Item number SCP-2984 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures Subject is contained in a fireproof animal chamber modified for ventilation in the Site 115 Annex. Smoke generated by SCP-2984 is filtered and released via a chimney included in the Site 115 Annex as guise as a water treatment facility. Subject is to be fed fruits, nuts, and vegetables delivered via an automated delivery system. Food is to be kept soaked in water and placed in specially designed carbon-fiber containers. Subject will return containers to delivery system when finished. Physical interaction between SCP-2984 and resident primatologists, doctors, aslam, and gupta are to be monitored, with security and rescue personnel on standby in the event the subject damages either individuals' fire proximity suits or if they are in any other way incapacitated due to extreme heat or dehydration. These interactions are subject determination at any moment. All decor and material that has sustained significant fire damage is to be replaced at the end of each day. Description SCP-2984 is a female Bornean orangutan, classification Pongopigmius, entirely consumed in fire. Despite this, SCP-2984 is apparently alive and healthy, and shows no sign of damage or ill health as a result of burns or smoke inhalation. The fire engulfing the subject can be spread and can be extinguished normally, although the subject will instantaneously reignite unless fully submerged in water. SCP-2984 was discovered following a fire near Malaysia. Locals described witnessing the subject apparently attempting to escape the fire, while they made attempts to extinguish the subject. Subject became agitated and began to roam aimlessly through the village, leaving behind embers and soot, later determined to be fecal droppings and hair follicles, before being frightened off by the villagers. Continued sightings by fire and rescue personnel led the foundation to track and contain the subject. While in custody, personnel in fire proximity suits attempted to calm the subject with offerings of figs. The subject relaxed and examined the food from a distance, before consuming the figs all at once. Primatologist Dr. Gupa was present to oversee transport of SCP-2984 in a flame-resistant container partially filled with water. Five personnel sustained minor injury, including minor burns and abrasions, in the attempt to escort the subject into the container. Subject's behavior is non-anomalous, though it had adopted certain behaviors and routines apparently learned to avoid damaging its food or surroundings. The subject's senses appear unaffected by the fire or smoke.


Namaste and welcome to the video course on Water Shed Management. Today in module 2, on sustainable watershed approach and watershed management practices, lecture number 5, we will discuss about the agriculture practices and watershed management. So, the topics covered in today's lecture includes, watershed ecology and the agro-ecosystems, soil and water conservation management practices, sustainable land management practices, crop management, nutrients and pest management, integrated farming and finally, a case study. Some of the important keywords in today's lecture include agro-ecosystems, agriculture management, nutrient and pest management and integrated farming. So, as we have discussed in earlier lectures like sustainable water management or sustainable land management or the sustainability issues are all very important in watershed management. So, in any of the watershed which we consider, one of the important land use is the agriculture. So, we have to see what are the important issues as far as the agricultural management is concerned, what are the important issues in sustainable agriculture management. So, as far as watershed in many parts of the world are concerned, watersheds are experiencing pressure from high population growth, climate, land use change and over exploitations of natural resources. So, you can see the effect of population growth and then the land use change all these are directly influencing the agricultural practices within the watershed. So, as we discussed earlier to stop the degradation of natural resources and to understand the sustainable agriculture management practices, we need to deal with upstream and downstream resources management challenges. So, what are the major challenges within the watershed as far as various resources are concerned, how we deal with the management of those resources. Then the sustainable agriculture management is concerned, we have to deal with the to identify sustainable land use practices to increase sustainable agriculture production and to increase opportunity of rural livelihood. So, you can see that in most of the areas rural people are living mainly based upon the agricultural or the farm outputs. So, we have to improve this farm outputs in a sustainable way. So, for that on a watershed basis, we have to see that the agriculture is sustaining and then the land use is sustainable and water use is sustainable. So, within that we have to see that how we can have better agricultural or agriculture water management or agricultural practices. So, let us see some of the issues as far as water management in agriculture is concerned. So, this deals with the interactions and interplay between food people and nature sectors. So, we have already seen earlier when we discussed about the sustainability issues. So, the important sectors are food people and nature. So, out of this the food sector produces a biomass and influence ecosystem most of the time positively and sometimes negatively. So, you can see that as far as agriculture is concerned then water is concerned major use is consumptive. So, this is can be directly through irrigation or otherwise. So, as far as irrigation is concerned there can be major or micro irrigation and many times farmers use excessive irrigation and say this irrigated water are largely recycled. Then some of the other issues like use of fertilizers and pesticides and then corresponding problems like non-point source of pollution in the water either surface or groundwater. So, like this we can see that agriculture water use is concerned a large number of issues are there which we have to deal as far as the particular watershed is concerned or watershed management is concerned. So, you can see that when we consider the three sectors like food people and nature. So, the requirement of water for the people is relatively small. So, you can see that say for example, if you can see 1 centimeter per hectare per day for as far as irrigation water is concerned that much water is sufficient for 1000 people domestic or other usages. So, if you consider say the well average as far as agricultural municipal and industrial water usage is concerned the ratio is 70 to 15 to 15 percent. But say for example, in developing country like India this usage is 85 percent for agricultural only 8 percent for municipal use and 7 percent for industrial sector. So, that way you can see that say for example, in a country like India major portion of the water is used for agricultural purposes. So, if you can save the water available water say by doing appropriate agriculture management practices effective water use in agriculture then we can save a lot of water. So, but you can see that in most of the time whenever we consider the farming sector for a sustainable agriculture we need a irrigation. Since as we discussed earlier the rainfall is say distributed only for say 4 or 5 months. So, time wise variation is there then spatial wise variation is there. So, that way we need a irrigation for sustainable agriculture. So, that way if you consider say for example, the global withdrawal of water for agriculture industry and municipal use and then its total use in liters say for example, the data from 1900 to 1995 for about 95 years you can see that this curve shows the total withdrawal and then you can see that this just below this curve shows the agricultural withdrawal. And the municipal usage is much smaller this white line shows the municipal usage and then this grey line shows the industry usage. But especially in agriculture lot of water is lost in a different ways. So, that way with respect to the total withdrawal you can see that to the effective water the total water usage is much much less compared to the total withdrawal. So, that way if we can save the water which we are using for agriculture by appropriate management practices, optimal irrigation management practices we can save lot of water and that can be utilized for many other purposes and then also we can use say for example, for further irrigation and other purposes. So, if you consider a well average the well average for irrigation is concerned irrigated area covers about 40 percent of arable lands in the well and rainford is the rest that means about 60 percent of the arable land in the well is say the water is obtained through rain and only 40 percent is obtained through irrigation. Say for example, now if you consider India's agriculture scenario and irrigation is concerned. So, India has about 2 percent of well's land, 4 percent of fresh water, 16 percent of population and 10 percent of its cattle. So, this is the major issue as far as a developing country like India is concerned we have got only 2 percent of well land, but we have 16 percent of population and then 10 percent of cattle and only hardly 4 percent of fresh water. And geographic areas concerned say India's 329 million hectares of area of which only 47 percent is cultivated, 23 percent is forested and 7 percent under non-agriculture usage and about 23 percent of the land is wasteland. And if you consider with respect to population the land availability is concerned per capita availability of land 50 years ago that means in about 1950s it was about 0.9 hectare, but now due to the population explosion this will be reduced to about 0.14 hectare by 2050. So, that way the land availability compared to any other country it is much much smaller. So, that way India say major problem as far as the sustainable practices as far as land, water and agriculture is concerned. So, whatever available we have to do it in a better way and out of the cultivated area in India about 47, 40 percent is irrigated which produces about 55 percent of the food requirement of the country and 60 percent is rain food producing about 45 percent of about 250 metric ton of food required presently. So, you can see that 40 percent of the irrigated area produces 55 percent of the food and 60 percent of rain food only produces 45 percent of the 250 metric ton of food produced. So, in 40 years say for example, by 2050 say government of India wants to increase the irrigation level such that we can have more food production. So, the irrigation we want to increase up to at least up to 50 percent. So, that 50 percent is irrigated area and 50 percent is of the arable land is the rain food area. So, that ratio of food production 75 percent can be produced from irrigated land and 25 percent from the rain food land out of the 500 metric ton of food required by 2050. So, this is the Indian scenario as far as the agriculture and irrigation requirement is concerned. So, now, let us see what are some the agriculture related issues as far as especially India is concerned. So, in India after the independence in 1947 there is a large increase in agriculture growth rate. So, for example, in a 1950s if it was about 0.3 percent, 60s and 70s or 80s it has increased to 3.5 percent. So, this has mainly happened due to a large number of irrigation or reservoir projects implemented in the earlier 5 year plans.  