The next step is given a group how many conjugacy classes that is the next one. So, we need to worry about how many conjugacy classes are there. So, in this particular example you have three conjugacy class, three distinct cycle structure. What does that tell you? What does this condition tell you? In integer n you have to find ways of partitioning it that is all it says right. So, suppose I have n to be 3, I can partition it in various ways. I can write it as 1 plus 1 plus 1, I can write it as 2 plus 1, I can write it as this is another way of writing it, essentially you know what I mean. It is the number of one cycles, this is 1, 2 cycle and 1, 1 cycle, this is 1, 3 cycle. So, this is this number is the number of ways you can partition an integer n will tell you the number of conjugacy class. And there is a nice neat way of using the young diagram conjugacy class. So, this partitioning as we know is nothing, but 3, 1 cycle. For every one cycle I am going to use a box, single box ok. Every one cycle means I will attach to it 3 boxes. Total number of boxes will always add up to be 3 and 3 single boxes means that it is 3, 1 cycle ok. So, this is your identity element which is nothing, but 3, 1 cycles and in the cycle structure notation I 1 is 3, number of 1 cycles is 3, I 2 is 0 and so on. This is the diagrammatic way of drawing a conjugacy class. This is a conjugacy class ok, just looks at the cycle structure. The next conjugacy class you all know is pi 2, pi 3, pi 4. It has 1, 2 cycle and 1, 1 cycle. 1 cycle I have already said you have to put a single box. A 2 cycle you will put always a vertical 2 box. So, this is I 1 is 1, I 2 is 1. Total number of boxes is still 3. This is the notation. So, tell me how will you write pi 5 and pi 6? 1 vertical 3 box that is it. So, this is I 1 is 0, I 2 is 0, I 3 is 1. Are you all with me? So, this is what is a payoff. So, each diagram is a conjugacy class ok. This conjugacy class has only one element. This diagram is the another conjugacy class, but it has 3 elements. To determine the 3 elements you are going to use this formula and then the way you are partitioning the integer gives you that it tells you that there are only 3 possible conjugacy classes. So, there are only 3 distinct conjugacy classes for the symmetric group of degree 3. Is that clear? No, yes fine. So, this is a simple example, but this generalizes to arbitrary degree n where there are n factorial elements ok. So, as an exercise let us do symmetric group of degree 5. Can somebody enumerate for me degree 5? Identity element will be you all with me? How many elements are there? This is conjugacy class ok. I do not even need to put it on the earth. So, let me write it here. So, cycle structure is I 1 is 5 rest are all 0. So, let me write the cycle structure also. Second conjugacy class, how many conjugacy class I can write? 3 1 cycles and 1 2 cycles will also add up to 5, then it is also possible. It is so easy to draw diagrams and then we will fix the things. And then 1 3 cycle and 1 2 cycle, 1 4 cycle, 1 3 cycle, 2 1 cycle that is it something more 1 5 cycle. So, let me call the numbers here first conjugacy class, second conjugacy class, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh. And the cycle structure here is I am going to write it in the notation of I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4. So, it is going to be this is going to be all with me. This one is what about this? Numbers you can compute, some of you compute using that formula. This is anyway identity element as I said will have only one element ok. This I think is 5 can you check, because you have to put I k to be 1, I phi to be 1 and 5, phi factorial by phi, am I right? How much is that? Anyway you have to do this. So, this will be 5 into 4 right, am I right? 24. Anyway I will leave it you to do it. Totally you have to get how many? What should I add up to? 120 elements, 5 factorial is 120. Is this right? So, what about here? 5 to the power of 1. So, I will give you 4 factorial again 24, am I right? I am not done all the elements, but I will leave it you to check it out. So, I have just said for example, n equal to 5 can be broken up into 7 distinct conjugacy classes and convenient way of diagrammatically representing conjugacy classes using young diagram. One cycles by single box, two cycles by double vertical box and so on. Only thing you have to remember is that the you could have put double vertical box this side. The convention is that the number of boxes in the first row is always greater than or equal to number of boxes in the second row and so on. So, just to keep track of it, this is the convention which is followed. You stack the double vertical box to the left hand side, stack triple vertical box next to it and so on. So, this is the universal conversion sorry convention which we follow. So, please do not violate this. So, you replace one cycle by single box, two cycle by double box and so on. Identity element is 5, 1 cycles which is denoted by 5 single boxes and product of 2, 2 cycles and 1, 1 cycle will be. Now, it is clear to you all of you just for summary I have put it here and 1, 5 cycle will be this. So, now, I am coming back to subgroups. One of the simplest subgroups is the even permutation elements. Any questions on this? Now, I am shifting to even permutation element subgroups, but this is what you are going to follow for all your symmetric group of degree n. So, alternating group is the notation for symmetric group with only even permutation subset of the symmetric group with even permutation elements. So, clearly if you do conjugation with even permutation elements. So, suppose you take let me call it as an even permutation element as some kind of even element here. If you put an odd here and the inverse of that odd element what do you expect? Odd permutation means how do you check whether the permutation is odd or even? You write the cycle structure as products of transposition. If there are even number of transposition then it is even if it is odd number of transposition it is odd. Now, for an even permutation element if I do a conjugation will this be even or will this be odd? You have already done this right. Any odd with even is odd. So, what will happen here? So, this will have odd number of transposition, this will have odd number of transposition, this will have even number of transposition totally how many are there? It is even. It is even. The element will be even. What is this property? So, suppose these elements are all belonging to a subgroup which I call it as an alternating group which is a subgroup of my symmetric group of degree n if they are all elements belonging to. So, let me call these elements as let us say g 1s. Let me call it as k 1. I am not able to hear you. So, even permutation elements if you pull it out what will be the order is your question? What will be the order? Half of it, half of it will be even permutation ok. Odd permutations will have the remaining half. So, that the total will be n factorial. So, alternating group which is the set of even permutation elements which is a subset sitting inside symmetric group of degree n will have n factorial by 2 elements good. Now, take an element call it as k 1 is an element of it belongs to u 1 ok. So, let me write it as element of u n which is a subset of this. Take another element here let me call it as t 1 which belongs to which is an element of the symmetric group of order n of degree n sorry ok. So, take this element, but it does not belong to it is not an element of this t 1 is an element belonging to the symmetric group of degree n, but it is not an element