Right. As I said, you can make a decision in any way. One is objective decisions and one is subjective decisions. Objective decisions are made with facts and figures. You can do proper analysis. If you are an administrator, the decisions you make are like that. There should be some justification for the decision you make. All of a sudden, you cannot make a decision in any way. Right. You are making a contract. There is a bidding process for making a contract. You can apply it. You can apply it. You should support any decision you are making as an administrator. You should support any decision you are making as an administrator. You should support any decision you are making as an administrator. There is a subjective decision. The best example is marriage. When you are going to meet a girl, you can do objective analysis. Generally, we are out of an intuitional gut feeling. Marriage. Boyfriend, girlfriend. External factors are there. We can form a heart among ourselves. We can make a choice. Some may be wrong, some may be breaking up, some may be divorcing. Else be it if you have three or five children. Anything can happen. So there is a subjective decision. There are many things that make you choose an optional decision. There is a subjective decision. We should combine these things. We can make an option. Right. So, what factors should be there to choose an option, don't do that. You know, some people might be interested in it, some might be interested in it, some might be interested in reading the question paper, some might be interested in it, some might be interested in reading the G.S. Overlap. Right. So, at first, let's discuss some of the general things. After that, I'll come to the public administration. Okay. The public administration is only interested in hearing it. But, general things should be heard to everyone, irrespective of the subject. So, what is this? Do you know what it is? Do you know where it is? This is the dream of all of you at one point. You will reach here. Labasana. Have you heard of Labasana? What is Labasana? LARBA HETHUSAASTHI National Academy of Administration. This is where you go for training. Whatever service it is, FC will be here. This is the ultimate dream. Do you have any idea what it is to get the right service? In fact, no idea what service you are going to get. If you are going to do an ISI, you don't have an idea what it is to get the right service. If you do an ISI, I would have told you that in April-Batch. You can have a repetition of the rest. But still, what is the service I am going to do? It is the whole of Mohan Thomas. This is what we have in mind. It is the complete IPS. Or else, Joseph Alex Tewalliparambil. We need to know what India is. That is what we have in mind as an IS officer. In fact, there are two IS officers in the job. One is field posting and the other is secretariat posting. What is the field posting? Assistant collector, sub collector, collector. All these are field postings. Maximum field posting in a career is 8-9 years. That is more than that. You have 7-8 years of field posting. That field posting is the only interaction you are going to get. Then, where are you going? Where is your capital city? It is the secretariat. It is the secretary or chairman or commissioner of each department. There will be a lot of differences. This is what you are going to do. We don't know what you are going to do. This is provided you get IS. If it is an IPS job, most of the time you will be in field. If it is an IPS job. Do you know the number of services that are not available? Do you know the number? It was in India in 1990. Including Railway Personal, Railway MRMS. When I added Railway MRMS, I got 20 services. There are services called Indian Postal Service, Internation Service, Auditant Account Service, Trade Service, Corporate Law Service, Revenue Account Service, Civil Account Service. It is mostly a desk job. You go to office in the morning and come back to work. We don't know what you are going to do. We know that you are going to get IS. But I am preparing a shop that motivates me. It is not possible to motivate everyone. It is a training in Labasana. In the house of Vasuri. In the kitchen. I went to Labasana. I did enjoy for 3-4 months. There will be an FC. There is a foundation training. There are 3 classes. After that you will continue your service. If it is not an IS, you will have training for everyone. If it is an IPS, in Hyderabad, in Sardar Vallabhaipatti, National Police Academy. There are training centers for everyone. After that, you will be in the field. Anyway, this is a motivation. I am here to start with that motivation. This is what I am basically telling you. First, you all know the name of the options. How many options are there? How many options is UPS offering you? 26. There are 26 options in UPS. In the 26 options, we can choose one of them. Distance of options are important factors to be considered. Then I will discuss about public administration as an option. Performance of public administration. We can discuss the issue. The first thing we are going to start with is the importance of options. Have you heard anything about it? What are the importance of options? What kind of options do we have to study? I will tell you. The first thing I will tell you is considering a girl friend. I will tell you what I am going to tell you. But considering that, considering a girl friend is important. Anyway, the importance of options is important. Why? There are 10 brands of G.S. How many G.S. are there in this? Right. This is the distribution of the brand. How many brands are there in this G.S? How many brands are there? 90,000, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200. Which is a good score? I don't know the brand of this year. Last year, I took the brand of Meera. It was ranked 6th. In Meera, in my memory, it was ranked 435. It was ranked 430 to 440. This year's first rank, Sruti. It is an exceptional G.S. brand. It is ranked 494. It is ranked 460 in the second G.S. I don't know the brand of the first rank. But she got 490. But that is an exceptional G.S. brand. Very rarely it comes. Otherwise, a 450 plus G.S. will get it. It is a good brand. 430 above 14. As I said, Meera is ranked 435. She is ranked 6th. 435 is ranked 6th. You can understand what is the significance. In G.S. How much percentage is it? It is 435. 43.5. Otherwise, maybe 45% will get it. Optional. Unnural. How many marks are there? 275 plus. It is a good mark. Again, I will take Meera's example. Last year, 269 is sociology. 269 is sociology. Toppers. Generally, there are 300 marks. Not everyone has to hit. This year, I think, Max was there. Here, 300 plus. I think it was 320. I don't remember exactly. But there are 300 marks. So, how much percentage is there? Around 60. Around 60% plus will get it. Starting range will be here. If you get 213, if you get 220, you can reach 200. But, there is no option to take a minimum effort. If you study minimum, how will you get 200 plus? Everyone will get it. Basically, everyone will have the option. If you study minimum, it will hit up to 220. Up to 220, 300 marks will be seen. It is a variation. So, the difference between your score and the person who is in the list can be up to 80 marks. Whereas, in GS, there is no variation. Maybe, it will start again in 380. How will you do it? If you write 20 questions, you will get the main question. If you write 20 questions, you will get 1 or 2 marks. So, if you write 70-80 marks, how will you get a difference? 70-80. 80-4? 32. So, 80-4? 320. Minimum 320. That is, 360 marks will start. Okay. Between 360-420, majority marks will be seen. No, between 380-420, majority marks will be seen. If you write 1 mark, it is an exceptional challenge. If you write 1 mark, you will get 400. If you write 410, you will get a difference. Because, it is a broad topic. It is a wide area. Increasing marks in GS is not possible. It is a challenging task. Subjects are very broad. I do not know how to mark in GS. But, if you get 230 marks in optional, it is not possible to do 270-280 marks. Provided, you study the optional really well. Okay. You should do 280 marks. It all depends on scaling. There is scaling in UPSC. I have heard about scaling in UPSC. You all are writing in many options. Right? So, I have taken mathematics. I know all the questions. I wrote all. I got 500-500 marks. If it is right or wrong, I got 500-500 marks. No matter how you write a humanity subject, no matter how you write it, I did not get 500-500 marks. No matter how you write any subject, I did not get 500-500 marks. Right? Science subject has taken mechanical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering. If it is right or wrong, it will be wrong. So, it is a technique applied in UPSC to scale in level play. All the options have the highest marks in a level. Okay. So, each year, you can scale in different ways. In 2018, I gave optional 330-340 marks. Okay. 2017, 340 marks. In 2017, Samir and Shikha gave 340 marks to Malayale. 13 and 27, I guess. Malayale was taken as an option. But last year, I gave a little scaling. The last 2-3 years, the option was to get 300 marks. But, you did not get all the quality in one year. What is UPSC? It is scaling.  