A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study found that body weight and belly fat were significantly reduced, adding just a single tablespoon of vinegar to one's daily diet. But is there any benefit to vinegar consumption if you're not overweight? Well, their triglycerides normalized, and on the two tablespoons a day dose, there was a dip in blood pressure. But those effects may have just been because of the weight loss. Other than taste, is there any benefit to normal weight individuals sprinkling vinegar on their salad? What about vinegar for blood sugar control? If you feed people a massive amount of sugar, half cup of table sugar, as their blood sugar spike, their artery function can become impaired. And the higher the blood sugars go, the more the arteries take a hit.  Demonstrating that's probably good for your heart if you don't have big blood sugar spikes after meals. And indeed, how high your blood sugar spike after a meal is a predictor for cardiovascular mortality. So do people who eat lots of high glycemic foods like sugary foods and refined grains tend to have more heart attacks than strokes? Yes, and they appear more likely to get diabetes. And maybe people who eat lots of frosted flakes and wonderbread also have other bad dietary habits. The diets that have been put to the test in randomized controlled trials and proven to prevent diabetes are the ones focusing on cutting down on saturated fat and ramping up the consumption of fiber-rich whole plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains without specific regard to lower or higher glycemic loads. The drug has been put to the test, though, and the blunting one's mealtime blood sugar spikes does seem to reduce the risk of developing diabetes, as well as reduce the risk of heart attacks and high blood pressure. So is there any way to prevent these blood sugar spikes without having to take drugs? Well, one way would be to not sit down to have a cup of jugger. Yes, the drug can slow the progression of your atherosclerosis. Instead of the arteries going to your brain narrowing this fast on the drug, they only narrow this fast. But wouldn't it be better to eat a diet that actually reverses heart disease or reverses diabetes? The healthiest diet to prevent the meal-related blood sugar and fat spikes, the oxidation, and inflammation is a diet centered around whole plant foods. But what if you really want a bagel instead of spreading drugs on it, spreading on some almond butter may help blunt the blood sugar spike from refined carbs? And another option is to dip your baguette in some balsamic vinegar. The consumption of vinegar with meals was evidently used as a home remedy for diabetes before drugs came along, but wasn't put to the test until 1988. After all, how much money can be made from vinegar? Well, according to the Vinegar Institute, millions of dollars, a single diabetes drug like Resulin, can pull in billions before it was pulled from the market for killing too many people by shutting down their livers. The drug company still made off like a bandit having to pay out less than a billion to the grieving families for covering up the danger. No liver failure from a peanut butter-smeared bagel, though, cutting the blood sugar response in half, and the same with vinegar. If you chug down 4 teaspoons of apple cider vinegar diluted in water, you get that same blunting of the spike, and you get the additional advantage over the nuts of lowering insulin levels in the blood, something peanut butter apparently can't do. But presumably better than a bagel with locks, as fish causes triple the insulin response, or red wine, which also increases insulin levels, though not as much as the fish. And also shoots up triglycerides, though de-alcoholized red wine, non-alcoholic wine, doesn't have the same problem. OK, but what about vinegar? Not only may a tablespoon a day tend to improve cholesterol and triglycerides over time, vinegar can drop triglycerides within an hour of a meal, along with decreased blood sugars and the insulin spike potentially offering the best of all worlds.


The surrender of Japan to end World War II, the first female marine. These and much more happened this week in Navy history. August 12, 1918, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels approves accepting women in the Marine Corps. The following day, Opha Mae Johnson became the first female marine. On August 13, 1952, hospitalman John E. Kilmer's heroic actions under fire during the Korean War earned him a posthumous Medal of Honor. And finally, August 14, 1945, Japan accepts the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and agrees to unconditionally surrender to Allied forces. The day became known as Victory over Japan or VJ Day. Celebrations erupted all over the nation as World War II finally came to a close. To learn more about these stories and our history, visit the Naval History and Heritage Commands website.


Let's start something new. How about I'm gonna ask the first question here, but from here on out, I want you guys down there in the comments below to ask a question and then we're going to get an answer from the literary book of answers by Carol Bolt. Okay? So I'm gonna ask, since we're doing a Joe Lansdale review, should I read The Bottoms Next? Swift Be Thine Approaching Flight from Percy Blish. Bish? Bish. Light Bish. Percy Bish Shelley Tonight. That doesn't make any sense. Let's try and find another one. All right. Push on! Keep moving. Thomas Morton took care for the headache, so I will read The Bottoms Next. Let me know your opinion down there in the doobly-doo. Hello everybody, E here. Welcome back to another book review. Today we are finally doing ourselves a Joe R Lansdale book, A Fine Dark Line. I have tried, first I want to talk about opinions and taste changes and things like that. It seems like every couple years my tastes just completely changed and completely evolved from what they once were. Sometimes I go back to loving things that I had started to dislike. Sometimes I retry things that I hated before that I never liked and end up enjoying them, which is one of the reasons why I'm going to be taking a crack, another crack at Clyde Barker and Rice, several different authors. Joe Lansdale is an author that never really worked for me up until now. I had never been able to finish any of his stuff. Other than the comic book based on his work, the Bubba Hotep and the Cosmic Bloodsuckers, Josh Jakuba. I can't remember how to pronounce his last name. I apologize. He sent me those comics and I liked them, but my tastes have started to change yet again and I decided to give Lansdale another try, especially since I've chatted with him a bit on Twitter. We follow each other, so I've not really gotten to know the guy, but he's more of a presence. So I went back and tried him again and I'll be damned. I loved it.  So I kept plugging and I kept plugging and it wasn't until about page 75, page 100, the humor started working for me. Several things started working for me and I just kind of, I fell in love with the book and that love lasted all the way to the end. One thing I will mention, and I know this makes me sound overly sensitive, especially for a white dude, but I don't care too much for the end word. I don't care for the end word at all. Even in narrative, it kind of comes off. I don't know. I just don't like reading it. I don't like seeing it and it's something that comes up a lot in this book because the book is based in the 50s. So you see that a lot, but I think it's important for this one, for the realistic quality of the work to put it in that time frame and it fit the characters using it, did not, I don't think it was gratuitous other than maybe from the black characters themselves, which I found interesting, especially Buster talking about how much he disliked the word, but he used it constantly. Same with Rosie May, Rosa May. I think it's Rosa May, but I fell in love with these characters and it was one of those things where it just came out of nowhere. I was reading along and all of a sudden everything just started to click and I was there for Stanley's story. I really appreciated the fact that there was no hard plot to this. Most of this book is just scenes of everyday life, just slices of life, things that have happened. There were no big action sequences. There was one really, really, really cool fight, but there was so much going on and so little going on at the same time. It was very nice to sit and listen to the story from Stanley's point of view.  I thought that comparison, that not really juxtaposition, but that seeing all the sides of it, how uppity white people treated maybe lower class white people and how lower class white people treated black people and how everybody treated each other in this small town of Dumont, Texas. I really loved the fact that the main character's family owned a drive-in. I grew up in Southern California in the town that I lived in had a drive-in and that was most of my childhood, man. All of the movies I saw, up until the point I was like 10 or 12, they were all at that one drive-in there on Valley Boulevard. I think nowadays it's a flea market, I'm not sure, but I remember everything about such good times. My first experience with Stephen King was at that drive-in. My mother and her friend, Andrea, went to go see Pat Cemetery. I told the story many times, but I was in the back seat and I listened to most of it, saw some of it, and I just happened to look around the, I was in the footwell behind my mother's chair and I just happened to look around the chair and up on the screen was Zelda and I literally peed myself a little bit. My pants were wet when I got home and I changed everything. Mom to this day doesn't know that it happened. I was very embarrassed at the time of course, but so I have very fond memories of drive-ins. I was one of the last generations as far as drive-ins were concerned. I haven't been to a drive-in in probably 25 years and that breaks my heart man. It's one of those things that if I ever had a whole heap of money just to throw away kind of deal that has no need for, that I have no need for, I would open up a drive-in and I would make it free to the general public and they could do donations if they want to. Those donations would go to charity, but they could do that and I would give popcorn and soda just to keep on the cheap side of things, things, cheap side of things and I would, that's what I would do and we would have a movie like you know every weekend. It'd be something older, it wouldn't be a new release or anything, but it's basically somewhere where you know people could go and hang out and have a good time and just that little slice of life from my own childhood. There are so many scenes in this book that I want to talk about, but I don't want to spoil them for anyone. The fight that I spoke of somewhere in the later half of the novel, that was a highlight. Another highlight is the dog Nub. I love Nub. Another highlight was the house up on the hill, a certain scene that I really loved. I mean we find out later on that it wasn't anything big, but that scene alone was terrific and I would love to get into some more Lansdale, maybe his horror stuff. So if you want to recommend me any Lansdale horror novels, definitely do down there in the doobly-doo and I know people have mentioned over and over again that I needed to try, I need to try his drive-in series, his drive-in one and drive-in two tales from the drive-in, something like that and I will check those out. But are there any horror novels that you guys can think of that I would enjoy, maybe enjoy by Lansdale? Definitely leave those down there because I'd like to experience that side of him because I saw some hints of how good he might be at that here in this book. And I do feel kind of foolish this whole time not being able to finish his work and then really gushing about this one. Does it have something to do with me meeting him and talking to him on Twitter and seeing that he's such a down-to-earth person? Maybe, maybe not. I don't know. Does it have something to do with my taste changing? I'm sure it does. I don't think it has much to do. It's not like me and Joe Lansdale are best friends now, but I don't think so. I don't think it has much to do with me actually meeting him online. There's so much in this book that I'm shocked and embarrassed that I didn't like it before because I've tried this one. This is my third time, third time's a charm. I tried it the first two times. I think I got around 20 pages the second time. I got almost 50 pages the first time, but I just kept on putting it down. This time I took my time with it. I think I read two chapters a day, roughly no more than 30, 30 to 40 pages a day. I really took my time with it, took me 10 days to read, and I really, really enjoyed it. So have you read A Fine Dark Line by Lansdale? Let me know down there in the doobly-doo if you didn't like it. If you read it and you disagree with me, I have no problem with that. Just don't be rude. Let me know exactly what you didn't like about the book down there in the doobly-doo. But until next time, I have been E, you have been U. This has been another book review. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye-bye!


