Good afternoon. Welcome to the University of Michigan Policy Talks at the Ford School Lecture Series. Today's event will begin shortly. My name is Cliff Martin. I'm the Events and Outreach Manager at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. I'd like to take this opportunity to remind you that the University of Michigan strives to create an environment which the freedom to express diverse viewpoints is valued and protected. This includes the freedom to oppose the views of others but also the right of speakers and performers to be heard. Please respect this important value of our academic community. Finally, if you need assistance for any matter during today's event, look for these sunglasses or see one of our events staff around the room. Thank you all for coming and enjoy the program. Good afternoon everybody. Good afternoon and welcome. I'm Susan Collins, the John and Sanford Wildein of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and it's such a pleasure to welcome all of you here for another Policy Talks at the Ford School. It's wonderful to see so many here in the audience, in particular a number of our friends from the law school. I'm also very pleased to welcome the University of Michigan's Detroit Center campus who is turning on via web stream and I know that we have a number who are watching via live web stream from other places as well. Welcome. Before I begin this afternoon's program I'd like to recognize Professor Barry Wabe and his staff at the Center for Local, State and Urban Policy close up for their efforts in coordinating this special event. I also want to thank the students of the Ford School's Domestic Policy Council who have been volunteering and have been extremely helpful in organizing our activities. Well today it is my special privilege to welcome one of the University of Michigan's very highly accomplished alumni Kevin Orr. Kevin Orr in fact comes from the University of Michigan family. I understand that his mother earned her master's degree in education from the University of Michigan and he earned both his A.B. from the Department of Political Science in 1979 and then his J.D. degree from the University of Michigan as well. After graduating from the law school he initially returned to his home state of Florida and joined a progressive Miami law firm often providing service pro bono. In 1991 he moved to Washington D.C. to focus his energies on bankruptcy law and reorganization. He went on to become acting director of the executive office for U.S. trustees which is a federal agency which oversees the administration of bankruptcy cases. In 2001 Kevin Orr joined as partner with Jones Day. Since then his breadth of experience has led to leadership assignments for several high profile bankruptcy and reorganization cases in particular Kaiser aluminum and Chrysler. Well last year Michigan's governor Rick Snyder appointed him to serve as emergency manager of the city of Detroit and in fact it was exactly one year ago today that Kevin Orr officially started this which I think many would agree is his most difficult assignment. Across all of these experiences he has had to make very tough decisions with outcomes that often affected the livelihoods of many individuals. Well such decisions we know are inevitably controversial and perhaps even more intensively so when one is breaking new ground this is of course the largest municipal bankruptcy in the nation's history. As the Detroit free press has noted he is someone who can deliver disagreeable news without being disagreeable himself. Well we are very grateful to him for joining us today to provide an update and share his perspective about the critical issues and prospects for the city that we care so deeply about and all of us whether because of our livelihoods our family our love of music our love of cars all of us are concerned about the city of Detroit and about its future. As you may know it's a city of many names it's often called Motor City or Motown what you may not know is that one of its names has been Renaissance City and that is a name that I very much hope will return when we think about the city of Detroit. Well before we begin I'd like to remind our audience that if you have a question for Kevin Orr please write it on one of the cards that was distributed when you came into the room this afternoon. Ford School volunteers will begin collecting cards in about half an hour or so with help from Professor Elizabeth Gerver and Tom Avaco from Close Up. Students from the Domestic Policy Council will then be reading your questions in the second portion of our program this afternoon. If you're watching online please submit your questions via Twitter using the hashtag policy talks and immediately following the lecture we are very pleased to be able to have a reception. Kevin Orr will have a meeting with the press corps in the south corner of the room for a short period and then we'll come and join the reception. And so with no further ado it is my pleasure to welcome Kevin Orr to the podium. Thank you Dean and thank you fellow alumni and members of the University of Michigan community. You know it's interesting it's been a year since I started this job as everyone's saying on the anniversary and if you told me that this year was going to go as quickly as it had I would have been surprised. When I first started the job I was aware that Detroit had been in financial straits for some time. Demographically since the 1950s when the city peaked at 1.8 million people and it had been declining ever since year after year. In fact from 2000 to 2010 the city lost roughly 25 percent of its population in one decade. It went from about 1.1 million to about 720,000. It now is approximately 700,000. So the decline has been demographic. But the decline has also been economic. Those of you who are from the city who ride through the city who read the stories about the city have recognized for some period of time that a city that was the economic power of the nation. The arsenal of democracy. The motor city. The city who brought us the living wage $5 a day with Henry Ford. A city for his day even in segregation thought of itself as being progressive when Henry Ford decided to create Inkster for his African American workers and Dearborn for his white workers. A city who went through many labor strikes but nonetheless truly emerged from the ashes as Cardinal Rashard spoke about. But to really try to get an understanding of the city I began this analysis back in January when the law firm I was with was coming in to do a pitch to represent the city and its restructuring. And that analysis looked through a lot of data and it's all available. So the process that I'm involved with actually began almost two years ago. It began with the first Detroit review team which started in February 2012. That review team issued a report which led to the consent agreement of the city in April 2012. Failure to meet certain metrics of that consent agreement led to the memorandum of Detroit reform for November 2012. That led to another review team on the status of Detroit in December 2012 which created a report in February 2013 which ended in a 21 page finding of facts about the status of the city and a declaration of a financial emergency on March 1st 2013. So the arc of Detroit's analysis and recovery has been long and many of the stories and analyses about how we've gotten there have been written about for a long, long time. So I usually don't spend a whole lot of time in a retrospect of looking back as to how we got here. That's all available and it's been well publicized. In fact, one of the great books about it is Thomas de Gruze, The Origin of the Urban Crisis, Race and Inequality in Detroit. I'm sure some of you who are in the public policy school study are. It's quite informative. Chronicle lies as intentional and unintentional bases for where we are. What I try to do is to explain to people what we've been doing in this process, the restructuring process and where we intend to go from here and then end with what hopefully is some sense of perspective about where the city is going to go. So when I was first selected to be a candidate for the emergency manager, my initial response was not only no, but hell no. I was firmly well ensconced in my petite bourgeoisie life as a partner in a large corporate law firm. I had been selected by that firm to go down to Miami and open up our new office. At that point, I think it was a 37th office in 18 countries, I believe, 300 sunny days, average 80 degrees in January, house out on Sunday. I don't know why he was getting convertible. It's good living. But when they called, the first question I had asked myself was, are you willing to step out of your comfort zone to do something for public service? The great thing about being a Michigan alumnus is that Michigan's culture of service and commitment to the community. An uncommon school for the common man is part of what you take away from you when you're in this institution and you leave. It's that you have a duty, a broader sense of self. And so I began to discuss it with my wife and with my then managing partner. My wife says something which was really sort of instructive.  And she said, honey, we'll be fine. As far as you taking another job and commuting back and forth and being away from home and we have two small children, we'll be fine.  Because the thing you have to ask yourself is not whether or not you take the job now. What are you going to say to yourself two, three, 10 years from now, when you heard a call to action, and you either answer it, or you did it. There's no harm. There's nothing going to be followed you if you don't do it. But you have to look inside yourself. And then my managing partner said to me, Kevin, you're slated, you know, you're one of the trustees for the firm's foundation. I was on the firm's advisory committee. I was the firm wide hiring partner for four years worldwide. And he said, you're fine here at the institution. He said something very similar. And then he got a little heavy on me. He said, you know, those of us who are fairly comfortable in our environment, and frankly, that's the vast majority of Americans. I mean, we live in air conditioned buildings in the summer. And we live in heated buildings in the winter. There's seven and a half million people in billion people in this world. Some of them are people in our armed forces. Some of them are 18, 19 years old, have their whole life in front of them. What makes that individual jump on a grenade for his or her compadres? What makes that individual willing to sacrifice their life? Good, bad, right or wrong of what you think about any particular conflict on any given time. We ask these young people to put themselves in harm's way for what we, our elected leadership says is our benefit. What makes them make the ultimate sacrifice? And all I'm being asked to do is still work in an air conditioned office in the summer, and a heated office in the winter, and a particular area of practice that I've been involved with for 33 years. So putting aside the fact that he shamed me, went a little heavy on it. Okay, I got a little thick. I had to think about that. Because at the end of the day, all of us, in ways small and large, will be called to action. Sometimes daily. Cut off in traffic. Christmas time, someone doesn't let you get to parking space. You give them the