If you have written the best paper, the absolute marks are 260. Even if you scale in UPSC, it will get 300 marks. You know, the maximum score is 410. But, in UPSC, it will get 300 marks. Or, it will get 320 marks. There is a factor. It will multiply with a point. So, all the marks will multiply. All the marks will start. This is the scaling process. It is not optional. It is in GES. What is the reason? Last year, ethics got 156 marks. Out of? Out of? 250. The last year, the top marks got 113 marks. Okay. That is where it got 156 marks. In one year, all the marks did not get changed. In one year, all the marks got changed. That is why UPSC used a scaling. In 2017, in GES paper 3, there were 158 or 160 marks. That is an exceptional mark. In one year, all the marks got changed. In one year, GES 3 did not get changed. UPSC used a scaling. That is why ethics got reduced. All the marks got changed. But GES 3 got 156 marks. GES 3 did not get changed. So, UPSC used a scaling. That is why when the RKA filed in UPSC, in a court judgment, paper got changed. UPSC did not get changed. The names. The UPSC said that the marks that you see do not get changed. Because after a lot of variations, it gets changed. So, initial marks and final marks get changed. Students get changed. That is why we cannot give paper. That is why UPSC got changed. That is why you do not get changed. That is why I have to tell you that no matter which option you take, you do not need to fear. The UPSC market is based on a rumor. It is a fake paper. Do not take it or it is a fake paper for the last 3 years. Do not take it. That is what Apparthei's sister said. Apparthei's sister said son, you know this first duty. You should study maths. You do not know about maths. But we will get swing by it. What is swing by it? What is passed percentage of a sub jet leg in my four strictly public animation any option should be provided to you or anyone should to tell if someone has something and improve that on the Sub-objectively, we have to justify it. So, the weightage is 500 marks. That is the percentage of marks I have mentioned. If you get the optional, it is 60. Only these three papers are basically valid. There is one option. There are two SA marks. It can vary from 100 to 150. It can vary from this range. I will tell you about my personal exam. In my first main exam, I had 145 marks for SA. In my second main exam, I had 105 marks for SA. I was able to clear the second main exam because of the SA marks. In my first main exam, I did not clear the second main exam because of the SA marks. So, this mark and swing is very much in SA. It is not your writing skill. It depends on the topic you are writing. The third paper is Ethics. It is a type of mark and swing. It can vary from 80 to 120 marks. Again, it can vary from 40 marks to 1 GS paper. The rest of the papers do not have this much marks. Because everyone who writes will write 20 marks. Even if you write 20 marks, it will vary from 70 to 125. They have decided a range. Some people will write less marks. Even if you write 100 marks, it will vary from 70 to 100. In GS 1, 2, 3, the mark variation is not visible. GS 4 is SA and Optional. Mark variation is huge. That is why Ethics, SA and Optional are generally said to be clear. In GS 1, 2, 3, the mark variation is not visible. The mark variation is not visible. The mark variation is not visible. In GS 1, 2, 3, the mark variation is not visible. But Ethics, SA and Optional have a swing. That is why they came to that range. Anyway, one thing is weightage. Second, Unpredictability of GS marks. We will think about GS 1, 3, the mark variation is not visible. GS 4 is not visible. I will write less than 100. If you write GS 1, you will get 110. Ethics, you will get 75. How did the mark variation come? It is only for UPS. That is why you do not see the papers. The mark variation is not visible. They have their own pattern of evaluation. If Ethics has strict evaluation, in 2017, an IPS officer was arrested. The IPS officer and Malayalee were arrested and arrested. According to the rumor, Ethics was a stopper. Ethics was marked and arrested. The next year, Ethics was arrested. The next year, Ethics was not arrested. After 2 years, Ethics gave 156 marks. That is why there is a lot of Unpredictability in the GS mark. Today, it is the same. Again, I will take the example of Meera. I do not know the friend of mine. In the first interview, he gave 155 marks. He missed the list by 13 marks. The next year, he gave 206 marks. It was not because he was a new person after 2 years. He changed the board. He changed the questions. In the 2010 interview, in the 2010 interview, he was at the same knowledge level. He was the same human being. But, there are certain things which would work in your favour on the interview day. This is not your thing. Somewhere, something has to work for you to be in the list. First, you can get the GS mark and get it. Or, you can get the option 300. Or, you can get the interview with 206. Or, you can get the essay. If you work in your favour, you will get the list. If you work well, you will get the top 10. If you work very well, you will get the top 10. This is not only for your favour. That is why, there are some luck elements in UPS. But, if you work in the list, you will get the effort. Provided, you clear the problems. Again, you will get the KKPP. You will get the KKPP. That is the concept of the problems. Now, I will give you some marks of the opposite. This is for Shruthi. Look at her GS mark. It is exceptional. So, 494 is good. 119. 128. 108. 139. She scored 4-139. But still, her GS mark is 14.4%. What was the option? It was a mystery. She scored 306. 51%. So, in GS, again, 494 is an exceptional mark. I am telling you. There are so many scores. But still, she scored 49. Even then, she had 10% more marks in her. Optional. 60%. 173 is an average score. 173 is a high score, not 180, plus it is a good score. 160-180 is an average score. Below 140 is a low score. Below 140, if you are about to be English-level, it will be really difficult. If you take your 140 into your interview score, if it is in your list, that means that all GS and optionals will get exceptional scores. So, interviewers will always get the score. You will just be the main pass. and SA, GS4 is code 106, but Broekas is optional. We do ndl at the beginning. And in the review again, average score 176. Rank 1 is an optionally importance. 2019. For the pabala optional 2 93 was the optional score. 4 81 was the GS score. In the review again, very average score. 150 80 or not. But still rank 1 and SA score is good 140. Again SA, order or disorder 333 is the top. Again GS score is 448 but optional is 361. So all these people, one thing is very clear, you can easily score 60% all the topers have scored at least 60% in their optional. So all these people, one thing is very clear, you can easily score 66% all the topers have scored at least 26% in their optional. Okay, I am the secondary anthropology, botany, chemistry, civil engineering, economics, electrical engineering. Basically school is the subject of all of the subjects. School is the science, science is physics, chemistry, biology is the secondary philosophy. Mathematics, school is the social science, social science is the history, geography, secondary philosophy. Then maybe the engineering subjects of the degree level. There are three engineering subjects, electrical, mechanical, civil. Then there is management, commerce and accountancy, agriculture, botany, agriculture, philosophy, geology, CSIR, public administration. So all these people, one thing is very clear, you can easily score 60% all the topers have scored 60%. So all these people, one thing is very clear, you can easily score 60%. Then animal husbandry, anthropology, botany, chemistry, civil engineering, commerce, economics, electrical engineering, geography, geography, history, law, management, mathematics, mechanical engineering, medicine. Mathematics, mechanical engineering, medical science, philosophy, physics, CSIR, psychology. Papada sociology, statistics, sociology, literature, agriculture. Right, this is the 26 options which is given by UPSC. Now what are the deciding factors while choosing an optional? Right, the first factor is generally the subject of your graduation. Because I have already studied for 3-4 years. But the funny thing in UPSC is, the number of people who write UPSC are engineers. Again UPSC statistics, I am not saying that. What percentage of people writing UPSC is engineers. 65% of people are engineers. Science background, that is engineering plus basic science, physics, chemistry, biology, biology plus doctors. If we take these 3 categories, 80% of students writing UPSC is science background students. These are the people who study history, geography, humanities, literature. These are the people who study history. These are the people who study science background. If we come into optionals, right back. These are the people who study history. These are the people who take science subjects. Even if we talk about this factor, I think this is the most important thing in UPSC. If you have a graduation subject, you can take it. I am a Mechanical Engineer, I have been studying for 4 years. If you want to study Mechanical Engineering, or if you are a person who studied brain, nerve, delivery, IAT, you like Mathematics, so you are sure that you would score good in Mathematics. If you like the confidence of Mathematics, you can take it. In Plus 2, we know that we have studied Mathematics, we know that we have studied Mathematics at home. Mathematics, we are not thinking about it. 80% of students are looking for Humanities subjects. So, that is your Humanities subject. You can take it. Second thing is, if you do not like graduate subjects, you will see other subjects related to it. So, if you do not like low, it is a matter of relation. For Agriculture, you can take the Chotani or Geography. For Medicine, you can take Anthropology, Psychology, or you can take the Economics of Abadu. Relativity. I was doing post-graduation management. So, my first thought was to take management. But, if you ask the management, it does not have guidance, material availability or कि सिंथा बबाला हाँ नुद काहँडिया कि लगना वो अगना श्फाभा। अवश्टी ञान तेही ज़िक बनाजवीं बाब श्वार दो्र लगने वागना ज़ित रोगना वान वागना व्श्टी पड़ोजग, You should take it as an assignment. The further factor of actually doing the job, so what is your likes and needs. 