So, then another important issue is say in the first few 5 year plans say in 70s and 80s government of India put a lot of efforts to improve the agriculture sector through introduction of new high yielding varieties that is say we can call it as first green revolution in 70s and then in second green revolution say in 80s government of India through its agriculture and other ministries concentrate on the genetic engineering through organized input management and say farmer services and extension and then also better seed varieties were implemented in the agriculture sector. So, that way we can call this say 1980s as second green revolution. So, that way lot of improvement were taken place in the agriculture sector. But of course, lot of issues are still there in the agriculture sector. So, some of the negative trends in spite of the positive trends as we have discussed here the negative trends are say per hectare yield is low. So, compared to other countries like US and China the per hectare yield is much low then infrastructure facilities in the farming sector are consents are poor. Then say the total management aspect is neglected in most of the farming sector and then also you can see that still in rural area the farming is not mechanized. So, people are using different types of traditional equipments for farming and then say most of the time the rural farmers are not adopting scientific farming. So, that way say lot of issues are there as far as the agriculture in India is consents. So, some of the important constraint as far as agriculture sustainable agriculture in India are consents are listed here. So, these are decline in per capita land availability. So, as we already discussed that per capita land availability is decreasing due to population explosion then stress in water resources. So, available water is not sufficient for irrigation due to lack of say better agriculture management practices, water management practices or lack of availability of sufficient water. Then degradation of soils, the lack of efficient water management, monocropping in many areas farmers are continuing with the same crop. So, that way there are lot of problems as far as nutrient management and then other soil related issues are consents. Then lack of crop management negligence of sustainable agriculture. So, say as far as especially most of the farmers are consents they are not bothered about the sustainability issues as far as agriculture is consents. And then of course, people that means the farmers are in difference to various the scientific farming or mechanization and other issues due to of course, various other constraints the due to lack of available sources or due to lack of education and other issues. So, that way these are some of the important issues especially in a country like India as far as sustainable agricultural management practices are consents. So, now let us see the agriculture management practices within the perspective of watershed. So, we have already seen that agriculture practices are very important in any of the watershed management plans. So, the agriculture practices following within a watershed the whatever watershed plans or management issues we are making so that you definitely affect. So, that way let us discuss about the watershed eco hydrology and agro ecosystems. So, this agro ecosystems we can define as a subset of ecosystems that defines functional representation of coherent agricultural activity including interaction of living and non-living components involved within the watershed. So, we are considering a subset of the ecosystems as agro ecosystems. Then we can do various sonation according to the ecology according to agriculture practices and the climate systems. So, that way we can call these sands as agro ecological sands which are defined as land units carved out of agro climatic sands based on major climates superimbursed on length of growing period. So, a particular crop is consents a particular say climate season is consents. So, accordingly we can say define this agro ecological sands. So, this mainly depends on the moisture availability. Say for example, India is consents we can classify India into 20 agro ecological regions and 60 agro eco sub regions. So, as we defined here agro ecological sands indicate the various issues as far as the agriculture is concerned with respect to land with respect to climate and other issues. So, each agro eco sub region has further been classified into eco unit at district level for developing long term land use strategies. So, when we have discussed about the sustainable agriculture practices this agro ecosystem or agro ecological sands are very important since we can implement or we can sort out many issues by considering this agro ecological sands or agro ecological sub regions as we discussed. So, here in this slide you can see the agro ecological regions of India. So, this various colors indicate various sands. So, these sands are delineated based on physiography, soil length of growing season and bio climates of the region. Say for example, we can say the agriculture ministry has put various nomenclature also. So, for example, AER sands means say a sands is called AER sands. So, there the it is numbered as A13 EH1. A stands for physiography, 13 stands for soil scale, EH stands for bio climatic sands and 1 stands for length of growing period. So, that way we can put various agro ecological sands. So, AER sands A13 EH1 is referred as western Himalayas here. So, the some of the important characteristics of the sands shallows, scaracter soils, hyperarid climates with length of growing period less than 60 days. So, that way by considering this agro ecological sands we can look into various sustainable agricultural practices or issues and then we can go for planning and management. It can be watershed based planning and management, but by considering this type of sands we can implement or we can have various plans. So, as we discussed the so, what are the necessities or what are the needs of agroecological classification? So, the needs are listed here to assess yield potentialities of different crops, crop combination in agroecological regions or sands. Then to formulate future plan of action involving crop diversification to disseminate agricultural research and agro technology to other homogeneous areas. Then to determine the crop suitability for optimization of land use in different agroecological regions or sands. So, as we discussed so, this agroecological region or sands indicates what kind of crops, what kind of climatic region or what kind of soil pattern is there. Then we can put plans like what kind of crops can be grown there, what should be the crop period length. So, like that various issues can be put according to the agroecological classification or agroecological sands or regions and then we can come up with the plans as far as sustainable agriculture practices are consensed. So, now as far as sustainable agriculture practices are consented, soil conservation and water conservation are two important issues. So, let us look into some of the important principles and issues as far as soil and water conservation are consensed. So, soil conservation important principles are based upon rainfall of high intensity, then erosion of top fertile soil takes place. So, we have to stop this soil erosion. So, that is so, by various practices we can reduce the soil erosion. So, that is the so, called soil conservation. So, we can have various measures like condor farming and then we can plant trees or grass to reduce the soil conservation. So, various measures are possible like biological measures like a conservation tillage, deep tillage, conservation farming and we can go for mechanical measures like terracing, water disposal, other low cost measures. So, like shown here we can say reduce the soil erosion and we can go for soil conservation using various techniques. So, then as far as water conservation is consensed, the principle of the water conservation is say where precipitation is less than crop requirements what we have to do. So, then where precipitation is equal to crop requirement or where precipitation is in excess of crop requirements. So, accordingly these three classes we can have a particular say intervention or particular strategy say according to the climatic or rainfall conditions. So, in the first case where precipitation is less than crop requirements, strategy includes land treatment to increase runoff on to crop areas following water conservation, use of drought tolerant crops suitable managing practices. So, this is when the precipitation is less than crop requirement. Then second case where precipitation is equal to crop requirement. So, the strategy is local conservation of precipitation maximizing storage within the soil profile and storage of excess runoff for subsequent use. So, this is when precipitation is almost equal to what is required as far as crop requirements are consensed. And then the third case where precipitation is in excess of crop requirements, the strategy is to reduce rainfall erosion to drain surplus runoff and store the surplus water for subsequent use in summer season. So, this way as far as water conservation is consensed we can make particular strategy depending upon the region, depending upon the case we can have either when our precipitation is less than crop requirement or whenever precipitation is almost equal to crop requirement or when precipitation is in excess of crop requirements. So, accordingly we can go for particular strategy as far as water conservation is consensed. So, now based upon these issues now let us discuss the sustainable land management practices. So, we have seen the for achieve sustainable agriculture practices we need to go for sustainable land management practices. So, sustainable land management practices that gives knowledge based it is a knowledge based system which helps to integrate land, water, biodiversity and environmental management to meet rising food and fiber demands while sustaining ecosystem services and livelihood to meet requirements for the growing population. So, we can define the sustainable land management like this. So, it is a holistic way of sustainable approach as far as land, water, biodiversity, environmental management and then say the requirement as far as the growing population is consensed. So, this sustainable land management or SLM enhances the productive capabilities of land in crop and grazed area. So, if we consider the various issues appropriately we can increase the productivity the crop yield and then forest tree can be improved or the grass land or grass grazed area can be improved. So, through sustainable land management we can have actions to stop reverse degradation or at least to mitigate adverse effects of earlier misuses. So, whenever we discussed about the watershed deterioration issues and related problems we have seen that say here say the watershed will be degraded say by various problems various issues as we discussed earlier. So, through sustainable land management practices we can at least reduce what is happening and then also we can reverse the trench so that we can have the same overall sustainable development. So, now let us look into what are the objectives as far as sustainable land management practices are consensed. Some of the important objectives are listed here to increase land productivity. So, that means replenish soil nutrients by liming or other means and then maintain soil cover. So, like cover we can use cover crops and residue recycling and second objective is to provide adequate quantity of water. So, there is no scarcity of water. So, we can use crop forage or tree species with higher water use efficiency. So, that depending upon the available water we can go for say water resource management using particular crop. Then to maintain water quality. So, water quality is also an issue. So, here we can protect vegetative filter areas in the riparian zones to remove excess sediment and nutrients and then also the non-bond source of pollutions all those we can reduce and then third objective is to reduce flooding and flood damage. So, as we discussed earlier flooding is always a problem. So, we can through sustainable agriculture management practices or sustainable land management practices we can plant a deep rooted vegetation to enhance infiltration and water consumption by the plants and this also may decrease the soil erosion problems. So, these are some of the important objectives as far as sustainable land management practices are concerned. So, now let us look into the sustainable agricultural issues. So, first one is the crop husbandry. So, crop husbandry means the practices of growing and harvesting crops based upon scientific principles and careful