of the alternating group that is why it is called odd. Interestingly, if I take t 1 k 1 t 1 inverse you get an element which is an element of alternating group. What is this property? This is for arbitrary elements. What is this property? What does it tell you about the alternating group? It is a invariant group, invariant subgroup. Alternating group is an invariant subgroup of the permutation. I am not looking even at conjugate elements. So, even if you find a conjugate element k 1 will give you another element which is k 2, but they all belong to the alternating group. So, this is why it is an invariant subgroup. So, you are take that example of our famous degree 3 symmetric group. What was the invariant subgroup there? Even permutations were 3 cycles. Number of elements in the 3 cycle was 2. We did all these exercise and we also know invariant subgroup was, this was an invariant subgroup or a normal subgroup, a group of degree 3 and this is nothing, but your alternating group which has 3 factorial by 2 elements which is 3. So, I am just stressing the fact that even permutation elements which is a subgroup of the total symmetric group of degree n is also an invariant or a normal subgroup. So, u n is an invariant or a normal subgroup u n and then you can play around the way we do it. Left coset will be same as right coset if it is an invariant subgroup and you can look at the factor group where the kernel will be the map to an invariant, kernel will be the invariant subgroup and you can have a list of cosets. The first coset of this subgroup invariant subgroup is identity element. The second subset will involve that invariant subgroup multiplied by odd permutation element. You agree? It has to be the set should always have that a even with an odd will give you an odd, I want the set to be involving odd permutation. So, the set can continue like this with all possible odd elements, but what is interesting is that 2 transposition is good enough to generate all the odd permutation elements. You do not need additional cosets, you will not need it. You will see that whatever you find will be already there in the 1 2 transposition multiplying the alternate. This also you can rigorously prove it, but as of now you can take it as that the factor group is nothing, but identity element at 1 2. This is probably the proof which is showing you this particular example of factor group. This is ok. So, I just want to complete a couple of more notations that you can have products of various groups, any number of groups. Just for simplicity, let us take product of two groups. This is called as a direct product group. So, you can write G as G 1 times G 2, G 3 and so on. So, you could have many products. So, let us for simplicity take G 1 cross G 2. The elements of G 1 and elements of G 2 will commute with each other. So, the order really does not matter. This is same as multiplying. So, what we mean is that if you had an element here which is G 1 which belongs to this, if you have an element here which is belonging to this ok. So, let me call it as G tilde 2. If you take these two, you can multiply this and write the element which belongs to this total G. So, G will be G 1 G 2 tilde does not matter whether you write G 2 before or G 1 before ok. So, this is what is the, what will be the order of this group? Somebody order of G 1 multiplied by order of G 2. So, as a simple example I have given you a C 2 and a C 3. C 2 was just E with A, C 3 was with E with B and B squared. It is not same as symmetric group of degree 3 ok. Why? Because of this condition if you say this group is with E and A, this group is with E, B and B squared, you can write all possible elements which is multiplying those two which is again six elements, but A B is B squared A condition is not there, A B is same as B A here clear. So, that is why you will have the six elements which are listed. Can you see the difference? This is a direct product group where the elements are composed of A and B, but this is not your symmetric group of degree 3. The order is same, but looking at it you should not say order is 6 or it should be symmetric group of degree 3 no ok. We will come to what is the symmetric group of degree 3. Note that the elements of both the groups commute and order of G is the order of product of the orders of the groups constituting the direct product. So, this is why you call it as a direct product group. You can continue this for products of three groups and so on to build up a group of a higher order this which one. So, I am just doing it in a way where the group operation is same, but if you want to look at it as just a Cartesian product that is a different thing, but right now I am looking at it as you have two groups with the same group operations and I want to see whether it is a direct product group or not ok. I will come to or not with the symmetric group of degree 3 ok. So, this is a direct product group ok. Semi direct product groups first thing is given a group G you see whether there is an invariant subgroup that is what happens in the case of symmetric group of degree 3 right. This is a. So, let us look at the symmetric group of degree 3 you have u 3 which is an invariant subgroup or a normal subgroup. You have done this now is that right. And now this group I call this as G, I call this as K ok. I also have another group T which is also subgroup of G, but T intersection K is only identity element is that right. Alternating group as identity 3 cycle and inverse of 3 cycle and here you can say that it is identity and one transposition intersection between those two will only be identity element. So, if you have these properties in an abstract fashion if you have a group G, it has a invariant subgroup and you have another subgroup whose intersection with this invariant subgroup is only identity element then we call the group G as a semi direct product. I have shown this as a symbol on the screen. So, the group G will be K semi direct product. So, it is written. So, this is the way we write the semi direct product. This is very important. The direction is very important. The first one is what we call it as an invariant subgroup with T. So, your symmetric group of degree 3 cannot be seen as a direct product, but can be seen as a semi direct product. So, more problems I will give it on exercises which will clarify many of these things. Clearly for this example you know T forms the cassette elements and so on. So, you have seen this and you could write in general for a symmetric group of degree n. It is the semi direct product of alternating group which is the group of only even permutation elements with the T which is nothing, but an identity and a 1, 2 transposition. Not necessary. I have taken an example. In an abstract case this is an example. Abstract case you can have an invariant subgroup and you can have another subgroup such that that intersection has to be identity element. That is the case then your group can be written as a semi direct. So, this is for an abstract group. As an example I have looked at this where the invariant subgroup is a even permutation which is forming that alternative. And also every time when you do things you can always as I said any abstract finite group will always be isomorphic to a subgroup of this symmetric group of degree n. So, in some sense ultimately you can map any finite group to some subgroups of your permutation of elements. Any questions? So, now I am going to start getting all these things look from the molecular symmetry point of view. So, symmetries of a molecule. So, essentially as I said when we did the first class we had a square take the