합니다 is the 1st reason. Because there are options. To interpret these Мountain Walk Request process, I have used two very precise領rons for all the 6 technical tasks. ឯ្ែ។ៜ៍់ ឧៜ៑៉់៊៊ ៑្៊៊៊ ប៊្៊៎។៊៏។៊៊៊់៏៊៎។៉ ៑៊្្៎្៓ ផះ្ៃៈ៊់៊៎ സാന Ⱦം� 삼�tam arranതభ большое മfounded രിനി ഹദం���നില�ga ബ�合 finalsffee�ാ ശఱഫെ പഺാñas�ുതభ പനാം� filmmaking남iteänder രുനാ സാസേരുയchemicalанശ೴�不用adore� inscre order you have to spend much time with the optional restaurant. First year, you have to clear it with this. You have to clear it with optional. If you are bad at studying, you have to clear it with your history. I have to clear my history with my history. If you have not cleared it, you have to make a break in the relationship. You have to make a break in the relationship. Next year, you have to make a break in the relationship and you have to become king in the relationship. You have to always have constant freedom in the relationship. If you have cleared it, you and some many others are having a break but you have to make a break in the relationship and But still, the enthusiasm of that relationship will be reduced by the end of the year. It is not clear in the third year. At that time, it will be like, it is not right. The reason for this is that my life is not good. Breakup is inevitable. At that time, we will start thinking about changing option. Third and fourth option will not work out. But we need to do one thing. It is not clear in the first, second, third and fourth year. It will be like this with your girlfriend. But we do not know the first cut. If we clear the first cut, we will be able to know the efficiency of the girlfriend or boyfriend. The first cut should come to the relationship. We cannot test the relationship with the girlfriend. Therefore, the enthusiasm will be reduced by the end of the third and fourth year. We should consider this option. We cannot bring the third and fourth year. When we take this option, can we spend time with that option subject? We can choose the boyfriend or girlfriend of the girlfriend. That is the main point. We cannot see the face of the girlfriend. Otherwise, if you are very irritated, can you choose your boyfriend or girlfriend? Can you choose the boyfriend or girlfriend of the girlfriend who wants to take a look? There is no possibility. Because there should be some compatibility between you and the other person. I think we should spend time with him. When we start the option, we should not choose that subject. Your liking is very important while choosing the option. You must consider it. Otherwise, we should not look at what the faculty says. You are liking this subject. Some people say that they are interested in it. They think that they are interested in it. That is an important factor. So, what are you interested in studying? Your strength and weakness. Especially, how will the answer writing of engineers be? We can go to the top of the list. Humanities are interested in it. They will be writing and writing and writing. They will be writing and writing in 14-20 pages. How is your answer writing skill? Is public administration science arts? This is a question. It is a combination. Anyway, your answer writing skill is to get a public administration, a sociology, to get a geography, to get a physics, to get a mechanical, to get a mathematics, to get a written interest. To get a written interest, to get a humanities, to get a science. It is very important to get a liking. Because, as I said, you have to spend a lot of time with these subjects. So, you have to keep this in mind and decide in the option. Then, the main thing we have to look at is what the other sister says. Or, what your host friends say. Or, what I say. I say, that is the best option. There is a shop for this. Friend analysis. What is UPSC strength? This is what you have to consider. Friend guidance is not available. It is important. When you take a sociology bottom, do you have enough guidance? Or, as you said, I think, I don't know about agriculture. Management. Law. When you take it, do you have anyone to guide you? Do you have anyone to tell you? It is important. You have to study law. But, what is UPSC? How should you study UPSC? This is what I have to say. There is no need for faculty. You have to clear one person. You have to have a bottom, a sociology, a chemical engineering, a chemistry, a physics. You have to clear one person's guidance. More than sufficient. Then, as I said, you have writing skills and GS Overlap. Many people say GS Overlap. I will talk more about that. Then, about Trend Analysis, Advice from Seniors Institutes. As you know, many of you said, this is non-finite. Why? Advice. Non-finite. Advice comes from anywhere. You can go anywhere, people who like these advice will come to UPSC. They can start those advice. You will also get many feedback. I am confused. If you want options, you can give feedback too. If I say, I know something, Ᏺ Ꮬံ᎜ွ ᆒ�commerce smaller ᕄᶴᲈ� Entrepreneurs �完ក� Pin � moisturiser In 2012, there was an option to study for 50% of the students in the public administration. The reason was that it was easy to study paper, it was easy to get a mark. In 2010, if you took the results of 2010, every alternative was for Pabad. So, if you took the list from 2012, Pabad was a very popular option. But it took 13-14-15 years for Pabad to study paper. The reason for studying paper was that there was a chairman of an option subject. He was the chair of an option subject. These three years, he was the chairman of Pabad. He had a question paper. It was a question paper that was not understood by anyone who knew English. These three years, he had a general assumption that Pabad is a difficult option. So, he took 15 years to decline Pabad. But again, every option is up and down. Anyway, geography continues as the top option. Then, there is PSIR. According to the chronology of this year, it was arranged in 1990. Third is sociology. Sociology again, number varies but still high. Anthropology is 641. Then, RTI. Public Administration is 1700. History also is there in the top 5 numbers. These 5 options are not 5, but 6. Which is the most passed percentage? How many people will pass? These are popular options only. If you take the border language, the pass percentage is 100. Only one person will pass. So, the pass percentage is 100. So, I did not take the pass percentage. We only analyze the most popular options. If you know Malayalam literature, you will get the option of Malayalam literature. What is the most passed percentage? Not one year. Each year, each option can be passed. So, this is the pass percentage of all these options in all these years. There is no one option that comes with good results consistently. These two years are 10. There is a year when 98% of sociologists pass. I am writing this in red. There was a sociologist. In 2017, the most passed percentage was Babadha. Babadha was the most passed percentage. Anthro. In 2015, 14% passed. Now, it is declining. In 2018, there was only 8.2% of Babadha. So, if you look at these six options, the most and the least passed percentage is geography. I did not mention the subject. We do not know how many people passed. In these six conditions, in these seven conditions, you can come. We do not know the numbers. We can blindly believe the rumors in the market. There will be a lot of lists of sociologists. There will be a lot of lists. If you write 100, there will be 8 lists. It is a rumor. 100% of PSI are coming. The number of PSI are coming. This year, the number of PSI is 8. The last year, the number of PSI is 8. The previous year, the number of PSI is 9.4. Statistically, there is no one good option. There is no one bad option. In 2013, 13% passed. If you take the result of 2021, the result is 9. 13% to 21%. 8 subjects passed. 8 subjects passed. In 2013, there will be a lot of lists. In 2014, there will be geography. In 2015, there will be Tina Dabi. In 2016, there will be Nandini. In 2017, there will be Kannada Literature. In 2017, there will be Anudhi Bhurishetti. Anudhi was an anthropologist. In 2018, there will be Kanish Kattaria, a mathematician. In 2019, there will be Pradeepa, a public administration. In 2020, there will be Shruthi history. In 2019, there will be Shruthi history. Every year, there will be different options. That again shows there is no one good option. There is no one bad option. It is not good, if you take any option. This year, you can take history and say, come on, take history. This is not possible. I said, what you like is that you should be able to be interested in a subject. If you are interested in that subject, you can definitely go for it. You can study that. If you are not interested in it, you can break up with it. Go for a date. Have a cup of tea. If you are interested in it, you can go for it. If you are interested in it, you can go for it. Or you can say bye bye. You can go for the next tea. 26 options. Narrow down to two options. Even if you want to take it, you can try it. Narrow down to two options. And then The basic books are available. There are Ignorant books. Or you can get any YouTube videos. This book is simply available. Everyone says it is a book. But if you are interested in it, you will understand it. It is the first book you should read. It is a simple book. You study geography and history. ཅཏཅཅཅཅཅཅཌྷཅངངཅགམཏཅཽ�༽ཁ༽ངཅཌྷཌྷཁངཋཊཋཋཅཅཌྷཌྷཋཅཎཅཀངངཊཅཀཅཅཇཅཌྷཅཇཅཆངཌྷཋཅཅཅཀཇངཅ༽ངཆཾཆ�ickingཛཅཽ� ಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈಈ  filmmaking and storytelling ivities for all  gender studies and optionals should not be expected in the straight forward questions they will not ask what are the achievements of Ministry of Science and Technology always ask questions at an applied level that is why if you take the question paper, you will understand you have not read it or heard it but still just a question paper at least paper 2 paper 2 is an Indian administration paper 2 is Indian society paper 2 is IR just take the question paper and then go for the option this is what I am saying no option is good, no option is bad one option is to take it with market roomer if you are from a different house or if you are from a different room you can take the question paper one year later he might have stopped UPSC preparation ok, so the charge is if you are from a different house there will be nothing ultimately this preparation journey we need to continue like this each and every success story is there the day you clear it everything you do will be spatula that is the struggle you only know what is your journey a person's journey we cannot replicate it a person's journey is different in this journey our enthusiasm and passion is very important we can study in a general way we can study in a traditional way our excitement when you go for a date take a look at that excitement journey will be very atleast for the first year curiosity, passion, enthusiasm an interest to study we will be there if we do that the journey will be more comfortable or when you wake up if you are from India or if you are from India you will be there when you go to bed you will be there we are not in this thought we are in this thought we need this we will be in this thought rather than that start enjoying the process even if you do it the journey will be good for you let me tell you irrespective of what happens in the exam once you are done with this preparation Right, other end of it, you will be a totally different human being, that I can guarantee you. I have seen a lot of students, if you are honest to your preparation process. But you have to write a main single. That main single is a very experience. Because our next film is coming in the evening. Whether you are going to read it or not. There are only 100 questions about how to clear it. The main single is about the actual UPSC aspirin. Because the main single is about the real items you are learning from the syllabus. It is an important business to learn and clear it. That is why I am enjoying the process. This is what I have