management and conservations of resources. So, whenever the cropping pattern. So, we have to consider the cropping pattern what type of crop is to be used then the various issues say as far as soil is concerned, water is concerned and then the health of the crop is concerned. So, here the crop husbandry includes soil enrichment, usage of hybrid and improved seeds and better cropping pattern. So, some of the techniques used for improved crop productions include soil enrichment by bio fertilization, then introduction of micronutrient management, then usage of hybrid seeds, achieving optimum plant population. So, that better production will be there and timely and effective weed control. So, we say in agricultural practices weed control is very important. So, we have to timely do the weed control then pest management. So, these are some of the important techniques which we can utilize in crop husbandry so that we can achieve sustainable agricultural practices as far as various crop management or crop husbandry is concerned. Then the next issue in sustainable agriculture is nutrient management. So, as far as nutrient management is concerned it is important to tackle problems like use of inorganic fertilizers. So, last few decades farmers are using lot of inorganic fertilizers like urea, then phosphates like that. So, whenever we use without say optimal use or without scientific say knowledge, then what happens is that it decrease the soil fertility and then also it become a pollution source as far as soil and water is concerned. So, then other issues as far as nutrient management is concerned to stop weed growth, to avoid crop diseases improve crop yield. So, these are the main issues as far as nutrient management is concerned. Then as far as nutrient management is concerned it includes disseminate knowledge of nutrient and its function to plant growth. So, most of the time say in a country like India the farmers are not well educated. So, we can disseminate the knowledge say why we have to study nutrient analysis as far as particular area, particular watershed is concerned and then how to improve the nutrient same in the soil. So, we can disseminate the knowledge and then its function same in plant growth as far as nutrient management is concerned. An assessment of nutrient availability as far as the watershed is concerned. Then nutrient management like supply of deficient nutrients to the soil also avoid excess use to protect the environment. So, as I discussed say for example, the nitrate phosphate and then sabotage in PK is concerned. So, you can see that the last few decades many areas farmers are using this importance nutrients like in PK. So, what happens when it is over use is there it becomes an environmental problems and whenever under utilize under use is there. So, then it becomes deficient nutrient as far as the particular area is concerned. So, that way we should look into an effective nutrient management as far as the particular area or particular watershed is concerned. Then let us further look into the nutrient and its functions. So, there are two basic types of nutrients one is so called macro nutrients. So, this macro nutrients are available in soil in large larger percentage say for example, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium etc. So, then other one is so called micro nutrients. So, this is available in soil in minor percentage. So, like iron, copper, zinc, manganese etc. So, that way this depending upon the requirement for the particular crop say depending upon the availability of that particular nutrient for the particular area, we have to provide that particular nutrients to the soil. So, that the crops can grow in a healthy way and it can give better yields. So, appropriate nutrient management is very important. Then let us look into what are the important functions of nutrients. Some of the important functions are listed here. These include involvement in photosynthesis and produces carbohydrates. Then early root formation and growth. Then nutrient helps plants to survive in bitter environmental conditions like the environmental conditions like drought area or the increased saline area. So, like that so the nutrients can helps plants to survive in this particular areas. Then increasing water use efficiency. So, if you give appropriate nutrients appropriate levels to the plants or to the soil then we can even increase the water use efficiency. Then important role in reproduction of plants. So, these are some of the important functions as far as nutrient is concerned. So, we should have a better nutrient management plans as far as the particular area or particular watershed is concerned. So, then say particular area is concerned we should assess the nutrient availability and then we have to provide nutrients to the soil for the particular crop is concerned. So, the various tests are possible as far as the assessment of nutrients are concerned. So, some of the important tests are listed here like traditional soil test including test like pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electric conductivity etc. So, this type of test traditional soil test we can perform in every 3 to 5 years. So, that depending upon the non-availability of this particular nutrients we can provide this nutrients according to the curement. Then another important test is called nitrate test. So, this include the pre-planned nitrate test for additional nitrogen and deep nitrate test how much nitrate has already reached below the crop rooting zone. So, this test we can do and then accordingly we can provide appropriate say nitrate treatment as far as the soil is concerned. Then next one is traditional plant test like chlorophyll meter to quickly determine the nitrogen status without destroying any plant tissues. Then also we can go for irrigation water test then electric conductivity and pH test. So, these are some of the tests used to assess the nutrients available for the particular area, particular soil for particular crop growth. So, then accordingly we can go for nutrient management by supplying appropriate nutrients on appropriate levels or appropriate measures to particular area for the given crop. So, now another important issue in sustainable agriculture management is pest management. So, the pest management the main objective is to say how pest management interlates with climate, water, crop and soil management same for farmers to understand. So, the farmers should understand how the pest management will help them. Then to incorporate this pest management techniques and its decision making process as far as the farming is concerned. So, this is another important issue. So, some of the important necessities as far as pest management is concerned that include critical component of conservation practices. So, it is very important the pest management the negative impacts of pesticides. So, if overuse is there then lot of issues can be there. Then ground and surface water deterioration due to non points source of pollution like pesticide contamination. So, this is a very important issue as far as water and soil is concerned. Then environmental risk like say for example, burning crop residue for disease and then insect control. So, these are the necessities as far as the pest management is concerned. So, then for the concentrated area, concentrated crop we have to go for appropriate pest management as far as the sustainable agriculture management is concerned. Then generally we use a term called integrated pest management IPM. So, IPM approach is to pest control that combines biological, cultural and other alternatives to chemical control with the judicious use of pesticides. So, instead of overuse or under use of pesticides we have to judiciously use the pesticides by considering the various biological, cultural and other chemical issues are concerned. So, the important goals of integrated pest management include maximum use of naturally occurring control forces in the pest environment. So, particular area or particular crop is concerned we have to consider whether we can control the pest naturally. So, if it is not possible only we have to go for chemicals. Then first focus on non chemical measures. So, whether biologically or with say natural control whether we can reduce the pest. So, first focus is on non chemical measures then use of chemical pesticides only for preventing severe damage. So, as far as particular farm is concerned or particular agriculture is concerned. So, we go for integrated pest management so that to reduce of course the damages due to the pest, but we have to see that whether without non chemical measures whether we can reduce the pest problem and then if chemical measures to be adopted then it should be in a controlled way so that there are very less environmental problems. So, that we can achieve sustainable agricultural management for the particular area is concerned. So, now finally, let us look into what are the important issues as far as sustainable agricultural management practices are concerned. So, some of the important issues are listed here first one is biomass management. So, for the particular area what kind of crop is to be considered for the particular region particular area depending upon the soil depending upon the water availability and also crop rotation. Then second issue is concerned better conservation practices as far as land and water is concerned land and water concerned we have to go for better conservation practices. Then conservation buffers so for a sustainable to achieve sustainable agricultural management we can consider conservation buffers like a forest buffers at particular area. Then grassed waterway then we can go for a filter strip then vegetative barriers and conservation barrier for wind etc. So, various conservation buffers we can consider for the particular watershed or particular area is concerned to achieve sustainable agricultural management. Then as we discussed earlier we can go for crop husbandry by considering the various crop management practices are concerned. Then we can go for nutrient management so as we discussed in the previous slides nutrient is very important. So, we should not overuse and we should provide sufficient nutrients as far as the particular area or particular crop is concerned. So, nutrient management is very important in sustainable agricultural practices. Then integrated pest management so first we have to see whether we can go for pest control without chemical use and if chemical use is required then we should go for a on a scientific way controlled way. Then of course as far as sustainable agricultural practices are concerned we can go for modern technology like molecular biology then and genetic engineering. So, now these two branches of science like molecular biology and genetic engineering have gone considerably in the last few decades. So, the scientific availability of this molecular biology and genetic engineering or its practices through its practices we can have better sustainable agricultural management. We can go for say for example, seeds are concerned we can go for hybrid and improved seeds and then we can go for tissue culture we can go for say hybrid varieties. So, like that various things various due to the development in molecular biology and genetic engineering we can use the various available techniques for sustainable agricultural or agriculture management is concerned. So, now another important issue in sustainable agriculture management is whether we can go for integrated farming system. So, say integrated farming system or IFS some of the issues are listed here in this slide. So, say for example, mixed farming system we can go for mixed farming system. So, mixed farming system combines crop and livestock enterprises in a supplementary and or a complementary manner. So, for a particular watershed or particular areas concerned which is not only crop we can have an integrated way of say mixed farming as far as crop is concerned as far as livestock are concerned. So, we can combine together so that we can have better say economical achievements as far as the watershed is concerned. So, integrated farming system means integration of various agricultural