vertices of the squares to have an atom. If you do a 90 degree rotation about an axis perpendicular to that square through the center you will see one atom goes into the place of the other atom and so on. But if you close your eyes and if they are identical atoms you have not seen any change ok. So, that is what is a symmetry. So, couple of symmetries which leaves a molecule. Molecule is typically made of some specific arrangements of atom like water molecule or ammonia molecule will have a specific arrangements of the atoms and then you start looking for what is the finite group symmetry such a molecule has ok. So, that is the aim since we have already spent lot of time looking at some simple examples of finite group and also properties of it and connections to permutation group. Most of the things which we are going to do here will be isomorphic to subgroups of those symmetric groups. So, in that sense this will be giving you some visible way of looking at all these abstract discrete group elements which we were seeing ok. So, axis of rotation symmetry this we have already seen if you do a rotation by 2 pi by n angle we call that as C subscript n and it is a cyclic group and we denote it by C n is the axis of symmetry ok. Then there could be planes of symmetry, plane of symmetries. One plane could be perpendicular to such an axis I will show you some pictures and one plane could be containing the axis ok. The one which contains the axis is what we call it as a sigma v plane ok. So, let me just try to. So, let us take this board to be where you arrange atoms and then we put an axis perpendicular to it ok. So, let us say that you have 3 atoms and if you have an axis perpendicular to it you can see that when you do a rotation perpendicular to this axis by 120 degrees we number the atoms 1 will go to 2, 2 will go to 3. So, let us take that axis to be along the z axis the plane to be the x y plane it definitely has the C 3 axis symmetry this particular example. On top of it I could also put a mirror ok, a mirror. So, let us take this to be the y axis this to be the x axis on the board put a mirror in the y z plane ok. So, let me call the mirror by sigma y z plane if I put a mirror passing through that contains the z contains the axis of symmetry right. Then this is what we write v is the notation which is used to say that this plane of symmetry why it is a plane of symmetry this atom will go into this this atom will go into this when I put a plane ok. So, this plane of symmetry is what we call it as a vertical plane of symmetry because the mirror contains the axis the axis is through this mirror is like this in the y z plane ok. There could be another mirror which is put on this plane which is the x y plane another mirror could be in the x y plane that one is perpendicular to the axis perpendicular this plane mirror plane is perpendicular to the axis. So, the Hatcher plane is denoted by sigma y z. These are the universal notations and we are going to follow these notations ok ok. So, you have an axis of symmetry you have two types of planes of symmetry one perpendicular to the axis another one containing the axis sometimes you may find that it may not have just a reflection plane symmetry or a rotation plane symmetry could be a combination rotor reflection they call it ok. So, rotation plus a reflection and that is denoted by a symbol S n where it is a product of C n times the horizontal plane operation ok. So, we will go through these things systematically in the next two lectures and suppose you take a cube you can also put mirrors along the diagonal ok. So, there could be some additional planes of symmetries which are diagonal planes. So, we will come to some of these points symmetry. Thus to show you as pictures what is being seen in various molecules if you take the water molecule which is 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen I have tried to put it as a 3D view by downloading some of these pictures. So, you see that there is a C 2 axis of symmetry right and then you can also have a plane which contains a axis. So, this is what I am calling. So, X and Y are conventions whichever you want to follow, but then this plane of symmetries what we call it as a sigma v plane. So, now, can you write the group elements here for a water molecule? Water molecule will have what all group elements will be there. So, you can have E and C 2 that is one subgroup you can have another subgroup which is E and sigma v and your group for water molecule will be a direct product group. I am writing C 2 technically I should have called C 2 and put an element a a squared is identity, but most of the point groups now once we start doing it C 2 is considered to be the generator with 180 degree rotation and if you want to write more elements you will write C 2 squared C 2 squared is also identity. So, I am trying to use it is in an equal and fashion that it is a generator of your axis of symmetry which is 180 degree axis. So, this is a direct product group how many elements will be there and this group where you take a C 2 group and this is sometimes called as a C 2 group this is called as a sigma v group and this direct product is sometimes shown as C 2 v ok. So, that is for explaining that and ammonia molecule is one nitrogen and three hydrogen and leave it you to check what will be the group symmetry ok three hydrogens H 2 O, H 2 O is two hydrogen. So, I said it has a axis of symmetry it is a subgroup it also has a plane of symmetry which is also a subgroup I showed you by picture and then I am trying to say what is the group symmetry of this molecule it is a direct product of these two groups that is the maximal symmetry it will have I cannot say it has only this group I cannot say it has only this group it has both subwriting it is a direct product and that I am calling it as a C 2 v C 2 v will have four elements yeah what is it can be it can be interpreted as sigma v sigma. It is not I am not interpreting it I am only saying that they are four distinct symmetry operations which you can do on a water molecule one symmetry operation where the two hydrogens gets exchanged is by 180 degree rotation that is a proper rotation when you do a reflection that is going to be an improper transformation that is a distinct element and it is a symmetry transformation on the water molecule because one hydrogen goes into the other hydrogen. So, these are the maximal set of symmetry elements you can have and they constitute a group which I am calling it as a C 2 v any confusion on this. Similarly, you can show here there are three hydrogen atom which are you can take an axis through the nitrogen atom perpendicular to the plane of the hydrogen atom and you can show that 120 degree rotation about that axis will take one to the other and so on. So, there will be a C 3 subgroup and then you can have a mirror plane which contains this axis and you can show that this mirror plane the sort commute with C 2. So, very nice you have to play around to see what is direct product what is semi direct product in this language ok. Methane is another molecule where you have to carbon at the center and hydrogen atoms C H 4, am I right? I am sure some all of you have done enough chemistry to at least know these molecules and how they look and so on. So, here again you can start writing what are the group elements ok. One is 4 fold axis symmetry rotation by 90 degree which will exchange all the hydrogen atoms, but there is mirror symmetry also and you have to exhaust what are the symmetries ok. So, we will stop here it is already five and we will get on to stereographic projection in the next class.