finger salute. What do you say? Say love you. You go on. Or big ways. Ways beyond your conference zone. So after thinking about it, and after understanding from an academic perspective, the needs of the city, the $18 billion in debt, the fact that 60% of our fire calls either arson or non-emergency, the fact that our police rates were initially very long. When someone breaks into your house, as someone did to my mother's house, three times in two months. It's a kid next door. They caught him one time up in the attic trying to find the alarm system, caught him coming out of the window. She's an octogenarian. What does she want when she calls the police? For someone to come. You want to hear that siren the minute you hang up that phone. Someone's on the way. Help is coming. For a city where 20% of our housing stocks, 78,000 units out of 320,000 are blighted. When I say blighted, I don't mean the gutters falling down or the shutters need to be painted. I mean 20-year-old sycamore trees growing up through the foundation of the building. Those of you from the city have seen it graphically over the years. And anybody who wants to know it, you can drive around the city and see it. And this is a great American city. Changed the way we live. You look at the debt service. Six billion dollars in secured debt affiliated with the water department, but 12 billion dollars on a one billion dollar general fund budget. That means that the city sat down and did nothing no lights, no police, no potholes, nothing for 12 years. A dozen years it couldn't pay off the debt. If you took 200 million of those dollars, which is what we have average in discretionary budget for the city, and that means every jazz festival, celebration, Fourth of July, Winterfest, everything we do in addition to regular operations, 60 years to pay off the debt. And that's including no interest, no compounding, 60 years. So it's clearly never going to be paid. And here's the real gravament of the problem. People talk about the creditor class depending upon which side of the finch you're on is either unfair to the pensioners and unfair to the workers, or it's unfair to the creditors who've lent this actual real money, and they have actually Fifth Amendment rights against impairment of contracts, and they have property interest, and they really did lend the city 1.44 billion dollars in 2005 and 2006. That's real money, even in today's dollars. But putting aside whichever side of the finch you're on, the real gravament is $5.7 million dollars that was OPEB, other employee benefits, health care obligations that the city had promised and had made over the years. Now the three and a half billion were pension obligations which were supposed to be cured by the 1.44 billion that was borrowed in 2005 and 2006. Of the total amount, only approximately 2 billion is funded that's owed to banks and bondholders. So it's really a case about the obligations that the city made starting in the early 50s, 60s, 70s. When I came of age there were roughly 150 workers for everyone retiree back in the 60s and 70s. That's went down now to approximately two to one worker for every retiree. 50% of all domestic municipal state pension funds are underfunded. In some cities we have an underfunding obligation of 3.5 billion, Chicago has 19 billion and another billion due this year. This is an issue that is coming to fore demographically, economically, politically, kicking the can down the road Lee, have you want to say it for years? So we had to address it in some fashion. So when we came into the project, as I call it, we divided it up into threes. The first stage was an honest assessment to analyze the true nature, extent, depth and breadth of the process and the problems and then to publish those and put those out. And we spent the first few months really trying to do that first with an initial report, 30-day report, then we had a June 10th meeting, then we had a June 14th proposal for creditors and we just laid it all out. No can't, no gloss, here it is, here's what we owe, here's what we find, here's the extent of the problem, here's what we can't pay. And to this day, a little bit less than a year but almost a year later, no one's really taken issue with the dollar numbers. No one's found new money, there's no pot of gold with a leprechaun, there's no mona from heaven. It's real debt, real problems. So we wanted to get that out there as of June 14th. The next stage was plan design. What are we going to do about it? And any restructuring in a business sense, it's almost easier. We participated in large cases, Chrysler, Dana, others, but you've got a balance sheet, you have a product, you're trying to either save the company in a Chapter 11, you're trying to dissolve it in a Chapter 7, and if you're trying to save it in a Chapter 11, you're trying to grow markets, you're trying to creativity, use joint ventures, patents, other assets you can use to give that company rebirth so that it can grow organically and reinvent itself. In a city, you're trying to provide services. And let me tell you how crucial these services are. We're down from a high of roughly 300,000 students, school children in a city of 50,000, and our school children ride our city buses.  It's about five o'clock, November sun's going down, she's sitting on a bench, not a shelter on a bench in the cold by herself, maybe first or second grader, and she's waiting for that bus. If that bus is late, she's out there in the dark. And in a city where 20% of your housing stock is blighted, there are monsters in the dark. There are assaults in the dark. Even when the bus comes on time, our young children of tender age are riding public transportation with adults, some pederous, some brutal, some older, meaner adults. So every time you hear the word city services, you think about that little princess and you ask yourself, does she deserve a better level of services? There's only one answer, there's only one answer, of course, of course. But by the same token, he asked the woman who met my mother at the Presbyterian Synod out in St. Louis last year, she's from Detroit, she's an octogenarian, she raised six children on her own after her husband left her 46 years ago, stayed in her house, she's done nothing wrong, city worker, nothing wrong. She planned her affairs, she came to work, she did her job, she retired, and now she's in the fall of her life. She's not going to go get another job. She has no means to supplement her income, effectively. She came up to my mom and she asked her, are you the or whose son is in Detroit? She said, yes. She started crying.  And my mother started crying. When she cried, she calls me. When your mama calls you, pretend to listen. I love my mother very much. She said, Kevin, do you have to do this? And I said, mom, I don't want to do it, but I'm here to make the hard call. That's my job. I said, if I don't do it, I risk victimizing that little princess, so she won't get bus service. Her schools continue to degrade. Her housing stock will go from 20 to 25. We will have more potholes. The lights will not get turned on. 40% of them are off. We will not remove blight. We will not do the things, the adequate level of services that any municipality should be doing for its citizens. That is the purpose of a municipality is to provide services to its citizens so that you can enhance the quality of life and the benefits that occur in a municipality so it can function in the ordinary course. So you have to weigh these issues, the alpha and the omega, the young and the old, the past and the future. Promises made, promises can't be kept. It's a tough deal. I never borrowed a dime from a pension fund. I never forgave a loan. I never forgave a defaulted loan and converted it to equity in a business that has no market value. I never deferred compensation or contributions to pension funds. We did that to $600 million on the city that we can't pay. I never did any of it. So the issues that we're talking about have been coming this way for 60 years. That's the assessment and the plan design phase. So we came up with a plan of adjustment and even the nomenclature in bankruptcy is different and restructuring is a plan of reorganization. In Chapter 9, municipal bankruptcy is a plan of adjustment because by definition you're trying to adjust the debts of the municipality. That is what the framers of the Constitution and of the bankruptcy code thought of when they were using the language to describe what we're trying to do. A plan of adjustment because principally what you're trying to do is adjust debts because that's what kills municipalities. Why is it important? We're at a crossroads. Not to cast dispersions anywhere, but cities have lives and deaths. Great city of one time is called Tombstone. One time, Detroit was one of the four big cities in America. There was New York, there was Detroit, there was Chicago, and there was this little bitty town out on the edge of a desert called Los Angeles that nobody really cared about. It was one of the great American cities, great architecture. We have the same fountain at Bell Haven that's the designer of the Supreme Court. Bell Isle was designed by James Law Olmsted, the landscape architect for Central Park in New York. A great city. The reason we have the Detroit Institute of Art is because when the city was wealthy, not only would donors go abroad and buy art, the city bought art. Well, we're not there now. So what are we trying to do in the plan of adjustment? Four principal things. First and foremost, get the city to a point where it can provide the necessary adequate level of services for its citizens. It is a shame in any municipality in America that it is dark and 40% of your lights are out or that 20% of your housing stock is down. This is America. We have a high standard of living and it should be a high standard of living throughout the country. Number two, provide for pensions. The promises that were made that weren't kept. Number three, as required under statute 436, the state statute under which I operate because I'm a fiduciary in two capacities. I'm a state fiduciary under 436 and I'm a federal fiduciary under chapter nine. Provide for the city so they can go forward in a sustainable fashion so we don't have to come this way again. And here's the catch. Number four, to reach a consensual resolution with our stakeholders, both on the labor side and on the credit side. Now that's the heavy lift. The state of affairs, the requirements, the needs of the city, apparent. Nobody spews it. Reaching a consensual resolution and getting someone to understand that they have to give up expectations, particularly those in the twilight of life, that's a difficult call. So we go to plan implementation stage three. Part of it is going through the mediation process which is led by Judge Rosen, Chief Judge Rosen, Eastern District of Michigan. And part of it is overseen by Judge Rhodes, University of Michigan. Judge Rhodes. He's got a hard job. He's got to make decisions about proposals that I and my team make on a regular basis under the rubric of the bankruptcy code and determine whether it's fair and equitable, whether there's unfair discrimination, and whether or not whatever we propose will ultimately be feasible. Can it work? That's in the implementation stage. We'll be going through that process for the next six months and it's going to be a quick process