enterprises like cropping, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry etcetera. So, that we can have better economical achievements as far as the particular areas concerned and this gives great potentialities in the agricultural economy. So, some of the important components of integrated farming system includes crops, livestock, birds and trees. So, depending upon the area say for example, crop is concerned we can have monocrope that means only one type of crop or mixed or inter crop then multi crop of cereals, legumes or pulses and oil seeds forage etcetera. So, crop is concerned we can have not only monocroping we can have different crops together say for example, say wherever coconut farming is there with the coconut we can go for say we can grow pepper. So, like that various crops can be combined with within the given area. So, that the farmers can have more products and better benefits from their particular farms. So, the main motto of integrated farming system is maximize food production and then overall development of a watershed. So, say by integrated farming we can achieve say overall development of the area since the farmers will have say better profits since through various crops in the same area. So, that we can maximize the food production and maximize the benefits. Then integrated farming system is concerned some other same issues like inter cropping, mixer cropping, strip cropping. So, as far as crops are concerned we can have three ways of integrated farming first one is inter cropping. So, here crops are grown in space available in between the plants say for example, turmeric can be grown in mango gardens. So, like that say some crops will be already growing like this you can see that here the in the mango garden here mangoes are growing and then here other types of crops. So, this is so called a inter cropping. Then second one is mixer cropping. So, here alternative rows of different crops we can use. So, so that say we can improve the crop yields then preserve soil fertility. Then third one is strip cropping where long strips are used for growing crops on leveled birds. So, like this as far as integrated farming is concerned cropping is concerned we can have inter cropping, mixer cropping and strip cropping. So, like this say by using integrated farming system we can achieve sustainable agriculture practices or sustainable agriculture management for the given watershed. So, within the perspective of what we discussed today sustainable agriculture management practices are concerned. Let us look into a case study. So, the case study is Adarshah watershed is in Kothapalli village in Andhra Pradesh. It is spread over 465 hectares and the say an integrated watershed management plan based upon sustainable agriculture has been done by Ikrisat in this area. So, the details are taken from the Ikrisat websites details are available in this website. So, the main objective of this watershed intervention was to link strategic research in natural resource management with a development research to increase productivity of rainforest agriculture through enhanced efficiency of natural resources while maintaining the resource base. So, this was the main objective as far as the watershed intervention in Adarshah watershed. So, finally, through this the aim was to increase the productivity through adoption of improved soil, water, nutrients and pest management as far as the areas concerned. So, the area is shown here it is taken from this websites. So, the important strategy in this watershed was to link the research with watershed development schemes to enhance effectiveness of community participation. And in this watershed a multidisciplinary multi institutional consortium approach has been utilized and various developmental projects were implemented by Ikrisat in this area. So, they used an islanding approach through micro watershed as upfront demonstrations managed by farmers with technical backups. So, technical advice given by Ikrisat in this area and then say the farmers implemented these projects. Then the watershed is concerned on firm strategic research was conducted by Ikrisat in partnership with the farmers. So, some of the important watershed details are say 270 farmers out of which in this area 136 are small land holding up to 1 hectare and 60 are medium land holding and then 74 large land holding above 2 hectares. So, this way as far as the distribution of land holding as far as farmers are concerned in the Adarshah watershed. Then some of the other watershed details like annual rainfall is about 800 mm say 85 percent of it occurs during June-October. So, soils are predominantly black soils in this area. Soil depth varies from 30 to 90 centimeter. The general slope of the land is about 3 percent and some of the important crops grown include sorghum, mice, cotton, sunflower, pigeon pea, soya bean in rainy season and sorghum, sunflower, vegetables in post rainy season under rain flood condition. And then in some areas say the farmers grow turmeric, union and rice cultivation depending upon the water availability and then well irrigation. So, all these details were taken from the Cresat website. So, let us look into what are the important interventions done by the Cresat authorities. So, here they conducted a complete resource mapping as a first step and then they identified the various problems as far as the watershed is concerned. They discussed the various issues with the farmers. So, some of the interventions done by Cresat include continuous weather monitoring. They implemented a number of automatic weather stations in the regions and then say conducted scientific soil analysis. So, that soil according to the soil analysis the soil has been classified and then they identified which type of soil is suitable for particular crops. Then also cropping system analysis has been carried out. So, that how much crop yield is possible and then what is the cost for farming and then what will be the benefits from the particular crop in the particular area. Then cropping has been done according to soil. Then the cost effectiveness of particular cropping has been also analyzed. So, that whether say better crop yield can be achieved through various measures. Then another aspect which has been implemented in this watershed is in the cropping. So, we have already seen what is in the cropping. It is not only one crop, various crops fair say run in the same area. Then use of nitrogen fixing plants. So, that say instead of providing say nitrogen through artificial fertilizers. So, if the nitrogen fixing plants give nitrogen to the soil. So, this has been implemented then vermicomposting then organic farming. So, all those things were done in this particular watershed. So, also integrated pest control through natural control measures were implemented in this watershed. So, that was one another important aspect of the success in this watershed. So, then finally the Cresat or the NGOs carried out capacity building and then they gave a training to farmers. So, that farmers know what kind of cropping to be done and what particular area and then say scientific way of farming. Then by using soil testing and then nutrient management then integrated pest management. So, these are some of the important watershed interventions done in this watershed. So, then now let us look what are the important impacts of these measures interventions done by the Cresat in this others watershed. So, the analysis showed that crop yield considerably improved in many of the areas and considerably improvement in water availability including groundwater. So, they implemented rainwater harvesting also in this area. So, that improved the water availability for the area. Then integrated nutrient and pest management were carried out. So, that way farmers are using very less artificial fertilizers, but they go for organic fertilizers and then better nutrient management and then they go for better say scientific pest control and natural pest control instead of going for say chemical using chemicals for pest management. Then continuous monitoring. So, as far as the watershed is concerned it was monitored using remote sensing and then GIS platform has been also used for overall better management. Then holistic watershed management the holistic approach as far as land, water, agriculture and people are concerned. So, that way a holistic development approach has been say done in this particular watershed. Then this watershed has been declared as a role model of integrated sustainable watershed management through sustainable agriculture management by various agencies and then. So, this has been replicated in many villages in India and abroad. So, another important aspect in this watershed is city building and training has been given by the NGOs to the people. So, people participation was another important aspect and then overall socio-economic upliftment has been taken place in this watershed through various interventions. So, as far as this today's lecture is concerned some of the important reference are listed here including various websites. Then based upon today's lecture here I have listed one tutorial question. So, the question is illustrate necessity of sustainable agriculture management practices as far as overall watershed management plans are concerned. So, you can do through a systematic approach some of the steps are mentioned here. So, identify the components then the possible scientific interventions as far as the agriculture management practice is concerned and identify the problems and identify the role of modern techniques like molecular biology and genetic engineering then importance of nutrient management and then role of integrated pest management. So, most of these issues we have discussed in the lecture. Then some of the self evaluation questions from today's lecture are listed here. First one is discuss agriculture water use and compare weld and Indian scenarios. Second question is what are the major constraints in achieving watershed based sustainable agriculture management. Then discuss the agroecological classifications in India and its importance then illustrate sustainable land management practices. So, for most of these questions the details are available in today's lecture. Then few assignment questions discuss Indian agriculture and irrigation scenarios. Then explain watershed ecology and agro systems. Then explain important issues in soil and water conservation. Then discuss importance of nutrient and integrated pest management and related issues. So, most of these questions can be answered based on today's lecture. So, finally, one unsolved problem is listed here for your watershed area. Study the scope for integrated farming systems in your area. So, this we can do in a step by step procedure. So, first you can identify the suitable integrated farming system practices for the area for integrated sustainable agriculture management. Then carry out stakeholder analysis consider traditional practices of the farmers. You can go to the field and discuss with the farmers and identify. Then suggest scientific methods various methodologies how we can go for integrated farming systems. Then identify soil and water conservation measures for the area. Then identify proper monitoring and evaluation strategies for the area and involve how we can involve the local people to achieve integrated farming systems for the given watershed. So, this is you can do it as an unsolved problem. So, this is today's lecture we discussed about the sustainable agricultural management practices and then its importance in watershed management. So, we will discuss further the various issues as far as sustainable water management or sustainable watershed management issues are concerned in the next lecture. Thank you.


The most likely scenario is that the melting of the polar ice caps will cause sea levels to rise significantly, leading to flooding of coastal cities and disruption of ocean currents. Additionally, the melting of the ice caps could also affect the circulation of warm water around the globe, causing further changes in weather patterns and climate. This article was authored by NWunderling, NWunderling, NWunderling and others.