In this presentation, we will take a look at multiple choice questions related to a merchandising company. First question, which account is a temporary account with a credit balance? A. Sales discount. B. Sales return and allowances. C. Cost of goods sold. D. Operating expenses or E. Sales. Once again, going through this question, we're going to say the question is which account is a temporary account with a credit balance? So we're going to go through this now. Note this definition is one that we can't really just kind of answer it before we go through the questions. It could be a lot of different types of accounts, but we could try to think of what is a temporary account and which type of accounts are temporary, which accounts would have debit and credit balances. Temporary accounts are typically accounts that we see in closing process. So those accounts are going to be closed out. And therefore those include income statement accounts, revenue and expense, and they include the balance, I mean do not include the balance sheet account. So revenue expense accounts and the draws account or dividends account. Now, if we think about revenue and expenses, we can think that there's going to be the accounts that have debit or credit balances. We have revenue or expenses. All the expenses have debit balances and the revenue accounts typically have credit balances. So there you might think it's something to do with revenue. Now, looking at this question, you might think, hmm, we're on, if we're looking at questions related to merchandising companies as well. And you might think temporary accounts kind of relates to the closing process, kind of a different topic. So if you're working on a question where you're working on a related topic, and you see something that might apply somewhere else, well, how would it apply to this topic? It might be applying to some types of accounts that are going to be related in the closing process, but are not on a service company, they're included in merchandising type companies. So let's go through these once more with this question in mind. So the question once again, which account is a temporary account with a credit balance? We're going to cross these out using the process of elimination. A sales discount. Sales discount, you might look at that and go, I'm not really sure it's got sales in it. Remember, we said that all expenses have debit balances. It seems like it's going to be a temporary account because sales discount is on the income statement. But we might get a little confused as to whether it will be a debit or credit balance. So I'm going to keep that for now. B says sales returns and allowances. And again, it's the same thing. It's a temporary account. But we might say, I'm not sure if it's a debit or credit because it's a different account. It's got sales in it. And so is it revenue or is it an expense account? So I'm going to come back to that one. C says cost of goods sold. Now that's basically an expense account. Cost of goods sold is the expense related to us selling inventory. And you might want to think about recording a normal journal entry with cost of goods sold selling something where we debit the cost of goods sold and credit the inventory in order to say, yeah, that's a debit balance, not a credit. So that's not it. D says operating expenses. That's going to be all the expenses. And all the expenses typically have debit balances. It's an expense. It's got a debit balance, not a credit. It is a temporary account, but it'll have a credit debit balance, not a credit. So that's not it. And then sales. Sales is our income statement account. That's our income account. And we know that the income accounts have credit balances. So this one's on the income statement. It's temporary and it has a credit balance. That sounds pretty good. So I'm going to go through these one more time and we'll cross this out. We're left with a B and E question once again, which account is a temporary account with a credit balance? A sales discount, B sales returns and allowances or E sales. So we're left with these three all having the word sales in it. And the thing that's confusing about these first two is they're not on a service company. They're only on a merchandising company with a multi step type of income statement. And they're really not revenue or expense accounts. Really, they're going to be contra revenue accounts, meaning they're bringing down revenue. So they act like expenses, but they're kind of related to the revenue section, but they act like expenses and therefore have debit balances. So these are the things that are kind of reversing the revenue reversing sales. Sales has a credit balance. These are bringing down that balance. So the answer is actually is going to be sales. So sales is it E one more time question, rating question of which account is a temporary account with a credit balance answer? E sales. Next question. Multi step income statements A are required by the FASB, FASB and IASB. B contain more detail than a single step income statement. C are too long. D list cost of goods sold as an operating expense or E are only used in service companies. So one more time, we're going to read this. We're going to go through the process of elimination and see what we are left with question of multi step income statements. A, so we might first want to define that to ourselves and then think about which of these apply to it. So a multi step income statement, you kind of want to apply it against some other thing. And that other thing is typically a single step income statement. So a single step income statement, you can think of as being the closest thing of income statement form to just the calculation of net income, meaning it only has two parts, basically a single step income statement, which is half all revenue grouped together, all expenses grouped together, and then subtract revenue minus expenses to arrive at net income. A multi step income statement by contrast is going to have multiple steps. So we're still going to get to net income, but we're going to have more subgroups, and that's really useful for a merchandising company because we really want to know that relationship between cost of goods sold in particular and the revenue because cost of goods sold and revenue are a really important relationship. That's our first step. That's going to be gross profit. Well, that's going to be a step, which will be gross profit. So we're just going to have more steps along the way in a multi step. Knowing that we'll go through once again question multi step income statements a are required by FASB and the IASB. So these are kind of regulatory agencies. And so we might not know that we might say that could be. So let's let's keep that one for now. B contain more detail than a single step income statement contain more detail than a single step income statement. Well, that seems reasonable because there's more steps in it. So that seems like it's true. C are too long. Well, that's kind of an opinion or a statement. That's a little bit subjective of a statement here. So obviously some people might think it's too long and prefer a single step income statement because they just want to see the bottom line just to give me the facts, give me the bottom line or some people might say, Hey, I need more information to make a good decision and I want more information. So that's kind of subjective and I would remove opinionated statements. D list costs of goods sold as an operating expense. So list cost of goods sold as an operating expense. Now that's a little bit tricky because the cost of goods sold will be on the on the multi step income statement. But we're saying if it's if it's just going to be a normal operating expense, we're that's not really words typically on it's going to be grouped out into its own category of top. So if we grouped it up with operating expenses, I think they're saying that's going to be grouping them with every other expense and in a single step type of format. And so we're not doing that. We're breaking it out of operating expenses to its own portion in a multi step. So I'm going to say that's not it. And then he says are only used in service companies. Now service companies don't have cost of goods sold. So they don't, you know, it's more likely that a merchandising company would want more steps than a service company. So the multi step income statement is is most often or has most steps in a in a merchandising company. So it's certainly not restricted to just service companies. So saying that's not true. So if we go through this one more time, we're left with A and B question. Once again, multi step income statements either a are required by the FASB and IASB regulatory bodies and or B contain more detail than a single step income statement. Now of those two, the A we might say, that could be true. I don't you know, under certain circumstances, but B seems certainly true that contain more detail. If we have more steps, we're going to have more detail, we're going to have more subcategories, more areas where people can have ratio calculations and all that great stuff. So we're going to say that B looks like more of the correct answer. Once again, question of multi step income statements answer B contain more detail than a single step income statement.


My name is Lucas Diaz and I'm from, I'm originally from Malawala, but I am in Pasco now. I end up coming to Generation by going to a little trip of our old church and going to this one. My thoughts, I thought it was just a, I thought it was just gonna be the same thing.  People were actually going, it was like a concert and it was amazing. I thought I was in a concert like, what is this and it literally hurt my ears. Yeah, but now, now I'm used to it, now I'm used to it.  I thought people were just the same thing. I thought people were the same, this mean, hurtful and just crude. I didn't really want to interact with people and when one of the pastors touched me on the shoulder it and when I began to pray it felt hot, but it felt soothing and it felt even more swell and well. The reason why I want to get baptized tonight is because, well, I want to, I don't want to be the old person I was. I want to be a new person.  So Lucas, did you find out that we're not just a white church? No. Okay, so Lucas, do you believe in Jesus Christ as God's Son and your personal Word and Savior? Yes. And do you promise to follow him with good and clear conscience for the rest of your life? Yes. So based on your faith, your confession, your commitment will baptize you in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.


Hey John, this is Megan with Oxmore Toyota. I just want to send this quick video greeting just to personally introduce myself. It has come to my attention through one of our business partners that you're interested in the 2009 Toyota Tundra. I wanted to know if this was the only vehicle you were interested in. When you can, go ahead and give me a call. You can reach me at<PHONE_NUMBER> and I look forward to hearing from you soon. Bye!