So, we have discussed the contraction mapping principle in the last class. Let us recall what it says once again that is if x is a complete metric space and f is a contraction map on x, then f has a unique fixed point. Now, this principle as I said has applications in several areas in particular differential equations. One of the standard theorem about the existence of differential equations what is called Picard's theorem uses this contraction mapping principle. One can also ask how does one come across this contraction mappings and one of the very standard ways of constructing this contraction maps is by using what you have learned in the undergraduate calculus as mean value theorem that is if you take suppose f is a function which has derivatives and suppose you take say 2 points x and y and suppose f has derivatives in the interval containing x and y, then you know that f y minus f x this can be written as some f prime at z multiplied by let us say y minus x assuming that x is less than y where z lies between x and y that is some point which lies between x and y.  So, any closed interval is an example of a complete metric space. So, if you take a map which satisfies this property on any close interval then that should have a that should have a fixed point unique fixed point another thing that we discussed about this remember all this started with some certain special types of uniformly continuous functions another type that we discuss was what we called isometry. Let us again recall what was an isometry suppose we take say two metric spaces x. So, let us say x d and y rho let us recall that we had said that f from x to y is called isometry if it preserves the distance isometry as the word means the map preserves the distances that is what should happen is that if you take set any two points x and y here and look at the distance between f x and f y f x and f y then that should be same as distance between x and y. So, that is for every x y in x in other words isometry is a distance preserving map and what we have already observed is that isometry will always be one work if f is an isometry it will always be one work it may or may not be on to and if it is on to then we say that x and y are isometric to each other if there exist an on to isometry from x to y then we said the two metric spaces x and y are isometric to each other and we also seen that if the two metric spaces are isometric to each other then as metric spaces they are essentially the same we can disregard the difference between the two any two isometric space only thing that differs is that the names or labels of the elements change otherwise the distance between the two elements are exactly same as whatever happens in x the same thing should happen in y and whatever property x holds the same property will be there for y also. So, in view of this what is usually done is that see let us let us now take one case now suppose f is an isometry suppose f is an isometry suppose f from x to y is an isometry it may or may not be on to but it that is it may or may not be on to y but this it will always be on to f of x f of x will be a subset or subspace of y. So, f from x to f x will always be on to and so these two spaces x and f x this is from x to f x this is a on to isometry. So, we need so we can disregard the difference between x and f x and f x is contained in y f x is contained in y. So, this kind of thing we can say that we express this by saying that x is isometrically embedded in y. So, the thing is called isometric embedding this space f x as I said that we did not regard that x and f x are different we can regard x and f x are the same. So, in by means of this isometry we can regard x as a subspace of y we can regard x as a subspace of y.  So, even if x is not a complete metric space f x closure is a complete metric space and it contains x as a dense subspace it contains x as a dense subspace. So, such as metric space is called a completion of x it is called completion of x what is meant by completion again let me repeat it is a it is a complete metric space which contains the given metric space as a dense subspace that is called completion of a metric space. Now, obvious question is whether such a completion exists given any or can every metric space be completed and is such a completion unique then the answer is yes we can always find a complete metric space which contains the given metric space as a dense subspace and then the completion is unique in certain sense it is unique what is what we say is that is unique up to isometric that is if you take any two completions of the given metric space then those are isometric to each other and since in view of our idea of not regarding isometric spaces as different. So, we can say that up to isometry the completion is unique now how to go about constructing this completion that problem I shall not discuss right now that that will postpone for something. Now, let us go to next property of a metric space that is next property that a metric space may or may not have or subsets of a metric space may or may not have that is a property that is called connected. So, here let us say we are given a metric space x d and we are looking at a subspace subset a of x and we want to say what is meant by saying that a is connected or a is not connected a is connected or a is not connected. Now, roughly speaking a connected set should mean that it is a single piece it should it is a single piece for example, suppose you have suppose the set is like this say some points here and some points here then obviously we will regard this as not connected or disconnected only thing is that this what we feel intuitively about connectedness we have to make little more precise by giving the correct definition in the context of any metric spaces. So, the way in which it is defined is as follows now it so turns out it is simpler to define what is meant by not connected. So, we shall define that first and then we shall come to connectedness. So, we say we said a is said to be disconnected disconnected means not connected it is said to be disconnected you can keep this picture in mind for defining what is meant by disconnected what should happen is that we should be able to find two open sets two open sets such that a is contained in those two union of the two open sets and that those two open sets are disjoint should be disjoint and intersection of each of those sets with a should be non-empty. So, let me again repeat a is said to be disconnected if there exists disjoint open sets open sets g 1 g 2 in x such that what are the requirements first thing is that let me write spell out completely such that a is contained in g 1 union g 2 second requirement is that g 1 and g 2 are disjoint we did not write again, but anyway let us emphasize that g 1 intersection g 2 is empty and a intersection g 1 and a intersection g 2 both must be non-empty. So, a intersection g 1 is non-empty and a intersection g 2 is also non-empty. For example, suppose we take a set consisting of these two regions in either in a complex plane on in r 2 then you can obviously find some open set g 1 containing this some open set g 2 containing this the disjoint sets so such a set is disconnected. So, and if a is once having defined what is meant by a disconnected set now we can define a connected set is the one which is not disconnected. So, so we will say that a is connected if it is not disconnected connected if it is not disconnected of course you may not find it in this way in all books in a book you may find what is first it is defined what is meant by connected set, but then what will be the definition that such two open sets do not exist that is what is suppose I wanted to without going through this procedure suppose I want to define what is meant by a connected set then what I would have to say is that a is connected if they do not exist two disjoints two open sets satisfying all these properties or what is the meaning of that if you take any two open sets at least one of the requirement is violated that is the meaning of connected all right. Now, what are the obvious examples of connected sets or disconnected sets disconnected set we have already seen as far as connected set is concerned suppose you just take a single point suppose a set consists of only one point then obviously this last thing cannot happen that is g 1 and g 2 disjoint and a intersection g 1 and a intersection g 2 is non empty that sort of thing cannot happen right. So, a set consisting of one point is always connected whatever be the metric space a singleton set is always connected right. So, it is that is that is a standard example so singleton set is connected in any metric space of course a set can have more than one point and still be connected, but we shall see those examples little later on the other hand suppose you consider a discrete metric space suppose x is a discrete metric space and of course containing if it contains only one point obviously disconnected, but suppose x is a discrete metric space containing more than one point is it clear that x must be disconnected because you can just take let us say one point and then other as the complement because in the discrete metric space you know that any every subset is open right. So, you just write x as a union of two open sets that is for example you can take say g 1 as just one point and g 2 as it is complement then that will satisfy all this property right. And of course as a special case of this when a is the whole of x when we when we will metric space x itself is disconnected instead of this x is contained in g 1 union g 2 it will be x equal to g 1 union because g 1 union g 2 will always be a subset of x. So, and if x is also contained in g 1 union g 2 it simply means that x is equal to g 1 union g 2 it means that if you can write x as a disjoint union of two non-empty open sets then x is a disconnected metric space otherwise it is connected if you cannot write x as a disjoint union of two non-empty open sets then x is a connected metric space. And it is fairly straight forward to prove that this connectedness is a property which does not depend on whether you regard a as a subset of x or a as a subset of itself because we know that a itself is a metric space. So, we can say one might think that there may be some difference between regarding a as a connected set as a matrix as a subset of a and as a subset of x. We have seen that that kind of difference exists in open sets close sets etcetera whether you regard a as a subset of a itself that will always open, but you if you take a as a subset of x it may or may not be open, but in case of connectedness that is not nothing a is connected or not connected that does not depend on whether you regard a as a subset of x or any or a itself or any set lying between a and x that can be proved, but we shall not go into proof of that right now. Now, let us come back to the again very most familiar metric space namely the real line what are the connected sets in the in the real line.  