Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question which says that Find the values of the following. 1. Second verse of square root of 2 plus 2 cos inverse of minus 1 by square root of 3 minus cos inverse of minus 2 by square root of 3 2 tan inverse of 1 plus 2 sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 minus cos inverse of 1 by 2 for the function y equal to sin inverse of x The principal value of y is less than equal to pi by 2 and is greater than equal to minus pi by 2 for the function y equal to cos inverse of x The principal value of y is less than equal to pi and is greater than equal to 0 For the function y equal to tan inverse of x the principal value of y lies in between minus pi by 2 to pi by 2 For the function y equal to cos inverse of x the principal value of y lies in between 0 to pi For the function y equal to second inverse of x the principal value of y is less than equal to pi and is greater than 0 and the value of y is not equal to pi by 2 For the function y equal to cos inverse of x the principal value of y is less than equal to pi by 2 and is greater than equal to minus pi by 2 and the value of y cannot be 0 With this key idea we shall proceed with the solution We have the expression second inverse of square root of 2 plus 2 cot inverse of minus 1 upon square root of 3 minus cos inverse of minus 2 upon square root of 3 First of all we shall find the value of second inverse of square root of 2 let x1 be second inverse of square root of 2 We know that for the function y equal to second inverse of x the principal value of y is less than equal to pi and is greater than 0 Also y cannot be equal to pi by 2 So here the principal value of x1 is less than equal to pi and is greater than 0 x1 is equal to second inverse of square root of 2 implies that second of x1 is equal to square root of 2 Which can also be written as second of x1 is equal to second pi by 4 as second pi by 4 is equal to square root of 2 Which implies that x1 is equal to pi by 4 Therefore the value of second inverse of square root of 2 is equal to pi by 4 Now let x2 be equal to cot inverse of minus 1 upon square root of 3 for the function y equal to cot inverse of x the principal value of y lies in between 0 to pi So here the principal value of x2 lies in between 0 to pi x2 is equal to cot inverse of minus 1 upon square root of 3 implies that cot of x2 is equal to minus 1 upon square root of 3 Which can also be written as cot of x2 is equal to minus of cot of pi by 3 On we can write cot of x2 is equal to cot of minus pi by 3 Which implies that x2 is equal to minus pi by 3 Therefore the value of cot inverse of minus 1 upon square root of 3 is equal to minus of pi by 3 Now again let x3 be equal to cot inverse of minus 2 upon square root of 3 For the function y equal to cot inverse of x the principal value of y is less than equal to pi by 2 and is greater than equal to minus pi by 2 Where y is not equal to 0 So here the principal value of x3 is less than equal to pi by 2 and is greater than equal to minus pi by 2 x3 is equal to cot of minus 2 upon square root of 3 implies that cot of x3 is equal to minus 2 upon square root of 3 Which can be written as cot of x3 is equal to minus of cot of pi by 3 Or we can write cot of x3 is equal to cot of minus pi by 3 Which implies that x3 is equal to minus pi by 3 Therefore cot inverse of minus 2 upon square root of 3 is equal to minus pi by 3 Now we have got second inverse of square root of 2 is equal to pi by 4 cot inverse of minus 1 upon square root of 3 is equal to minus pi by 3 and cot second inverse of minus 2 upon square root of 3 is equal to minus pi by 3 Now substituting all these values in the given expression we get Second inverse of square root of 2 plus 2 cot inverse of minus 1 upon square root of 3 minus cot second inverse of minus 2 upon square root of 3 is equal to pi by 4 plus 2 into minus pi by 3 minus of minus pi by 3 which is equal to pi by 4 minus 2 pi by 3 plus pi by 3 that is pi by 4 minus pi by 3 which is equal to minus pi by 12 Therefore the value of the expression second inverse of square root of 2 plus 2 cot inverse of minus 1 upon square root of 3 minus cot second inverse of minus 2 upon square root of 3 is given by minus pi by 12 which is the required answer Next we shall find the value of the expression tan inverse of 1 plus 2 sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 minus cos inverse of 1 by 2 We have the expression tan inverse of 1 plus 2 sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 minus cos inverse of 1 by 2 First we shall find the value of tan inverse of 1 Let X be tan inverse of 1 SUGIT function phi equal to tan inverse of X the principal value of Y lies in between minus pi by 2 to pi by 2 Therefore the principal value of X will lie in between minus pi by 2 to pi by 2 X is equal to tan inverse of 1 implies that tan of X is equal to 1 and we can write tan of X is equal to tan of pi by 4 implies that X is equal to pi by 4 Therefore tan inverse of 1 is equal to pi by 4 Now let Y be equal to sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 SUGIT function Y equal to sin inverse of X the principal value of Y is less than equal to pi by 2 and is greater than equal to minus pi by 2 So here the principal value of Y is less than equal to pi by 2 and is greater than equal to minus pi by 2 Y is equal to sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 implies that sin of Y is equal to square root of 3 by 2 which can be written as sin of Y is equal to sin of pi by 3 which implies that Y is equal to pi by 3 Therefore sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 is equal to pi by 3 Now let Z be equal to cos inverse of 1 by 2 SUGIT function Y equal to sin inverse of X the principal value of Y is less than equal to pi and is greater than equal to 0 Therefore the principal value of Z will be less than equal to pi and greater than equal to 0 Z is equal to cos inverse of 1 by 2 implies that cos of Z is equal to 1 by 2 which can be written as cos of Z is equal to cos of pi by 3 which implies that Z is equal to pi by 3 Therefore cos inverse of 1 by 2 is equal to pi by 3 Now we have sin inverse of 1 is equal to pi by 4 Sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 is equal to pi by 3 and cos inverse of 1 by 2 is equal to pi by 3 Now substituting all these values in the given expression we get tan inverse of 1 plus 2 sin inverse of square root of 3 by 2 is equal to cos inverse of 1 by 2 is equal to pi by 4 plus 2 pi by 3 minus pi by 3 which is equal to pi by 4 plus pi by 3 that is 7 pi by 12 Therefore the value of the expression tan inverse of 1 square root of 3 by 2 minus cos inverse of 1 by 2 is given by 7 pi by 12 which is the required answer This completes our session Hope you enjoyed this session


Every single week I look forward to talking to Mark to share because he's the delight, but I've got incredible things I want to ask him that I'm curious to see what a big league ball player says because what we say We've never been in the arena like that. So he's gonna give us the real take so mark welcome to the show I'm looking forward to this. Thank you, Michael. I'm always always happy to be here. All right Would you want Manny Machado as a teammate? If Manny Machado Rakes and plays hard. Yes, I don't mind some of his other antics every now and then nobody's perfect I don't mind it but if you have a teammate who admits that he's not gonna play hard all the time and You know, he has some good seasons has some okay seasons takes weeks off at a time, you know Just disappears for for a month during a season. I don't want that Manny Machado I want the guy who's an all-star that plays hard and and wants to be a winner But you don't know which one you're getting exactly and you're gonna have to put 40 million dollars a year into it Exactly, I would be very cautious if I'm any team that wants to win a world series or once Manny Machado to be the Face of my franchise. I would be very cautious before I make that type of investment Now what's so unique about it is we've seen guys not hustle before and usually they'll either say listen I'm not busting it down the line in a game in April when we're up for nothing I don't want to get hurt on a meaningless play where I know I'm gonna be out Or they'll fight that they actually did hustle and you just looked at it wrong I've never heard a guy like Machado say I know I should do it. I know it's a bad optic. I just can't I've never heard that before and Don in the playoffs. This is insane. Yeah, this is I cannot believe what I've seen This playoff run for Manny Machado Here's a guy on a team that's got a chance to win a world series for the first time since 1988 He's playing in a huge market He's playing for a 300 plus million dollar contract and he admits that he's not hustling and he's not really a hustling kind of guy That's insane to me you would You would think that his agent would have prepared him to just say you know what for a year Just give me one year and then you go back to what you are But you one thing that you got to give him credit for he's being honest. You nobody could say he hoodwinked us I Guess Michael. I mean you're being very kind and listen.  