to say about general preparation. Now we will go with public administration as an optional. As I said, the first thing you have to understand is that according to the market room, Pabad is learning. Pabad is not learning. But statistically I have proved that Pabad is 11 years old. This is all up to us. What is our optional score? What is our decision making power? Are you taking sociology? Are you taking history? Are you taking geography? Are you taking malayalam literature? Are you taking Pabad? It is how much effort you are putting into that optional. How much you are showing that to your boyfriend or girlfriend? You have to understand that. That is all optional. That is why I am saying that no optional is good. No optional is bad. What is the advantage of Pabad? I will tell you in the beginning. Generally we have some advantages. The first advantage is that how many Pabad are there? Paper one, paper two. But no. There are four papers. Paper one, paper two, GS2, GS4. Right. This is a big overlap. The international relations between GS2 and Pabad are the same. The philosophical ethics of GS4. What is the content ethics? What is the philosophy of Aristotle? There is philosophy. The ontological, the teleological ethics. There are some theory posts. The rest of the ethics are in Pabad. Right. So Pabad is actually going to help you by studying Pabad in four papers. That is the relevance of GS. Now when GS is taken. GS paper one. Do you know what I am studying? There is art and culture in history. Separately. In the first chapter of paper two. British administration. Mughal administration. And Maurian administration. You should study this in detail. So a portion of history of administration. If you ask the problems of this Mughal administration and Maurian administration. They will take some words. They will ask where it is. There is paper one, two of these. When you study Indian administration. You should study the three administration. Maurian administration, Mughal administration. British administration. You can help you slightly in the history part. Then there is society. Does society's syllabus work? Society's syllabus. I am telling this for GS. I am telling the students in Shankar. The first thing to do is study syllabus. Syllabus should be in your fingertips. GS and optional should be in your fingertips. Syllabus should be in your fingertips. You can ask the syllabus in the middle of the night. You can ask the syllabus in the middle of the night. The syllabus should be in the middle of the night. It should be in the middle of night. Or we should study there or there. We should not study what to study. What to ask in UPSC. and it should be in preparation. I have already said that to do this. Help by finding two things. Syllabus and Previous year questions. This should be in preparation and it should be in the determination. It should be in preparation. It should be in preparation to do this. Anyway. 9 topics are there in Indian society, syllabus, talent features of Indian society, unity and diversity etc, women organization, poverty, population, urbanization, globalization. There are many topics. Where are we studying? For example, globalization urbanization. We are studying urban governance and rural governance. Chapter 1 is globalization. Where are we studying? LPG reform. What is LPG reform? Liberalization, privatization, globalization. LPG reforms and its impact on public administration. We can study here. We will study the depth of this. Then, poverty. There is a chapter of development administration. How are we going to develop in India? So, you can link that with population issues, poverty issues, women empowerment, there are so many topics. Women and women in administration. So, here everything is not slightly over. I am not completely taking over. But the quality you can improve because we are touching all these topics. So, in Chapter 1, you will help the society and the history. GS2. As I said, except international relations. There is nothing else to study. There is a chapter of comparative public administration. How is the governance of Germany, how is the governance of America, how is the governance of Europe. But this is not helpful. But these three things are covered. I will show you the syllabus. 80% of GS2 will be covered in public administration. As I said, there is nothing to be changed in GS2. It is how you write the answers but GS2 is important. You can guide yourself in writing good answers in GS2. Especially governance questions. In 2009, governance questions were very difficult. In 2009, development administration questions. 3 questions were questions in public administration. In GS2, the overlap is much. In GS3, what are the subjects? That is the main subject. There are three subjects. In economics overlap, financial administration how is the budgetary process and how is the budget management. Environmental governance doesn't go to that. Disaster management has a topic in the syllabus. In terms of internal security, there is a chapter of law and order administration. How is the police work in India? How is the police administration? There is an ARC report. What is the ARC? Administrative reforms commission. There are two administrative reforms commission in India. The first administrative ARC was in 1965 in Morarji Desai, chairman icon. The second ARC was in 2005. In 2008, they submitted a 15 report. There are many things. How can the administration improve in India? These 15 reports as a UPSC as a trend, we can refer to them in many papers. Even if it was 18 years ago, there are many things. We can refer to these 15 reports as city governance. As a public administrator, as a public administration student, it is important. Anyway, in law and order administration, we can refer to the ARC of law and order which will help you in your internal security answers. Because the ARC report is able to refer to the ARC and point to the ARC which is again value addition in your GS answers. These are the benefits of GS3. As I said before, around 80% there is overlap. Except philosophical ethics. We should study philosophical ethics separately. We should study the philosophy of ethics separately. These are the same things. What is the next slide? Let us now study about health, education and women. The public authorities are getting full knowledge about health, education, women, and other aspects of health. What is this? Education?? Education?? 18 am and I said my relax pal because I know잖아요 Он has been sub cadence driven essay. Generally within 8th question, an question goes against reg spelling and administration related. Right because you are going to be future魂as этой. Right. The general one but then the administrative consent must sue. They will And I said brilliance the same. Like an essay directors errors. They got Choose. will beavan so when u say some answer if you can reflect your administrative knowledge we are going to answer studentate we are going to answer with bureaucratic thought process when you study administrative administration you can find one benefit they will ask you the collector of your district and garden will be your priority I am an IPS officer and I am appointed in a district with low crime rate. There are my priorities. There is a low crime rate. So I can do my IPS office. The administrative thought process is like this. Because my office was a public administration. One of the questions was in the administration. My favourite administrator in Kerala, the initiatives, the Indian administration. I took Prashant Narasneen. He was a ambassador in Calicut. He was a ambassador in India. He did not achieve many things. One person was an endearly revolved in an administration. Which I feel was in my favour. Because the whole question was in a comfortable area. Anyway, the administration will help you in answering certain questions in your interview. Again, the whole question is with the star. There can be a chance you will get zero questions from the administration. There is no need for the whole administration to be in a bad position. The board will ask you what to ask them. They will ask you. There will be a lot of factual information. The president of Ugaana, the president of Sambhela, the president of Ethiopia, or the president of Sri Lanka. They will ask you what to ask them. There is no need for our profilality. But this is going to help you in your endear preparation. That is going to align our thought process. So, first thing is the GS relevance. Then comes the interview and post selection. Because ultimately, you have to study the public administration when you go to any office. The main subject of the public administration is the subject of the law, economics, etc. Real life connect. What are we going to study? What are the things happening in society? That is the administration. There are many things you are hoping to do. Society is happening right now.  What is the daily routine of the administration? Does any good thing happen? A lot of things happen today. There is a lot of work being done in the administration and cleaning up when it comes to Lord Thrisura. So, we are fighting as a administrator, or if there is a road on the road then it is failure of administration. If there is a road then it is failure of administration. If there is a road then it is failure of administration. So that means we can give certain examples of our real life. as compared to subjects like history and geography, plate tectonics, we are not connected to real life. We are studying the economic geography. But there is more real life connected to sub-abad. The syllabus is small. We do not need any doubt. There are 24 chapters. But there is huge overlap between paper one and paper two. Paper one will study the financial management. Paper two will study the financial administration in India. Paper one will study the personal management. Paper two will study the civil services in India. So there is a huge overlap of syllabus. There is a huge connect between paper one and paper two. We do not take time to study subjects. But the last is the previous performance. I will show you the previous performance. What is the challenge of paper one? The challenge is to understand the question. The question is to understand the question. The questions are more applied. In the six subjects I showed you, Psi, History, Geography, Sociology, Anthropology, Public Administration, there is no graduation course. Public Administration. In every English, you can do graduation in public administration. B.A. There is a distant education in the university. In the university, you can study Psi, History, Geography, Geology, then there is a distant education in the university. Public Administration is only in two universities. There is no Jamian. There is only graduation course here. So the person who raises the question paper. The person who raises the question paper. The person who raises the question paper. The person who raises the question paper. Probably the person who is a Psi in the public administration. Or the person who is an MA. рук away a public award the corsiology So generally for you to understand that every year there are people from Pabad in top 100. Every year irrespective of the difficulty of the paper. Last year there was rank 17 in Pabad. Pabad had 260 in Pabad. Meera had 6th rank. Meera's sociology mark was 270. GS mark was 435. Interview mark was 206. So 206 pushed her into the top 10. If 206 was 186 it would rank 200. Rangid was 200. So 435 is a good score. 