So, let us say let us write that as a theorem let us say that let a be a subset of r by the way what about empty set for example, can such a thing happen if a is empty it is not possible right. So, an empty set is connected set that is virtually or trivially it is a connected set. So, let a be a subset of r then what a theorem says that a is connected if and only if a is an interval. So, this gives a complete description of connected sets in the real line a is connected if and only a is an interval. Let me recall what is we have seen that how an interval is defined we have seen that interval means when we set a set is an interval that if you take two points x and y if x and y belong to a then all the points lying between x and y must also belong to a that is the definition of an interval. Let us first prove it this way suppose a is connected and we want to prove that a is an interval suppose a is connected now if a is not an interval suppose a is not an interval we should get a contradiction right suppose a is not an interval if a is not an interval what should happen yeah they should exist three points let us say x y and z let us say x less than z less than y such that x and y belong to a, but z does not belong to a. So, let us say then there exists let us say then there exists x y z in r there exists x y z in r such that x less than z less than y x y belong to a and z does not belong to a. Now, what we can do is that we can construct two open sets g 1 and g 2 satisfying all those properties listed there. So, let us say so for example consider g 1 is equal to consider g 1 is equal to let us say minus infinity to z open interval minus infinity to z and g 2 is equal to open interval z to infinity or g 1 and g 2 open sets there open interval so when open sets are they non-empty obviously I mean they are infinite sets is this true that a is contained in g 1 union g 2 in fact g 1 union g 2 contains the whole of r except this point z g 1 union g 2 is the whole of r except this point z and that point z is not in a. So, a is contained in g 1 union g 2 and what about a intersection g 1 a intersection g 1 contains x a intersection g 1 contains. So, x belongs to a intersection g 1 so that is non-empty and a intersection g 2 that contains y. So, y belongs to a intersection g 2 so that is non-empty. So, we have found sets g 1 and g 2 satisfying all these properties here. So, that means a is not connected a disconnected and that is a contradiction we had started with assumption that a is connected. So, every connected subset of real line is an interval let us now see how we can prove it the other way. So, we shall we shall discuss this proof again tomorrow. So, for the time being we shall assume that whenever a is an interval a we a is also connected. So, whatever is the missing parts we shall we shall discuss this again in tomorrow's lecture. Let us proceed further. Next what we want to say is that what happens to the images of the connected sets under the continuous functions. So, let us look at this. So, what are the theorems suppose x d and y rho are metric spaces f from x to y is connected. Then suppose you take a connected set in a then its image in y is also connected. So, that is what we want to prove. So, if a is contained in x is connected then f of a is also connected. Basically the whole proof depends of course is a important theorem about connectedness. The whole proof depends basically on the fact that inverse images of open sets are open under continuous functions which is what we have seen sometime earlier. So, suppose f of a is not connected then we shall we shall find they should exist open set g 1 g 2 satisfying all those properties which we have written and then consider their inverse images. They will do the same thing with respect to a and that will show that a is not connected and that will be a contradiction. So, let us go through that proof.  What we do after this is that of course these open set g 1 and g 2 those are in y open set g 1 and g 2 in y because f of a is subset of y. So, what we shall do now is that consider the inverse images of g 1 and g 2 under f and then just rewrite these equations in terms of those.  So, there should exist some x such that f x is in g 1 that because suppose that f x f a is a set of all f x of the form x is in a its intersection with g 1 is non-empty that means there exists some x in a such that f x intersection g 1 is non-empty. So, f inverse g 1 is non-empty. So, f inverse g 1 is first of all f inverse g 1 and f inverse g 2 are open sets in x why they are open because g 1 and g 2 are open in y and f is continuous and we have seen that inverse image of an open set under a continuous function is open.  So, that means that a is contained in f inverse of g 1 union g 2. So, this means a is contained in f inverse of g 1 union g 2 and we can always say that f inverse of g 1 union g 2 that is same as in fact it is same as f inverse g 1 union f inverse g 2, but we can suddenly say it is contained in f inverse g 1 union f inverse g 2 actually this is equal. So, a is contained in f inverse g 1 union f inverse g 2 both these are open sets. Then what about a intersection f inverse g 1 that is where we come a look at this point again f a intersection g 1 is non empty it means there exist some x such that f x belongs to g 1 there is a some x such that f x belongs to g 1.  So, that x is in a and also in f inverse g 1. So, which is same as saying that a intersection f inverse g 1 is non empty a intersection f inverse g 1 is non empty and in a similar way we can say that a intersection f inverse g 2 is also non empty a intersection if inverse g 2 is also non empty, but that is a contradiction that shows that a is not connected. So, this means a is not connected now as a special case of this if this second space y is real line if the second space y is real line then it means that if you take a connected set in x its image must be a connected set in R and which we have just now proved that connected sets in R must be an intervals. So, that means image of a connected set under a continuous function will always be an interval image of a connected set under a continuous real valued function will always be an interval and this theorem of course which follows immediately from here it is special and the previous theorem is well known as an intermediate value theorem. So, let us say that let x t be a metric space f from x to R be continuous of course when I say nothing more about R it means it is with the usual metric if we do some other metric on R that will be specifically said this is something I mentioned earlier also. So, if a is a connected subset of x connected subset of x then f of a is an interval of course this follows immediately from this as such in a normal course we should have simply called this as a corollary of this because no new ideas are involved here if a is connected f of a is connected and since f of a is a subset of R and every connected subset of R is an interval. So, f of a is an interval why is it called intermediate value theorem because we can say that since f of a is an interval what we can say is that suppose there are any two points let us say x and y belong to f of a and x let us say and x less than y and suppose there exist some z x less than z less than y then this should imply that z also belongs to f of a z also belongs to f of a. So, in other words if f takes the value x and y x y belongs to f of a means what there exist some a such that f of a equal to x and y belongs to f of a means what there exist some b such that f of b is equal to y that is let us say that is f of a is equal to x that is there exist a b in a such that f of a is equal to x and f of b is equal to y that means the function f assumes the values x and y if it does that it should assume all the values in between those two values or all the values which are intermediate that is why it is called intermediate value theorem. So, if f assumes any two real numbers it assumes all the values which are in between those two values. So, for example in particular suppose at some point f of a is less than 0 and at some other point f of b is bigger than 0 then there should exist some point c such that f of c is equal to 0. So, this is something that is used fairly often again in numerical analysis in finding the first approximation of any roots of the equations. So, intermediate value theorem is again quite useful in basically deciding the starting points of many of the numerical algorithms and usually in applications this function f will go from some subset of r to r and that subset will usually be an interval that subset will be usual interval. So, image of an interval under a continuous function will always be an interval and this also answers for example certain kinds of functions cannot exist. For example, can there exist a continuous function from r to n let us say continuous and on to is that possible let us say is it possible f let us say f from r to n f from r to n continuous and on to is that possible because obviously the intermediate value property will be valid right n is not an interval n is not an interval. So, there cannot exist any continuous function going from r to r to n. So, such a thing is not possible all right now next we want to see how the operations on this connected sets take place. For example, we would like to know what about the intersections and unions of connected sets it is something similar to the intervals we have seen that intersection of any two intervals will again be an interval, but union need not be in case of union what we know that union will be an interval if the intersection is non empty. Something similar is true for the connected sets also that is if you take two connected sets and if their intersection is non empty then their union is again connected and this is true not only for two sets, but it is true for any family of sets. I will just state that theorem and then we shall see the proof tomorrow. So, suppose x d is a metric space and let us say that a i small i belonging to big i let us say i it is an indexing set is a family of connected subsets is a family of connected sets connected sets in x of f. Of course, such that the intersection is non empty such that intersection a i i belong to i is non empty then we want to say that then union a i i belonging to i is connected all we shall see the proof of this theorem in tomorrow's class.