We all go through some stuff You know, it's difficult being traded in the middle of a pennant race And he's probably got a lot of things on his mind right now that being said if if he's going to be the centerpiece of your franchise Your franchise type player. I don't know if I want young players coming up and looking at Manny Machado as You know my leader as the guy that is supposed to be the flag bearer of my franchise And I hear all these comparisons to Alex Rodriguez and all he's the next house right here Rodriguez No, he's not Alex is much better was a much better player at this point in his career Look at the numbers Alex never one time dogged it on the field Alex You never talked about Alex being a dirty player or a guy who who didn't hustle or didn't play hard I didn't want to win and so what type of player are you getting if you sign him to a huge eight to ten year type contract? All right now this is this is will be a tough question for you to answer you had a similar player That was your teammate An otherworldly talented player Robinson can know who did not run hard to first base a lot Did that bother the team? Did you guys ever address it? Was it an issue within that room? No, it was never an issue with Robbie because Robbie always played hard when it mattered and and that's why I say we're all human beings in a in a nine-to-one game in May and You you hit a routine ground or the second base. That's a left-handed hitter Yeah, sometimes you dog it down the line, but if the game was on the line or it was the playoffs or it was you know You know a situation where Robbie could beat out a double play. He ran hard every single time We never I mean we noticed it now and then but it was never a Big deal in the clubhouse or never something that we had to address Because we knew when push came to shove Robbie came to play and he was prepared and he was gonna hustle when it mattered I thought I've mentioned this a lot this week, and I don't want to tip my hand of You know give somebody a clue of who it is But it's it's a coach and or manager that that you know a former coach manager Who said it's a lot more difficult to? Police these sort of things because players don't police themselves anymore in the past They did now it's up to the manager of the coach and there's very little respect for the manager of the coach because the big money guy knows he's gonna be there longer than the manager of the coach and has more leverage Do you believe that the day is done when a player can police a room and go up to a guy like Madi and go this has to Stop You know and Michael we're getting close. I don't disagree with that statement at all You know we watch these games together here at ESPN at baseball tonight and you know we have were ex-players were ex-managers and we're and we're You know guys that have been doing you know baseball coverage for 20 30 years and all of us shake our heads It's some of the things that we're seeing and I don't want to be I've only been out of the game for two years So I saw the last few years of my career. I saw Players you know whether the the veteran players or managers or coaches losing control over the the Habits of young talent that come up and everyone kind of said hey This is how he prepares or this is how he performs leave him alone And we've just been told for the last few years to leave young talented players alone no matter how much they don't You know work hard how much they don't hustle What you know what they do on social media today just leave him alone because that's who he is And I don't know if it's the right thing for baseball right now How would you have reacted mark on the play at first base if Machado kicked you did you think it was a dirty play? How would you have reacted? Absolutely, I've never had one time in my entire career that I thought somebody You know maybe kind of put a spike into me at first base And there was a player coming back on a tag up and as soon as he did it He knew we should have done it and apologized and so you know no big deal We kind of you know bump fists whatever was all good never in my career Did I have anybody do it? Manny Machado did if if I'm on first base there? There's you know, I've never really a fighter, but out of it Reacted exactly how Aguilar reacted like what in the heck are you doing there is zero reason for that And I thought Manny Machado should be suspended like why is that allowed? I mean we've talked about you know headhunting from pitchers and why is this stuff allowed that that was completely egregious and And in a playoff game, I thought a message should have been sent All right, let's stay in that series counsel takes out Wade Miley after five pitches Did he violate any unwritten rules by messing up the lineup for the Dodgers by doing that? No, I actually liked it I really when it when it first happened we were all saying what is going on here But then me and John Farrell were talking about it like hey I actually like the gamesmanship here because you got counsel that is you're getting matched up left and right with With the Dodgers lineup and Dave Roberts is playing a certain lineup against lefties and a certain lineup against righties And he is sticking to his book so counsel saying you know, let me try to flip a little bit of an advantage With you know, I think the Dodgers have a better team, you know for a seven game series let me try to flip the script here and and throw out my lefty and Let so they can stack righties in their lineup And then I'm just going to take them out after one batter and bring in a right-handed pitcher for the next four innings now didn't work So, you know the reason they won the game that I just won the game is because Clayton Kershaw dominated But I didn't mind the move at all. I actually thought it was pretty clever on counsel's part. All right, let's um Let's move on to the last night's game red Sox and the Astros and I admitted this at the beginning You knew around me for all the years with me. I love baseball. It's not just my job I love to watch it and I had to go to bed in the top of the eighth inning I'm sorry I did and now this is somebody who loves it. I'm not a casual fan. So what exactly is the answer? You know what? I've actually talked to Rob Manfred about this and there's no good answer So so you say okay? Well, let's make the games earlier so kids can watch it. Okay Well, you make the games earlier so kids can watch it. They can't watch it on the West Coast You know and and who's to say that kids during a school week? Anyway, I mean my kids I know my kids have sports and my kids have homework Who's to say if you had a you have five o'clock East Coast game on? You know a Wednesday night that kids would watch it anyway, but how about a seven o'clock start?  I hear you Michael, but there's there's really no good answers here I mean you you Are at the mercy of the TV ratings and the TV ratings are gonna show you when the game is supposed to start And it's just the way it is See I wonder if it's about the pregame because they invest so much money in the pregame show They don't want to air it at 6 30 where it's gonna be 3 30 in California and lose an audience because I'll tell you I'd rather sacrifice a big baseball fan like I am I'll sacrifice the Latin the first three innings for the last three You know if I got to why and I stayed up and it's costing me now because I'm exhausted I stayed up the 1 15 in the morning to watch that game because I love baseball and was very intriguing I'd sacrifice the first five innings of that game to be able to watch the end of it So why are we why are we sacrificing the end the compelling the things that people are gonna remember? For for the first three innings that may not be nearly as intriguing I'd rather watch the end in the beginning you're right Don and I agree a hundred percent with you I mean I enjoy playing golf and what I'll do a lot You know during this playoff run if I'm not working at ESPN I'll go play golf in the afternoon and I might miss a few innings of one of these games But I'm home by the six or seventh and then I can watch if it's a nine-to-one game who cares I mean that you know that's that's really not gonna be a story and someone probably hit a bunch of home runs early in The game and and not you're not really gonna cover it that much anyway But if I come home into six or seventh inning and it's three to two and you're into the bullpens And