270 is a decent score in optional. Interview mark was 206 was 186. Optionally 262 was 80. Or 272 was 90. Again you are ranked 6. This permutation combination has to work somewhere. Last year the top of public administration was 136. So he got a 1288 in public administration. So why didn't the top 10 come? Why didn't the top 100 come? Pabad got a 288. If the top 100 didn't come, means either GS is screwed up.  If any of these works, the top 100 and top 10 will come. This year in my understanding the top score in sociology is 286. There are 300 of them. There is no list of them. There is a telegram group of GS mark. I don't know personally. There are 300 score in sociology. But both of them are not in the list.   The top score is 286 or 284. That's why you don't have to be afraid. Generally there is a problem. Pabad got a mark. Generally there is a UPSC market. There are few people in the market.  This year there is a 143 paper 2. This year there is a 146 paper 2. This year there is a 244 paper 2. There is no mark. My HEX score is 119. HEX score is 143. They are giving 140 plus in both papers. It is about how we approach the paper, how we write the answers. And if you are best, your answer is best. Definitely you will get 140 to 150. That means your option score will be 300. Irrespective of your option, you can hit 300. If you are the best in that option or you write the best answers. This is the result of 2010. Again top mark 392. Rank 72. Topper of Abad Karishmayan. A friend of mine did an interview on Karishmayan. If possible, I will give a session by Karishma. Sometime later, 269. 270. HEX score. HEX score. But she had... This is the mark of the group. 150, 149. So every year you can see somewhere someone scores 150, 145, 150 range. You can check which option you want. Each option has no extra push. No extra pull. You can write it as it is. HEX score. 299. But GS score is 160. That is why it is 72. This is the mark of Karishmayan. She had 187 in her interview. And exceptional GS score. 104, 108, 102, 123. And 140, 113 in Abad Karishmayan. She scored a penalty. If you don't follow UPSC instructions, UPSC will give you penalty. There are instructions written on the margin. If you don't follow that, she scored a penalty of 25-30 marks. Penalty. Without this penalty, she would have ranked 5 or 6. She was 14. But anyway, it doesn't matter. She is already in IAS. This is the need of Joshi Muran. She had 129, 137. 266. Again decent marks. But in the interview, she scored 195. GS score is average mark. 87, 105, 193, 120. And ranked 36. So you can see how it is all balancing out. If everything comes in balance, you will be in the list. Pradeep Singh scored first in 19th. Abad first. But if you see, Abad's eighth or most past percentage of the year was 19. 8.2% conversion. But the first rank was Abad. That's why I'm saying that we shouldn't look at conversion ratio. We need a rank. 1st rank, 10th rank, 100th rank. We need one rank in that list. How many vacancies per year, how many 1000 plus vacancies per year. Next year, we need 100. We need 100 vacancies. We need 1 seat. We need 100 vacancies. We need 100 vacancies. We need 100. We need 1 seat. We need top 100. Top 10 is the rank. I'm not trying to say. Or we need top 75. Because top 75 is the general category. EWS was 90. Top 75 is target top 75. You will be in IAS. Target 200 you will be in IPS. 150, IFS. If you go below this, rest of the service is right. So I was saying, 8.2% of the year was our first rank in Abad. 293. 148, 145. 157. We didn't get it. That year, there was a moderation for ethics. That's why ethics changed. She was the top 100. 160, 142. 302 was Abad's rank. In GS, I don't remember all the papers. But everyone has a rank. Rest of the GS has an average rank. But she had 306 rank 11. In 2018, she was a lottery winner. She had 300. I don't remember all this. She was the top 100 in 272. 333. 2nd highest mark in Abad in the last 9 years. 333. Probably you can break it. Anyway, 14th, 18th, 9th, 37th, 54th, 2nd, all these are bad. That year, the conversion rate was high. That year, the conversion rate was high. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. 129. You should have the confidence that you can score 160 and 115 in Abad. That is the only purpose of the mark list. That there are lot of rumors in the market. Don't believe it. You try to create your own history. You try to create your own story. Abad, I don't remember all the options. In 2012, Abad's booming era was there. The number of people who were 50 was also taking Abad. 13, 14, 15. It was too much. There was a fierce spread in Abad. It was too much. 3 years ago, the question paper was normal. Now, we can show the results in 60. In 70, there was a lot of conversion. There was a 10-point conversion. But there was no top rank. At first, Abad ranked 97. That year, the mark was 140-160. That was it. Abad ranked 8-12. 3-34. Abad ranked 8-34. 2016-8. That was Abad's mark. 5th rank. 166-168. He scored in Abad. That is the highest ever. 2016-8. Abad is doing a 2015-8. Abad is doing a good job. 3 years back, I came and scored. Abad is not doing well. Anyway, that year was 299. So, this is the performance of last few years in public administration. So, hope you have the belief that in the market, you should take that fear first. Otherwise, what will happen? What do you think? You should have taken PSI. You should have taken Abad. After 2 months, you should have taken sociology. It is not only for you, but for those who take PSI or sociology. One. Two. There are some subjects in syllabus. The exam is anthropology. It is a very small syllabus. Can you study anthropology? Can you study human or human or can you study the name of the species? Can you think about anthropology? I have said that in 2 options. But, you should not believe that you should clear the QPS by taking anthropology. It is you who write your history. So, this is my proof that Abad will work. Now, quickly we will go through the syllabus. What is the idea of studying Abad? I will wind up. We will start the sessions next month. There are two papers. Paper one is theory of public administration. How is public administration a subject? Public administration till 1885 was a part of PSIR. Political science was part of public administration. This is PSIR. Political science. Public administration was part of public administration. In 1885 there was a person who said that public administration should be studied separately. There is content in public administration. That is how public administration was studied separately. The name of this person is Woodrow Wilson. Have you heard of him? He is a former president of America. He said in 1885 that public administration should be separated. If you take a history of public administration then it is subject of history of public administration for 150 years. That is the bottom of political science. The good thing is that in the past public administration did not say about public administration. They said about society. There is a history of public administration. There is a history of public administration. We are studying in 1885. Before that, I did not mention about the British administration. We started studying it as a subject. What to study in paper one? How did public administration evolve as a subject? In 1885 till 2020 Pabad developed as a subject. This is the core of paper one. When it comes to paper tool Indian administration. How do we apply these things in India? This is the study of paper tool. What is the difference between public administration and management? Public administration management. In our government we call management public administration. Same job. What is the job of IS office? You are managing your private sector. You are managing the revenue administration. You are managing the finance ministry.  Same task as an MB officer is doing in the private sector. But we call it public administration. In the private sector we call it public administration. You will be called a general manager. CEO or CEO for water. Same job we are doing in the public sector. What is the ultimate goal of public administration? Public goals. Public goals are public administration. Like public goals development. There are some philosophy underlying country. Governance. We are a parliamentary democracy. There is a parliamentary example in America. There is a president prime minister. There are different countries. In Gulf countries there are monarchs. There are government but ultimately there are some goals. Indian goals are constitution. Fundamental rights. Which we are trying to achieve through different schemes, policies etc. Constitution is pillar. To achieve these public goals there will be some policies. Who is making these public policies? Government. Government is making public policies. Executives in the government. If we take a democracy there are 3 pillars. What are they? 3 pillars of democracy. Legislature, executive, judiciary. Legislature is making laws. Legislature is making our laws implement in every country. Who is making this? Executive. Action part of the government. This is what we call public administration. This is a political executive for every 5 years. They are the one who gives us permission for 5 years. Who is permanent executive? You are.  