because there's no reason why it should not. The world is finite. Describe the problems. We're not going to grow our revenue stream appreciably anytime soon. That billion dollars in the general fund budget is not going to go to a billion five. The 700,000 people we have in the city, we hope to grow. But it's not going to go from 700,000 to 1.2 million in the next few years. It needs to grow. So we have to assume a steady state going forward. That's just a state of affairs that we have to deal with. So we have a disclosure statement hearing coming up and that's whereby we'll put a plan out which we hope to publish in the next few days, the final version. And that disclosure statement hearing, the court will make a determination as a matter of law, did we provide adequate information for an informed, interested party to make a decision as to whether or not to vote for or against a plan. The next state that's really material we're going to have coming up is in July, in the July 27th or so, we'll start the confirmation here. And that's going to be a full blown trial as to whether or not the assumptions we made, the proposals we put out are adequate and feasible for the plan to be successful. After that, the judge has got to take it up, go through all the evidence, and I suspect it is going to be a huge volume of testimony and evidence that the judge and his clerks have got to pour through to make a decision. And when you think about it, everybody involved in this process has a heavy job. The mediators under tremendous pressure to reach the consensual resolution for the group of people that have enabled me to get the pensions to a level that I think I would not have had six months ago. We've been pledged $365 million from a group of 10 plus foundations, some of whom, all of whom had nothing to do with this process, some of whom have been in the city for the better part of a decade, but some of whom have not. Ford Foundation, Knight Rider, Skidder, Skillman, you go on to Kresge, Kellogg, a greater Southeast Michigan, $365 million, over a third of a billion dollars, gratis. Some of them did that as a profile encourage. Some of their own board members say we do philanthropy, dollars that yield positive outcomes and we don't do charity, we just don't give money away. Some of them say we shouldn't be doing this at all. There's a moral hazard here because after all, we were told in 2005 and 2006 that that one four four billion dollars was going to cure the pension underfunding problem. And if they'd taken that money and invested it in the Dow Jones Industrial Index or Standard & Poor's from 2006 to 2009 when the stock market was trading at $8,509,000, it's now at $16,300. They would have almost doubled their money and there'd be no pension underfunding. If they stopped some of the practices, the 13th check, declaration of self-funded rates of return in 2009, one of the funds lost 27%, they declared a rate of return of over seven, a 32% spread in one year. True story. Self-funded mandates. So many of the people are saying there's a moral hazard here. We shouldn't be doing it. But in a profile encourage, the foundation leader said no, this is a particular time in the history of America and we need to stand up and be counted. And I thank them for that because otherwise, I was going to be having a yard sale of DIA art. And if you don't think that could happen, there are many sovereign wealth, Russian oligarchs, Brazilian millionaires who were calling and inquiring about it. If I didn't get that money, I was getting proposals, multiple proposals a week to turn Belle Isle into a gated community. One said, look, you don't have to do the whole thing just the north part where the golf course is. We'll gate it off, turn it to a private community. It's 1,000 acres of prime land. 1,000 acres at $100,000 an acre, under a million dollars, the city needs money. So we're trying to preserve assets. We have the state coming in with the settlement for $350 million. And I'm sure those of you know this state. There are folks in the legislature who are saying why you're reading in the paper, you hear it in the blogs. Why are we pouring money into Detroit? They made their bed, let them lie in it. So the state has said, look, we're going to do this deal, but we need a consensual agreement to get this deal done so we can get it through the legislature in town. And then we have $100 million coming in from the DIA benefactor community. All told, from 2006 to now, $2.255 billion will have been given to Detroit to address his pension issues. So when I say sustainability, we can't do this again. This is it. So we need consensual resolutions. So that's where we are now, getting prepared to start the court process and push out the final stage of our plan. I am hopeful that our counterparties, particularly in the labor community, understand how crucial this is. There is a risk that if I don't get their agreement, some or all of this money could go away because it is all hinged, a conditioned precedent, is that there be a consensual resolution to the claims in this bankruptcy. And that will severely impair the 94 percent I'm trying to pay to our uniforms and the 72 percent I'm trying to pay to civil service employees. Now, what's at stake? If we get this right, we've restructured the city's balance sheet. But more importantly than that, there are things going on in the city right now that already show the interest in how quickly a city can turn. We have foreign investors from China who brought up three buildings in Detroit. They're putting their money where their mouth is. One investor from Hong Kong, very wealthy developer there, has brought up a number of properties along the East Jefferson Corridor and is looking at doing some development of an open use public access building over in Bella. We have over seven projects going in in Woodward Corridor. And just in the next two to three years, Detroit will have four major infrastructure projects ongoing in the city. We're so important in international trade that the sovereign nation of Canada will spend $5 billion to build us a bridge. We have a welcoming center going in. We have M1 light rail. We have a new arena going in that's going to close the space between downtown, midtown, and new center so that your sports center in Detroit is going to be one of the most foremost sports centers that will rival Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh if you've ever been there. We will be able to have event nights virtually year around in the sports cycle and that will drive business and development throughout that area restaurant, pubs, entertainment. The city's on the move. It's got a lot of great things ahead of it. A lot of great interest and I can't tell you how many financiers Governor and I were just there in New York yesterday talking to a slew of it. Spent time with several investment banks after us who said what can I do to help Detroit? How can I assist? Even in the midst of the bankruptcy, we have lenders lining up to fund us for a quality of life loans so we can put services out and for exit financing when we get through bankruptcy. So I'm not saying it's polyannish because at the end of the day, it's still a tale of two cities. Downtown, midtown, new center thriving, 97% lease, number of different activities. If you're ever down there on an event night, it is a thing of beauty. But 139 square miles of city, 143 if you include rivers and lakes. Boston, Manhattan, and San Francisco fit within our borders. A city that was originally developed to be anywhere from three to five million people at 700,000. Almost 3,000 miles of sewer and water lines that have to be maintained. Some in areas that may have one or two houses in a block. So they're challenges. So I liken what I'm doing here to just the first step in a very long path or to use a metaphor. I'm the netoyer, right? Somebody had a party. They drank too much. They stayed too long. They party too hard. They hung from the chandelier. They danced with the lampshade on their head. They trashed the joint. They walked out, left everything on the table. I'm coming in and cleaning the place up, washing the dishes, removing the table cloth, resetting the table, rehanging the drapes, and mopping the floors. But the leadership team behind me, Mayor Duggan and the city council, think about this, are working together. Council passed privatization of solid waste. I never thought in my life I'd be so excited about garbage. Talk about public policy. I am elated about garbage pickup. I wake up in the morning, drive around the city and see what garbage has been picked up. Also, custodial services. We can clean up our buildings. But that's the grits. That's the grits of urban management and public policy is making things work, fixing potholes, repairing 75 sewer line breaks in the first week of the month. I just had to be an emergency manager in the worst winter in 130 years. Last time I was going to close the university, I was a sophomore here in 1978. I hope I'm not causing all the problems. But trying to get to this so that the city truly, that dreams of better things rises from the ashes. So I could prattle on and on about Detroit because I'm passionate about the city. Someone asked me, what's on the university? What's your biggest mistake? I said, my biggest mistake? I failed to appreciate the true grittiness and resilience of the people of Detroit. The city of Detroit and municipality may be bankrupt, but the people of Detroit are not. The people of Detroit are resilient. They love their city and they want to fight for it to come back. And it will because that's the true nature of the American spirit. And I'm just proud and humble to be a small part of it and have been given this opportunity. So that's the end of my prepared comments. I had hoped at the beginning of my speech to exercise a point of personal privilege in public speaking, the five Bs be brief, brother, be brief. But I've gone on for a while. So I'd be happy to answer any questions about what we're doing or anything else. Thank you. Hi, Erin. The first question we have is from Twitter. To whom are you accountable? People of Michigan? People of Detroit? Jones Day? To him. Well, Jones Day are my attorneys. I'm not accountable to them. They work for me. And that's a good thing because they get to be like a client, like how much this is costing me and you go away and do this, that's lawyering. That's a different experience for me. I'm accountable to everyone else, though. I'm accountable to the state, to the chief executive officer, the governor. I'm accountable to the people because ultimately what I say we're trying to achieve will either work or it won't. And think of this. I'm accountable to my namesake. If this works, great. If it doesn't, I'm one of the biggest flame mouses in the history of mankind. Okay? So I have a number of levels of accountability and I feel that every day. And that's why we're working as hard as we can to turn this thing around. My name is Emma Mack and I'm a second-year student at the Ford School and a policy analyst. Why does it appear that the city isn't making a greater effort to collect back taxes from businesses and corporations? One of the Detroit newspapers reported a year ago that the illiches owe millions in back taxes. Specifically, what is happening to collect that money which would greatly help the city? Yeah, there's a much