Welcome again to New America. I'm Ted Johnson, Director of the USET 250 Initiative here. And this is an initiative that's thinking about the semi-quincentennial, the moment when the country turns 250 years old, just a few years from now in July of 2026. And we are thinking about the semi-quincentennial in the terms of pride, reckoning, and aspiration. And we bring these three words together on purpose. A lot of the inspiration for this framework comes from what we're celebrating today, the 60th anniversary of the March on Washington. They also, the folks there at the march, the folks in the movement believed in pride, reckoning, and aspiration, and asking the country to be a better version of itself. And so for us, pride means pride in the nation's progress. It means reckoning with the nation's shortfalls. And it means aspiring to a new America together. And if you go back to the speeches here in the nation's capital 60 years ago, you'll see that those same themes ring true through all of them. We also know that when we have these kinds of conversations, that there are other people that are going to take the history, that are going to take the spirit of our words and these movements and speeches, and use them for their purposes. There are folks that look at Dr. King's speech and see it as a call to no longer think about race or ethnicity, as a call to a colorblind America where race no longer matters. And that's not what King was asking for. King was essentially saying, it shouldn't matter what the color of my skin is, I should be treated equally. And it shouldn't require me to suddenly have an experience, a race and ethnicity that no longer matters. King wanted to be black and American, not just American. He didn't want to have a colorblind America. He wanted an America that saw everyone for who they were, for who their histories are, for who their people are. And America loved them anyway, for equality to be extended to them anyway, for them to have a real sense of justice anyway. So these hijack purposes are why it is so important that folks gathered here in the room that are in the work to make a stronger America speak up and loudly, to show that you don't have to choose between the divided arguments, that there is a way to do both things and stay true to the nation's principles. Looking at the, I have a dream speech, because it's the 60th, of course, I had to reread it. And it always strikes me how much of it was a policy speech. And that part of the speech is paid less attention to, the beautiful ending, the flourishes there. But King was very much making a policy argument to the country. And he did so by beginning with pride in the nation. He is saying, we are only here because we believe the same things that you say, you believe it, we believe in equality, we believe in liberty, we believe in the promise of America that we are all created equal, that we have these unalienable rights among these are like liberty and the pursuit of happiness that government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed. We believe this too. So in that statement is a strong pride in the United States. And then he follows that up. He says, the founders, great ideas. Next sentence he says, the founders, they wrote a promissory note in those beautiful things that founded the country. And we are here to cash that promissory note. We are here to now experience the thing that we have bled, died and sweat for, to be fully American. Just as everyone else is. And that is the reckoning. King is therefore a reckoning, that March on Washington wasn't just March on Washington, for you know, this was about God, this was about secure housing. So this reckoning was necessary because you can only reckon with something that you want to see better, that you want to have a little pride and believe it can change. If we didn't believe the nation can change, then it's hard to demand of it to be better. We know that these beautiful ideals encompass all of us. We know that if we reckon with our shortfalls, that the nation can be a better, stronger place. And at that moment, or as we build to this moment, we can aspire to a shared vision for the country. Again, sometimes people read King's speech and think that he's arguing for a world where a sort of complete meritocracy, where race doesn't matter. King aspired to a world where race very much mattered. And not just the question of race, but economics, housing, foreign policy, national security. He aspired to a particular vision of a new America. The conversation about who we should be next is why we do the work we do. We have a very particular vision and we want to deliberate on that vision so that we aspire to a shared one just as the folks who gathered here 60 years ago today did. So thank you again so much for joining us. Now I'd like to introduce one of our us at 250 Fellows in the Sonago Year of the Fellowship, Jaha Cummings, who is the founder of the Blanchard House Institute. Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished guests and future leaders for tomorrow. Today we gather to reflect upon the boundless hope and unwavering resilience, the time in which communities took as beacons of excellence, fostering their spirit of unity and shared purpose. As a witness to these very last days of this golden age, as a member of Generation X, I'm honored to stand before you to introduce Mr. Nelson Mulden, close colleague and trusted barber to the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Mr. Mulden is a man representing the echoes of that era and the values that defined it. I'm also honored to introduce Mr. Stan Pierre-Louise. President and Chief Executive Officer of the Entertainment Software Association, the voice and advocate for the $56.6 billion US video game industry. Video games are the storytelling language of the current generation, and Mr. Pierre-Louise provides invaluable insight to how these values of excellence, resilience, and hope can be successfully passed on to younger generations. In the years before urban renewal, we saved our landscapes, communities from more than just physical spaces. They were crucibles of character. Where excellence was not just a lofty aspiration, but expectation. Young people were nurtured with the belief that their dreams were within reach, that the sky was the limit. Optimism for the future was not just a mere sentiment, it was driving force that propelled us towards progress. The ethos of those times taught us that resilience was not a choice, it was a way of life. We weathered the challenges and still united in the face of adversity, drawing strength from one another and the bonds we shared. We understood that each other's success was not isolated, but interwoven with the success of the entire community. I look out into this room, I see the torchbearers of a new era, the torchbearers of hope and determination. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that the values of excellence, resiliency, and hope, which once formed the bedrock of our communities are not lost to the pages of history. We must pass these values on to the younger generation as they were passed on to us. Excellence, my dear friends, is not a solitary pursuit. It's a tapestry woven with the threats of diligence, dedication, and community support. Our purpose then and now is to provide the scaffolding for each other's aspirations, to offer the helping hand that allows dreams to take flight. In the spirit of those who came before us, let us persist with unwavering hope and with an insistence on personal and community excellence. Let us cultivate the mindset that propels us to reach higher and strive for greatness and to leave an indelible mark on the world. As we gather here today, let us remember the resounding echoes of the bygone era, echoes that remind us of boundless potential within each of us and the transformative power of a united community. May we be inspired by the past to shape a future that honors the values of excellence, resiliency, and hope for generations to come. I introduce you, Mr. Nelson Mulden and Mr. Stan Pierre-Louise. Thank you. And to be having a conversation with Nelson Mulden, such a legend. I was listening to a little bit of Jaha's comment and he talked about the importance of resiliency and hope and excellence. And it's important that those values get passed on and that's what makes this conversation especially humbling and pertinent today, someone who's lived a life of excellence, of resiliency, and of hope in all that he's done. So Mr. Mulden, thank you for being here and maybe for the