you're matching up and you have these you know guys throwing a hundred miles an hour and trying to scratch a hit here And there that's compelling baseball. So maybe that is the answer Don Maybe the answer is start the games early so people can watch the ends of them because that's when you really want to be locked in What do you think about the L2 they call I could see that call both ways? I mean up and down the the the spectrum of Arguments I've heard 20 arguments that I agree with on one side 20 arguments I agree on the other side the fact of the matter is and this is what I go back to as a baseball player I believe that Mookie Betts was going to catch that ball and so As they just strip away the rules strip away Joe West and replay and all of the technicalities I thought Mookie Betts made an unbelievable play to get to that ball I thought he was going to catch it so in the end for me It was the right call and it's the one thing that I take exception to I see I thought it was a home run But I can't kill Joe West on this now I don't think Joe West is a great umpire, but I think he made the best call he could possibly make in real time I do too that we put our umpires in a very difficult situation right now with replay and that Listen, there are umpires that are going to miss calls even if they're right on top of the play And when you're out in right field, you're not gonna be on top of a play I mean it's you kind of have a weird angle from the right field line and and someone's jump in and There's there's you know fans reaching in and even if Joe West was right there on top of it It was gonna be tough to make this call and then we slow it down into these like micro seconds on High-definition TV and say oh look there you go. Of course of course. There you go. How did Joe West miss that? It's not easy. There's there's a reason we have replay and you know, I think overall our umpires do a great job I really do now Angel Hernandez last series had a terrible game. It happens, right? But overall Joe West, I'm not gonna beat him up either He made the call that he thought he saw it in the end, you know, it's a toss-up anyway Now this is a shame, but it's a fact is that Joe West is 65 years old And nobody's gonna confuse him with Jacqueline and he's got to run all the way out there to the outfield to make a call I mean are we putting these umpires in the best situations is is it asking too much? To have a guy that age being able to to make that kind of call trying to charge down the mound to charge down the line like that Yeah, I don't I don't know the answer to that That's I think there's a lot of politics that go into who you know Who is an umpire in big games or a big series? Whatever it might be, but I do not like the fact that if there's not irrefutable evidence You can't overturn a call like why don't we just go to replay and make the call that we think happened Like replay should be should stand on its own. It shouldn't be oh well the call in the field was this so if there's not Indisputable evidence we can't overturn it. I don't I don't think that's right I think that the the replay system is much better than our naked eye in real time And so we might as well just rely on the replay and say okay based on the replay This is the call and I'm gonna stick with it. All right. Let me give you a couple of text messages Joshua Campatello Says he's from beautiful Genesee beer brewing Rochester, New York Tech strong name to if Yankees let CC go and only add one elite frontline starter without adding Machado or Harper Can they win the division or a championship in 2019 with the lineup as is? Yes, they can but what I feel better about that the team adding a few pieces absolutely I still believe if the Yankees got hot in that Red Sox series they could have easily beaten Boston But you know what wins in a one-month-long playoff marathon is good teams top-to-bottom Look at the Boston Red Sox right now up three games to one against the defending world champion Houston Astros Starting pitching solid middle relief solid. I mean Kimbrough hasn't been that great But he's he's you know finding a way to get it done They're not hitting a ton of home runs, but they're getting on base getting big hits. Their defense is Spectacular so top-to-bottom everything that you need from a team They're executing and what I what I what worries me about the Yankees as they are currently Constructed is they rely so heavily on the long ball. They don't have a ton of great starting pitching So they rely very heavily on their relievers, and they don't play good defense So you put all of those factors into a month-long You know playoff series or or at least you know even the regular season you put all that together I think there's some holes in the team still so I think Brian Cashman is gonna be very busy this offseason Let's see Chris Lucas from Clifton goes. What is your favorite place to travel during the offseason? Oh? I got to go I go to the Bahamas. I have a house In in the Abacos it's cold up here in Connecticut in the winters as you guys know I like to get out on the warm weather guy try to get out of the cold weather as much as I can and Go down in the sun and play some golf and hang out on the beach with my kids All right now there was an interesting story by Kevin Kern in the post today that the Dodgers have Have gotten away from they're trying to hit home runs Because they're shortening up they're going up against the shift just to get base runners because it's a short series Seems like the Yankees don't do that and I haven't done that for a couple of years You think the Dodgers are doing the right thing? I'm a Dodgers doing the right thing and whether it's a conscious effort or not They realize that against some really good Milwaukee relievers. They have to shorten up That's the one thing you know when you throw in 95 to 100 miles an hour long home run swings Don't play what plays is short contact swings and whether it's hitting the ball the other way That's irregardless of where you're hitting the ball. You got to shorten up and make contact And I think that's one thing that the Yankees You probably can get better at is that hey, you know the game plan has to be with with their their big home run hitters Hey, listen guys, you know, this may not be the night to go to swing for the fences Let's shorten up just a little bit Let's hit some line drives around the yard and see if we can score some runs that way Good stuff mark as always we'll talk to you next thursday All right guys, enjoy the game tonight. All right, that is marked to sure


Hi you guys, Lindsay here. Welcome back to my channel, Inside the Hymn. So let's talk about all the really cool things that I was able to make in September. I, looking back, feel like I had a really great month. Everything that I made was a success. There were no sewing fails and I am just really proud of the garments that I created in September. So a lot of them you have seen already. I've also been very on top of taking the modeling videos and reviewing the patterns and all of that kind of stuff. So a lot of these you've already seen before, but this will be kind of like a recap and a reminder. And at the end there is a dress that you guys know nothing about. So I haven't been able to film it because I just finished sewing it a couple of days ago. So stay tuned at the end for that. But the first one that I want to talk about is my sew-along dress. So I did a sew-along for National Sewing Month, which is September. And I chose this pattern from McCall 7991. Super cute. I chose it because it was a learn-to-sew for fun dress. And we did the sew-along earlier this year with another one of their learn-to-sew patterns that was a woven. So I thought that it would be fun to do one that is also a knit pattern. So now you have a very beginner friendly woven and a beginner friendly knit that you can sew along with me at any time you want, even if you didn't participate in a sew-along this month. These videos live forever and ever. So you can go back and recreate this any time you want. So I ended up making the bodice of this view, I think C. And then I made the fuller skirt of this view A. And I really love how she turned out. She's super comfortable. Super fun fact. When I posted a teaser for this on Instagram, the in-house designer for McCall's Jackie Polakoff commented to say that she was super close to picking this fabric for the sample that was going to be photographed. So instead of this camo, she said she almost almost picked this. And so that made me feel like, oh wow, not only did I pick a like substrate that the designer had in mind, but also feeling very kind of like on trend with the paisley and the emerald green color. I don't know, there's just a lot of vindication in one little comment, which was super