discussion about particular taxpayers and two things about that. Our CFO is a gentleman who was executive director doing DC control boards and he is well regarded and well known throughout basically the country for his skills. And we've been looking at our collection rate. The reality is, let me answer that in two ways. One, although everybody thinks there are all these taxes to be collected, there's a level of diminishing returns where, for instance, for some of our property and income taxes, those houses are vacant. You're never going to collect that tax. That's just gone money. Two, there's been a lot of allegations for some of our corporate taxpayers that they owe it. But we've done an investigation, for instance, in that particular instance. There are issues regarding statute limitations as well as tenants' sufferance with regard to some of their properties that prohibit us from going further. So we've assessed it. That's part of my charge is to increase the collection rate as best I can and look at past elections. But a lot of that is already water under the bridge. Handled municipal financial crises. From your perspective, how could Michigan's emergency manager law be improved to be more democratic or result in better outcomes for citizens? Well, I hear this question a lot about democracy. And I said this, I think, on day three. Receiverships are, for those of you who have a legal background, receiverships are essential to law as Black's law dictionary or Blackstone. I mean, the first financial crisis was a 1632 tool bulb crisis where some of those were put into receiverships. So the concept of an enterprise, public, private, whatever being put into receivership is pretty central to law. In fact, if you look at it, if we've been coming this way for 60 years, this is 18 months. It's a snapshot in the history of where we've gotten to what we need to get done. And if you look at it in a longer time frame, the length of time that Detroit reform has been going on when the city had a chance to save itself for whatever reason that didn't occur. Now, the second part of your question is how can emergency manager law be changed? This isn't my interest to say it, but I actually think that there could be a length of time to after you roll out any plan, either legally or otherwise, that you make sure that it takes, that there's muscle memory behind it. So maybe a manager needs to have a little bit more runway to make sure that new patterns are being properly attended to. I'm more comfortable about that concern here, though, because I think Mayor Duggan is actually classmate of mind at Michigan and 83, class of 83 JD. Mayor Duggan and the city council are acutely aware that all of us are under a microscope with this thing. And if I get my job done right and leave him with a better balance sheet and ledger and opportunity, then frankly, preparing the new dinner and setting the new table I talked about, that's on him. And people are going to be watching that very closely. How do you see the role of social entrepreneurship and innovation versus the role of big business in Detroit's revitalization? Sure. I'll see a role in anything regarding Detroit's revitalization. I mean, I'm good with Hans Farms, which is an area where we took some urban property and turning into urban farming. I'm also interested in people getting involved in any aspect they can for revitalization, whether it's a job share and other things, absolutely. Can you explain the concept of creditor class and how an emergency manager decides who must be paid back first and in what amount? Yes. Classes of creditors are fairly common in bankruptcy. In fact, that's a central tenet of bankruptcy law is that there's a concept called absolute priority that depending upon where you are is either secured or having a priority over a subordinate creditor that your interest cannot be subordinated without your will. It's a function of the Constitution, no unreasonable takings without deprivation due process of law, Fifth Amendment, so on and so forth. Part of the way you determine classes of creditors in bankruptcy is you look at their organic documents. For instance, when we look at our water and sewer bonds, that class of creditors bought into a revenue stream that comes from an enterprise, the Water and Sewer Department. And their bonds have a dedicated revenue stream to be serviced by Water and Sewer Revenue, so they are a secured class of creditors. Other creditors that have valid liens, for instance, some of our swap counter parties who took a lien on some of our casino revenue are also secured interest and so they're treated differently. Classic is the general obligation class of creditors. Some of you may have been reading in some of the financial publications that there is an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when it comes to playing what's called your geobonds. Anytime as a lawyer you hear the word implied, that sort of falls right along the lines of policy. That means you don't have a mortgage, okay? That means you don't have a security agreement. That means you don't have a collateral pledge, a letter of credit. You're unsecured and that's the scheme set out in the bankruptcy code. So the bankruptcy code helps define which classes of creditors exist and then we administer it accordingly. Do you believe gentrification is a necessary evil for the city of Detroit to prosper?  If you look at Bedford, Stein, Brooklyn, at one point you can talk to the local Native Americans as a whether or not they believe in gentrification or you can talk to the original Dutch settlers as a whether or not they believe in it. The communities have, have lives. What I do believe is that cities need growth, development and tax revenue and I think there is a fine line that you have to be very careful with and making urban centers accessible to all parties while at the same time providing the adequate revenue stream so you can provide the services that are necessary. If you don't have that growth and development, Washington D.C. for instance, was also went through a financial emergency but now some of the areas U Street, Shaw, Cardozo, Syerson, Corta, some of the most dangerous areas when I came in 1991. When I came in 1991, the 7th and 9th Street quarter was still built, burned out from the 68 riots. Well, those areas are now part of the Verizon stadium and, and some great growth. So there's a healthy balance but you have to think in the lives of municipalities, they need to grow and they need tax revenue. I don't know if it's a necessary evil but I know you need tax revenue. Detroit's problems require a regional fix. Have we squandered an opportunity to attain that fix by having a bankruptcy eternity in charge rather than a skilled politician? Bank bankruptcy necessarily looks internally within Detroit and its creditors whereas a politician could look for solutions regionally. Well, that's a good question. I don't think so. I think one of the first things that I did when I came into the city was delegate authority back to the city council and the mayor so that they could have a political dimension in the city and I also thought that statute 436 has specific requirements for them to do under the statute and the current mayor, I delegated authority to him, is very active in terms of what he's doing. So we're trying to work together in partnership. I think there's a role for the political actors and at the end of the day, the ultimate political actor for the state is my boss, the governor, and he is highly focused and highly involved in the process as well. This is another question from Twitter. How will your blight removal efforts differ from prior efforts from past administrations? We have money. I think every administration for probably since Kavanaugh and Roman Gibbs as well as Coleman Young has been concerned about blight. You know when I first came to the city, one of the things I read was the number of plans that the city had regarding blight remediation and reform, but none of them had the funding necessary to really get to it and part of what we're trying to do with this restructuring is think of this. If we get this right, we will leave this mayor and the city council and maybe their successors in coming years for the next 10 years, roughly $150 million a year on average to deal with city services and blight remediation. That's 15% of the general fund budget and no mayor in the past half century has had that kind of money. So that really is providing the resources to get to the problem and that's pretty crucial. What model is the city using as a template to create efficiencies and city operations? Well there are many models. I mean there are models regarding lean processing that you can use in city operation. There's also returns and study models that you can use in terms of efficiencies and you can even borrow models for instance in a privatization from other communities. One of their models is Cincinnati Indianapolis model is that you give the existing workers who maybe unionize or not a chance to bid on the outsourcing of contracts to match prices if they can or another. So we're using a number of different models and processes while I was making some of our own. I think it's a little unfair perhaps to some other municipalities to look at their models. I mean I think the bankruptcy is a tremendous tool. It's traumatic for some people but it's really a unique tool that allows us to shed a lot of debt that you otherwise would not be able to do. So I'd caution people to look at this in your case studies and going on about how much of a model this process is going to provide. This is another question from Twitter. What contributions do you envision from the southeast Michigan academic community and how can we maximize that impact? I think that the parties that are studying the city now is a case study but as well as using their knowledge to analyze what the city needs going forward and the model need to continue doing that in the out years. There's one other contribution I think they need to make. If we get this right and we leave the city with the resources that it needs in the coming years some of the forces that are tempted by the honeypot that are drawn to it are still there in the city and you're going to need some significant post-emergence discipline to make sure the city stays on course in New York they had a municipal assistance corporation that lasted for 33 years 1975 to 2008 and Washington DC you had to report out a balanced budget for four years before you could get out of emergency oversight by the DC control board. I think part of what the academic community has to do here is to make sure that the city its elected officials its stakeholders its benefactors its civic activists its people stay true to the opportunity they've been given and call them out if they're not. So it needs to be a steady examination a steady review and a true discussion if that doesn't occur. I hope it does. Every day you encounter numerous character attacks from the community that you are attempting to help. How do you stay motivated? You know what it's part if I'm not being attacked I'm doing something wrong. You know I've gotten to the point that when it starts getting quiet I'm wondering if I'm messing up some way. You if you think what you're doing is right and you believe in what you're doing and you understand it objectively that's that's all