So keeping up a home. What does that mean exactly to find out what is included in the cost of keeping up a home? You can see publication 501. So that's on the IRS website Usually it's fairly, you know, fairly straightforward when you're thinking about keeping up a home But you're thinking, you know, the cost of keeping up a home and so on and so forth But you can imagine a gray area in terms of the definition there So if you want to dive in to a bit more of the weeds on the definition of keeping up a home Publication 501 iris website iris.gov iris.gov Married person who live apart. So now you've got the we thought we saw when we're looking at the different definitions And we broke out into our somewhat rigid categories of either the options if you're single Versus the options if you're married But if we have a married couple that is Separated in some way, then the gray area that comes up is well, are they legally separated? Can they now be going from the only options when married which is married filing joint or married filing separate to the options That are usually only available if single which would be filing single head or head of household So even if you weren't divorced or legally separated at the end of 2022 you are considered unmarried if all of the following apply So you lived apart from your spouse for the last six months of 2022 temporary absence for special circumstances such as for business medical care school or military service Count as time lived in the home. So you file a separate return from your spouse You've paid over half the cost of keeping up your home for 2022 your home was the main home of your child step child or foster child for more than half of 2022 if half or less you can see exception to time lived with you earlier. You can claim this child as Your dependent or could claim the child Except that the child's other parent can claim the child under the rule for children of divorced or separate parents under Who qualifies as your dependent later? So we've got some caveats there this this general kind of caveats being oftentimes with these custody issues With a child in a separation Situation who's you know and then we can we'll possibly dive into more rules on that kind of gray area in a future presentation


The class on systematic theology and wow everyone is in place it's really nice okay yeah we'll get started good morning to all of you are online as well so we'll begin at the doctrine of Trinity and you are already patient listeners thank you so much today we are gonna be looking at the doctrine of man it says in your notes so maybe we can call it the doctrine of mankind that's basically what we would be looking at today so the doctrine of humanity tries to answer some very basic questions it tries to answer why are we here on this earth who exactly are we humans and what is the purpose for which God created creation these are all the basic fundamental questions that are dealt with by this particular doctrine okay so it asks the very basic questions who am I why am I here where am I headed what is my future going to be why did God even make humanity all of those questions get addressed now we have two you know sets of people there are those who say that human beings just happen to come into existence the same way plants evolved and animals evolved humans also evolved from some other kind of creature and according to them there is no such thing as a God there is no creation event as such it's just evolution and humans just happen to come and so the belief that they would hold is that because I just happened to evolve out of something some creature came along and then I began to evolve and then it became into a human and so that is why I am here on this earth so for them there is no eternal future there is there is no value system so they just feel that we should just make the best of whatever we have here on earth right now because there is nothing in the future and so there are no fundamental set of principles given by a creator to his created beings and all of that all of that just gets removed if you believe in this you know idea that we all just simply evolved on the other hand in the Bible we see that God says God has inspired scripture to say that we all have been created specifically intentionally it's not just that we accidentally evolved out of some creature we were specifically created as human and we were created for a very specific purpose so God had something in mind when he made us and so every single thing that we do actually matters because it's all going to be leading up to something so everything that we do matters and also you know in the long run there are even eternal implications for what we do so a great divide between what you know people say when they believe in evolution and what people say when they believe what the Bible has to say about creation so there's a great divide between these two schools of thought you are supposed to be muting Shivukumar would you know yeah where was I yes so those who believe in evolution they would say that the universe was created at least 14 billion years ago and earth came into existence about 4.5 billion years ago and so the first life form that is one you know a single cell which can lead to a living creature so the same the first single cell was created 3.87 billion years ago and then the earliest creature which looked kind of human came into existence 2.5 million years ago and finally something that looks like a modern human being came into existence 200,000 years ago that's the kind of timeline which those who believe in evolution that's basically what they suggest on the other hand when we look at the Bible we get the idea that approximately in 4000 BC you know is when creation happened as a very specific event that God decided to do and then Abraham would be around 2000 BC Exodus would be around 1400 BC and King David would be just around 1000 BC so the timeline which the evolutionists are suggesting and the timeline that we see in the Bible is a huge contrast you know there's a large contrast so what would we say I mean how do we reconcile science and scripture now of course that was something that you would you know study in detail in your apologetics course but just for us to very briefly look at you know four different viewpoints that maybe you know that the different people hold on to the first of course are the people who believe in something called Fiat creation that word Fiat basically means you know a word a command a decree and so the those who hold on to the Fiat creation are just basically saying that God spoke and when God gave his decree you know everything came into existence including humans and so that would be Fiat creation creation by decree creation by the command that God gave so there was no evolving happening when God created like it says in the Bible he created him as he created Adam as an adult human being you know he didn't create a little baby and another baby grew up no he creates an adult human being who is fully formed in every way and that's how you know the human race are the very very opposite end of course you know we have the evolutionists who are saying you know long many many billions of years ago one tiny little cell was created and then that cell began to evolve and then it became into plants and then some of those plants then developed into animals and then some of those animals developed into humans you know so they talk about evolution so you have these two very different viewpoints at the two you know extreme ends of the scale in between Christians have tried to place two other theories which maybe can try to reconcile sign the scientific viewpoint which is at one extreme end and the biblical point which is the other extreme end and so they there are these people called theistic evolutionists okay so the you know theism is basically belief in God so theistic evolutionists they say that yes when God created he did use the evolutionary method okay that's their belief so they say when God created it wasn't just you know a fit creation where God spoke and the human came into existence okay rather okay creation came into existence human of course had to be made you know by God's hands so so the theistic evolutionists they say that humans were created but it was a evolutionary process where God you know kind of directed the direction in which evolution was going so he decided when you know those that initial single cell which which first existed he decided when it would develop into a plant how it would develop into a plant and then you know even as the cells multiplied some of those cells he decided at what point of time the those cells would start developing into animals and so they say that God kind of controlled the evolutionary process so it is true that this entire universe was 13.8 billion years ago and from that time on God began to direct the direction in which evolution went and so basically what happens with the theistic evolutionists is that they will not say that the earth were the universe and the earth were created in six days six 24 hour days so they would say it really did take 13.8 billion years okay so that would be the first belief so they will not say that it happened in just six days six 24 hour days also what happens is that if you're saying that it has happened you know from 13.8 billion years this entire evolutionary process then how exactly do you explain this Bible passage where it says God I know after he spoke on those six days and then what did he do he comes to the earth takes the you know dust from the earth forms the dust into a human and then breathes into it you can't exactly bring evolution into that so they say that this story with which the whole Bible begins it's more like a symbolic thing didn't actually happen in history didn't really happen it's just symbolic Adam and Eve are used as symbols to represent the human race that God made through evolution or something like that okay so theistic evolutions kind of move away from the scriptures by holding to that particular viewpoint the other bunch of people are what we would call progressive creationists so progressive creationists they say no no no this doesn't make sense at all I mean if you look at the Bible passage over there that's not evolution that's that's a definite act of God where God has come and he has formed man out of the dust so there's no evolution involved so what must have happened is that yes the world did exist from 13.8 billion years but at specific points of time God spoke and when he spoke you know a plant came and then when he spoke maybe another one one billion years after that animals came and then he you know after another one billion years he kind of assisted in the evolution of the cells into into forming into