The minister who comes after 5 years is the finance minister. Or the health minister. Health minister is the TV journalist. He is not like a doctor. Health minister is the one who covers this issue. He doesn't know the ABCD. But still he is able to govern how he is officers. You are the officers. In this ministry you will know what you are doing. You are the one who is telling how to do it. That is what we call public administration. How to do it. We have an expert committee in Kerala. We have a committee to make decisions. Again, part and parcel of that committee will be bureaucrats, health specialists. Who is doing it? We are doing it. What are they doing? What is their role? They are creating a policy. Again, in detail, there are two types of policy. One is policy formulation and two is policy implementation. When are you doing policy implementation? You have two types of policy. One is secretariat. In field, policy implementation. When you are a collector, you do not do formulation. When you go to secretariat, policy formulation changes. Both are part of our job. As an IS officer, you are going to formulate policies and implement policies. This is the public policy. Where are the goals? These are the PSI's. What are the liberties, fraternity, justice, equality. These are the goals. These are the goals. Public organization will form public policy. We should run the public policy. We have public organizations. We have ministry, department, ministry, department, organizations We have three tiers. What are the three tiers? The central government, the state government, the local body. There are many organizations here. Panjathiraj institutions, the municipality, the corporation, the department, the ministry, the health management, the district education office, the district health office. We have implemented these policies. If we want to run these organizations, we need two things. Money. Two things. We need people. We need human beings. We can only run these things. These are six chapters of our syllabus. We will start from what is public administration. Chapter one. Organization. Chapter four. Personal management. Chapter nine. Financial management. I think chapter 11 is public policy. Chapter 10. We will study constitutional paper too. We will study what is the constitution of India. We will study our policies. We will study how to make these policies work out. We will implement these policies. We will look at the development administration chapter eight. This is how we develop. How long have we developed? 25 years. 25 years we are doing. What happens if we are doing? What happens if we are not doing? We are going to become administrators. Some of you may not understand. But we should study everything. We should not do anything. We should learn how to develop, how to improve health sector, education sector, etc. This is the course syllabus of public administration. This is the first theory. This is the old concept of public administration. As IAS officer, I am the IAS officer in North India. Babu is also there. Before you come to Sarvathipathy, there is a web series from Panjayath. You will understand a little in Amazon Prime. This is the IAS officer. So North India is not given any Kerala character. We have big officers here. IAS officers are important. Kerala people are important. Kerala people are not important. North India is not important. latego hain more in the only one the public administration is going to be in the public administration anyway, so the public administration is going to move towards the next election to do something important but the same happened to the countries with the idea he had that the politician should move towards the next election human beings behavior 2. theory human behavior human behavior human behavior behavior school first chapter first chapter meaning scope significance evolution NPA public choice LPG India 1970s-80s USA Reganism Tacharism UK UK LPG private sector government government government 1930s 1930s world history world history great family depression American market boom crash first world war European countries first world war first world war first world war first world war USA USA USA Incredibly boom US stock market Indian stock market rabbit shopping mall stock market if the industry grows 是的 an industrial market growth is relative ԱԱԱԼՏԻԱԵԱԱԲԱԱԳ ԱԱԱԱԵԱԱԱ԰Ա decentralized is a bobble ԱԱԱԱԻՏ԰ԼԱԱԵ tę ԱԱԱԱԽԱԱԱԱԷԱԷԽԿ ԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԵԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԽ ԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱԱeremony this is the property changes changes meat for Linkers woodrow Woodrow Woodrow Woodrow Woodrow What is the theory? How will people work? What is the nature of your work? If you give a solid theory and say how to work they will work like a machine When it is failed it is understood that theory is not the only thing each human being is different If our behavior is not considered an administration will not work Tailor and philogue can be managed We have applied it to the administration They are studying industries They have not come from the administration They are studying industries What do you have there? But there is a solid theory There is efficiency, there are machines Any industry will work Tailor and philogue Human behavior is Mary Park at Kola Elton Mayoe Burnado After this they will study second chapter After these two chapters one third of public administration is over These two chapters are the most core chapters of public administration When we cover our one to two months one and a half months these two chapters If there is a good grip then it is not easy to study later It is very easy to understand These two chapters give us maximum concepts I covered these two chapters solidly No need to worry Because paper one I can assure you that any concept of these two chapters should be studied I should read the books If there is a good grip then you can score really good in paper one If you can link it in paper two Paper two is Indian attenuation But who should we write there We should write the fingers of paper one Paper one is theory of administration What examples should be given there In Indian attenuation Paper one and paper two are linked If this is done you will get good marks in public attenuation Third chapter is behavior How to There is a general theory How to motivate Who are the good leaders How to develop leadership How to use communication skills This is an administrative behavior This is the application of management There are all private sector If a private sector industry is working then how is communication How is morale How is your morale I don't know how this class is going When you start studying UPSC it is a good morale You should clear it The first problem is If I get caught morale is doomed Then you should bring a cookie Then we will say If you get a problem then you get a lot of motivation We are going to find the first mains Again mains If you get caught then what will happen It is a good top It will be very good Moral motivation is going down I think UPSC is a full level UPSC is not a big difference I am doing an interview to make you guys proud I got 100 marks in the interview I got 100 marks in the interview They were very biased We have many good questions Administrative behavior Fourth chapter is regarding Organizations How is organizational theory There is a lot of regulatory PPP is part of our paper 3 What is PPP? Public-private partnership It is a fund project Government has a lot of money It is a collaboration of the government That is why it is coming in this way It was not a tool before Now it is not a tool It is a private sector The money is spent It is PPP's example Fifth chapter Accountability and control That is You are ISO officers Who are you accountable There are two accountabilities One is Government How can we assure this accountability This is the concept RTI You can take whatever you want Do you have a citizen charter No You can study in a paper Do you have a social audit What is audit What is general audit What is the salary If you get 100 rupees Government gives 100 rupees Government's money is 100 rupees is spent 100 rupees is spent 100 rupees is spent 100 rupees is spent You are responsible for that 50 rupees All this has been changed To look remedily What add on Constitution body C-A-G If you have Under it What are the officers Ingen Although you have a say So, how to ensure accountability. There are many methods like media, interest group etc. Civil society, citizen jatter, right information, social order etc. Then, administrative law. Rule of law. All of them should be the same. You should be the same even if you are the Prime Minister, President or a normal person. So, how to ensure the governance of a bureaucrat. Similarly, you have the power to make laws. Who is the law making body? Legislator is the law making body. Legislators are the limiters of the knowledge of the legislator. Because, there are those who are aware of the 10th class. So, there are some ministers who are a bit different. But, who is the minister of the 10th class? People who are in the parliament are not specialists. People who are in the parliament are MPs. They are only making a framework of law. The rest of the details are added. Executives are administrators. That is the concept of delegated legislation. So, how to make these laws? How to control these laws? All of these are administrative laws. Then, there is the Comparative Public Administration. Public Administration is India. Public Administration is US. Public Administration is America. Public Administration is Gulf countries. Public Administration is China. Which country is there? There will be a government. There will be an administration. Government can be presidential, parliamentary, monarchy. How will it be? But, there will be a government. What will be if there is a government? There will be administration. That is in different countries. 8th chapter Development Administration. How we can bring development? We are all waiting for this. If it is ISI, then we are going to bring development. This is our goal. We are all waiting to solve all the problems. How to control development? 8th chapter is personal administration. 9th chapter is personal administration. How is it? There are two shops for an organization. One is money. Two is people. How to manage people? How to recruit people? How to train them? How to provide promotion? 9th chapter is recruitment training. 10th chapter is policy. What is the main task of these organizations? There are two tasks. Policy, formulation, policy implementation. How to formulate a policy? How to implement a policy? 10th chapter 11th chapter Obviously, when we are doing things, there are some techniques to improve. Administrative Improvement. These are the technical tools. First, CPM, E-governance, Work Study, Work Managing. 