Okay, so the recording has started. Welcome once again everyone. Thank you for being a part of this class. We will study five books in this course. We will pray. I'll give you an overview of how we are going to go about this and then we will get started. Okay, so I want to request one of us to please lead with the word of prayer please. Yeah, how about Prince? Prince, would you like to begin? Sure. Yeah, please go ahead. Yeah, thank you dear Abulipad. Thank you. And this morning lot, you're giving us one more day in our live log. Thank you.  Lot help us to learn your word. Whatever we'll learn. We use in our daily life lot help us. Holy Spirit will pass. Let us guide us and also I pray for the ma'am and all the students. Those who didn't chat, I pray for them. They will join quickly. Thank you. I submit all the questions in your hand. In Jesus name I pray. Amen. Thank you, Prince. And once again, really good to see all of you. This class, each one of you. I am so grateful for your, what can I say, like you have been committed and you've been journeying together through all these semesters. Okay, so truly that is wonderful. Grateful to God for you, for your commitment. And I pray that this final semester, which many of you, especially the online students have taken up that God would give you the grace, the strength and the wisdom to complete it. But it's not just about completing, isn't it? This, whatever we study God's word is for life and beyond life here on earth. So it's truly precious.  So in this course, we are going to study five books of the Bible. We will touch on the book of Hebrews. Then we will also study first and second Peter. We will study the book of James and then finally the book of Jude. Okay, so quite a few books to complete here. So I might go a little faster than the way I did your previous course. However, you know, we will definitely make sure that we touch on all the key, key truths from these books, right? And there will be three assignments. We will split it as 30, 30 and 40% as far as the percentage of Marx is concerned. So I encourage all of us to attempt all three assessments.  It's when you don't take up an assignment that you actually lose more marks. So make sure that you attempt all the three graded assessments in this course. Alright, so the assessments are planned for mid-February, mid-March and mid-April. This will be the same for the e-learning students as well. Okay, the timing and the proportion of the Marx that have been allocated to the three graded assignments. And apart from this, for our study, we have the primary, primary resource as David Guzik's enduring word, which we've been following for all our courses at APCBC. So you could, you know, refer to that and over and above, you can, you're free to touch on any other commentary, learn from any other commentary as well. But primarily, you know, we are using the commentary of David Guzik. Okay, so there is no textbook as such, which has been posted on your stream page or for the e-learning students, the textbook page. You just have to go to the commentary and then study from there. Okay, so that is how we are going to go about it. So the first book that I have chosen to begin with is the book of Hebrews. So let's start off with the book of Hebrews. So the book of Hebrews is very, very rich. Every word there, you know, we could spend hours and are not exaggerating, you know, really you could spend hours trying to understand the meaning of each word given here. But we will attempt to be quick so that we can get the key learning from it and then move on so that we can complete all the five books of the Bible in this particular course. So Hebrews has 13 chapters. When you look at the entire book of Hebrews, primarily the person of Jesus stands out in this book. So we will see that the Lord Jesus is fully God, that he is fully man and not just that. The book of Hebrews keeps talking about the superiority of the Lord Jesus, how he is greater than the greatest prophets of old. Moses is considered as the greatest prophet, but even greater than Moses is the Lord Jesus. So the superiority of Jesus is talked about in this book for us. And then we are shown how the Lord Jesus is the fulfillment of the promises that God made in the Old Covenant. We will see that he is like the high priest, Melchizedek. In fact, we will see in Hebrews chapter 6 how he is the greatest high priest. And then the continuation happens in Hebrews chapter 7, the superiority of Jesus to Melchizedek even. So we will see that and then we will continue to see that the Lord Jesus has become the mediator of the new and the better covenant. And he also has become that sacrifice, a great sacrifice for us who has taken away our sins. So Hebrews paints this wonderful picture about the Lord Jesus as the high priest and also our sin-bearer. And then later on we move on to looking at Jesus as the one who suffered for us, who trusted in the reward of God and overcame challenges in this life. And we begin to see the value of faith. So Hebrews chapter 11, a very famous chapter in this book talks about faith and how through faith we can overcome. The Lord Jesus was one who overcame here in the sufferings that he experienced. So the book of Hebrews has all these themes flowing through it and it's really rich, really rich calling us to fix our eyes on the Lord Jesus Christ. So primarily these are some truths or concepts if you want to call here in the book of Hebrews. Now the book of Hebrews, we will look at a little bit of background before we look at the chapter 1 and what it contains. So the author of the book of Hebrews, there is some speculation about it because the author does not introduce himself or herself by name. So the historians have many opinions about who could have written the book of Hebrews. Several people and certain prominent historians believe that the writer of the book of Hebrews is Paul himself. He wrote it in Hebrew and then later Luke translated into Greek. That's what they believe. But Paul, if you look at his other writings, he has been very out there to introduce himself. But in the book of Hebrews, you don't find anyone's name. So it's hard to confirm that this is really Paul and also the writing style is slightly different in the book of Hebrews compared to other books. Because Paul has a very systematic way of writing. Here you would see that it kind of begins in a very philosophical way and then it kind of ends up like a letter towards the end. So it's different from the other formats that Paul has followed in the episodes. However, there are a good number of historians that believe that this book was probably written by Paul himself. And then there are others who say that this book was probably written by some other prominent people in the first century church. Maybe Barnabas was the writer of this book or Apollos. If you recall the book of Corinthians, we have an introduction to this person called Apollos, who was a co-worker of Paul and he was an eloquent man. So there is speculation that he could have been the writer of the book of Hebrews. Then again there are people who say that it could have been Priscilla. Again from the book of Hebrews, if you recall there was Akula and Priscilla. Priscilla was very well versed in God's Word. And she is also sometimes looked at the greater teacher among the couple, the husband and wife team. So it could have been Priscilla is what some people say. Now it's really hard to confirm all these, to confirm the authorship. So a lot of people would simply say the writer of the Hebrews. Whenever they talk about the book of Hebrews, they wouldn't say that Paul says they won't use the name of any author. To be on the safer side, they would generally say the writer of the book of Hebrews. So you can subscribe to, if you think this was Paul, then you could probably say Paul. But then generally people stick to the author or the writer of the book of Hebrews. Another thing about the book of Hebrews is that it was likely to have been written to the 1st century church. So you dated back to about 67 to 69 AD. And that was the time where there was a lot of persecution going on. And you would see that as part of the writing there's a lot of encouragement coming to believers who were struggling. What were the struggles of those believers? They were not respected probably in the community. A lot of privileges that other Jewish people had. They were taken away or certain benefits were not provided to these people. And further, if you study the times that these believers lived in, people were being killed for their faith. People were being very seriously persecuted. So it was a tough time. So the writer of the Hebrews brings encouragement. And one of the ways in which he brings encouragement is to call the people to draw their attention to what is important. What is important? Hebrews 12, later on you would find that the writer says fix your eyes on Jesus. There's so much going on around you. How can we overcome? We can overcome when our focus is right. And so the theme, the main theme, one thing, if you want to talk about one thing that comes out strongly in the book of Hebrews, it's the person of the Lord Jesus. The writer is always saying, you know, Jesus is this, this is the revelation about the Lord Jesus. Fix your eyes on Jesus. So as long as we fix our eyes on the Lord Jesus, the storms of this life, the challenges of this life, we are able to overcome. And that is the manner in which the writer has encouraged the believers who are going through a rough patch and a very, very difficult time. This was also considered as a very difficult time for the early church under the persecution of the then government that they were going through. So it is a book of encouragement. It is a book which is calling the believer to rise up and fulfill the purpose that God has for the believer. Okay, so now let's get into the book. I would prefer at least for the first time to read through the entire book, entire chapter, the first chapter. But later on, I don't think we will have the time to read through every chapter. So you will have to follow the chapter, have it open, have your Bible open. We are using the NKJV version primarily for this course. So have it open.  We will not have time to read every chapter, but chapter one, let's quickly read through it. So I would like to request maybe a couple of us to read this chapter. Okay, so we have, we have 14 verses here. So how about the, yeah, we could do like to begin with, you know, people could do like four, four verses. Right. So, and then whatever's remaining towards the end, the last person could just read those verses. So it might take four of us to read. So can, can any four people please volunteer? In the past, God spoke to our ancestors many times and in many ways, show the prophet. But in these days, he has spoken to us, show his son. He is the one through whom God created the universe, the one whom God has chosen to possess all things at the end. He reflects the brightness of God's glory and is the exact likeness of God's own being. Sustaining the universe with his power words of the achieving forgiveness for the sins of mankind. He said town in heaven at the right hand side of God, the superior, supreme power. The son was made great and the angel just asked the name that God gave. Him is greater than dear, dears. For God never said to any of his angel. Okay. Thank you, Aranya. The next person could read from verse five. For two weeks of the angel state, he ever says, you are my son. Today I have been caught in you and again I will be to with him, father and he shall be me, our son. But when he again brings the first one into the world, he says, let all the angels of God worship him. And of the angels, he says, who makes his angels spirits and his ministers a frame of fire. But to the son, he says, you're thrown. Oh God is forever and ever a scepter of righteousness is the scepter of your kingdom. Yeah. Thank you, Kiran. I think the next person can read. Yeah. You have loved righteousness and hated lawlessness. Therefore God, your God has anointed you with the oil of gladness more than your companions.  They will perish, but you remain and they will all grow old like a garment. Like a clock, you will fold them up and they will be changed, but you are the same and your ears will not fail. But to which of the angels has he ever said, sit at my right hand till I make your enemies your foodstool. Are they not all the ministering spirits sent forth to minister for those will inherit the salvation. Okay. Thank you. Thank you, Thomas. I think three of you have completed reading through the entire passage. That's good. Now let's go ahead and study what is coming out of these passages. So when you look at it overall, the first chapter of the book of Hebrews, you will see that the deity of Christ is what is being talked about here. The deity means the fact that the Lord Jesus is fully God. Okay. He is definitely God. That is being brought out beautifully in the first chapter of the book of Hebrews. And it's being said in different ways. Firstly, we would see the characteristics of the Lord Jesus and how that reveals to us that he is God. And later on the writer begins to compare the angels and Jesus and he establishes that the Lord Jesus is greater than the angels. And then he describes how the angels are the ones who worshiped the Lord Jesus. And this could also be because during the times when this book was written, the believers probably were touched by some sort of a teaching that said that angels are also gods and that they should be worshipped. So he is demolishing that philosophy in this first chapter. So mainly it tells us that Jesus is God, that Jesus is superior in every way and that the angels are actually subject to the Lord Jesus. And also there is a very beautiful picture of the Trinity that is coming through. You would have studied in Christology and other courses that the very word Trinity, you don't really find it in the Bible. But in the way the description of the three persons of the Trinity comes through and the way here we would see certain quotes from the Old Testament where the father is addressing the son. And this is how we paint the picture of the relationship that the three persons of the Godhead have. So the Trinity is also something that we will understand in the interactions of the persons of the Godhead from the book of Hebrews. And then one more beautiful thing about the book of Hebrews is that there will be a quotations from the Old Testament. Now I told us that the book was written to the believers who were suffering during the first century. Now these believers are aware of the Jewish origin and thereby to convince them. Definitely the writer had to take from the Old Testament from the books that were already available to these Jewish believers because they were familiar with the scriptures. And so he takes many scriptures to explain the person of the Lord Jesus and that's how in a very rich way with a lot of substantiation he proves that the Lord Jesus is the fulfillment of what God has been speaking to us in the Old Testament. So you know that is kind of a summary of the first chapter of the book of Hebrews. So now let's get started. The first verse itself that's really beautiful. He begins by saying God who at various times and