a human being so so basically what they say is that when God spoke when you know when animals were created so something like a cat-like creature would have you know been created and then over the centuries the cat-like creature would have you know diversified into lions into leopards into cheetahs and then when when God first originally spoke a donkey-like creature maybe came into existence and then that began to evolve into horses it evolved into giraffes so they kind of tried to adjust and say yes God did speak and whenever God each time God spoke one portion of creation happened but again it did not happen in six specific 24-hour days you know but so there was kind of evolution involved to an extent so here are people who are trying to you know merge the evolutionary theory with what is written in the Bible and they're trying to reconcile these two factors so now most of us you know who are you know evangelical we would in fact go with the first the very first theory which is just feared creation God spoke he did his speaking in six days and he created you know humans as well and that was just how it happened and so we talk about how you know creation it was just from 4000 BC onwards no such thing as 13.8 billion years of thing you know create of universe being evolving and all of that so those of us who hold to the feared creation we will not even consider the whole evolution process because if you try to bring an evolution into the Bible passage the Bible passage stops making sense so we just go with whatever the Bible has said and as science develops even further we will probably you know understand how creation just began 4000 in 4000 BC so we will maybe get a greater understanding once our brains have you know expanded enough and we have learned enough science to understand how this is so and so it's our lack of understanding which makes us think of the universe as being 13.8 billion years old it's just a lack of understanding so as our level of understanding increases as our level of the knowledge of science increases we will be able to accept the biblical facts right now we haven't yet our science has not yet developed to that stage so at the moment we just accept by faith what we still have not been able to understand through science okay so just wanted to bring you know bring in those things as an introduction so that we have an idea of what is said about the creation of humans so coming to you know now you know we'll focus more on just what the Bible has to say about humans so coming to the Bible we see that in the New Testament when Paul is talking about creation when Paul is talking about how sin entered into the world he's not talking about Adam and Eve as symbolic figures he's talking about them like as if they were real people in real history made by God and the actions which they you know did had repercussions what they did at that time it affected humanity it affected all of us so they talk about I mean Paul when he's talking he speaks about the creation of humans as a real thing which really took place in history and the actions of those original man and woman it affected all of us so it you know he addresses it as a historical event just maybe if we can look at a couple of scriptures to back up this Romans chapter 5 verses 12 to 14 so if someone could read out for us Romans chapter 5 12 to 14 and so death spread to all men because all sinned for until the law sin was in the world but sin is not imputed when there is no law nevertheless death regained from death reigned from Adam until Moses even over those who had not sinned in the likeness of the offense of Adam who is type of him who was to come now if you look over here it says that sin entered the world through one man so it's not that sin entered through some symbolic fictional character sin is a reality that is there today and this real sin entered through a real person is what we see over here and it says in this way death came to all people so the death which is a very very you know real thing it entered through a real person so this is not Adam was not a fictional character and moreover if you look in verse 14 it says death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses so it's talking about Adam and Moses as real historical figures just to look at another scripture 1st Corinthians chapter 15 verses 21 and 22 if someone could read out 1st Corinthians 15 21 and 22 yeah yeah okay in Adam all die so the reason that we see people dying on a daily basis it's because a real person named Adam no performs certain actions which led to the fall of humanity in the same way that there are all people who are living over here today on this earth if they choose to make a choice of active accepting Jesus Christ just like the way he was resurrected for eternity we also will be resurrected for eternity so we are talking about real life situations which will have real life you know implications not just for now but even for eternity so we cannot if you once we'd say that Adam and Eve were you know symbolic figures and we go with the theistic creationism or you know we kind of compromise when we talk about progressive creationism it's a danger you see you may end up making all the things in the Bible metaphorical rather than actually really events which took place you know in real history so there's a risk in accepting theories so it's good to be aware of them but it's also good to kind of carefully reflect and see whether it really matches with what the scriptures are saying because the scriptures are the truth of God so we look at the eternal truth which God has stated and in light of that to whatever extent we can accept science we can do so and if the eternal truth is saying that something which science cannot understand we'll just have to wait till science develops to a stage where such things can be understood okay so it's as simple as that because science may not be able to explain the fact that someone can speak and things just happen I mean that would be an entire new level of science where God just speaks and just the speech of his can lead to a creation act okay so that's not something that science is able to understand at the current moment so maybe we can look at how creation was formed according to the Bible just one or two verses and then you know move in more deeply into how humans were created so Genesis chapter 1 1 2 3 which talks about the creation of the universe itself Genesis 1 1 2 3 if you could just read out in the beginning God created the heaven and the earth the earth was without form and void and darkness was on the face of the deep and the spirit of the God was having over the face of the water then God says let there be light and there was light so according to scripture we see that there was nothing in the beginning it was formless in the sense there was no form there was no earth and it was empty it was just completely void there really was nothing and then when God speaks that is when the entire creation process begins so all that existed before this emptiness was God himself because it says the spirit of God was hovering over the waters so the only thing that really was there was the spirit of God only God was there and then once he speaks then things start being formed things start being created okay so according to the Bible it's very very clear that God was the origin and through his spoken word the creation took place Hebrews 11 3 is one very very you know popular verse with regard to creation Hebrews 11 3 so we see that the Old Testament and the New Testament are in sync with one another they both are saying the same things so it's not like as if we can dismiss the Old Testament and say oh that was just some a set of myths and fables no because whatever is stated in the Old Testament that's carried over into the New Testament and in the New Testament we see how all of these things have implications even for us today so it's all very very relevant you cannot dismiss the Old Testament stories as just being fables and myths that would be a completely wrong you know perspective so Hebrews 11 3 what does that say okay so even in the New Testament times the New Testament writers are still holding on to what was said in the Old Testament they are not they have not changed their you know words whatever was spoken in the Old Testament is still being said in the New Testament and that was passed on to the church and the you know through the church even today we have these doctrines which we are holding on to okay so it says in Hebrews 11 3 that the universe was formed at God's command God spoke fear creation God spoke and it happened okay so now the beauty of creation is that God spoke for all the other forms of you know species that needed to be created but when it came to man when it came to humans because God was making a taking a new step he was working at a higher level because all of these things that he made he just made for man but when it came to the creation of man himself God was doing something creating something creating someone who would literally be in his image so now everything goes up to a higher level up to now it was just enough to speak it was just enough to you know command things to come into existence and they came into existence but now he's putting himself into something his very own image into someone and so he chooses to personally get involved in the process because it is his image that he's imparting to someone and so we see in Genesis chapter 2 verse 7 happening if someone can read out Genesis 2 verse 7 okay so it says that God chooses to form the man out of the dust so you know God is a spirit being he doesn't have hands but you know so I mean we we're not saying that you know God came and picked up dust and began to shape man out of that so we don't really know what method God used but he actually personally chose to get involved in the creation process of humans okay so he forms personally forms it doesn't just speak he actually forms the man from the dust and then it says he breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living being what about all the plants which existed before you know man was created what about all the animals were they not living beings animals breathe they also have breath but here you have got breathing into this human and then you know he has the breath of life coming into him so which is why they say that when God breathed it was not just you know breathing that was imparted to the human it was also his spirit that was imparted to the human so for animals they were just created in a certain way for their lungs to function in a certain way and they had to you know pump in a certain way and they just began to breathe the animals began to live but here you have God breathing into this human that he