fun. This fabric came from Joanne. I have also heard from Joanne's social media team that they are going to share my Instagram posts to their Instagram page. So that's really exciting and a lot of fun. My hair is falling completely. Nope. Anyway, so I cannot wait for that. Hopefully I will get a lot of new followers and new people to the channel. So it's a really exciting moment. But yeah, so this is a long dress. Love it. I have already worn this a gazillion times. I will make more of them for sure. In fact, I have, yeah, I have a bunch of knit fabrics that I think would work really well for this. So I just have to see how much of it I have because the the dolman sleeve bodice and the full skirt takes about three yards of fabric. So it is kind of a lot. But I think if you made the version that has just like the regular sleeve and the full skirt, you could get away with probably two yards. So I've got to play around with my yardage and see what I've got for my next one. All right, so there's that. And then I made, so Stylemaker fabrics launched their fall collection. They do it every fall and spring on the first day of that season. They start a really big style tour with a bunch of bloggers and a couple of bloggers. So for mine, I decided to make a print mixing dress. I used McCall's 7894. And you can see they actually sort of did an illustration highlighting how you could use the pattern for pattern mixing your fabrics. And I took this that you can see the only use three and I took this and kind of just ran with it. I ended up using four fabrics. And you can see I made the bodice two different ones, the sleeves two different ones, even the back has two different pieces. And then the skirt is three different ones as well. So this was a beast, an absolute beast to cut out. But once you did that, everything else came together really, really easily. The sewing part of it was actually a breeze. But wrapping your head around which pieces from which fabric and making sure you had mirror images of everything and just not screwing that up was like immense concentration and focus had to go into that. But once you got through that part, then it was super, super easy. And I really love how it turned out. It's actually a very comfortable dress. I wasn't super convinced that this silhouette was going to be great on me. It has an empire waist and kind of a slimmer skirt. I ended up having to cut a much bigger size than what I normally cut for the skirt. I don't know if that's because this one runs small or if the ease is off or something, I'm not sure. But I ended up normally I can cut a straight 14 for a skirt that appears to be somewhat a line. But this one actually had to cut, I think, a 22. So I think it went for 20, 14, 18, 20 bust waist tip. So that also made it a little bit complicated because I was trying to blend between three different sizes. And so it got a little complicated. But if you can make a straight size and eliminate all of that, it will be much easier. But I wasn't, like I said, super convinced that this was going to be very flattering. But I actually really like it. And I find it to be very comfortable. You know, the rayon shally that I used for it, I'm pretty sure this is rayon shally, maybe poplin, is kind of a lightweight fabric, you know, and so you don't want it like, hugging your body, you know, that would be clingy and weird. So I was just really happy with how the fit turned out and how comfortable it is to wear, even though it's a slimmer, fitting skirt. And to go with that, I made an emerald green stretch suede moto jacket. And to make this, I used the beloved B6169 from Lisette. A ton of people have made this and they all raved about it. So for as much work as I put into the dress, I knew that I could just cut this out and sew it and it was going to be great. And it really is. I actually love it. And I, you know, the dress has so many colors in it. When we were picking out something for the jacket, you know, I could have done fuchsia, I could have done a blue color. And we went with the emerald that matches these leaves exactly. And I am so happy that we did that because I honestly believe that emerald green is going to be the new navy. I would be shocked if emerald green were not the Pantone color of the year for 2020. It's starting to pop up everywhere. You can even see that my sew along dress is also emerald green. And I'm just seeing it pop up in ready to wear and on the runways everywhere. Emerald green is going to be where it's at. So I'm happy that I'm like ahead of the curve. And I already have a green jacket to wear. So this one was super fun. Having a moto jacket. I don't have one, you know, that zips up like asymmetrically asymmetrically. I guess that's the word. Like this one does, you know, like a true moto jacket. I don't have anything like that. All my jackets either zip up the center front or button. So I'm really glad to be able to add this to my wardrobe finally. And yes, there will definitely be more. I want to make a casual one out of like sweatshirt fleece. And I just have a lot of really fun ideas for this little pattern here. So I was excited to go ahead and try it out. Okay, now what you've all been waiting for the brand new pattern that you have yet to see. This is McCalls 7889. And I heard a lot of really weird things about this online. A lot of people said that it ran super big. But I did my little trick with the measuring and comparing the finished garment measurements to mine and adding in the ease and all of that. Like I've taught you guys a thousand times with all of my sew alongs. And I am finding it to be super big. So I've been the minority when I say that I think this pattern fits really well right out of the envelope. I don't know, maybe I'm just more accurate when it comes to picking a size. I don't know. But I decided to take a nod from this little gingham one here and do my own gingham version, but not just any gingham version. I ended up using three different sizes of gingham. And I'm obsessed. I love it so much. So these are black and white gingham cottons that I got from Stalmaker fabrics like seriously three years ago, maybe, maybe longer. And we've got the one inch, the quarter inch and the one eighth of an inch ginghams. And she's a button front. You can tell I don't have the buttons on yet. Another reason why I haven't modeled her. But and then you have all the little pleats that are sewn in to create like a cinched waist. They're also in the back. So you can see how it's kind of pulling in the waist there. And then I also made a sash out of the quarter inch gingham and the band is also the quarter inch gingham. So this one is really, really good. I'm so excited to model this and show it to you guys. It was a bit of a beast again to cut out simply because I wanted all of these to be on the bias. I wanted the gingham for the shoulders for the center front band and for the bottom band to all be on the bias. So there wasn't like a whole lot of really weird wanting to match upness, you know, that it looked intentional that none of the lines exactly matched up. What else to say about this one? I don't know. I have, I guess I have a lot to say that I'll put in the video. I don't want to give it away too, too much, but she's really cute. I'm very happy with the black and white choice. I don't make a lot of black and white stuff, black or white. A lot of my stuff has a ton of color in it. So this will be a nice sort of calm day. It's also kind of very Halloween. So it's kind of appropriate for October, but I'm going to go get some of those gunmetal colored snaps and it's going to be a snap front. I was thinking like this is a little bit country western, or at least a nod to country western. So I think the snaps would kind of just maybe hint to that a little bit more than just regular shirt buttons, you know. So I love McCall 7889 and I'm sorry for all of you that have made it and thought it was too big. I'll show you in the video. I think it fits really well. So I'm really excited for it. I do want to make other versions of this, especially this version here out of like a lightweight Rayon-Charlie-esque type fabric. I think that would be super, super cute. So anyways, yeah. So those are all the things that I made in September. I hope that you like them as much as I do and you're inspired to try some of these patterns or find some of these fabrics. I have a ton of information as always in the description box. So be sure to check down there before asking any questions in the comments section. It might already be answered and if it's not, then yes, please ask anything you need to know in the comments section and I will get back to you through there. But that is going to do it for me today. Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you all next time. Bye!