11th chapter Final 12th chapter is Financial Administration. There are two shops for an organization. One is money. How to manage money? This is the 12th chapter of Paper 1. Now about the sources, I may report to our class. First and foremost I will tell you about the source. At the class notes, as someone who is referring to a lot of books, I will cover it. I will explain to the class at the simplest and most likely to understand. This is personally my main course. To avoid of 90% depression, I used to ឍ្ំោោ៊៌ំ ខ៊ំ៊៊៊៊៝ៀ នំ់ះ៓៟៌ៅៅ នំោៅៅៅ៊ៅៅៅំ ន៊ៅ៊ោៅៅៅៅៅៅៅ នំ៊ោៅៅៅៅៅៅៅៅៅៅៅៅ Ḣ ḍᴀḍᴃḦᴅ ḩᴀᴅ Ḇᴇᴇ ᴒᴇᴅᴅᴅᴅᴅᴅᴅᴅᴽἍᴅᴅᴅOk ᴖᴅᴅᴅᴅᴇ voz ᴢᴎᴏᴼᴓ ᴒᴅ 최근 ᴊᴎᴅ ᵀᴇᴅ Lori After every chapter, I'll put a class just answer it and follow it. Then, if at all you want to build content, mojh Bhattacharya will read it. Paper 2, we are at the applied level. Paper 2 is 14 chapters. Paper 1 is 12 and paper 2 is 14. So, starting from evolution of Indian administration. Maurian administration, Mughal administration and British administration. We'll learn how to develop a basic system. Then, we'll start the constitution. Because the constitution is ultimately the goal. We have to know what is the goal of the constitution. This is a major part of political science. We'll learn a chapter about what is constitutionalism, what is political culture, bureaucracy and development in India. Then, we'll learn about PSU. What is PSU? It is an application part of the organization. How does PSU work in India? How is the defense production in India? The defense production is in the Ordinance factories. ORD, NNC, Ordinance factories. Who is the Ordinance factory administrator in this class? There was a service called Indian Ordinance Factory Service, I-O-F-S. Where is the recruitment from? UPSU Parishen. It was the Ordinance Factory Service. Last year, there were 41 Ordinance factories in India. After merging all these, we made 7 defense PSUs. The defense production in India is 7 PSUs, which is Public Sector Undertaking. It is an administrative part of the Ordinance factory. It can be either a person in that PSU or an external AS officer. If it is a major PSU, it can be appointed as administrators. What is PSUs? What is the role of PSUs? How is the management of PSUs? The third chapter. The fourth chapter is Overlapping with Political Science. We'll learn the fourth chapter. Union Government. Executive, Parliament, Judiciary, Indra Government. We'll learn more about this. Cabinet Secretary. Principal Secretary. Cabinet Secretary. Administrative Part. Prime Minister Sophie. Secondary Secretary. Ministry Department. Fourth Chapter. Fifth Chapter is Regarding Planning. In 2017, we had a 5-year planning commission. We are now in charge of Ingella Planning. They have not upgraded the syllabus in 2013. But we don't have the NBC for the planning commission. We have only the NBC. We have to study the functioning of NBC and recent trends in NBC. Sixth Chapter is State Government. State Government's Governor, Chief Minister, Union Secretary, Council of Ministers, Chief Secretary, etc. Union Government, State Government. Third Chapter is District Administration. We will be sitting as a Collector. District Administration is the role of the district. We are managing the development of the district. We were the full charge of district till 1992. We were the collector mainly. In 1992, we had two major amendments. 73rd and 74th amendment. What is 73rd amendment? Panjayathiraja 74th Urban Local Bodies. The constitutional status of this amendment is in 1992. It was mandatory. Now, we are in Tassil. District Administration and Local Bodies. District Administration is powerful for every discussion. Panjayathiraja system is very strong. So, we don't need to worry about this. If the president of Panjayathu says, he will have to listen to District Collector. Because their political power is much bigger. After UP, if the president of Panjayathu says, he will lose. If the president of Panjayathu says, he will have to listen to District Collector. The political power of District Collector is there. So, we will be in the 7th chapter of the Confrontation. The 8th chapter is about the personal administration of this chapter. The same is happening in India. That is the civil services. How is the recruitment of civil services? How is training? How is good governance initiative? Code of conduct? Political rights? The grievance address? All of these are the 8th chapter. 9th chapter is about financial administration. We have studied paper. How is the financial management in India? How is the budget? How is the accounting? How is the auditing? What is the CAG? What are the duties of the public? 10th chapter is about the technical performance of administrative reforms. We have studied paper. How administrative reforms are coming in India? Mainly ARC. What is ARC? Administrative reform commission. I have come with two ARC. This is more. There are many committees and many commissions. Why? To do administration reform. We will study all these in the 10th chapter. 11th chapter is about the rural development. How is the rural administration in the villages? How is the rural development in the 73rd constitutional amendment? All of these are the 11th chapter. 12th chapter is about urban governance. 11th is rural. 12th is urban. Again, 74th constitutional amendment is about the implications. 13th is about the police. Police reforms are about the internal security. All of these are about the 13th chapter. Criminalization of politics. Police reforms are all about it. This is where UPSC can ask anything in paper 2. G.S. paper 2 is more now. G.S. paper 2 is more now. There are significant issues here. You can ask anything. Values in public service is linked with the ethics paper. Ethics is about integrity, accountability, transparency etc. Regulatory commissions, problems of administration in coalition regimes. Starna syllabus is made in 2013. For a long 29 years, India was undergoing a coalition government. After 29 years, in 2014, we have a single party governance. BJP got absolute majority. After that for 10 years. Now we have single party governance. Probably next 15 years. Now we have to ask what are the problems of administration when single party governance comes? How can we deal with administration? Interface, corruption, administration, disaster management. All these are significant issues. This is paper 2. The sources of paper 2. Again paper 2 is more of a current phase linked paper. If paper 1 is theory, questions in paper 2 can come directly to current phase. First source is class notes. Second source is Arora and Goel. Arora and Goel have basic theory. They can use the book of Lakshmi Gandhi. They have basic theory. Then again Aribam. Aribam is again notes. The notes are published. It is slightly outdated. You have to update recent examples. We will also link a lot of things. These are 10 books. As a bad student, you should be reading Yojana Kurukshetra. You should not read. You should listen to summaries or YouTube videos. You should collect examples and case studies. That is the relevance of Yojana Kurukshetra. We should know at least the content of ARC2 reports. We should know the direct questions. We should know what is the ARC report. The reports are important. We will discuss all that in the class notes. These are the sources of paper 2. That is it regarding public administration. This is what I want to say. As I said, we will start the classes by August. I am planning to do Sunday TV 22. We can change the dates in one week. We will have 4 to 5 months. We will have a weekend class on Saturday and Sunday. We will have a Sunday morning class on Saturday and Sunday. We will have 5 hours class on Wednesday. In 4–5 months we will be spending public administration. That will be the first 2,5,s first 2 chapters. Mostly it will be made into a solid base. Public administration should be easy after they are finished. It is not difficult to understand. Some might not understand. Some might not understand the disturbing and dull language. I have only discussed basic things in my class. the public administration. They are more dynamic. They are more challenging. If you develop this answer writing, GS answer writing will be easy for you. Because if you look at the answer writing pattern of this, it is easy for you to understand the answer of GS questions. There should be a content for each question. There should be a knowledge for each question. But it is easy for you to understand a question. That is the main advantage of public administration answer writing. And generally paper 2 and paper 4 will be easy for you. Because there are many things that we can learn from paper 2 and paper 4. So paper 2 and paper 4 are easy to learn. If you write the answer, you have to develop. But that is one thing you have to work upon. So 4-5 months will be our classes. Towards the end, I sometimes take a class on weekdays evening. To finish the portion. Otherwise it will be a weekend class. I will give you class notes. You will practice answer writing practice in the class. Sometimes I will write the questions from here. I will look at the answers. Sometimes I will do a chapter in the class test. Or I will do a chapter in the class test in the club. So answer writing we will develop. And one more thing is that. I am not just talking about Babad. Generally speaking, you should give time for UPSC preparation. Okay. I took Babad for a month. Sir, I don't understand anything. Sir, I don't understand anything. I took Babad for a month. I took him for a month. We approached each other with this thought process. No matter what option you take, there will be a grip between 1-2 months, 2-3 months. No matter what option you take, you should study and start. This is applicable to GS. Okay. You joined the class for a month. After a month, you didn't take UPSC preparation. So I don't understand anything. I am reading only one. I am reading only one. I am reading only one. How many lakhs did I read? One. It's not限y writing. Give time for understanding the subject, making a grip of the subject. In past years, slowly you'll get a, to make theוז to that mind. So please don't rush. The UPSC preparation is about a 2-year journey. Which will give to people who don't understand.  So, to get into this track, what and what is needed is the time to be understood that needs to be understood. So, generally, I have seen Second year, it is the best year of most of us. So hopefully, some of you will be in optional classes. We shall see you in the next year class. So, if you are joining, we will meet in the class, all the very best. Thank you.