has created he has imparted something of himself into that person so which is why they say that when God breathed it was not just he was not just getting that person's lungs functioning he was actually imparting his spirit to the person and so this human being is a spirit being just like God just the way God is spirit humans are also spirit beings it's just that they live inside a human container inside of you know flesh and blood body but we are also spirit beings in the image of God so that is how man was created what about woman you know did God just speak and say okay let women also happen and did the women happen no again you have God personally involved in the creation of you know of the woman and so you have Genesis chapter 2 verses 21 and 22 if someone could read out Genesis 2 21 and 22 okay so when God created Adam something very unique happened he personally came and formed the person and then he breathed himself something of him into that person that person became a spirit being and so when the woman had to be created she had to be taken from the man because then she also will be a spirit being what God has imparted into Adam will also get imparted into Eve so for that to happen Eve could not be a separate creation by herself she had to be part of this image of God which God has imparted into Adam and so Eve was taken literally from Adam so that she too will have the same spirit in her God's own spirit and she too will be a spirit being she too will be in the image of God which is why you know when you look at your Genesis chapter where do you have the creation of you know in Genesis chapter 1 when God speaks and says yeah in the image of God he created them male and female he created them so it's not like as if only man was created in the image of God even the woman was created in the image of God now both of them were created equally in the image of God so we cannot say that you know only humans I mean only only men bear the image of God even the women also bear the image of God he just used different methodologies to create them so for Adam he created him in a particular way and imparted his spirit for women he uses a different method but even the woman also bears the spirit of God and from them from this original man and woman you have humanity being formed and to look at a verse you know that can talk about that Genesis chapter 5 verses 1 to 2 if someone could read out Genesis chapter now okay so here in our English translation they try to bring out the meaning of what God originally did but when you look at the Hebrew Bible you will see the same word Adam is used for the human being Adam and the very same word is used for human kind okay human kind is also called Adam the same word is used for the descendants of this original man and woman so the original man who was created in the image of God Adam he is in God's image and all of his descendants are also the very same word is used they are also called Adam humankind is also called Adam to show the fact that they also are now continuing to be in the image of God so the image of God did not stop with just Adam and Eve it moved on into into into all the descendants as well they too bear the spirit you know of God of course by then they became spiritually dead you know because of their sin but they were still spirit beings spiritually dead spirits but they were still spirit beings so if you were to you know read Genesis 5 1 to 2 with the Hebrew word being used it will basically say this is the written account of Adam's family line and in verse 2 he named them Adam when they were created so Adam has got the spirit of God in him that was imparted to Eve as well because she was taken from Adam and created and then they're both of them together they pass on the same thing to the rest of their descendants who also are still spirit beings only thing by that time because of the fall their spirits are now spiritually dead and you know we see in the New Testament that God puts a new spirit inside us he makes us into a new creation all that's you know deeper doctrine but this is the fundamental truth that even the descendants of Adam and Eve are also created in the same image of God yeah just to cover another one small you know aspect of this whole thing where we say in the image of God he created them male and female he created them so in the image of God you have two persons being created the man and the woman so which means both of them equally carry the image of God which means they both are equal in the status so it's not that women would be inferior to men because how can you say that the image of God in the woman is inferior to the image of God in the man image of God is image of God you know if this is one single image of God God has represented himself in the man and the woman so both of them are automatically equal in status so if we say that they're equal in status and they're equal in importance then it would mean that men should honor women recognizing the fact that in the same in the same way they bear the image of God the women also bear the image of God in the same way the women are expected to honor the men because they must recognize that not only are we women created in the image of God even men are created in the image of God so it should lead to respect it should lead to equality when it comes to the roles which humans play you know in marriage man is given a certain role the woman is given a certain role and both the roles are very very important in God's eyes because even in the Trinity God the Father assumes one particular role and Jesus Christ assumes a different role they continue to be equal but they have two different roles and they don't think that they're inferior to each other just because they have different roles the God the Son Jesus Christ you know he says I and the Father are one very openly he says that we are equal we are one but at the same time you know he chooses to submit himself to the Father and he in no way feels inferior and in no way does God the Father look down upon him in fact God the Father says I'm going to place everything under his feet so that he will be Lord overall so they are they are they are equal in status but in their roles they play the role that they are you know that they have chosen to play in the Trinity and here you know when it comes to human marriage the man plays his role of leadership and the woman will submit to him because in the same in the same way that Jesus Christ is submitting to the Father okay so the roles are different but the status of image of God stays equal in both of them what else can we look at yeah maybe we can also look at this about what exactly do we mean by image of God so when we when God said let us make mankind in our image in our likeness and when it says in verse 27 God created mankind in his own image in the image of God he created them so each time this word image is being used what exactly does it mean so God is a spirit being we too are spirit beings only thing of course God is not restricted to one human body he is everywhere he's omnipresent we on the other hand we are right now restricted to one you know single human container you know inside which we live okay so so in that sense we are different from God who is omnipresent everywhere but wherever this Hebrew word for image is used and wherever the Hebrew word for likeness in God's likeness wherever these two words are used they're talking about something which is similar but not identical so we are similar to God but of course we are not God we're not perfectly we're not divine the way he is but we are similar to him so this word image and this word likeness it's talking about something which is similar but not identical so we in no way no way does it say that humans are divine the way God is divine we are not but we are similar to him because we are spirit beings and then there are a whole bunch of other similarities which you would find in your notes it talks about the different ways that we are similar to God we are moral beings we have a sense of right and wrong the same way God knows right from wrong he put that inside us so that we also have this basic concept of what is right and what is wrong the mental capacities just the way God can think and God can reason and God can logically explain things we also have the ability to think and reason you know and understand things humans are relational the same way God is able to relate with others in the same way he's able to relate between the three persons of the Trinity we also have the ability to relate with others spiritual man as a spirit being God is a spirit being physical we are we have been created in such a way that we use our physical bodies at least we are supposed to use our physical bodies to portray the nature of God so we use our hands we use our feet we use our eyes we are supposed to use all of this to reflect God's nature not use them the way we want to use them you know in any way that we wish to but rather we were originally created so that we would use our hands to represent God's nature you know in the way Adam would look after the garden in the way he would name the animals so everything that we were supposed to do in these human bodies it was meant to be used this human body was meant to be used to reflect some aspect of God's nature to accomplish some you know some purpose or plan of his so these human bodies were created very specifically for one thing they were created for God's purposes and now humanity has come a long way you know where people are not even aware of this they think oh this is my body I will do with it whatever I want but originally when the creator created the human body it had one purpose it would be doing what God wanted done it would be you know reflecting his nature his love his kindness his sincerity and you know hard working character all of those things were supposed to be originally reflected by this human body so he is because we were created in his image to reflect him okay so in that sense what else can we look at regarding the image of God yeah another thing that we see is that because we are all created in the image of God we cannot say that certain people belonging to one particular ethnic group they alone are created in the image of God because if we look at the world you have a lot of biases and prejudices some people think that they are superior some people think that they are better and they really carried it to the extreme you know in those centuries when they began to treat you know people of dark colored skin as slaves and they would I mean Christians were selling and buying slaves like us of their property and what is the explanation that they used they said no no no these are not fully human they are not spirit beings the way we are