benefit of those who haven't had a chance to hear some of your past. You might share with us a little bit about where you grew up, when you moved to Montgomery, Alabama and your profession. I was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1933. I'm the youngest of six brothers. My father was a barber and he was stationed in Germany for two years. I guess how he learned to cut hair, especially white people there was by being stationed there at that time. He moved to Pensacola to further improve in his business and he's in 1934 and he opened up a barber shop there. And when I finished high school in 1952, I was going to go to Alabama State College and I had a brother. He was in 10 Alabama State in 1946 and the other brothers finished high school in 1948 and then the barber shop. My first brother did his hair cut and my brother told him, he said, if you want to go to school, I got a, where I get my hair cut, they're looking for new bobbers. And so that's when he took a job. So when I finished high school in 1952, my brother was drafted into the army and he told me if I wanted to go to school there, I could get a job in the barber shop. And so that was the barber shop. I cut Rubber King hair for the first time. So that was my name kind of popping by cutting the hair for the first time. Wow, so did you choose to become a barber or did barbering choose you? I was raised in the barber shop. I was raised in the barber shop. My dad and dad would tell me how to hold a clip or anything. I just, every day I was in the barber shop, when I'm not in school. So I learned all of my practice through observation and I didn't even teach them after at all. And he said something interesting there.  Was that experience the same in the US when you got back here, when he got back here? Well, my father, my father built his own barber shop. And he has a German farm that was stationed by, lived about 40 miles from Pensacola. And they had a vegetable farm. And so by my father had some communication with the German people.  So that's how the line of communication was because my father previous stationed in Germany. So he was able to communicate with some of the German people that was gonna hit the farm in the police car for the Alabama. So it's really interesting. At a time of segregation, where establishments were frequented by different races in different places, you had the experience young of being able to cross those lines and new familiarity of the human behind the person, as opposed to all the things that were going around through the legal barriers. It's very interesting. When you moved to Alabama, you said you were a student and you were able to both cut hair and go to school. How did you start that business? Because there were economic barriers to entry at the time where you were coming up, but you were still able to own a business. How were you able to make that happen? My first opportunity was to wake them another barbershop, which was a block from Alabama State College campus. I did not own a barbershop. So in 1958, my other two brothers, which were barbers, we decided we'd go and build the five ourselves. So we moved, I would build it in 1958 to the Bedman Hotel. The Bedman Hotel was on the black, large facilities for black people, and we had quite a bit of volume of business and results of people living in the hotel. That's how basically we built our business. But basically, we started in another barbershop called the Collegeier Barbershop, which was one block from Alabama State on Jackson Street. And so we moved our business with two other brothers to the same street. And that was where Reverend Cain was a half a block from where I have a new barbershop located. Reverend Cain lived on Jackson Street. I have a barbershop on Jackson Street. In the first shop we worked in was on Jackson Street. That's so interesting. I talked about the resiliency of starting that business up by birth working it and then owning it. And then we're gonna get into a little bit of Dr. King coming into the shop. Before we do that, the barbershop, it'd be really important for our audience to understand the importance, the political, the cultural, and the social certificates of the barbershop in the black community, particularly during civil rights. What was it about the barbershop? What was it like? And what did it mean to the community? The barbershop, when that time was on the facility that black men could discuss anything they wanted to discuss, you know, religion, finance, you know.  So we had no other facility that we could discuss. I was building and I was feeling about segregation and other issues within the black barbershop.  And you guys could talk about anything. Could it be community related, could it be political? Could it just be jokes? It could just be, what's the best restaurant? Right, that's right. That's interesting. Now you mentioned that Dr. King lived not far from your barbershop. Tell us a little bit about your early encounters with him, why he was in Alabama. Well, Rubin King came to Montgomery in 1954 to take over the palaces next to Avenue Blaster Church. And really, he took it on a part-time job because when he came to Montgomery, he was in school at Boston Theological Seminary working on his PhD. And so the church was in such a dire need for a preacher at that time, so they took him on a kind of a rare basis and he only charged us $5,000 a year. When he got there, when he finished his dissertation at Boston Theological Seminary, then they put him on a full-time salary. So the first time I could his half when he came to the barbershop that morning, I had a 10 o'clock class. And I never liked to cut another head after 20 minutes of the Holocaust. I was a student there to walk to the class. So when I got ready to go back and get my books, and I saw this blue pony egg pulled up and this young man got out.  He came in the barbershop, asked what was his name, he told him his name and he asked where he was from, he said from Atlanta, so I said, good to meet you. So I thought he was cutting himself. For the first time I gave him, since he was a new customer, I gave him in the mirror to say, like the back was haircut. So he told me, pretty good. Then I said, pretty good? He said, yeah, pretty good. I said, dog, who is this cat here talking to? I thought I was the hottest bob in my room. He telling me, pretty good. So he came home back two weeks later. I was busy and the other bob was breaking. So I remember that psychiatrist's statement. I said, that must have been a pretty good haircut. He said, you all right?  All right. And so we had a pretty rough start to the relationship. So after I cut himself seven, eight times, I know that he was lying on the tip. So I decided I used a little psychology on him. I said, rare, when you finish preaching, I said, when you go to the restaurant, have a nice meal and wait to give you a good service and you give her a tip. I said, don't you think they make up for your good? He said, yes. So when he got out of the chair, he didn't say anything else, didn't say anything else. So he grabbed my hand, he shook my hand. He said, do you put timbers in your innocent church? I said, rare, I'm a student at Alabama State College. I cannot afford to put timbers in my innocent church. He said, I'm the pastor next to every Baptist church and I can't afford to tip you either. Now, were you able to attend the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church as well when he was preaching? Yes, I started, I started going to the church under Vernon John, but the pastor before Reverend came. Vernon John left in 1952 and came in 1954. So I was also, I joined the church based on the Reverend came. I'd been going to the church called the shop. I worked there and the man, he was a member of the church. So I would go to church with him and his wife on a Sunday. And so Reverend came and came in 1954. I joined the church on him, based in 1955. How was his preaching? Well, he was an excellent preacher.  One of his most favorite Simonian priests was if you cooperate with injustice, it will incorporate you. That's the Simon I remember the most about. If you cooperate with injustice, it would incorporate you. He said, if you have an establishment in your community as a black people, try to patronize them. And if you can, he said that's some case that you cannot patronize them because of other service. And so anyway, that's one of the things he preached about.  