part of the game. This question is from Twitter what is the biggest single thing the Obama administration could do to benefit Detroit in 2014. Yeah that's a political question. The Obama administration has done a wonderful job Sean Donovan Tony Fox Eric Holder and others came into the city and last fall as a matter of fact they made a commitment to assist the city in every way it can for instance they've contributed over 300 million dollars in grants to the city in prior years and released $35 million I think in 2012 funds and another $33 million in 2013 funds and that's real money. They're also assisting the city in terms of finding the right people for instance the summer IT tech meeting we had a meeting just for instance with the chief technology officers Louisville, Boston, New Orleans and there's two other cities I'm not remembering right now and just hearing their stories we eventually the mayor Dougan eventually went and recruited one of them Beth and I blocked to come up from Louisville to assist the city. Why is that important in New Orleans from technology fixes and efficiencies since Hurricane Katrina on a $500 million general fund budget they were able to reap 70 million dollars of savings within 12 months. That's real money that can be reallocated so both in grants both in assistance in kind and both in focus on the city they've been there for a long time. This is another question from Twitter. What lessons from being a Michigan student do you lean on in your current job? Every bit you're looking at a guy that grew up in Fort Lauderdale Florida and spent his summers in Fern Park, Winter Haven and Alton Mountain Springs running barefoot through the red clay streets. My granddaddy the reverend Eugene Jasper Awa became or when he came north is Awa down home. My granddaddy used to have a little church behind the lake and they had three alligators in and as kids with my cousins we go swimming in the lake and alligators are cold-blooded so they would sun themselves and water themselves. When you saw two alligators instead of three somebody had to get out of water and watch the water for the other one and we only saw one everybody had to get out of the water. So you're looking at a kid who by no means was destined to have some measure of success and opportunity that I've had and I chalked that up entirely at the University of Michigan both undergrad and law. It taught me a new way to think. It gave me different opportunities. It exposed me to friends, two of my groomsmen. I went to law school with one of the other groomsmen. My best man and I went to college together. I'm amazing blue through and through. In recent years Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Highland Park Inkster and Pontiac have all been targeted for emergency management or placed under an emergency manager. All of these are black majority municipalities. Other Michigan municipalities that are eligible for emergency management have not been targeted. What is your comment on the apparently discriminatory application of emergency managers? Well I'm going to take issue with apparently discriminatory. I'm going to stick to Detroit. The data that I saw in Detroit left no impression in my mind that it was needing some TLC and some emergency management. In fact, one of the ways I got here is I opened my big mouth during a pitch where 24 law firms came in to represent the city and I was on the pitch team that came in from the Jones Day law firm and when they asked the question you think any emergency manager I said absolutely, I think you're way beyond the time. I've ridged your material, your background material, this is a waste of time. You need to get these services out, enough has gone on for too long and whoever that poor schmuck is, I'll work cheek by jowl with them. They ended up calling the next day. So my view is that it was well required for Detroit. I understand some people think that there's discriminatory animus. I haven't seen any indication of that. I would encourage people who believe that way to go look at the objective analysis of the cities. How do you think you as the emergency manager affects the legitimacy of the mayor of Detroit? Do you think your presence and power undermine the role of the mayor? Not in the least, be quite honest with you. I think the mayor and I first of all are working together quite nicely. I think the other thing as I said before, my role is just a snapshot in the history of the city. That will be turned back to the mayor and the city council with a much improved budget. I think it actually enhances that the difficulty in which he had nothing to do with the difficulty that the city has gone through will leave them with that opportunity. And I think that's consistent with any other receivership. Think of this, in chapter 11, you file chapter 11, the shareholders of corporations, often time, billions of dollars gets wiped out. I think many of them feel similarly disenfranchised but they don't have a choice. This enterprise gets returned back to the shareholders. It's a little different. The Michigan Municipal League argued last week that the state of Michigan cuts to local government revenue sharing or at least one of the key reasons that cities like Detroit, Pontiac and others are in fiscal crises. In your opinion, how much of a role do the state's cuts to revenue sharing play in Detroit's fiscal problems? I'd be careful with that analysis. If you go back and look at the pro-rata share for the city of Detroit, it's not exactly unbalanced at all. Detroit gets a fair amount of revenue share and that revenue share accounts for about 17, 18 percent of our budget. So my view of it is Detroit can always use more. I want to make clear so no one misunderstands that somebody wants to give us more revenue share. We are more than willing to take it, but I haven't seen an indication that the cuts of harm to city, I think the city's debt service and legacy obligations of harm to city. I've heard a lot about creating a new Silicon Valley in southeast Michigan. What role do you see the technology sector playing in the revitalization of Detroit? Huge. We already have a tech center and tech corridor going in. And if you think about this way, Detroit in the 2030s and 40s was the Silicon Valley of the nation. If you're an engineer or a science major, you wanted to be in Detroit. Think of the effort that went in during the war effort. And there were several instances. One was New York, one was Detroit, one was out in Los Angeles, an aerospace. Right? Okay. And Detroit was at that core. Bringing some of that back with some of the leaders we have now, a tech town which you have in the city. In fact, what you're going to see in a couple of weeks, not a mean step on the mayor's news, but Detroit has been going through an analysis of all 320 of its residential units. We've inventoried everyone it's never been done before and you'll have a picture, location and status of every unit throughout the city. They're going to roll that out soon. That technology, both the hardware, the software and the programming was done in the city of Detroit and it's done nowhere else today. And that's just a start. This question comes from Twitter. Do you think the city will be ready to govern itself by September? Or will Governor Snyder appoint a new emergency manager? I'm going to stay away from what the governor's plans are because that assessment hasn't been made at that time. What I'd like to think is that the process that I have to go through should be done by September and the city will be prepared to go to the next stage, which is post-emergence of post-implementation. General obligation bonds have always been backed by the full faith and credit that is the taxing power of the borrowing government. Detroit clearly has maxed out its taxing capacity, but the state of Michigan could certainly raise taxes to pay off the city's general obligation bondholders. Since the state has taken over local control to fix Detroit's problems, why shouldn't general obligation bondholders expect the state to also fulfill the city's obligations? Three reasons principally. Geobonds, first of all, have been backed by the full faith and credit, but as I said before, there's no pledge, there's no document, there's no agreement. Essentially, that's wrapped up in the underwriting of the financial instrument. When you make an investment, you know, if you lend money to your cousin, like I do from time to time, you need to think of that more as a grant as opposed to a loan because you may not see it back, okay? Jim, you know what I'm talking about, too. So, if you do a geobond, you're getting the benefit of your bargain is that that is an unsecured investment. Number two, the state has obligations, but it can't be in privity with every bondholder, in other words, have a bilateral relationship with every bondholder because that's home rule. People get the inner into debt, they get to make decisions. The reciprocity of that is they have to deal with the consequences of those decisions going out of it. And number three, the reality is the geobond market, which has been talking about this as some sort of allegory for an assault on geobonds around the nation. So, it's way overblown. The city will be underwritable and be able to stand on its own feet based upon only one color and that color is green when this is all said and done. So, I appreciate the sentiment of some of the, as I said at the start, there are those on the bond side and there are those on the labor side. You know, the market will get settlements when you leave and everybody's ticked off at you. Sorry. What are some of the ideas to create new jobs in Detroit? There are many ideas to create new jobs. In fact, the Marin is an economic development director have ideas. For instance, in blight remediation, you can take a portion of those and actually have deconstruction. You can give people jobs. You can have job training. But think of this, the four major infrastructure projects that I talked about that are coming to the city, each one of those is a job opportunity. Each one of those, and I'm not talking about a job opportunity now, I'm talking about a job opportunity for your seventh, eighth and ninth graders. Because those jobs, those construction projects are going to be going on for years. So, we have a lot of jobs coming to the city. We have a lot of opportunity for people to train for those jobs. Is do they have the planning and foresight to get themselves in a position so they can take advantage of those opportunities? This question comes from Twitter. Why should families move to Detroit? Slewer reasons. We have, Detroit has some of the nicest housing at the lowest entry point of anywhere in the world. Okay. When I started coming out, I was looking over at Boston Edison, and East Indian Village, and Indian Village. You can get a house, their coach house is the size of my house at home. Okay. For a fraction of the cost of anywhere else. Number two, the city is going to come back and the city is going to thrive. It's already on its way. So, you have an opportunity to get in during that process. Number three, it's a pretty active and neat place, particularly downtown, to live. So, I think for all those reasons, it's an opportunity for people to come back to the city. When the dust settles in Detroit, to which city do you expect to be called to next? I have. In other words? Where do you see the next major municipal bankruptcy occurring? Well, the two parts of that question. Number one, I will not be called to another city. Dr. Donna Nealor has made it clear to me that that will not happen.  