in various ways spoke in time past to the fathers by the prophets. So the writer is speaking to these Jewish believers and it's somewhat like the Bible and in the Bible we know the canon of scripture. Somehow the way they've arranged it is it begins with Genesis though chronologically that may not be the first book which was written yet in the Bible. You have the book of Genesis which is the first book and in that book you know we have the first verse there which says in the beginning God and it's like establishing the greatness of God. The writer does not even find it necessary to try to explain how God came into existence. He simply emphatically states that God always existed, that God is superior to anyone anything that he is the creator and the writer is unapologetic. He doesn't feel that he owes an explanation to who is this God, how did this God you know create us, how did he come into existence. Nothing, no explanation. He just takes it for granted you need to know there is a God who he is very unapologetic. So the first word of the book of Hebrews is God and the greatness of God no explanation offered. God who at various times and in various ways spoke in time past and he introduces this God as a speaking God, a God who seeks relationship with mankind. A God who chooses to interact and you see that various times, various ways God has made an attempt to communicate because what is important for this God relationship. Why was man created for relationship and this God has communicated. You know as part of a relationship we know the people that we relate to we keep getting to know their nature. We understand them over time and similarly they understand us and we see here that God is also striving for that. He wants us to have a revelation of who he is and that is why you see here God in various ways in various times spoke. So he is giving us a revelation of who he is. He wants us to understand him and that is what worship is, isn't it? He wants us to know him and whenever we know him what happens? We can't but worship. So worship becomes a response to the revelation of God and when God speaks, worship becomes the result of the life of a believer. So even through the book of Hebrews when we study it moment by moment you might find yourself saying wow, is this who God is? Wow, it's amazing you know and adoration comes out of our hearts and we say oh God thank you for who you are and thank you for your goodness, thank you for your greatness. So worship is a result of the revelation of God and we see here the writer of the Hebrews says God wanted to reveal himself. And so he communicated, he spoke how did he speak in times fast to the fathers? Remember it's written to a Jewish audience and we have people in the Old Testament who were considered as the patriarchs. Don't buy the Jews, you had the Abraham and the Jacob and the Isaac and the Moses, all of them known as the fathers. To them God spoke and how did God primarily speak in the Old Covenant? We know that the prophets were the mouthpiece of God but we know now in the New Testament by the Holy Spirit how the prophetic works through every believer but in the Old Testament primarily through the prophets. So God's word came through the prophets but the writer reveals the greatest way in which God has spoken to us and he simply seals it as in these last days he has spoken to us by his son. So looking at the person of the Lord Jesus, one conclusion that we can jump to is that he is God's message. What is God's greatest message? What is God's most precious letter that he ever wrote to us? You can pull it out of the drawer, all the communications from God and then you will pick up this one letter called Jesus. The greatest message that God ever gave us and that's what the writer says. He has spoken to us. What is the last days? Last days refers to the time period after the ascension. In fact, the first century church was waiting during these last days for the second coming of the Lord Jesus and we continue to do that. We are still in the last days. In fact, the last of the last days and how has the Lord spoken to us in these last days through his son Jesus Christ. So we conclude that the Lord Jesus is the greatest message that God has ever given to mankind. So if you look at the ways in which the message came earlier on, many ways, isn't it? Burning bush. You had Moses receiving a message through the burning bush. You had Elijah receiving the message of God in different ways, also a still small voice. The message came in that form. The message came to Isaiah through a heavenly vision. The message came to Hosea through a crisis that he was going through in his personal life to aim us through a prophetic word and a picture like a basket of food. But which is the greatest message in these last days through his son Jesus Christ. So God has spoken to us. So when we look at the person of the Lord Jesus, there is a message from God. And our hearts must keep capturing what God is saying through the Lord Jesus. How would we understand this message? It's good to study about the person of the Lord Jesus from scripture. All of scripture, the central personality of scripture is who? Yes, the Godhead, but the Lord Jesus is being spoken of throughout scripture. Whenever we read the Bible, I've heard preachers say that you can read it over and over and over again, because once you have read through the context, the history, the geography, all of those things, we should really be looking for Jesus in every book of the Bible, every verse of the Bible, every word of the Bible, because ultimately the entire Bible is pointing to the person of the Lord Jesus. So when we study, and especially through the Gospels, who is this Jesus? What did he do? How did he reveal the Father? You get the message that the Father was trying to convey to us. So the greatest message is the person of the Lord Jesus. That's what the book of Hebrews is telling us. Now, the second portion here of verse 2, it says, whom he has appointed heir of all things. Again, you see the description of Jesus is coming through. What is another truth about Jesus here? He is appointed. Meaning, God's power has called him, established him, appointed him. So he is backed up by the Father. He is appointed. You understand that? And then we see here that he is the heir of all things. He is the heir meaning somebody who has been given all the inheritance. That person is the heir. Usually the son or the daughter, the children, they become the heir of the Father. So who is the heir of everything that God has? The Lord Jesus. So when we look at the Lord Jesus, we understand, hey, everything is his. He is the heir of the Father. All things, it says all things, heir of all things. So that is the Lord Jesus for us. He is appointed. He is the heir through whom also he made the worlds. So, see here, we usually refer to the Father as the Creator, but what are we picking up here? The Lord Jesus had a role to play in creation. So the worlds were also made through the Lord Jesus. Who being the brightness of his glory and the express image of his person. So the brightness of God's glory simply refers to the best like shining, shining the truth of who God really is. So Jesus has become that best expression of the Father. He is the brightness of his glory. We can pick many things to describe the glory of God, but what is the brightest expression of God's glory? The Lord Jesus. If you want to understand, what is glory? Glory refers to the greatness of the person of God. So the greatness of the person of God is revealed through the person of the Lord Jesus Christ. And Jesus is the one who shines out who God is. So he represents God really well and that is our understanding from what is being said. So if we want to know how great is God, how wonderful is God, how marvelous are his works, how can we find out? Look at Jesus and Jesus is shining the glory of God for us. So he is the brightness of the glory of God and we are also told that the Lord Jesus is the express image of his person. Again, he is the best representation of the Father. So for us to understand, what is this express image of his person? Express image is like the exact replica or it is like when you stamp on envelopes, generally people use a stamp. And that stamp is the image that comes on the envelopes, the exact image which is on the stamp, isn't it? So in the same way, when we look at the Lord, when we consider the Father, who is the exact express image of the Father, the Lord Jesus? So we study the life of Jesus. We study the life of Jesus where we see Jesus was holy. So it shows us that the Father is holy. Jesus is compassionate. He healed people. He delivered people. He did mighty miracles in people's lives. So what is the Father like? He is a compassionate God. So you study the life of Jesus in every characteristic of the Lord Jesus. Jesus was zealous for the house of God. So the Father, you know, he is zealous about the kingdom. You look at the life of Jesus, right? He was one for justice. And so we can say, oh, the Father, he is a God of justice. So when we want to know the Father again, we have to study the person of the Lord Jesus. Because here the writer of the Hebrews is saying, look, Jesus is the express image or the exact image of the person of the Father. And another thing about the person of the Lord Jesus is upholding all things by the word of his power. Now, we have also studied in the book of John that the Lord Jesus is the word. He is the word himself, Logos. Here the writer of the Hebrews, you know, understanding that he says that there is a power in the word of the Lord Jesus. If you remember, many times you find that through, he himself is the word, but also through the spoken word, you know, the Lord Jesus calmed a storm. The Lord Jesus healed the sick. The Lord Jesus cast out demons. One word that he spoke carried that power. But here the writer of the Hebrews says, you know, the word of Jesus, he says word of his power. That word is the word of God's power. And what function does the word of Jesus perform? He says upholding all things. So the word of the Lord Jesus is so powerful. If you look at the way it is written, you know, in the Greek here, you would understand that this is referring to the maintenance of the universe. You know, how is the world, if you will, sustained in its form and the functions of the world continue by the word of God. Everything is set in place. Things are happening. The sun is rising every day. You know, different things that are set as the laws in the world, it's all going on. Because of the word of God. So the word of God is what is holding the world up and sustaining. Or if you want to term it as maintaining the world, that's the understanding that you get from this particular portion of the verse. That God, this whole world is maintained by the word of his power. So for a believer, when we realize, oh wow, the word of God is maintaining the universe, can it not sustain my life? An individual life, of course it can. And God's word is so powerful that whatever you and I are going through, he can work in that through the word of his power. And then, you know, we continue to see that he had by himself purged our sins. So you see here, different aspects of Christ our Savior are being spoken of.  He purged our sins. Or in other words, he removed our sins. So he has become our eternal Savior. And the writer of the Hebrews wants the believers to see all this about the person of the Lord Jesus. So he purged, he removed our sins. And then he goes on to say he sat down at the right hand of the majesty on high. So he describes the position where the Lord Jesus is seated right now in his heavenly ministry. And he says he sat down and we have studied about this earlier. Sitting down is to say that one has completed their task. So the earthly ministry that the Lord Jesus had, we know that he represented the Father well in all that he did. He did the works of the Father. He also died on the cross to complete our redeeming work for us. And after completing his earthly ministry, he sat down. So sitting down is to say that there is a completion of the work. So Jesus has completed the responsibility which was given to him in his earthly ministry. And where did he sit? Where we sit says a lot about us. Not every one of us can go and sit in the parliament. Can we? Because there are people in the parliament who have fought the political battle, who have established themselves as leaders. They have been voted in by many, many people. They have been selected, appointed to have their seats in the parliament. So when we say that somebody sits in the parliament, there is an honour attached to it. So they have, at least in our country in the democratic process, they have earned that position by virtue of their works, by virtue of their performance. And so we will see how the Lord Jesus has gained this position. But it is important for us to note that he has a position, a very, very special position, a great position in fact that you find him sitting at the right hand of the majesty on high. You know, everyone doesn't get that seat at the right hand of God and that in itself reveals to us that he is deity. Even the angels cannot sit in the presence of God. They cannot sit at the right hand of God. Some people consider that the angels are truly great, but no, they don't have that position. Nobody has that position. It's only the Lord Jesus because he himself is also majesty. He is the very son of God. He is God. So before going to verse 4, I just want to pause here and check with all of you how you are doing. Are you comfortable? Are you getting something out of this? Are you able to understand what we are talking about? So let me just pause for a moment and also if there are any comments, any questions from you. Okay, so there are no questions, but I hope you got what I was saying. I thought I'm really going through these verses fast and I realized we've run out of time on our first session. So this is the fastest I've ever taught Hebrews, but it's not easy to just go over the words so quickly because there is such great depth and there is revelation about the person of the Lord Jesus that it's almost so wrong to miss it. And you know, we can just sit for hours on every word and it's like drinking from the nectar, like a bee drinking from the nectar of the flower. Slowly just taking the goodness of what is being spoken to us about the person of the Lord Jesus, His greatness, His superiority and the writer establishing that he is indeed deity. Okay, so that is the book of Hebrews for us and that is how it starts out here in the first chapter and I really pray that more than reading and going over this for our course sake and for our life we will study the book of Hebrews and that we will keep coming back to each word in this book time and again for us to have a deeper understanding of who Jesus is and that bringing a response of worship to who our God is. So let's do this because of the limited time we will stop for the first session. Let's take a 10 minute break, we'll come back and continue from verse 4. You don't have to log off the call, just remain muted and after 10 minutes you can come back here and I will start the second session for us. Okay, so alright class let's take a 10 minute break and we'll be back at 10 a.m. Thank you.