So try to do those things if you can. And so one Saturday night, my boss man said, that's Nelson. So let's go to him and say, you can get some of that fried chicken. That was a white place, you know. And then on the black side, go to the side, though.  The waitress is coming to take your order. And you pay for it. You get 30 pieces of chicken, any piece of chicken, potato salad, a roll and tea for five dollars and 25 cents. And so I looked up the street where Reverend came and preached that sermon, caught red with injustice. When I saw that blue point he had coming, I said, the whole gun, I said, that's him, Reverend King. I told him, I told my boss man, I said, I said, one, come on, let's jump in the car. So I went and jumped in the car.   So he went back and got the chicken. And by that time, Reverend King is right in front of the stop sign right on the corner. And then Reverend King, he said, embarrassed my boss man, all of who was a member of the church, he bowed to my boss man. My boss man bowed to him. And the next day of the night, I said to myself, I sure hope you don't come back in the barbershop and say the thing before the customs, what do you saw us do? And the next day of the night, we had 10 customs on the bench, there's three in the chair. And I saw that blue point he had pulled up, I said, dog, go in, I said, there, he come. He came in the shop, I kind of looked me in that and we walked through the door. If you ever got in the chair, when I put him in the chair, he turned his head and I put him the cloth around him like that. He whispered to me, he said, how was the chicken? I said, how do you know that was chicken? I said, how do you know that was chicken? He said, some of my members gave me some one time and they showed what's good.  He said, I said, you pretty healthy. You know what I love about that is it humanizes him but also the relationship and the dozens, right? Of just cutting on each other and just being able to connect. And you know, it's funny, we, when we look backwards, the rest of us who were born after the Corps of the Civil Rights Movement, we look at it as these events and you're really giving us the real back and forth of what everyday life was like. But you were also there for the events. Well before the March on Washington was the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which happened soon after you moved to Montgomery, Alabama. I wondered if you might share a little bit about the beginnings of it and your experience in it and what it was like. Just your experience in Montgomery at the time between 55 and 56. Well the boycott basically was an accident when it happened. The bus company had an audience, the city had an audience in Montgomery.   You had 10 black seats and 15 white seats. You do not have white seats and black seats, but you have a black section and white section. So if you had nine black people on the bus and 16 white people, the bus driver had the authority from the city audience to ask that black person to move further back as he can and get that white person to seat. And vice versa, if you had 14 white people on the bus and 11 black people, the bus driver had the authority to move that white person closer to the black line as far as to the front as he can. So the day Mrs. Parks was arrested, she was seated in the proper racial seat. The bus driver and the bus went one block and picked up a white man and was asking Mrs. Parks to get up. There was no available seat. And so then the bus pulled off a half a block in the middle of Montgomery Street. And if you ever go to Montgomery, where the historical mark is for Mrs. Parks, that's where the bus stopped to have her arrested. And Mrs. Parks was charged with this all in the condo. But what happened, she was fined $10 and she paid the fine. That would mess the case up for Mrs. Parks. So Mrs. Parks was not a plaintiff in the case that went to the United States Supreme Court. The attorneys could not use it because her case was pending. So they were rushing to get another case. So the attorney went and got five black women who had been arrested for refusing to get with the seat to a white man who had bought in the 14th Amendment. And so the case went to the United States Supreme Court with Browdy and Mrs. Browdy was one of the plaintiffs. And Mrs. Parks was unable to admit to any suit. That's a fascinating history around it. And tell us about the experience during that year. How did people get around? How did the community rally around one another? Well, we had tax grabbers lowered the prices. And if you see a black person standing on the corner, we knew the boycott to actually stay out of the bus. And every person, every black person that ever been on the bus, they had always been humiliated and embarrassed. And so it was the spirit and the people that made it so successful because every person that ever had a bag, my first relationship that gave me the spirit was one day I was on the bus, a black lady got on with a bag of gross in one hand and a baby in the other hand. And before she could get to the seat in the black section, the bus driver pulled off and she almost fell. And that really hurt me because she could have fallen with her baby. And so that energized me. And one of the ladies who started the boycott was Mrs. Joanne Robinson. She was very fast-skinned, the lady. And she was teaching, she had just started working at Alabama State. And she was not familiar with the bus scene in the rain. So she said pretty close to the front.  And the worst thing you could say to a fast-skinned person to get in the pressure that you kind of passed with white. And she said that when she jumped off that bus, the first thing that popped in her mind was boycott, boycott, boycott. Wow, wow. And you made it through the year and then what happens after the boycott ends? Well, the boycott ended, you know, the day at the end that we was wondering whether the boycott went away. And across the street from the barbershop, this man had been catching the bus every morning. He went to the hotel and every morning he would catch the bus.  And so that morning, one of the customers ran to the one and said, heck on the bus, heck on the bus, we're gonna see what's going away. And when the bus stopped to pick up the man, when the bus pulled along, the man was still in that seat. And we hollered, oh boy, it worked, it worked, it worked cause he did not get on that bus. Every morning he'd been getting on that bus. And we thought Joe Lewis had not done maximum, we hollered so loud in the barbershop. That's such a deep impact. So it was a very exciting day for that day for that happened. And when we see the boycott working, every day the boycott really got more and more affected. So the bus driver did more to bring about the integration of the bus. Then Rosa Parsons came and put it together. Cause if he had not violated the city ordinance, the city ordinance said that must be an available seat. But he violated the city ordinance, had arrested, then the prosecutor, charged Mrs. Parsons with this all in conduct. Her mistake was she paid the $10 fine. She did not pay the fine. And she gave the indication that she was guilty. She did not pay the fine. Then they had been a better case for her, but then the attorneys couldn't use the case because it felt judge was very, he went stricken by the constitution for the Franklin Johnson. And then he went to court. He was coming up with a case, talking about this all in conduct when the other ladies refused to give her the seat to a white man, which had something to do with the constitution. It was a constitution, of course. Wow. I'm going to fast forward a little bit because we are here on the 60th anniversary of the March on Washington for jobs and freedom. And I wonder if you might share some of your memories from what that was like within the community and for you personally seeing the March and experiencing what it was like to be in a community when this was happening all over the world. Well, the March on Washington was certain for justice and jobs. And so it was very, every person had experienced that. So Rubin Cain was invited to be the speaker. And really, he didn't even have time to write his speech. He had somebody to help him, a man named Sullivan. And so, but when he gave that speech, somebody said, hey, Jackson hollered at him while he was farming with that speech. And she knew he had worked with Rubin Cain before and different other speaking occasion. And so they said, you know, she hollered at him, Ma, and put the green in there.   