All right, so I'm the last speaker and I think what you'll find is most of the things I have to say have been said by other speakers So I'll try to be quick But I think I have maybe a little different perspective from most of you here number one I'm not asking for any money. I'm in the intramural program. You can't even give me money if you wanted to That's number one number two I am I'll say I don't definitely am addicted to encode. I'm an abuser of encode for sure and haven't contributed in any way But maybe we'll get to that at the end as to whether People have small lives like mine, but end up and doing big data Sort of that's just sort of how the technology works now Whether that'll be important and the other part is that I guess one of the few people here has an MD after my name And I think I'm the only rheumatologist. So let me give you that sort of perspective So that some of the things that I wanted to focus on here were You know what NHGRI can do for me, thank you very much Eric. I really appreciate you, you know advancing the goals of my lab But what does the draft genome really mean for rank-and-file physicians who are trying to engage in and Precision medicine and and then sort of practically thinking about here at a place like the NIH where we have a big Research hospital when a patient comes in how can encode and roadmap help us? And conversely though, how can encode and roadmap in animal models help us better understand disease pathogenesis and humans and Think about new therapies So, you know, this is personalized medicine from my perspective We're sort of a mom-and-pop operation picture my lab in the early 90s and you know, this is encode And the question then for me is how does a little mom-and-pop operation? How do we benefit from encode and I think there's a lot of labs that are in my position? So, I mean this is in I can summarize my life in 20 years or so in one slide here And you know in the old days we cloned like probably many of you Started off cloning a single gene when that was hard and took a long time So again, I'm not really sure whether I'm a geneticist or a biochemist or an immunologist But in essence we cloned one gene we sort of helped figure out this pathway Which it turns out to be a very tractable pathway in terms of understanding a lot of the things people have talked about today How you have an environmental signal ultimately altered gene expression. We related this to a rare disease in this case Severe combined immunodeficiency and then use this as a basis to collaborate with industry to get a new class of drugs That are now FDA approved But obviously the goal of encode is is not to have this take 20 years But to do this a little quicker and and obviously I think that certainly is the case now So that to me this is this is the question that I'd like to sort of pose in my talk How does Costco relate to this mom-and-pop corner store that that I have? And so one thing we certainly have done with the advent of massive parallel sequencing and this sort of thing is We've certainly benefited this pathway as I as alluded to is very amenable to thinking about where do does the signal induce a Transcription factor like stats to deposit within the genome and then how does this relate? This is a paper that just is coming out in nature shortly is online And and we're very interested in taking You know assays we did on sort of small level and then integrating them to sort of a genomic scale So the one thing that I did want to emphasize thinking about you know How can encode be used by rank-and-file clinician scientists is is getting back to sort of the ease in which they can use the data So for for genes, you know, it's pretty easy You put in your favorite everybody's favorite gene or my favorite gene at least jack three and in PubMed And you get a whole bunch of hits and that's that's pretty accessible for people who have very limited Computational skills. It's very intuitive. It sets or etc. It's like sort of shopping on for itunes in itunes or Amazon You don't Need a master's degree in computational biology to get the data you need Similarly, you know On your iPhone you have your ImGen app and whenever we're sitting in any meetings And somebody says something about a gene that I don't know about I put it into my iPhone and right away I'll oh, that's that's sort of interesting Now if you put jack three into epigenomics no hits, you know, and I I mean I know why that is You obviously if you put jack three Into the encode roadmap site and you get the UC UCSE browser view and everything But I sort of wonder a long term I know you in in one level if you tried to make everything accessible to everybody It would collapse the system at the same time I think it gets to the point that not all the users are the same There's some users who really know that need to know the details and then you know for clinician scientists They probably don't need all the details and and Eric I think had I forget the these the Tool to use it sounded like crying lack black Ramos or something but But that sounds like a great idea, but I would certainly have NHGRI think about the the end users How this can be most effectively used for the greatest number of people So Let's see. I think I covered a lot of this Integration and visualization. Yeah, that was the other part is that how do you visualize I'm definitely with you Ross on I'd like to put on my my you know virtual You know and and sort of be just like you see and you know on movies and stuff and figure out my favorite enhancer from my favorite Gene, you know ideally on my iPhone now Cross-integration integration of cross species epigenomics. We talked a lot about that user-friendly Obviously more and more we're using epigenomic therapies And that's obviously going to be useful is that if you put a patient on a drug that targets the epigenome Well, what are we going to measure? And I think of diseases like lupus which really disorders of epigenetic homeostasis now again Whose problem is this? Maybe it's not your problem in NHGRI. Maybe it's NCBI, NLM, etc And some of that has been a little bit too before What technological breakthroughs we talked a lot about identification of rare variants in in regulatory elements and so That it really is a challenge to understand Mendelian disorders of the regulome and it will be a challenge when Place like the NIH now we have an interesting patient come in they gets the whole exome sequencing if we don't see anything they get whole genome sequencing and under font or understanding and defining Pathological regulome mutations has been alluded to is obviously a challenge and trying to understand You know which of these are actionable and you know Are you going to do a bone marrow transplant on a patient or something because they have a regular mutation? And I think we've talked about a high throughput assays for this So we talked about how many different cells are there in the body? 400 well This is a Sammy speaking Laplander, which if I truly if I get any of this wrong correct me And my understanding is is that Laplanders have two thousand different words for reindeer Now we have one word for reindeer, but for this guy here His livelihood really depends on understanding the subtleties of Reindeer and and probably is evolved over many millennia etc etc So when you're thinking well, how many cells do we have to do? I think it all depends if you're you know if you're in North America you say you only need one You need to do reindeer But if you ask this guy here who whose livelihood really depends on Understanding all the subtle differences between reindeer then he he would say you know What do you nuts you need to do all two thousand? So you know if he was bad at this if he didn't really distinguish all the subtle differences between all these reindeer He might you know end up having working in an epigenetics lab or something like that rather than you know hurting reindeer We wouldn't want that Now for an immunologist point of view if you asked an immunologist how many cells are there in the body? You know, I think we would say there's probably 400 immune cells, you know This is an experiment. We've done but many people have have done this as well This is an attack-seek experiment and we've looked at all these different cells and all these different states of cells I think there are 80 different regulums expressed here and and But that sort of gets to the point that I don't know that it's encodes problem or NHGRI's problem to look through all of the amazingly interesting subsets of CD4 T cells that Anjan and I and I are so you know in Thralled with just like the Sami speaking reindeer herder So, you know, how many different types of cells it depends upon who you're asking it depends upon the state of activation versus Differentiation depends upon how you activate the cells by diverse receptors and different types of signals depends upon what state of the cell cycle therein Immunologists now have discovered metabolism and and all its effects on immune cells in essence We just talked about that about Exhausted cells and how do all these in data sets get into integrated in the endcode roadmap and This brings up the issue Mike Paysen sent me a paper thinking about this about you know So-called long-tail data that how do you incorporate small data sets produced by individual? Scientists which really do represent the vast majority of scientific data with you know these big data initiatives And so my response in a way is you know, what am I chop liver, you know We do chip seek and we think it's pretty good. I mean, maybe it's not up to your standards But you know, I you know, it's I think it's pretty good So and the question is you have to ask yourself is I think, you know, you obviously don't want Garbage in garbage out that was alluded to but we've also talked a lot here about when is good enough good enough and You know our chip seek data is good enough for me but you know, but you know that that will be your choice and something to think about and So and one level I guess you'd you'd have to think about the lost opportunities by by not incorporating other data sets and the ability To access this Sami speaking reindeer herder when he has done epigenetics on on the two thousand different types of reindeer Versus the garbage in garbage out problem So but that's that's sort of think the challenge I think the other thing that if you're going to Deposit all this information. We do really need a better history of the of the cells that are acquired If they're from humans what diseases that people have allergies etc etc infectious disease geography whether they smoke and all these things again, I alluded to the Well, I'll come to it in a moment with with lupus We talked a lot about epigenomics of single cells We talked a lot about dynamic views and for me It's really exciting the idea of how signal transduction really meets Chromatin biology with these epigenetic changes and and so better understanding of how these changes occur Dynamically and how quickly they change and what changes quickly and what doesn't I think is really important going forward We talked about different ways of viewing these changes Other speakers and understanding this really in real time by imaging etc etc At the same time one can think about this from a different point of view which is longitudinal views Studying the epigenome in in humans over their lifetime, and I would point out again from our business With a disease like lupus that auto antibodies proceed the disease by many decades and so That we can study we can see how the disease evolves, but again a disease like lupus is really quite interesting because there's only 25% concordance in in twins, and so this is really a disease of the epigenome This has been brought up as well using model animals, but I'd remind you that species like The mice we have actually lots of different mouse strains and people like Chris glass This is taking a page from Chris glasses book of using variation in mice to understand the regulum Primates have been mentioned equally people have done large-scale Ian you genesis Projects and one wonders whether that can you can benefit from that as well Another thing that immunologists think about is that we can do a lot with cells But we need