Whitney Union approves deal. The Whitney Museum of Art has ratified its first contract with UAW Local 210, which represents about 200 employees at the Cultural Institution. After 16 months of negotiations, the museum and the union said Monday. The three-and-a-half-year labor agreement expands unionized workers' benefits, including raises and enhanced job security. Workers at the Whitney overwhelmingly decided August 2021 to join UAW Local 210, which also represents workers at the Museum of Modern Art and the New Museum in New York. With a vote, the Whitney employees joined a wave of organizing at art institutions around the United States that was fueled by the financial impact from the COVID-19 outbreak. When the epidemic began in March 2020, 20 percent of the Whitney's had been laid off, and earnings had stagnated amid growing grants and inflation in New York City. Half of the Whitney's employees, according to the union, were paid less than $20 per hour. Talks began in November of that year, but quickly halted over problems such as health care and retirement benefits, job security for full-time and part-time employees, and pay. However, union members began conducting protests outside the Whitney's opulent events, such as the 2022 Whitney biennial and, most recently, the art party in February, to draw attention to the situation. We're happy to have negotiated an agreement with the Museum that boosts minimum pay rates across the board at every job level, Ramsey Colbert, a curatorial research associate and member of the union bargaining committee, stated in an email to ART News from the local 210 union. The pact also includes wage hikes that will push wages further higher over the following two years. Employee pay will be increased by 15 percent retroactive to January 1, 2023, under the new contract. They will also earn a $1,000 signing bonus and a 9.5 percent rise over the length of the contract. The minimum hourly pay has been raised from $17 to $22, and it will be increased to $24 per hour by June 2025. The Museum will be required by the new contract to provide increased hours to permanent employees before hiring temporary labor. Part-time employees will now receive pay holidays and priority consideration for available full-time opportunities. We're thrilled to have a contract that acknowledges our commitment to the Museum, Sandy LaPorte, a facility supervisor, said in a statement. We work in the shadows and have often felt under-appreciated and unheard. Our jobs are safe under this contract, and we have a voice at the Museum. A spokesman for the Whitney Tollday ART News that the Museum is pleased to achieve an agreement with UAW Local 210. We have negotiated a deal that meets the best interests of our employees after months of good-faith negotiations. We are looking forward to a long and fruitful working partnership with 210. Please leave your thoughts in the comment section below.


Bring back elemental collision. All right, let's get it. All right, peeps, we have a 24, about 36. Here we go. We first start with the black line diagonally across the canvas. Ooh, baby. If you don't know what elemental collision is, it's fire on one side, ice on the other, then we spin it. Here it goes, elemental collision, baby. Here we go.


What's going on everybody? This is our last filler break to fill up the last dance finale basketball mixer sold out coming up tomorrow on Jaspercasebreaks.com Sunday around 2 o'clock 3 o'clock Pacific around 4 or 5 Eastern time 5 or 6 Eastern actually so we're going to roll the dice for both randomizers remember the giveaway for the last dance finale spots will be after the break so it's just for the chronicles hang a break after seven times yeah bowman slated to release on Friday the 22nd so we'll have that it's kind of waiting for a checklist but should be up Monday morning for pick your teams and stuff there's Adam Kane down at Bryan Peoples and now for the list of NBA teams just for the chronicles break here one two oh yeah you could Alex we do like curbside pickup right now we're not a lot of open the shop yet under the California law but we can do curbside pickup jazz dancer calves so I'm not going to name off all the teams but here you go just shoot us an email with what you're interested in Alex here's our email and we can get your price you know tell you how you can pay get you all set up if you want a case we won't have it before the release but we'll definitely have it first thing Friday alright trade window closed good luck everybody maybe we can pull a little Luca or Trey or something crazy Joe hit a nice Michael Porter Jr auto earlier today good luck it's a Shea Gilgis Alexander rookie Aten rookie Miller Aten Kevin Knox Kevin Herter there's a green Dennis Smith Landry Shamit Cal Bridges nice Trey young right here Teddy's got these chronicles hangers available to personal break I think there's $69.99 on our website that's from Elite basketball Bruce Brown there's a Shea Gilgis Alexander green retail green exclusive nice Clippers edition of course started his career with Clippers and some other rookies there Ronnie Walker another shy Bagley Knox and another Aten so no Luca but a nice Trey nice couple nice Shea Gilgis Alexander's but now for the real reason everyone join this break we're gonna take all 30 customer names from Chronicles Hangar 4 and randomize them top three gonna win spots in the last dance finale mixer after nine times good luck everybody one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight ninth and final time good luck after nine times top three names win Jared Smith Zach Paul and Brian C there you go Congrats guys sorry to everybody else but these three are the lucky winners in this one so appreciate everyone giving a try jaspiescasebreaks.com see y'all next time


Hi everyone Sean with Jaspies case breaks calm here doing 2020-21 prism EPL soccer two box hobby break random club number 14 18 spots all-card ship Here's the list of clubs to combo spots Crystal Palace and Leeds Sheffield United West Brom And here's our customer list Luis Ramirez down to Robert Market and the clubs from Arsenal down to Wilburton Dice World randomized both lists and pair them up one and a five six times Six in final time from Brian Heyman down to Robert Runkel Six times on the randomizer six times on the dice Six times on the clubs So King. How are you been? How you been? Manchester down to Chelsea Six times six times Brian Heyman with Manchester United Anthony Chan with Arsenal Luis Ramirez with men the West Ham United Robert Market last but Marge mojo with Villa Austin Villa Jarell Taylor with Newcastle United Robert Runkel with Southampton in Fulham Robert Market last but Mojo with Brighton and Hove Luis Ramirez Lyser Leicester City Jehoon Kim with Everton Robert Runkel with Crystal Palace and Leeds combo spot plus Manchester City Luis Ramirez with Sheffield United and West Bromwich Robert Market last but Mojo Liverpool Robert Runkel with Tottenham Hotspur Luis Ramirez Burnley Jehoon Kim Wilburton Wanderers and Robert Runkel with Chelsea FC So there is the list trade window is open while you guys are doing that. We're gonna figure out which boxes we're doing That's awesome, man. Love that So This is the second break from the case here are the next 10 boxes in two box sacks So over here on my far left is one two three four and five We're gonna roll a dice to figure out which two boxes. We're doing we roll a six. We will re-roll and it's a six So That's a re-roll. That's a five so The fifth set of boxes which is right over here on the next two box set is in the store now So any talks of trades for you guys Leave the nic-cam on so you can see the two boxes there Give another 10 seconds. So if there's no talks of trades, we'll print and rip How'd you do during the uh? Little freeze out in Texas. It doesn't look like there's any talks of trades. So let's print and rip Woohoo soccer for sure Not just any soccer Prism soccer. It's okay. Next one's in the store right now Bobby. Go get your spots 18 spots and we're giving a boy break credit tonight top three spots $50 and break credit each It's still frozen Jonathan Or just for you Still shows live on mine. I think Nick sets those up But yeah, we can definitely set one of those up if he hasn't already he I'm sure he will soon I'll send him a text message. This was a fresh case. We did two boxes Earlier probably about an hour ago or so. This is the second two boxes. So there's eight more boxes in this No, apparently Ozzy's having the same