So, I'll be on my way to that. Number two, I can't handicap of any city is going to be called to bankruptcy. Frankly, if I had hoped when I started this process that some of our creditors and stakeholders would reach consensual agreements without need for bankruptcy, the one cautionary tale I'm hoping that comes out of this process is that other municipalities learn that hope is not a strategy. The lay is a waste and that three, you get much further, much quicker without the expense that we have to go through for professionals to resolve your problems collegially as opposed to in a bankruptcy. When you look back on what you've accomplished in Detroit and what you hope to accomplish, what do you think will be your proudest moment? My proudest moment is probably years out. I mean, I am fairly confident that we're going to deal with the balance sheet issues. We're going to get some agreements in. We have a great case. We've been adjudicated, eligible for bankruptcy, and now it's our job to make the case for why our plan of adjustment should be approved. But the real story that's going to be told is not whether or not I get to rationalize the balance sheet going forward. It's going to be what this city looks like in the years to come and think of this, think of this. Detroit's had a crossroads. It can be stable like some great with Western cities. Cleveland, 390-some-odd thousand, nice and stable. Has a good light rail system coming through it. Has great sports teams. But it's where it is. Or it can grow. Baltimore and Pittsburgh thriving. 15 years ago, Washington, D.C., everybody had written it off. If you go to Baltimore and Pittsburgh now, you would not have walked down the inner harbor in the 1990s. You can't walk down there now because it's too crowded. So Detroit has that opportunity. And we'll see. I'm pretty confident it should. It should have every opportunity. But we'll see if that happens and then I'll make a decision about whether or not this was the right outcome. The emergency manager is not responsible for schools. Determined to new residents. Should it be? Well, the schools have an emergency manager. So I don't think that this process should be because you get out of the city but there is an emergency manager for the schools now and he's doing a bang-up job trying to straighten that out. There's been a lot of talk of development in the downtown area. How about the development of neighborhoods that seem to be neglected time and time again? In your opinion, how do the rest of the neighborhoods develop? Well, that's a good question. I mean, I'm highly confident about downtown is already developing. In fact, frankly, one of the things we have to be a little careful with is a bit of a bubble because there's so much interest coming into the city because there's a lot of liquidity in the market. We're fortunate to be at one of those times now where the market's turning around, the capital markets, and there's a lot of money out there looking for a place to land and people who usually have a lot of money have to make their money work for them. So they look for places to put it with a significant amount of upside. And this happened in other cities. But you're absolutely right. The question are about the neighborhoods, the other 130 or so miles of the city. Now, one of the things the mayor and the city council are going to do is to try to reinvent pockets of the city. In fact, there will be coming out a program on the west side recently to try to stop the blight to get people in their homes. The mayor said in the state of the city they're coming up with a program and they're after, whereby they're going to give certain people alone to buy the home other financial institutions are willing to give them a loan for down payment. But you have to stay in the house for a certain number of years to get the benefit of the loan as it regresses over say five years. You lose a certain amount each year. That's attracting people in so you have the neighbors come in but think of what else it does. You have renovation, roofing, carpentry, beautification, pride of ownership. All of that generates both neighborhood development but also job, economic opportunity and growth. It's a long way to go because it's a big city but that's how it starts. This is going to be our last question. What advice do you have for our students? Well first you've made the right decision. There are a few institutions that are as unique and special to me at least as the University of Michigan. Number two go where the wind blows you take every opportunity never feel comfortable where you are. You know I was very comfortable in my prior life and this was a bit of a concern for me but I'm very comfortable now in this job. I've earned my stripes, I've paid my dues and I can see the lighting in the tunnel and it is not a train. So be willing to take the opportunity. Number three be a risk taker. You know throughout my career one of the things I did when I went into the practice of law is as one of my partners told me in my first term Kevin you take the widow makers. That's you know the type of cases and matters that nobody wants to work on or in the back of somebody's credenza you know a lot of dust and bobbles on nobody. Why? Two reasons. One, most of the time people want to get it off of their desk so you get it and you get to handle it. Number two and here's the secret it's all upside. If it was a train wreck it can only go one way. And you're able to do something with it guess who gets the credit. So take the risk. Seriously take the widow maker take the hard decision. You know when I went into was at the RTC and federal government a little case came in in 1992 called white warders. Madison Guarantee Savings Alone. And at that time in the RTC our delegations of authority in Washington DC were 75 million. Any institution below 75 million we wouldn't see. But we took this one up because it was called a hot topic. The reason it was a hot topic there was this guy who was the governor of a little state out in the middle of the country called Arkansas and somebody said he might end up being president. His name was Bill Clinton. Okay and when I took that it was just supposed to be a two month investigation of this little Madison Guarantee Savings Alone that we were going to write off because it wasn't worth our time when we were reorganizing the Savings Alone crisis. That turned into a six year investigation with independent counsel Fiss independent counsel Stark House Majority House Minority Senate Majority Senate Minority you never would have thought it but one of the things of that process did is when I got to the Chrysler case I was comfortable being a witness June 10th 2010 on the Chrysler case and dealer restructuring because I'd already done the groundwork of congressional relationships and the other job. So take the difficult things it's only going to expand your bandwidth it's very neat to you and if it doesn't kill you it will make you stronger and hopefully that will still lie and true still here.  I would like to thank our guest for his thoughtful and very candid informative remarks. I'd also like to thank all of you for joining us and for all of your questions I hope you'll stay and continue the conversation there is a reception over in that side of the room but please also let our guest have his time with the press for which would be over in that corner before he joins the reception. Again thank you very much for joining us I hope to see you at other policy talks.


So guys I am back with another power world video and did you know there are legendary items and Schematics you can get within power world these legendary schematics are obviously the best version of said items Which will obviously require you to craft them But these are farmable and today guys are showcased to you exactly in the game where you can farm each and every one of these Legendary schematics these are way better than the standard versions You will be able to craft just via purchasing the blueprint these are the legendary variant where in most cases The stats on per item are usually doubled to that standard counts apart Let's go people now before we go any further. I am giving away a couple of copies of this game So if you want to play a power world and don't own it already Here is your chance to win drop a like on this video only they comment down below Make sure you are subbed and have those notifications turned on and I will announce the winners at the end of this week Good luck So these legendary schematics allow you to craft the best items in the game and personally for me It's just another addition to power world I'm happy to farm extra for now as far as I'm weather a lot of these legendary schematics in the game But the nine best and the nine end game ones you'll have to farm These nine alpha world bosses four and those are the ones we're going to talk about in today's video Alpha powers are basically the world boss powers that appear on your map people But don't get twisted guys. These won't be as straightforward as you might think Some of these schematics come from the hardest world boss alpha powers in this game and also paired with that They have an extremely rare drop rate chance But thinking about it and so they should consider and they are the best items in this game now as far as I'm aware There's a legendary old boss schematic legendary power helmet legendary cold and heat resistant armors legendary pump action shotgun Legendary rocky or missile launcher Legendary assault rifle legendary handgun and a legendary crossbow another thing to add These are legendary schematics don't seem to be exclusive to these buses I do not think as I have seen people report that they have got these certain schematics from higher level dungeon chests and so forth Although I cannot confirm this as I haven't been this are lucky I have seen people stated that they have got legendary schematics from chests to so keep that in mind now I do believe there are other legendaries in the game in regards to schematics But these are the ones that drop specifically and I believe are farmable from these alpha world bosses So do keep that in mind there are others in this game But these are definitely the best of what's on offer here Now a few tips for people playing in their own worlds that will make this a lot easier for them These alpha buses who drop these schematics do respond on a full day cycle I do believe so if you wanted to make them spawning faster upon you taking them down to increase your farming efficiency You could increase your day and night cycles I think putting them on a max speed will bring a full day cycle down to a believe around 10 to 12 minutes So pretty quick you can also try increasing your power count I ain't sure how this will work with world buses or these alpha world buses But I have seen people state putting this on a max of three May increase the buses upon the areas you want to farm them Personally for me dealing with one jet wagon is enough But three of them would be a little overkill in my opinion But hey do what you got to do You could also increase your damage output and power damage output if you wanted to make things