expensive? There's been a lot of mixed reviews about these products. Some people love them, like certain ones, but I feel like I've heard more about like, if they're right or they like hated them. At this point in my like YouTube career, after reviewing products every single week basically, it's gonna be a little bit harder to impress me. Like, what's gonna really make me choose your product over everything else that's on my shelf? And when people ask me what products do you recommend, I do have my go-to products that I think of in my mind, and I can't say that I would add these living proof curl products to my arsenal of products in my head when it comes to just like, I recommend that. So I mean, if you got like a coupon, I think it's worth a try. If you've tried this before, please let me know your thoughts in the comments below, but I think they're just decent. But I hope you found this video helpful in some way. If you enjoy my Curly Hair product reviews, it's my videos in general. Make sure to give me a thumbs up and subscribe. I do wanna go back to trying more drugstore products. I'm probably gonna do a drugstore product call soon, so make sure you are subscribed with that little bell turned notified as soon as I get a new video, so you don't miss any more of my videos. And you can follow me on Instagram and TikTok for more consistent content daily at Ms. Bianca Renee. I'll see you guys next time. Thanks for watching Bianca Renee today.