spirit beings those are the words which they actually used they actually that was their logic you know and someone would ask a Christian you know why on earth would you be you know buying and selling humans as slaves like as of their cattle like as of their property this was the explanation they would say no no we white people have been created in the image of God but these people with their dark skin they are not fully human is what they would say but of course you know thankfully those days have gone in fact it was a lot of Christians who fought for the end of slavery they took the scriptures they stood on the scriptures and they said what you are doing is wrong because everyone has been created in the image of God whatever ethnic group you belong to whatever the color of your skin may be we are all equally in the image of God so a person who has dark skin is very much in the image of God the same way even you know another light skinned person is and also another aspect of this that maybe we would need to keep in mind you know we come across all kinds of people we have good godly people who have godly standards and we come across people who have such terrible moral values they are so horrible in their lifestyle you know in fact even some of them very cruel and evil also in their lifestyle but basically deep down even those evil terrible people are created in the image of God so we must be careful in the way we address them now we are not supporting the evil that they are doing we are not saying it is okay you know to be sinful we are not saying it's okay to be cruel and violent we are not agreeing to the things which they are doing but accept the basic fact that they too are in the image of God they too have been given a mind to think they too have the ability to form relationships and based on the you know image of God which is in them reach out to them and help them to see what they were meant to be they were meant to be something so beautiful they were meant to be something so superior so reach out to them and help them to see who they are supposed to be rather than just looking down on them and condemning them and mocking them you know recognize the fact that they too bear the image of God that they too have the potential and the capacity to become you know Christians and become Christ like just like us so we need to extend dignity and respect even to them I think that would be the correct way of doing ministry because that is why Jesus Christ when he came to the earth even those people who were sinful he spoke to them with dignity he spoke to them with respect and so the Samaritan woman even though he told her to her face I know your background I know the person that you're living with right now is not even your husband he told her that very plainly and openly but she never felt disrespected because of the way he did it the way he spoke the way he treated her so in fact rather than being offended she gladly went back to the town and told everyone I have found the messiah come come let's go and talk to him so how we treat people is so vital because every human being however rotten they may be right now are created in the image of God yes we have a question yes ma'am when we see image of God it's like physically we are like image of God or what yeah so we would say that God is a spirit being he is not restricted to one single human body so it's Jesus Christ when he chose to become our representative he restricted himself to a human body and chose to be like us but God eternally is a spirit being he's not you know confined to one one single physical body so in the Old Testament wherever we have wordings which are which talk about the eyes of the Lord the hand of the Lord especially you have this you know scriptures where you say the right hand of the Lord is with his people so over there it's using human imagery so that we humans can understand when we think of a mighty man standing over there in his right arm you know because in their culture the right arm meant you know power the right arm meant strength and support so yeah in human words they would if someone were to say my right arm is with you brother then you know it would mean okay he's going to stand with me so that kind of same imagery is used in the Old Testament to describe God it's it's God trying to explain to us in human words different aspects of him but it does not mean that God actually has a right arm he's a spirit being so even when they talk about you know Isaiah speaks of his vision of seeing God on his throne and then in Revelation you have all these descriptions and the descriptions kind of get vague because they are trying to describe something that is beyond their understanding if it is somebody with a physical being it's very very clearly it's very easy you can always say okay okay the hair was this color and you know the skin is this color and all of that but then when they try to start describing Jesus you know they talk about rainbows and they talk about diamonds shining and because you know so Jesus Christ does have a physical being because it says he retains those wounds even into eternity because as because those wounds will be representative of the fact that he is our elder brother so he chooses to retain that identity of himself and actually have a physical form but the Godhead Yahweh is just a spirit being he is not confined to one physical structure so you know so in that sense no we would not say that God is that we are created in his image in that sense he is not confined to two eyes and two hands and two feet no so in that sense he's we would not say that we are in God's image he's a spirit being and we on the other hand are physical beings yeah about so it would mainly be his we are created in in the image of his spirit and we looked at all the qualities in your notebook in your notes about the different aspects of the likeness the likeness of moral morality the likeness of being able to think the likeness of being able to relate all of those likenesses so in that sense yes we are in his image yeah so it's 9.50 now so we will take a break and at 10 o'clock if everyone could please log back in those of you who are online thank you


Welcome to the NTN Nightly. I'm Nisha Charles. This edition's top stories. Saint Lucia highlights the importance of immunization to development. The Ministry of Education discusses positive discipline within the school system. OECS member states continue to benefit from Canada's seasonal agricultural workers program. All that plus the latest in youth development, sports and the NTN Nouvelle Arquillo. The Department of Health and Wellness has joined global partners in the annual observance of vaccination week in the Americas. The public health campaign promotes equity and access to immunization. Immunization of vaccination remains one of the most efficient and cost-effective public health strategies used to reduce and prevent diseases. Vaccinations have been beneficial in eradicating diseases like smallpox, the elimination of measles in some parts of the region, as well as reducing mobility and mortality rates among populations. In observing vaccination week of the Americas, the Department of Health and Wellness is joining the global community in promoting the use of vaccines to protect people of all ages against disease. Dr. Sharon Belma George, the medical officer of health, says that since immunizations began in 1977, they have been great reductions of many diseases in Saint Lucia. We formed part of the PAHO Revolving Fund, so we procure our vaccines through the Pan American Health Organization. And we ensure that the vaccines that we bring in through this fund are very effective and they are also very safe to our population. We also monitor our children who receive those vaccines. So the Ministry of Health and Wellness, as we have had since 1977, we provide those vaccines at our 36 centers, that is 33 wellness centers to community hospitals and polyclinics, to the population free of charge. We are committed to ensuring the availability of those vaccines to reduce the burden of vaccine preventable diseases on the population. This year's vaccination week of the Americas is being observed from April 20 to 27, 2019. The theme for this year's campaign is Protected Together, Vaccines Work. Assistant Principal Nursing Officer and Immunization Manager, Julieta Cassius-Frederick, says Saint Lucia continues to improve on the vaccines that it offers to the public. We last year introduced the hepatitis B, both those, so an infant who is born would receive the hepatitis B vaccine. This is an improvement that we have done in our schedule, again to be able to protect against transmission of the virus from the mother to the baby. And of this year, January, we introduced the human papillomavirus vaccine, which is the HPV, to all of our girls and our boys, 11 to 12 years in grade 6, again to be able to prevent on the burden of cancers. The department has noted the increased resistance of parents to immunize their children and will continue to make available the documented benefits of vaccinations. With high immunization levels, use of the MMR, measles had gone to a very, very low level, and some parents have decided to stop. And we note that those outbreaks are happening in the areas with low immunization rates for MMR. We have high levels of hospitalization in children. Now for us in Saint Lucia, yes, we are a small country, but remember we were a tourist destination. So it only takes one tourist to come in, and that has happened in other Caribbean islands. Travel with measles, and a child who's not immunized would then be at risk, and at risk of giving it to every other child who's not immunized. So I don't think anybody plans on having a child and keeping that child in a glass box.  