to do some of the experiments in vivo and there have been examples where people have transplanted essentially large segments of the human genome into into mice and and and and in many cases these regions really do behave themselves quite well not just in cells but in vivo large regions that are highly regulated in by Diverse in diverse cells in diverse ways like the IL-10 locusts and again this helps moving from association of causality that we talked about And again others have emphasized Evolutionary approaches and I'm done and I think I'm done two minutes quicker. I say two minutes Thanks We almost recovered back our lost time and I think we can hit off on the discussion Do we want to pull back the questions we had before I have no I simply don't know where they are This is just a small point the Is your chip data good enough? I think it's not quality as much as the interoperability questions So having some kind of standardization So I think that's probably has to be worked on first so the standard and so for instance duplicates, you know There's good argument for it not everybody wants to depends on the cells and so so it's it's I don't think it's as much quality for Many of these as it is Is it's just being able to mix the data? I don't know all the issues in that but these guys do I? Just before we do oh to respond to yeah, it's just gonna come in on that I mean we are doing some of this as part of regular omdb, so there is but it's true. It's not Probably a systematic as it should I think we're getting a fair amount of that data and so but I think most people were aware that to get their data deposited into endcode they had to do duplicates That would sort of be a reason to do we usually do duplicates But you know, but I know your standards are out there But but that may be something to think about is make sure everyone understands that that's That's the price of getting into this data set I will point out in this context reproducibility is an incredibly important piece But when you start thinking about working with specialty cell types coming from in vivo coming from cells that are difficult to grow and so on There is also a huge premium on the experiment being conducted by labs that actually does the cell work Well, so there is huge value if there were an incentive to the right labs with the right biology expertise to also do the Genomics part to the standards of a genomics community I think great things would happen which would be very difficult to just siphon off to somebody else doing the experiment before We delve in deeper into that I just wanted to because many of the speakers didn't have a Q&A due to time constraints I wanted to just give a very quick bird's eye of what I think are the key point that each one made so that people have Them in their minds as they start discussing


Citizen science is a growing field of research which allows members of the public to participate in scientific research alongside professional scientists. In the case of hydrology, this can involve collecting data related to water levels or flow rates, or even helping to monitor water quality. Citizen science can be used to supplement existing data sets, providing additional information about specific areas or phenomena. Additionally, it can help to increase public awareness of environmental issues and provide a platform for engaging citizens in the scientific process. This article was authored by Wouter E. Bytart, Wouter E. Bytart, Wouter E. Bytart, and others.


What are we going to work on today? Well, today we're going to be downloading some music from YouTube, some songs I wrote, and we're going to be using YouTube DL. But actually, before anyone comments, I'm actually not using YouTube DL. You'll see that in the script. I'm just saying this now because someone's going to comment on it. I'm actually using YT-DLP, which is a fork. Some people consider it a better, and I think it's kept up to date more than YouTube DL, but I already had a bunch of scripts, including one like we're about to look at where I've used YouTube DL. I actually just have YouTube DL linked to YT-DLP. Just be aware that I'm not actually using YouTube DL, but it's going to work the same if you do. That's not the main focus of this video. What we're going to do is talk about naming our scripts, and depending on what we name our script, it's going to act differently. Hopefully, you'll understand what I'm saying by the end of this video, but an example of this you may have experienced if you ever worked with Busybox. Busybox is a single binary that has a whole bunch of your core tools, DD, CP, LS, all that sort of stuff built into one binary, but you can link it to LS or DD, so you don't have to write Busybox LS. You can just type LS and it will run Busybox and know that you want to run the LS command because you've linked it as LS. You'll see what I'm talking about here in a moment. Let's go ahead and look at our script here. I have a file in my directory called YT Music, and it's a script to download files from YouTube and convert them to audio format. What does the script do? First thing it does is look, do I have an argument, that first argument. If it exists, then create a variable called URL and make it whatever that first argument is. If I don't pass an argument, well then it's going to check my clipboard to see if I've copied a URL and put that into the URL. I don't actually ever check in here to make sure it's a valid URL because YouTubeDL will just let me know if it's not. I then echo out the URL just for output to the screen for testing, but then we're using our program here. We're going to extract the audio and we're going to audio format up here. I've coming out, but these are the audio formats that YouTubeDL or UT, yeah, you know what I'm saying, format offers. But right here is going to convert that URL to an MP3. So let's go ahead and here is a song I wrote. If you don't know, I write music. I have a channel on YouTube, which apparently has 57 subscribers, Linux Music Master. Anyway, I'm going to take that URL, I'm going to copy it. Now, I could pass it the URL like so and download it, but if I just run the script, run the script without a URL, it will check my clipboard as we just looked at in the script. So I'm going to do that, that goes out the URL, then it's going to download it, it's going to download it, and then I believe it uses FFMpeg. It's using FFMpeg to convert that to an MP3. So I can list out the files here and you can see that I now have an MP3 of that song. Let's go into that script. And again, we have these different formats up here. So let's say I wanted it to be a WAV file. I can just say WAV here and I can run the script again. It's going to look at my clipboard, download that file, convert it to a WAV file and I list out and I have an MP3 and a WAV file. So the question here is, how can we have one script that knows what format I want? Now, I could always pass an argument. I want this format and there's different ways to do that. You can do little switches, but if I do arguments, I'm already looking at the first argument as the URL. I could say, okay, is that a format? Is this that? But we can go simpler than that. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to go into our script here, my team music. And as we've talked about in the past, if you were to, let's say, echo out $0, that's your very first argument. It's the very first part of your command. So it's going to be the name of your command. So let me go ahead and do that. And then I'll exit out at that point, but I'll just say YouTube music. And it says that's the name of our script. And we'll give the full URL, our full path name, if I gave it the full path name. So what I can do in here is I can say base name, which will give us just the base name of our script. So what I want to do now is I'm going to look at that. And if I want to, I can name it different ways. But for me, for this particular instance, I'm going to have a YT MP3, a YT wave, a YT AAC. And it's going to look at that name and take that value. So what I'm going to do for my example is I'm going to say said, and then I'm going to run this. And I'm going to say, remove that YT. So now if I was to run this, and like so it's just saying music. But if I was to link to that file, so ln dash s, and this file, and then I can say MP3, I now have, if I list out all my files here, I have my music files, but I have our YT music, but then we also have YT MP3 pointing to YT music. If I was to run YT MP3, it's going to output MP3, right? So I hopefully you see where I'm going with this. So I go back into here. And then what I'm going to do is create a variable called format. And I'm going to set it equal to the output of that command. And then over here, I'm going to use the variable dollar sign format. Great. So now what I can do is I can link that to that. And then I can also say wave. And let me go ahead and just remove those files we downloaded earlier. So you can see I have one script but linked to different names. So I can say YT MP3. Let me make sure I still have this in my clipboard. YT MP3. I go like that. And what it's going to do is it's going to download and based on the name of my link, it's going to download an MP3, even though it's the same exact script. If I list it out, you can see I have an MP3 now. If I go YT wave, I can now run that. And again, it's going to run the same script, but based on the name of my link. And this will work if I rename the script as well, but we're linking to it multiple different ways. Now I just downloaded the wave format of that. Now one more thing you might want to do is go into that script and add into it a pipe symbol here and then run this same command, YouTube, extract audio, and then dollar sign URL. What's that going to do? Well, let's say I was to make a mistake. So you can download AUG files, but it doesn't say AUG up here. Or you would do this VORBUS, I think? Or is it? Yeah, I think VORBUS is the AUG format. Or if I was to run the original script, which is music, which isn't a format. So what's going to do now, it's, oh, sorry, I have something else in my clipboard. Copy that again. So we'll run the script with its original name. It's going to try to download that as a format of music. That doesn't exist. So then it will default to whatever it considers the best format. In this case, it's OPUS. So I can list that out. I have OPUS. So it will look at the file name, cut it down. If that is a format that works, it will download. If not, it will let you know that's not, and then it will download the best format. So yeah, I will put this up on Payspin and link to it in the description of this video. But I hope you found this useful. So again, I can do all these different formats. I can have YTACC, YTFLAC, YTMP3, YTM4A, YTOPUS, VORBUS, and WAVE. And then, depending on what I want to download, I can just run that same script. I can just link them all. I can put all the main script and all the links to them in my, for example, USR local bin folder. And then anytime I highlight a URL, I can just run that command. If I just want to download the best format, I'll just run YTMusic, but I can run the other commands, and it will hopefully download those formats for me properly. So that's it. I hope you found this useful. I hope you visit FilmsByChris.com. That's Chris at the K. There's a link in the description, also a link to the script. And remember, I do have a Patreon page linked to that in the description. And, you know, I would love your support. I appreciate the supporters I have on Patreon. I talk to a few of them regularly, and I've helped them, and they've been very helpful with me working on stuff. And I'm just thankful to have them. I would love to have more supporters. And if you can't support that way, you know, think about liking, sharing, subscribing, commenting. If you are a Patreon member, you usually get most of my videos a week or more in advance. So, there you go. That's what you get. And you also can contact me. And I actually make time. I have a lot of questions I get asked on Facebook and stuff, and in comments, I don't have time to answer most of them. But if you're a supporter on Patreon, I definitely have time to talk to you. So, I appreciate that. And I hope that you have a great day.