Ramesh Channathala ji, P.K. Kunyalikutti ji, P.J. Joseph ji, A.A. Aziz ji, M.M. Hassan ji, Shashi Tharoor ji, Adoor Prakash ji, and Sanal ji, the DCC president, all the leaders on the dias, party workers, friends from the media, I'd like to welcome all of you here this evening. It is an honor for me to be here today and to be part of the concluding section of the Ashwarya Kerala Yatra on its final day. Over the last 23 days, Ramesh Channathala ji has led the Yatra, and the idea of this Yatra was to listen to the voice of Kerala. And when I say listen to the voice of Kerala, I don't mean listen to just one voice. I mean listen to the millions of voices that make up this beautiful state. Because Yatra is an attempt to merge ourselves with the people of Kerala. To listen to what the farmers have to say. To listen to the voice of the students. To listen to the fear of the voice of the fishermen. Who feel concerned and betrayed. To listen to what our elders have to say. And to listen to what our mothers and sisters have to say. The spirit of the Yatra was one of humility, not of arrogance. We did not come to you and tell you we know everything that has to be done. We came to you and we bowed in front of you and we listened to your voice. And I am happy to say that we learnt a lot from you. And it has been my experience now since I have been an MP. I have also got to understand a little bit about the wisdom of the people of Kerala. Maybe I for the first 15 years I was a member of parliament in the north. So I had got used to a different type of politics. And for me coming to Kerala was very refreshing. Because suddenly I found that people are interested in issues. And not just superficially, but going into detail in issues. And recently I was talking to some students in the United States and I said, I really enjoy going to Kerala and I really love going to Wynard. It is not just the affection, because affection of course is there, but it is the way you do your politics.  Today I want to tell you a little bit about the battle that is going on in our country and in this state. Of course I speak to the Congress worker, but I want to speak to everybody in Kerala. I want to speak to the students who are worried and cannot understand why they are unable to get a job. To the students who are wondering why they have to protest in front of the Legislator. Also to the fishermen who when they leave in the morning suddenly read in the newspaper that their government is working to destroy their livelihood. Instead of helping them, some days ago I made a speech in parliament where I said, Hamdo Hamaredu, meaning four people are running the national government, brothers and sisters, this country is too great, too big to be controlled by four people. And if we look towards Delhi, we find that step after step after step that the Prime Minister has taken is designed to weaken the fabric of our country. The tax of crores of rupees are given to the wealthiest people. Every time you read the newspaper, the wealthiest are getting tax breaks. They did demonetization, took money from poor people's pockets. They did a GST, five different taxes, 28% tax, again for those same four or five people. And then in Corona, when our workers with folded hands asked the Prime Minister for a railway ticket, for a bus ticket, the Prime Minister says no. He is not ready to give our workers 300 rupees, but he gives 1,50,000 crore rupees to the richest business people at the same time. Over the last six years, the backbone, the job creation backbone of this country has been broken. Smashed into pieces. Who are the people who give India jobs? Small businesses, middle-sized businesses, shopkeepers, farmers, these are the people that give this great country jobs. Young entrepreneurs, they give this country jobs. And over the last five years, a systematic campaign to take away what belongs to them and give it to the richest in the land. Ask any small businessman, ask any middle-sized businessman, ask any farmer whether demonetization helped him, whether GST helped him. And they will all answer in one voice, no, they did not. And now they have passed three new farm laws. The first one to destroy farmers' markets. The second one to allow the biggest businesses in the country to hoard as much grain, as much vegetable, as much fruit as they want. To allow unlimited holding. Those two laws, they are designed to control the price of grain, of vegetables and rice. And they have only one aim, their aim is to make sure the farmer does not get the right price for his grain, for his vegetable and for his fruit. That everybody, middle-class people, farmers, workers, laborers have to pay more for their food. And the third law is the most interesting, it says simply that if a farmer wants to contest his price, he cannot do so in a court of law. So the first two laws destroy the agricultural system and the third law says that the farmer cannot get justice. And that is why lakhs and lakhs of farmers are protesting in this country. And what does the Prime Minister say, he says they are terrorists. I fight the BJP, I fight the ideology of the RSS every single day. Every step I take, I am telling you, every step I take, the BJP attacks me. Now, right now they are watching this speech and they are saying okay, what is it that we can say to attack him? So there is one thing I don't understand. Why is it that the cases that are there against the left front government, against a person who works in the chief minister's office are progressing so slowly? Why is it taking so long? Why is the CBI, the ED, all these other institutes, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the RSS, the institutions not attacking the left front? I am a bit confused about this, because I know when you fight the BJP, the BJP attacks you all the time 24 hours a day. There is only one reason the BJP is going slow on these cases. You can figure out what that reason is. The most dynamic state of Kerala has its youngsters wondering why they can't get jobs. Dynamic state with the most brilliant youngsters and they are asking themselves why is it that they can't get a job. The left front said they will make Kerala perfect. The question is perfect for whom. Perfect for the people of Kerala or perfect for the left organization.  If you carry their flag, any amount of smuggling of gold is allowed. You can sit in the chief minister's office and do that job. But if you are a young Keralite, then you have to protest and shout and scream to try and get your right. Then there is only one way to fight nepotism. It is called the hunger strike.  Why because you are not a left front worker? I guarantee you if those youngsters were left front workers, the chief minister would be sitting there talking to them right now. Giving them every single job that they don't deserve. And when the Congress workers and the people of Kerala try to fight non-violently, you beat them and you kill them. Don't worry there are many, many, many Congress workers who will continue to fight you. You can kill as many of us as you want. We are not scared of your violence. But we will never use them. So that is the broad situation in the state. We are building a people's manifesto. It is not a UDF manifesto, it is a manifesto of the people of Kerala. We are meeting thousands and thousands of people asking them what they want the UDF government to do for them.  In some time you will see the result of this work that we have done. You will have a document that we can all be proud of and it will contain the voice of the people of Kerala. In that document will be the idea of a minimum amount of money that we will guarantee to all our people. There will be a line that will speak about cashless treatment for our people. There will be a line that will speak about insurance for everybody.  There will be no line over there that will say we are going to destroy the lives of the farmers like our Prime Minister is trying to do. And there will be no line in that manifesto that will say that everything we do is for our organization. And it is going to be a commitment to make sure that what we promise we do for you. It is not going to be empty words it is going to be a guarantee. Finally I would like to mention one last thing. Which is possibly the most important thing. I spoke about how both the state government and the central government are weakening the common man. Destroying small and medium businesses, destroying farmers. I want you to ask yourself a simple question. The price of oil internationally is down is falling. But the price of petrol and diesel in India keeps going up. The price of petrol is down is falling. But the price of oil internationally is down. The price of petrol is down is falling. But the price of oil internationally is down. But the price of petrol is down is falling. But the price of petrol is down is falling. But the price of oil internationally is down is falling. But the price of petrol is It is going to the richest people in the land. Every single day when you go and fill fuel in your scooter, in your tractor, in your car, remember this, that your governments, both the state government and the central government are taking money from your pocket and giving it to the richest people in the country. We want to go to a politics that works for poor people, not for our organization or for the richest people in the country. That is the difference between us and our opponents. I would like to thank all of you for coming here this evening. And I am confident that all the workers and leaders of the UDF are going to make sure that we sweep the election in Kerala and form a government of the people. Thank you. This is Jyothi Vijayakumar, the secretary of KPCC, who has been working with us for the past two minutes in Kerala. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. When the revolution begins, it is like a victory. We are confident that this state will have 80% of the seats with a massive seat under the leadership of all the collective leadership. This Yatra will change the entire political atmosphere of Kerala. All these programs were brought from the UPA government. Thank you.


We know from Faraday's law of induction the strength of the voltage induced in a loop We know that it's proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through that loop And it's also proportional to the number of turns that you apply to that loop But we haven't yet discussed the direction does it go clockwise or anti-clockwise? And there are so many right-hand rules and letter magnetism It would be very confusing if we'd add yet another and there are so many different things You'd have to add into your mind to get this correct, but it turns out There's a really simple way of figuring out using the conservation of energy Using the conservation of energy when you're talking about induction is usually described as following lenses law It was developed by Heinrich Lenz in 1834 before the ideas of energy and conservation energy had really reached their final form Though these days we can see that they are one and the same so Lenz's law states That you can't get something for nothing if I have a coil making a magnetic field And then I have another coil that's going to have a magnetic field induced in it Now if I'm putting current in that first coil It's going to make a magnetic field that reaches right down into the second coil And remember that this is often helped by having a bar of some ferromagnetic material running through the two of them However, the key point is when we change the current We're going to change the magnetic field when we change the magnetic field in the first coil We change the magnetic field in the second coil and that changes the flux flowing through it And that's going to induce some kind of current in the second coil And the question is which way should it go? So if we take an example that this current increases That current increases that's going to increase the strength of the magnetic field Which means it's going to increase the amount of magnetic flux going through the second coil Now if an increasing magnetic flux going through that coil caused a voltage that would increase the magnetic field even more Then you would have a runaway effect. We'd have more flux So we get more of that voltage and so we get more current so we get more Magnetic field and so we get more of that voltage and it will go on to infinity and so that obviously can't be the way it works And so the voltage that's induced has to make a current that resists that magnetic field change So to resist the flux going up. We need some Magnetic field made that way and if I look at that and that wire I see that I need the current to be going out of the page here And that will make a magnetic field that goes up And so I'm going to need the current to be flowing in that direction around this loop And so we're going to have to have a potential going in that direction And so if the magnetic flux is increasing We know that the potential has to be going that way and if the magnetic flux is decreasing then it would go the other way We can see a particularly clear and practical example of Lenders law if instead of looking at transformers We look at magnetic braking. So what I have here is a metal disc that's free to spin Okay, so it spins happily now if I were to put that in a magnetic field It would be a conductor moving in a magnetic field And so we'd expect from Faraday's law of induction that any currents little circles of any of current would be induced inside that disc And they would in turn Produce their own magnetic fields and the question is in what direction they're going to do all that and the answer is very Simple they have to oppose the motion don't they and so if I just put this magnet around that disc It stops the disc rather rapidly. This is a nice strong magnet And indeed it didn't involve any touching if I show you directly you can see the disc spinning There it is spinning nice and fast as I bring the magnets in The magnetic field induced a current that opposed the motion And so what we ended up with was a stopped disc With no touching and that's magnetic breaking. It's a very handy tool And again, this is just a restatement of the conservation energy if magnetic forces that were induced helped the motion Helped accelerate the motion that direction. Then of course you'd be getting kinetic energy out of nowhere We can do another fairly clear demonstration than what's going on a magnetic breaking is in fact to do with Currents being induced inside the material and the way we do that is we have Magnetic breaking where we have different materials. So what we've got here is we have three magnets three magnets at the bottom here and Those three magnets are in tubes and there's plenty of room for them to slide down those tubes But those three tubes are made of different materials. We have clear plastic, which is not a conductor We have aluminium, which is a conductor and copper, which is a really good conductor And so what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this I'm going to tip it upside down and then each of these three magnets will just slide down the tube into the other end Okay, let's see how long that takes Extremely different times. You see the plastic went down bang The aluminium came down a bit slower and the copper was surprisingly slow and indeed if you take these and make them cold Resistivity goes down as you make things colder and so you can find that the currents really really slow The motion of the magnets and it gets slower and slower as you make them colder


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