in my opinion Kind of pointless But I haven't really messed with these these you do in your custom world settings by the way And I think we'll only work in your own personal world So keep that in mind now when it comes to actually farming these powers you can catch them or kill them It doesn't matter. It does not affect the drop chances. You'll still get all the drops You're gonna get in the first place So yes, do what you gotta do if you ain't got spheres to catch these things and a lot of these world buses will require The best of legendary spheres. I mean just take them out kill them simple as that people But yes, do what you gotta do to farm them So where and who do you have to farm for what legendary schematics? So let's go. So first up guys We have the legendary crossbow to get this you need to farm the alpha world boss of bushy You can see right here on the map now bushy is only a level 23 So this is something you could probably farm a little earlier on but in regards to materials needed to craft this I think you'd have to wait for a little longer in order to be able to build this thing But yeah, bushy is seen right here on the map people Bushes also weak to those water element powers too So you want to come here and farm it and make it more easy on yourself do what you got to do here people Next up guys, we have the legendary old bull schematic now this drops from the king packer alpha bus seen on the map right Here now he's also only a level 23 So someone could probably come and farm a little early on this maybe one You will be able to get the required materials for but do what you got to do now king packet is weak to those dark Element power, so keep that in mind too if you plan on farming this guy Next up people we have beacon actually one of my favorite birds in the game This bird drops the legendary hang on schematic So the alpha bus version of beacon can be seen right here on the map now This is only a level 29 so game pretty easy to farm and beacon being an electric type is weak to those ground type Power so if you come here guys do what you got to do and get this thing Next up people we have the pump action shotgun the legendary schematic for this amazing weapon now this drops from Suzaku who is a mythical fire bird now the Alphavarian of this world bus is seen right here on the map, and it is a level 45 Now right here on the map guys you will need that cold and heat resistant armor Depending on what time of day you come up here, so keep that in mind too I'm probably the best versions of said armor now Suzaku is weak to those water element powers So yes, keep that in mind too if you plan on farming this guy to get the legendary pump action shotgun schematic Next up guys you have the legendary auto rifle Schematic this drops from the alpha world bus of blazing what? Who is a level 49 now heat resistant armor will be needed here guys It's quite a hot area the best version is armor to you want to be wearing that's for sure Now blazing what is weak to those water element powers also guys So if you plan on coming up here and trying to farm this guy you got to do what you got to do people Now the following four legendary schematics all come from the Legendary alpha buses on the map these are all a level 50, so keep that in mind So first up we have the legendary cold and heat resistant Armors these drop from Palladius and Necromus these again are a level 50. These are legendary world buses And did I forget to mention they spawn together so you'll be fighting two of these unless you play it smart But I've got a few tips and tricks for you now again These are level 50s the area that they're in in the daytime is extremely hot So heat resistant armor will be needed nighttime is extremely cold so cold resistant armor will be needed Probably best to bring both now what I will say is if you come up here at night time guys Odds are Palladius will be a sleep mean you can take these out one at a time If you come up in the daytime you fight in a ball for the same time So keep that in mind also people Palladius is weak to that dark element type powers and necromus is weak to dragon Element type part so also keep that in mind Okay, so moving on and next up we have the legendary pow helmet Schematic and now this drop from first stallion who's located right here on the map again a legendary alpha world bus at a level 50 now first stallion is probably the easiest of these legendary buses to take out because when you fight her there's so many obstacles We can hide behind where powders all that work now first stallion is weak to that fire element power also And also when you come up here guys, you're gonna need that college resistant armor because it's freezing up here So do what you gotta do guys and get that schematic now lastly on the list. We have the legendary Rocket launcher or missile launcher schematic this drops from direct wagon probably the hardest boss in this game Now this alpha legendary world bus spawns right here on the map a very very hot area You will need that heat resistant armor when you come up here guys now jet wagon being a dragon type pow He's weak to ice type power. So also keep that in mind Also, if you got a long range weapons like the one shot a rifle is really help you add Just drop out your ice type powers to fight you climb up high and shoot from afar Maybe your best chance is to farm this thing an official service. So yes, do what you gotta do people But there we have it. Those are all of the legendary schematics. I know that in the game as of right Now also before we end the video credit to bills gaming for actually uploading a guide on these I mean I've seen a couple people now cover this and cover these legendary schematics, but not give this to credit So you'll find his channel link down below if you do want to check him out and show him some love And guys if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps me out if you like what you see I want to see more power world be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys. I will see you on that next one


So, like I said, we are essentially augmenting the state with a new variable, this new variable is the parameter update law, ok, that is what we say. So, your complete dynamics will look like, e1 dot is e2, e2 dot is theta tilde fxt minus k2 psi 2, let us see what is, no, no, I did not, did I get this wrong? Psi 2 dot will be theta tilde fxt minus k2 psi 2, correct. So, this is actually not, e1 dot is e2, this is equal to psi 2 plus psi 2 minus, ok, I do not know why that is happening, ok. And I will have theta hat dot is equal to or in fact I will write it the other way around, theta tilde dot is equal to minus theta hat dot and that is equal to minus gamma psi 2 fxt, alright. And for this what was the v, so this is the entire closed loop system, ok, this is the entire closed loop system. This guy is of course the parameter update, theta hat 0 arbitrary. For the states obviously everything is given to you, right, I mean you are given the initial conditions and everything, but for the parameter update the initial condition is arbitrary, yeah. You do not, you should start close to the true value, but you do not have to, there is no such requirement, alright. Now, let us see what happens to a tracking objective, ok. So, what was the v?  The first one is positive definite, the second one is only negative semi-definite, ok. So, obviously you have uniform stability in the sense of Lyapunov, that is one. Now, we want to do signal chasing, ok, because we have negative semi-definite v dot, we are exactly in the domain of Babalov's lemma, right. So, you want to do signal chasing, right. So, how does that look? Exactly the same steps, right. What is the first step? Yeah, I am not going to go back. Yeah, the first set of steps is to prove that everything that shows up in v dot is going to go to 0, ok, alright. And you can even do it in a smarter way by the way, you can in fact just, I mean some people also do this, they just try to prove that v dot is going to go to 0, because if v dot goes to 0, then each of these terms go to 0, ok. That is another way of doing it, yeah. But I would say you stick to the steps I said, yeah, do not try to come with your own steps. The first step in trying to prove everything in v dot goes to 0 was that you say that v is lower bounded and non-increasing, right. So, I know that v is lower bounded and non-increasing, yeah. What does this imply? Implies that v infinity which is basically limit as v goes to infinity, v of t exists and finite. This was the first step, remember. Yeah, I have done this so many years, so I know I remember the steps, yeah. What was the second step? You do not remember it. Okay, fine. We look at boundedness of all signals in v, okay. So, it is very obvious that v of t is less than equal to v of 0, because v is non-increasing by this, right. So, v is non-increasing, then vt is less than equal to v0, which means that none of these can become unbounded if they started bounded, right. And they did start bounded, I mean, otherwise I would doubt the sanity of the simulations, okay, which implies E1, psi 2, theta tilde, all are bounded signals. Now, because I am going towards Barber-Latzheimer, right, I want to prove that, if I want to prove that everything inside v2 is going to 0, I want to prove that these signals have are Lp, L infinity and the derivatives are Lp or L infinity and so on, okay. So, now I want to prove that these signals are L2, but that is pretty straightforward. I am going to integrate this way. Integrate both sides, v dot t dt 0 to infinity is equal to integral 0 to infinity minus k1 minus half E1 square minus k2 minus half psi 2 square, yeah, just integrating both sides, right. Now, I know what is my left-hand side? My left-hand side is actually, what is my left-hand side? Right, v infinity minus v0. So, I am going to say v0 minus v infinity, because I am going to flip the signs on the right-hand side. This is just k1 minus half integral 0 to infinity E1 square t dt plus k2 minus half integral 0 to infinity psi 2 square t dt, right. Yes. Now, it should be obvious to you from just this equality that individually each of these is finite. Yes? Why? Why is individually each of these finite from this equality? I am saying this is finite, this is finite. Why? This is finite, sure. Now what? I am saying that this integral is finite and this integral is finite, just from this. How do you conclude that? First thing, is there anything negative on the right-hand side? Any, can anything be negative quantity here on the right-hand side? No, right. No, right, because I am taking integral of a square term. So, everything, the integrand itself is not negative. Therefore, if I take integral, obviously not negative. Integral is just a limit of a sum, right. Obviously, not negative, not negative. Plus sign, not negative, not negative. They cannot cancel each other, okay. This cannot cancel anything here, okay. Which means what? If the sum is actually equal to this, individually each of them, right, has to be right. Otherwise, yeah, if this is bigger than v0 minus v infinity, there is a problem. This will become a greater than, yeah, but that is not the case. So, individually each of them, because they do not cancel each other out, right. So, obviously, this individually each of them is less than equal to v0 minus v infinity. And if you notice, this is