And when I saw her coming up here all the day when that boy shot. So anyway, that's another story. But the boycott was successful because of the humiliation and it caused them that, it was one bus line and one bus drive that caused the problem. That was because it was a mixed race to ride that bus, South Jackson, Cleveland Avenue, other bus line that was basically no problem. Called that car with the young black girl, she was riding the Capitol Heights bus, which is another section of town. But when she was arrested, her better case cause she fought the policeman and she was filled to give up a seat to a white woman. But then when she was charged, they charged her with something else because the court, the turn did not want to go to court with a 15 year old black girl and she was pregnant. So they would kind of pick a plaintiff that's gonna make a case effective at that time. So that's when they picked the other five black ladies in special name in case they brought a big deal. Wow, you've experienced so much in seeing the boycott up front, the freedom rides, March on Washington, obviously the March from Summit of Montgomery. Is there a particular moment that gave you hope through all of this that you remembered in the moment? Like is there a time where you said, this is gonna lead to something successful? This is gonna lead to a change? Well, in Selma, Alabama, you had thousands of people from all over the world, from March where Reverend King in that day to Montgomery. And the March was put on a court order not to March that day. And so in Selma, you had very few accommodations to accommodate that many people, thousands and thousands of people. But they put in that, so where Reverend King did not violate that court order, he marched him up to one point and he was wondering why we were put under the court order. But someone had said that they had to get the military more organized just in case there'd be a type coming through that lounge, how we ate air. And sure enough, they had the 101 Albon in Maxwell Field, they had 5,000 soldiers, folk banding there didn't criminalize the National Guard, but he did not violate that order, audience. And so when they got to Montgomery, the last campsite was St. Jude. And when Tony Bennett came out on that stage that night, I was late, I was standing by, she weighed about 300 pounds, she was holding my hand. And when Tony Bennett came out and said, I love my heart in San Francisco, they laid a holler back at him, you don't sound your soul in Alabama. That's a great line. And she liked to broke my hand when you came up there. So we had a lot of fun that night, the same Tony Bennett, John Baez, Sammy Davis, Harold Bella Fonnie, we thought, then plus we marched from my house to the first black United States congressman from Ohio, and the old shepherd gave his name, Congressman Kellogg. And boy, we thought we was in hot stuff and had a march into the campsite with the first black congressman. I thought that, and we were drinking that Valkyrie Cranberry juice too. Moving right along. But we had a lot of fun that night. I bought me a new pair of shoes for that kid, and I had a special over. You know, so many people had a light rain before the cage didn't start. And one of my shoes is still over there, and that got stuck up there. The loaves I had on, they had no shoe strainers, and they got stuck, so I went over one shoe. It was fun, it was just unbelievable fun, but everybody think that all was sad and all, it was not sad, you know, it was just a lot of fun. We were born in a segregated society, and we know the rules, and so we made adjustments, you know, too. It was wrong, but it was unadjustable, you know. I just want to ask you one more question. So as we're thinking about where we are today in society, where we're thinking about March on Washington six years ago, and in a few years to 250th anniversary of this nation, what gives you hope and what message would you have in terms of hope for the youth moving forward? I believe we can survive. We had some hard time, slavery, all kinds of problems, you know, women right to vote, you know, all that goes into the state. But like my little analysis that one man on a human being was sitting on the riverbank of a river, and he saw a log float down the river, and next time he was sitting on the riverbank, he saw a monkey on top of the log right down the river. Then later on, he got on the log and rode down the river, and later on he took the log and cut it up in the woods and made him a boat where his family could ride down the river. In another thousand years, he built him a school of navigation and science, and he conquered the world. And now, a thousand years from now, we're going to the moon.  That's the natural law, that's not anything to do with it. So it's natural for people to look at any incident and how it improved through that brain. If you could start the brain from activating, then you could have another situation, but the brain makes you, you don't make the brain. That's the kind of philosophy of Reverend King, he said, I didn't have enough sense to be a philosopher. So that's where it worked, you know. Well, it has been wonderful speaking to you and hearing some of your recollections, but also your hope for the future and humanizing so much around civil rights, the people and events and giving us a human dimension around it. I think that your example is one of resiliency of excellence, of hope, and I think what you provide us with is not just a window to the past, but a window to what the future might look like of how we might get along better and take away the labels and just focus on that human experience about who we are as humans, which seems like it's important to you. Well, I think the program now in the new world and the organization that's sponsoring this program, I see great hope because they're putting money back into it to make a better society than we was accustomed to. So with the Blank House, they have Blanchard House and what new world. That's right, they're putting money back into it so we'll have a better society because if we could do that, people are really suffering, poor people just catching the hard way to go, uneducated people in the time frame that we live without having a pretty rough way to go. And if we could give some relief to those people and what we experienced today when I was governor, what we've gone through recently has been a very dangerous for democracy and we hope that we could, and I got a little hope for the last few days that democracy might continue to work, but if not, I believe that we could pull, I believe we could pull up through this turmoil we're going through right now with a very more time on the side. I had some questions about it a few or three or four months ago. I got a lot of faith in when, you know, the Johnson point in the third of March is when that Supreme Court was in another camp with another man on Supreme Court. And I said, oh, Lord, back to where we started. So we'll live, we'll just, you know, just hope for tomorrow as long as your keep brain, keep activating, you're going to improve, you know. 225, 250 years ago, the Declaration of Independence. And then, you know, it was built as one of the most powerful nations in the world.  And I looked at it and nobody believed, poor white people are suffering now too, baby. I mean, it's a serious problem for those people and they're following the wrong person, the philosophy, you know, and when in March, that January of the sixth, they came here that was in the system itself. So that's going to be severe punishment. But I believe the person who inspired them to do what they did in January of the sixth, I believe that once that, once this power stopped, then I think that we could make it to another. But seems like even through all this, your sense of hope is upward and onward, moving forward, just powerful. I don't know if Jaha's coming back in or... Thank you, Jaha. You have blessed words. Just want to thank the two of you for coming. This has been a wonderful conversation. It's been valuable and I'm sure it's enriched to everyone in the audience and who's watching out there as well. Thank you both for coming. Thank you. And thank you, Mr. Maldon. We could listen to you forever. You have the best stories. I'm jealous of your family, some of whom are out here and it's been a blessing to be just in your spirit and in your line of sight and sharing all the great advice you have for us moving forward. So thank you and keep telling those stories. And I'd like to leave you with one word. Rubby King said, Bobby Shotten Anderson will get you in the cemetery and Bobby Shotten Long will get you in prison. With that, thank you so much.