Hi, let's talk about social inclusion once again. Today we explore the concept of racial microaggressions and how it relates to white supremacy. Two amazing guests with us today, speaking from different parts of the globe. So we have Johnny Williams from Trinity College in the United States and David Embrick from the University of Connecticut in the US, speaking from Barcelona right next to us here in Portugal. So revealing a bit of what our guests will explore today and as a kickoff to this episode, we'll be talking about the limitations of viewing microaggressions. We'll get into this concept shortly. The limitations of viewing microaggressions as individual behavior only. And we're gonna talk about as well about the importance of recognizing historical roots, systemic roots in capitalism and colonialism, indigenous erasure, et cetera, as source for these microaggressions. Johnny, David, welcome. Thank you for having me. You're welcome, yeah. Johnny, racial microaggressions, what are we talking about here? Well, this is a concept that was developed by an American by the name of Chester Pierce back in the 1970s. And the concept he designed it to try to make sense of the kind of mental kind of incursions that white supremacy makes upon blackened people, people who we refer to as black in the United States but I just refer to them as blackened because they're just human beings, right? But, and so what he was trying to do was to diagnose him that is how does it that these subtle forms of assaults, right, these micro assaults he called them, microaggressions that are daily experienced by people in a white supremacy society, how does that then affect them mentally as well as physically? But he was dealing with them mentally as a psychiatrist because he was a psychiatrist. He's kept it at the level of the pre-conscious as well as the unconscious when looking at these things that the aggressors in this instance are people who are white and white people and they then interact with people on a daily basis with these slight kinds of aggressions, right? Like say, well, I didn't know you were that smart. I didn't know that you could articulate it that way. Oh, you are articulate, you're very articulate. Like if you aren't articulate and stuff like that, these are various forms of microaggressions and stuff. So, as the period stand, what he wanted to do was to diagnose that and blackened people how it affects them and stuff. But he also looked at the structural components of it too. We call these offenses, these micro offenses that they are very collective in their orientation because they're designed to maintain white supremacy. Now, that part of his analyses was left off when microaggressions appeared again in the 1990s with this fellow by the name of Dabrod Sue who came up with a, yeah, he published an article in I think the American Psychological Journal that reintroduced the concept to the American public as well as to the world. And it just basically neglected the structural component and it only talked about individual kinds of interactions that are going on. Of course. That's essentially what he's talking about. Yeah, okay. It's a good contextualization that I thought was important for us to address before we jump into the remaining questions. And, Johnny, I read your article and the importance of this research seems quite clear. So there are structural systemic sources to racist behavior. Tell us more about that. Yes. Well, the first thing you need to understand is that when you look at the social sciences or any science that's basically coming out of Europe that dominates the world today, that it's a concept, science itself obscures at least from its beginning obscures white supremacy. And the microaggression concept as a social scientific concept has currently used, not as Charles Pierce used it but as it's currently being used now around the world in the United States particularly, obscures how white supremacy works. And it obscures the reality of black and people as a result of that, right? And it obscures that by it talking about transforming white people's attitudes when it comes to their interactions with black and people, right? The United States, right? So it's not gonna look at the systemic nature of white supremacy itself. It's only gonna examine those individual kinds of transformative ways that somehow you can reeducate and make white people aware of what they're doing but it's not designed to eliminate white supremacy. Now that's a big gap that we're looking at with this concept that most sociologists, most social scientists do not look at this as a problem. They just uncritically adapt the concept and apply it but it's not doing what they think it is doing because some people not even believe that by reeducating white people, right? Making them aware of what they're doing that that's how they eliminate white supremacy. And it's just not the case because we're talking about our social system. And the social system consists of these kinds of discourses, these actions, these mental constructs, ideology, belief systems and so forth that just don't fall by the wayside in terms of practice. Okay, David, would you like to follow up on this part? Yeah, and I think that I think what's important here is that we're not trying to really sort of reconceptualize racial microaggressions. What we're trying to do is go back to Chester Pierce's original kind of theorization of this concept and add in the second part of the equation. I think it's important. One of the things that has happened is, and as Johnny mentioned, is that sometime in the 1990s, psychologists in general started with Daryl Wingsu sort of pursued this line. Now, prior to Daryl Wingsu, there were some sociologists, right? Philomena Essit, for example, Ronan Everyday Racism that sort of captured some, I think more structural kind of understandings of these microaggressions, right? But sociologists kind of the way we look at it kind of fell by the wayside and psychologists picked it up for the most part. And if you look since then, the majority, not all, but the majority of research on racial microaggressions has a theoretical underpinnings using Daryl Wingsu's concept or something sort of similar, right? Which is very individualistic.  Not to dismiss what's been written already, but to say that the equation is both at the individual and structural levels and what has been sort of forgotten is the structural sort of issues of white supremacy. And that's what we really need to look at. And there are major implications that I'm sure we're gonna talk about soon. Of course, exactly. I was thinking about that. So you merged, I think, both the importance and the research gap that you were following. So I'm just gonna jump this one and ask you, David, even though it's hard, it's more like a theoretical discussion, as you told me, Bert, let me know about some potential findings that some reflections that you did, many reflections of your work. Oh, absolutely. I mean, if you sort of think about it more holistically, then you can sort of translate that to... And I'm gonna go back to Johnny's point earlier, right? Because if you're really thinking about racial microaggressions only at the individual level, then you're gonna be thinking about the consequences at the individual level and the implications will be done at the individual level. The solutions will be done at the individual level, right? So then it becomes just about people. So it's about the tolerance of people, right? As opposed to the continuation of how racism operates within a system, right? And then there's also, and I don't wanna jump in too far, but for example, one of the things that we've learned is the cumulative, deleterious cumulative effects of racial microaggressions that are important. So it's not about a slice in time when an actor does or says something to another person that results in a micro salt. It is that this happens according to Philomena S said every day, right? And so there's a cumulative effect, but here's where we come in if you bridge both the individual and the structural together is that it's much more egregious than that, right? So it is not just that in an everyday life situation, a person of color, a black person may be, may face racial microaggressions by individuals daily, but it's also their interactions with the environment, their interactions with the institutions, right? I mean, using in a US example, walking to the store and seeing a Confederate flag, right? Which sort of brings up kind of a lot of memories and ideas and thoughts and symbols that will also raise your blood pressure and also create anxiety, right? As a student living in a dorm that's named after a former slave owner, right? Walking into an institution, not