enough, right, to claim that e1 is in L2. And this gives me psi 2 is in L2, right, okay, alright. Now, I can use the bubble at Slema, right. Oh, no, I am not done yet, sorry. What about e1 dot and psi 2 dot? I am claiming they are bounded, okay. I am claiming they are bounded. What is e1 dot? e1 dot is e2. What is psi 2 dot? Psi 2 dot is this. I already know that psi 2 is bounded, okay. I already know theta tilde is bounded. Yeah, this proved. Theta tilde is also bounded because it appears here, right. So, the only requirement is that f remain bounded, okay. So, this requires me to make an assumption, okay. Notice just by the fact that e1 psi 2 are bounded, x will also be bounded, okay. It may not be obvious to you, yeah. But e1 and psi 2 are basically just errors coming from the errors. Errors with the reference trajectory. The reference trajectory is typically a bounded trajectory, yeah. You do not never give an unbounded trajectory. So, you have a reference trajectory. So, you are computing error between your states and your reference states, which are bounded, okay. And if you say that your error itself is bounded, then it means you are only a bounded distance away from the reference trajectory, right. And if the reference itself is bounded, you are a bounded distance away from the reference, then x itself, the states itself also have to be bounded, okay. So, if you say that essentially error bounded means x minus, here when I say states are bounded, this is basically also means x1 minus r is infinity, right. And r is already an infinity, right. Therefore, x1 is an infinity, okay. So, basically you also have that x is itself bounded, okay. So, in order for psi 2 to be bound, psi 2 dot to be bounded, what do you need? You need that this quantity be bounded, okay. Not always, but when the input states are bounded, okay. So, the assumption is typically written as assume f x, t is bounded for bounded x and all t, okay. If you make this assumption, you will immediately have that even dot and e2 dot, which is minus k2 psi 2 plus theta tilde f x, t are bounded, okay. And once you have this, you can use the corollary to Barbalat's lemma to claim that what? I can claim that e1 and psi 2 are going to 0, okay. I actually need no further steps, although the when I showed you the application of the Barbalat's lemma used further steps, but right now I do not need further steps, right. Because e1 and psi 2 going to 0 implies what? e1 and e2 are going to 0, okay. So, I have achieved tracking, yeah. Rather amazing, although it looks like I did very simple things, some simple manipulations here and there. Again, please go back and read. So, you can follow, but just by introducing, so what did I do in essence? In essence, my controller which was a what we call a static controller became a dynamic controller. What is a dynamic controller? The control depends on some value which comes from a dynamical system, right. So, my control depends on theta hat and theta hat comes from this dynamics. So, just by moving from a static controller to a dynamical control, it is almost like saying I added some integrator in my controller, okay. Not a linear integrator, but a non-linear integrator, okay. By adding a non-linear integrator in my controller, I made my system agnostic to unknown parameters, yeah. I do not know the parameter, I actually do not know the dynamics well at all, but I exactly track the trajectory. This is not an approximation, okay. I exactly track the desired trajectory in the absence of disturbance and all that of course, of course. See, you all of you must have at some point or the other seen or heard of robust control, okay. What is robust control? It is always h infinity and this kind of control, yeah. What is the idea in robust control? The idea is that and that is applicable only for linear systems typically. There the idea is you design the, for linear systems at least, you design the control in such a way, the control gains in such a way that it can tolerate some error in parameters, okay. But their error is rather limited. You do not know how much error, okay. The error it can tolerate is not infinite, not significant, okay. It can tolerate some error in the parameters, okay. Beyond that, you will get only bounded performance. In fact, even with the error, you will only get bounded performance.   But here what are you doing? Here and I mean I am not saying that is a bad method or anything. I am just saying that that is a different method. In that method, the advantage is you are not changing the control structure at all. The control structure remains the same in robust control, okay. There is some whatever, some PDKX minus KX type of a feedback. It is like a state feedback, okay. Structure remains the same. Here it is no longer just pure state feedback. Here you have a dynamic feedback, right. You have a theta hat dot. So, there is a dynamic feedback that is happening, okay. So, we have changed the structure of the control but what have we achieved? We have achieved precise tracking, okay. So, in adaptive control, you can achieve precise tracking even if you do not know the system, okay. And that is pretty amazing if you think about it, okay. Now, if I do the rest of the steps, I told you that this steps is enough. I have already achieved tracking, okay. Let us see what the rest of the steps give me, okay. If I do the rest of the steps, I would essentially be able to prove that even dot and psi 2 dot go to 0, right. That is what we have been doing. We started with proving that everything that is in v dot goes to 0. Then we prove that the derivatives of those quantities go to 0 and we can, yeah. We can, can prove that this happens, okay. But even dot going to 0 just means e2 goes to 0 that we have already proved. So, nothing special there. But psi 2 dot going to 0 gives me what? It gives me that minus k2 psi 2 plus theta tilde fxt goes to 0, right. But again, I already know that psi 2 already goes to 0. So, what do I have? I have that theta tilde fxt goes to 0, okay. Unfortunately, I have not proven anything about parameter convergence, okay. No evidence of parameter convergence or if you folks like this learned, I did not learn squat, okay. I did not learn the parameter, okay. Now that is, I mean it may not seem nice to you but that is sort of the power of this method, yeah. It did not require you to learn the parameter. I still did pretty nice tracking control. If you give me a robot or if you give me an airplane or if you give me a quadrotor, I am doing my tracking. I do not care to learn some parameters. I do not care to learn the inertia. That is not my job as an engineer, right. I wanted to go to the waypoints, go to the, you know, particular formation, do whatever I wanted to do. I wanted to do the control task. I do not care if it learns the parameters, okay. But then if you do care about the learning part, yeah. Then there are some results, yeah, which are connected to what is called persistence of excitation. And these results are required also in deep learning, by the way. It may not, these do not come up obviously upfront, yeah. You will not do good learning unless your data set is rich enough, yeah. And how you specify rich enough, which is a very, very vague word is using persistence of excitation. This idea comes from system identification. This has got nothing to do with adaptive or adaptive control or learning or anything. It comes from system identification. Basically, it is like saying that eventually you are going to solve some linear system of equations. And the senior system of equations must have a solution. If it does not, then you cannot, okay. So, that is what it comes to. You write, you can write this E1, E2 system. So, this dynamics, okay, I guess it is done. You can write this E1 Xi2 theta tilde dynamics in this linear system structure that you can see, okay. And this structure leads to some persistence excitation type results, okay. So, basically you have, this is what it will look like. I guess E1 Xi2 and theta tilde, this bottom right, minus K1 1 0 0 minus K2 F and you will have 0 minus gamma F0, right. You will have something like this. I think this is correct. Minus gamma F, right. Yeah, yeah, yeah, this is absolutely right. This is, the bottom right is what you will have, okay. Whatever is in the bottom right is what you will have. So, this is the structure that you will have. And this structure is amenable to applying some nice results on persistence of excitation, which are pretty classical, yeah. And you can actually claim that you will achieve parameter convergence also under persistence of excitation, yeah. Because we do not talk about it. So, I am not going to go into it in much detail. But like I said, doing further steps in Barbalat's lemma is useless in this particular case because you cannot prove parameter convergence. All you can prove is that product of theta tilde and F goes to 0, okay. Now, if F is passing through 0 regularly, the function F itself is going through 0s, then this means nothing, theta tilde is not going to 0, okay. But if the function F is such that it never goes to 0, it is always non-zero, then yes, it means theta tilde. So, you are asking something from F, okay. So, if you notice, there is a nice structure here. So, you see the 0 F and 0 minus gamma F, they are transpose of each other just with a gamma multiplied, right. So, you are asking something on F, the last column and the last row, okay. That last column and last row has to have persistence of excitation, okay. And if it so happens that F never hits 0, then you automatically have persistence of excitation. That is a nice assumption, this is a very bad assumption. Notice, that is why I said very carefully, when I made boundedness assumption on F, I did not just make a random arbitrary boundedness on F, that would mean I am only allowing functions like sin x and all that. I am not saying that, I am saying that F is bounded if the states are bounded. So, polynomial x is allowed, x squared allowed, yeah, because if, yeah, that is why I was very careful. Assume F x is t is bounded if states are bounded, if x is bounded, that is allowing polynomials. But if you just say F is bounded, then I am only allowing sinusoid and all that trigonometric functions, right, pretty sad. You see, I, you know, in the space of all analytic functions, I went to the sines and cosines, right. So, obviously, I am significantly weakening or strengthening my requirements and weakening the set of functions that I can work with. So, that is the idea, yeah. This assumption that the function does not pass to 0, even sin x does not satisfy. So, I mean, you can see that it is not that easy, yeah. On the other hand, sin x is persistently exciting. So, I can tell you the parameters will converge. If F of x t is sin of x, parameters will converge, okay, because it is persistently exciting, yeah, or whatever, delta persistent in this case. All right. So, that is basically adaptive control for you. In a nutshell, there are of course many, many more cases and so on and so forth. As you can see, I have already taught entire semester and probably do that next semester also, but yeah, yeah. So, but that is essentially the nutshell of what is adaptive control, yeah. We will do some more again, new modern controls and the subsequent lectures, yeah. All right. Any questions? No? Okay, we will stop here. Thank you.