problem Maybe exit rejoin Exit the stream come back in see if it resets for you guys Hey, Teddy Sam says it's fine now What'd you do Sam? Did you exit and come back in or what? Or did it just just change for you? No clue what happened then I didn't do anything. Yeah, I didn't even I didn't even do anything. I literally just Walked over to Teddy and asked him to open up the stream and pay to like keep an eye on it See if it was cutting out on his end Because on my end everything that says good No, maybe YouTube's just going through some stuff. It's okay. The video won't be like this Good luck everybody Emiliano Martinez for Aston Villa Robert Market Brandon Piric Crystal Palace Robert Runkel a meal croff rookie blue cracked ice to 75 New Castle United Jarell Taylor Patrick Bamford for Leeds Robert Runkel Grady Dion Ghana West Brom Luis Ramirez. I love these Southampton St. Mary's Stadium. That's pretty cool That's for Robert Runkel Tyler Roberts Emergent Silver for Leeds Robert Runkel Niskin's Kibano for Fulham Robert Runkel Brandon Williams from Manchester United Jarell Taylor, sorry Brian Heyman Niskin's Kibano for Fulham again Robert Runkel and Anthony Marshall Pink for Manchester United Brian Heyman That is $2.99 Ollie Watkins Aston Villa Robert Market and Young Min Sun Auto for Tottenham Hotspurs Robert Runkel. There you go, Robert Tariq Lamptey rookie Silver Brighton and Hove Robert Market Kyle Bartley West Brom Luis Ramirez Kenan Davis Aston Villa Robert Market Josh Brownhill for Burnley Luis Ramirez Davenson Sanchez to $1.99 for Tottenham Robert Runkel Sam Johnston West Brom Luis Ramirez Nathan Tella Southampton Robert Runkel right team pro. Yeah Brandon Williams Manchester United Brian Heyman. I think the silvers are going for more. This is just the regular base, but still it's a nice first half Elon Messier leads Robert Runkel Abergie Eze Crystal Palace Robert Runkel Ben White Brighton and Hove Robert Market That's crazy another one-of-one Michael Hector and it's a rookie. Yeah Fulham Robert Runkel There you go Rookie one-of-one Michael Hector for Fulham We had a one-of-one in the first two boxes, too. We're on fire. Imagine this is a personal box Calvin Phillips for Leeds Robert Runkel Gabriel Arsenal Anthony Chan Ivan Cavalero Red Mojo to 135 for Fulham Robert Runkel One-to-one soccer would be crazy Abu Bakar Kamara for Fulham Robert Runkel Darnell Furlong West Brom Luis Ramirez and Ashley Westwood Pink Wave Not numbered for Burnley Louise Ramirez Absolutely Robert Congrats, man. This is your this is your personal box pretty much one-to-one and auto very nice auto Matt Doherty for Tottenham Robert Runkel again to 149 Billy Gilmore base for Chelsea Robert Runkel Tyler Roberts for Leeds Robert Runkel and a Billy Gilmore Silver also for Robert Runkel and Chelsea This is definitely your box Luke Thomas Lester City. Louise Ramirez Ben Johnson West Ham Louise Ramirez Daniel Potitz Wolverhamton J. Hoon Kim Tyler Roberts for Leeds Robert Runkel Kyle Bartley Red West Brom Luis Ramirez to 149 Alexis McAllister Brighton and Hove Robert Market Anthony Robinson Fulham Robert Runkel Polisic Chelsea Robert Runkel and Hyper Tyrone means Austin Villa Robert Market to finish it by the way Billy Gilmore That's a It's a name from happy Gilmore. I don't think it's spelled the same right, but It's a little Little tension to detail there. Not too bad. I'll show you again Ridiculous auto Billy Gilmore Silver one-of-one rookie What more could you ask for? Dennis Adoye Fulham Robert Runkel Curtis Jones for Liverpool Robert Market Stephen Alzadeh Brighton and Hove Robert Market Bernard blue cracked ice to 75 for Everton J. Hoon Kim Luke a-ling for Leeds Robert Runkel Romaine Sawyer's West Brom Luis Ramirez Charlie Taylor pink wave Burnley Louise Ramirez. Thank you, right Mmm He said yeah, you're right. I'm a dumb to 149 West Ham, Louise Ramirez Then where's where does Gilmore come into it? Vatina Lordhamton J. Hoon Kim Liam Cooper for Leeds Robert Runkel Ian poveta for Leeds Robert Runkel Matthias Pereira West Brom Luis Ramirez. Polisic Chelsea Robert Runkel Anwar Al-Ghazi Aston Villa Robert Market Kieran Gibbs West Brom pink Louise Ramirez to 99 Four boxes Robert only four Because remember this is a fresh case So we've only this is the fourth box that we've done So so far in four boxes. We've had two one-of-ones And we haven't even finished the fourth box semi a Jai West Brom Luis Ramirez Mason Mount Chelsea Robert Runkel Rodrigo Moreno for Leeds Silver Robert Runkel Joe Brian Fulham Robert Runkel Nathan Tala for Southampton Robert Runkel and Red Mojo Rich Charleston for Everton to 135 Jehoon Kim Elon Messier Leeds Robert Runkel Jamie Shackleton Leeds Robert Runkel Conor Gallagher West Bromwich Luis Ramirez Courtney house Austin Villa Robert Market and Polisic Hyper as well For Chelsea Robert Runkel Pretty pretty nice Joshua Noma for Fulham Robert Runkel Maddie Cash Aston Villa Robert Market Iberchi Ezzy Crystal Palace Robert Runkel Donnie Vanderbeek 249 Manchester United Brian Heyman Ben White Brighton and Hove Robert Market Harrison Reed for Fulham Robert Runkel Gabrielle for Arsenal Anthony Chan The Amex for Brighton and Hove Robert Market Ederson Man City Robert Runkel Jared Bowen West Ham Louise Ramirez Andre Frank Zombo and Guisa for Fulham Robert Runkel Neco Williams for Liverpool Robert Market Eric Garcia for Manchester. Oh my god. Did we really two boxes? Come on Robert Young men's son again Jesus what a break for you plus a one-of-one Yuri Mina Silver Everton, maybe there's something about this case guys. Maybe we should keep it going Next two are in the in the in the store right now. I Remember we're giving away a break credit to with those breaks tonight. I don't know Emil Kroff Newcastle United Jarell Taylor Michael Hector for Fulham Robert Runkel Yeah, I got a feeling we're gonna probably do the how many boxes we have left eight Phillip brads Lee or Bard's Lee for Burnley Louise Ramirez John Fleck Sheffield United Louise Ramirez to 199 If anybody doesn't think that this case has something going on Tariq Lampey Brighton and Hove Robert Market Helder Costa leads Robert Runkel George Baldock Sheffield United Louise Ramirez Eddard Mendy for Chelsea Robert Runkel and Fernandino Man City Robert Runkel Douglas Louise Austin Villa to 199 and Robert Market and there you go guys. That's the second the end of box number two 18 map 18 spots. There's two combos so that's the break itself, but In addition to that we're also gonna give away a hundred fifty dollars of break credit So top three names original 18. I it's gotta be there's I mean, let's find out. We got eight more boxes Top three names after two and a two four times and fourth and final time Louise Ramirez Robert Runkel Robert Market last spot mojo You three are both all three are getting fifty dollars in break credit four times on the randomizer Four times on the dice and that wraps it up. That was 2020-2021 Panini prison EPL soccer two-box hobby break random club number 14 from jasper's case breaks calm I'm Sean jasper's case breaks calm. Thanks for hanging out. See you next time


The function takes the groups concept to a whole new level. Grouping is essentially a cluster of groups that we can granularize activities and or resources for in a course. First, ensure that your administrator has enabled the groupings function in the global settings. And as a teacher, come into a course, go to the settings block, course administration. Users, groups, select the groupings tab. It's essential this day is that the groups have already been created. So we can now create a grouping. Let's give grouping a name, save changes. So we now select groups that we wish to add to the given grouping. Back to groupings. It's writing group one and three to grouping A. And we will add group two to grouping B. So we turn to the course page, turn that thing on. So by way of example, where this plays out for a resource, and one we've got there already, it's a file. Just go to edit, update. This is a file at this stage we're sharing with all members of the course. Show advanced under common module settings. You may wish to make it available to a grouping in particular, we'll say grouping A. So that essentially means that any member of grouping A, so essentially members of group A and group C, will be able to access that particular resource. That won't be the case for members of grouping B. So that's our very simple example of how we use the groupings function to granularize resources or activities.