seeing anyone who looks like be represented on statues or on the wall, having a curriculum that fails to include women and people of color, right? So, and there are countless examples, right? And so you have to add to that. And if it's that plus the daily kind of verbal assaults that you get, micro assaults that you get from people, then it's not just cumulative, but the damage to your health and the damage, the physiological damage to one's person is much more than I think we give credit even in terms of understanding from a health point of view, right? The racial health disparities is much more than what we're even writing about. So I think it's just, it's not necessarily making it complicated, but I think it's drawing awareness to just how serious this is when you wanna talk about mortality rates or those kind of issues, right? And you have given also several almost real case scenarios on which this situation applies. And Johnny, I'd like to follow up on this and discuss potential policy impacts about your reflections. Well, first of all, I think, well, let me put it this way. In a white supremacist society, and in academia, which is basically a tool of white supremacy in a white supremacy society. And the academic tool within these institutions, as well as say the political institutions, the educational institutions that are not in academia, but at large, the cultural institutions and so forth, they are all basically tools for their very everyday interactions of recreating this reality, right? So one of the policy implications of this is to move people along to make this kind of interactive connection between this kind of everyday kinds of assaults and these kinds of structural mechanisms that these everyday assaults maintain, right? Because this is a collective endeavor. This is not something that, most people in the United States like to think of the world as if our institution is working on its own, when in fact the institution depends on the people in it to make it go, the institution wouldn't be without the people, right? So if people understood that when we talk about white supremacy, systemic racism, that it is about election, right? And not merely just belief systems and transforming the way one thinks, even though that's important, right? That maybe then we can actually work to eliminate white supremacy globally as well as the United States, right? So this is what the biggest policy implication is, but it's also another one when it comes to just academia, it's just making people aware, academics and scholars aware that this is what they're doing because a lot of people are not reflective about the fact that they're only talking about this individualistic notion. Now, let me say this, this stuff was before us, as we say in our piece, Amir Kaur Kabrao, WED Du Bois, right? All of these people who came before us, France Fanon, they all made us aware of this problem through the process of global capitalism and colonialism and imperialism, right? They made us aware of it in the United States. I'm only talking about the United States because this is what I know, right? United States, people want to forgive that kind of legacy and how that legacy continues to operate in the present day through these various concepts that we make up. So it becomes problematic, as far as I'm concerned. So if people are made aware of this, we can begin to start to address in this mental, this system of white supremacy, which no doubt also has to dismantle capitalism, which is a big part of it. Capitalism and white supremacy go hand in hand. Of course, and as you said, Johnny, so these reflection your debate touches upon several concepts, a lot of social dynamics. David, I would like you to tell us a bit now how to continue this reflection. Also, what doors does it open for future debate on the topic? Where should we go now? Well, that's the thing. I think that, and again, I'm a sociologist, so for sure I'm gonna target this population, but I think it's time that sociologists get back on the bandwagon and really look at racial microaggressions from the vantage point that, you know, filomena asset folks like filomena asset, but also the references that Johnny has sort of brought up have done already, right? Because again, what's happening is, I think there's great research out there, but it's all being sort of, you know, I guess strung along theoretically by psychologists, right? And again, good stuff, but it's a half of equation. So I think part of it is for social scientists in general, you know, to maybe, you know, think a little bit more broadly about how to bridge it to, or at least how to think about this more structurally when you're thinking about racial microaggressions, because the implications are there. The implications are, they're strong in terms of like the real effects that these have on people's lives. A tip for the sociologists who are listening to us. Johnny, could you provide some materials, some other content that our listeners can follow up to further explore these reflections? Well, in the piece, we list out, and we say strongly that the neglected scholarship of people who came from the Caribbean, the African continent, as well as the United States, and just the Americas, period, to be explored and connected and linked to this. So people should go and lead, I mean, institutional racism by Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton. I mean, a very important piece, right? W.E. Du Bois, anything you can get, trans, phenomenon, everything he ever wrote before he passed away at a young age, you just need to read this stuff because it nets this stuff together about the interaction between structure, right? And belief systems, right? How they interact together, right? In action itself, structure and action, right? So I think that's where your readers can go to try to figure out where to go further. Now, you can read what everybody else is saying in racial microaggression right now, but the overwhelming majority of the scholarship is still individualistic. It's not really talking about this kind of structural, this interactive process between structure and belief systems. And I would add quickly to that, if I can. I keep mentioning her name, but I would encourage people to read Filomena Esset, right? I mean, that's a good starting point. And I would also encourage people to read fully more Chester Pierce, right? It's also about, I think we need to give more recognition to him as sort of the person who coined racial microaggressions, but also to sort of read beyond the individualistic kind of analysis that he does. And look at the second part of the equation that people sort of seem to forget. Could he have gone further? Well, probably, but he's not a sociologist. So there's some limitations, but I think that's something that most people sort of gloss over. And so to bring that back, bring that back home. Of course, to the listeners that are watching us on YouTube or on our website, sorry, you can scroll down and see some of the materials that David and Johnny have just suggested and some of them will be able to consult. David, you have done this several times in our conversation, but I'm gonna ask you now as a punchline to tell us in two, three sentences, what's the grand finale of this conversation? So what would you like our audience to remember about this? Well, I think the important thing here is to understand that there's much more to racial microaggressions than just the individualistic kind of notions of racial micro-assaults or some of the concepts have been sort of thrown around in the directions. And it's really important in terms of thinking about issues of diversity or thinking about issues of racism or talking about them that we sort of move beyond, that we think about systemic racism, that we think about white supremacy in the larger sense. And this includes with racial microaggressions. Straight to the point. Johnny, David, it was a pleasure. Thank you so much. Though that are watching us on YouTube, you can find all the resources, all the materials of this conversation on the Let's Talk About Social Inclusion websites. And you can also listen to this episode. Wherever you get your podcasts, you can also subscribe to the newsletter, follow us on Twitter at KojitatuLTA.


Hey, grads of 2020. My name is Thaddu Nyer. I'm in the Vancouver-based band Delhi to Dublin, and congratulations. You made it, and the world has changed, and it keeps on changing, and you are driving that change. I just think that's so wild. My little bit of advice for you, do what you love, and use that love to power the change that you want to see in the world, and embrace hope, because the opposite of hope is despair, and despair just isn't any fun. Have a fantastic summer. Take care.