We travel, persons come in, so we have to ensure that we do what is best in the best interest of the health of our children and not put them at risk. Over the years, the department has done tremendous work with the primary schools to ensure that every child is fully vaccinated before school entry. This year, the focus will be at the community level where daycares, preschools, parents and community members can be educated on the importance of vaccinations in protecting the entire community. The Ministry of Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development recently held a roundtable discussion to sensitize senior administrative staff and the Committee on Positive Discipline to the effective schools framework, juvenile justice reform and existing laws and conventions pertaining to child safeguarding and protection. More from Anise Antoine. The Curriculum and Material Development Unit, CAMDU, within the Department of Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development in collaboration with the Division of Human Services hosted a discipline development seminar to sensitize the heads of the Department of Education as it relates to positive discipline. CAMDU has been implementing effective and child-friendly schools across the island throughout the years. Sophia Edwards Gabriel is the Acting Education Officer for CAMDU. One of the key areas that we consider when we are looking at effective schools is implementing positive discipline and school-wide positive behavior interventions and support. We felt that it was necessary for the Ministry staff to also be aware of what's happening in the schools and so that we can have a better understanding and to provide that kind of support from the administrative level. Edwards Gabriel stated that this will be the 50th Convention hosted by CAMDU with the aim of enhancing the education system in St. Lucia. Many people misunderstand the concept of positive discipline and many people believe that when we speak about positive discipline, we're talking about necessarily and only no corporal punishment. But positive discipline really focuses on how we teach children to behave in the ways that we want them to behave. If children do not understand, for example, language or how to speak, we teach them if they do not understand any other subject area we teach them. They go to school and we teach them all other areas. However, we never teach behavior. We just believe that children are supposed to behave in a particular way and they're supposed to know what is expected of them. So positive discipline takes a proactive approach to helping children behave in the way that we want them to behave. And to do so, we are supposed to first let them know what is expected of them. Beverly Ann Poyott, Acting Director of the Division of Human Services, presented on the work being done with the Justice Juvenile Project. We are currently in the second phase of this project and right now we are looking at moving towards rehabilitation of our young offenders instead of the traditional punitive measures that we were using such as incarceration. So when we talk about rehabilitation, what we're looking at are alternatives to sentencing. So we're looking at things like diversion. And when we speak of diversion, we're looking at diversion from the entire court system. So you will have a juvenile, you have a young person, for example, who is in conflict with the law. And instead of taking that juvenile before the court system, we implement measures whereby we can start working with them. The Acting Director of the Division of Human Services stated that working with the communities and environments in which young people engage plays an important role in enhancing their abilities and mannerisms. From the Government Information Service, I am Anisia Antwan reporting. Meantime, the Technical and Vocational Education and Training TVET Unit of the Department of Education, Innovation and Gender Relations engaged industry players with the view of improving TVET offerings and youth development. Clovis Samuels is the Education Officer with Responsibility for TVET. The immersion of our teachers in industry so that they can develop that experience to allow them to prepare their students to fit seamlessly if that is possible into the world of work. We'll also be discussing apprenticeship because apprenticeship is a part of the training system that we have. And we ultimately want to discuss the rationalization of TVET. Are the subjects we currently doing or the skill areas we currently doing appropriate for the needs of industry? And what has been done in the individual subjects actually mesh with the requirements of industry. So at the end of the day, we're expecting that we'll come up with a number of form decisions and commitments including meeting periodically to discuss the same issues because they're current, they're topical and they're always in place so that we can actually have a system where the training needs of the industry is met by trainers. In other developments, in the past five years a total of 3,623 workers from six OECS member states have participated in Canada's seasonal agricultural workers program, the SAWP. This statistic points to the significant contribution made by the SAWP to the alleviation of unemployment in the OECS and was highlighted at a recent accreditation of Canada's High Commissioner, her Excellency Marie Legault, to the OECS. To date, 37% of workers have come from St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 33% from St. Lucia, 17% from Dominica, 10% from Grenada, 3% from St. Kitts and Nevis and less than 1% from Montserrat. Director General of the OECS, Dr. Diddikos Jules, informed that a meeting of OECS Labour Ministers will be convened to discuss expanding employment opportunities for more workers across the member states. Dr. Jules also expressed deep appreciation to Canada for its scholarship programs and placement of Canadian Development Volunteers throughout the islands. And this is the NTN Nightly. Ryan O'Brien is up next. If you have to do your own spray mix for Black Sigotoka treatment, always follow the recommended safety procedures. Always wear protective gear when handling or being exposed to the fungicide or other pesticides. Use only the fungicide recommended by the Black Sigotoka Management Unit when the treatment is due. The required quantity of the particular fungicide recommended must be mixed with spray oil and applied at a rate of 1.5 to 2 gallons per acre. Fungicides which are not recommended or applied at the wrong time or even when the spray treatment is not done effectively can cause the fungus to become resistant to the chemical and therefore may no longer control the disease. Oil fungicide mix which has been stored for too long should not be used to treat Black Sigotoka disease. If carried out, such treatments may not be effective and can lead to poor control of the disease. Remember, before each chemical treatment for Black Sigotoka disease on your farm, first the oil fungicide mix must be re-agitated immediately before application. For more information on how to treat and control Black Sigotoka on your farm or in your backyard garden, contact the Black Sigotoka Management Unit at 4515491 4515894 or email bpmu at candw.lc. This message is brought to you by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with the International Cooperation and Development Fund of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Welcome back. We join Ryan O'Brien for the latest happenings in youth development and sports. Hi, I'm Ryan O'Brien with your Weekend Edition looking at developments in youth and sports. Prime Minister the Honourable Alan Shasne has announced there will be a new youth and sports authority to assist in the development of youth and sports. Prime Minister Shasne made the announcement during his delivery while tabling the Appropriations Bill 2019-2020. Our emphasis on sports serves as dual purpose, Mr. Speaker. From a social perspective, it gets youth engaged in healthy activity and off the streets after school while building community spirit. From a development standpoint, it provides them with a training that could lead to university scholarships abroad and careers as professional athletes. It'll be money well spent providing significant social dividends. The government's plans to merge the national lottery into the gaming authority to handle the regulatory aspects of the lottery also fits into this vision. What this means is we will now establish a new youth and sports authority with the expertise to be able to invest in sports and cultural development. It will be specifically staffed for this purpose and be able to fund major sporting activities in Solution. With this investment by the government, I'm making a formal plea for solutions to engage in the spirit of volunteerism and I'm calling on all volunteer coaches and trainers to give their time and knowledge to maximise both the investment and the talent of our young people. The Prime Minister noted that these initiatives including the School of Excellence will bring greater prospects for sportsmen and women in St. Lucia. Director of Youth Mary Wilfred has asserted that St. Lucia's youth in the diaspora will also be considered for national recognition during the annual youth awards. Ms. Wilfred gave the assurance while addressing the media ahead of the awards to be held Saturday evening. We recognise young people in the diaspora. There are young people who are at St. Lucia's in the US, in the UK, in the Caribbean and we would want to celebrate their work as well and we've discussed how do we reach out to these young people so that they too can be part of that recognition that we give every year. So certainly having something like that would, you know, our nets would be cast even wider so it's even more inclusive. The Youth Director also looked at some aspects of the judging criteria. We always look for a young person who would demonstrate ethical behaviour so we don't award an individual who probably is tarnished, you know, in any way that can give us, you know, negative, negative reviews. I'm not saying that it's a perfect system but we try as much as possible to vet so we present an outstanding young person in performing arts we know is above board. Saturday's Youth Awards is scheduled to be held at the Financial Administrative Centre commencing at 7pm. Director and co-founder of the Caribbean Sport and Development Agency, Mark Munger, is suggesting that sports and physical activity lends a strong context to the concept of team engagements. Mr Munger spoke recently at the Second Physical Education and Sports Conference in St Lucia. So when we put them in small groups and we create competitive situations and I'm talking about 11 versus 11 football or cricket or five versus a court netball or anything, I'm talking about competitive situations. That sport, that's the value that sport brings to us in the physical curriculum that we are afraid of because that sport can't use competition in physical education. I'm not talking about full-on competition per se. Not that that is bad either. I'm talking about using that authentic sport environment that brings us elements of competition. The guest speaker told participants that teaching of physical education can be done directly or indirectly. So think for example that we're doing same thing throwing and catching but now we're doing the on-the-arm toss to targets and we're doing it over a rope or net. And we have teams, so four children, maybe five in a team standing up in lines, one behind the other and they're tossing over this net or whatever it is to try to get that ball so this is tossing for accuracy and we're teaching them because this is not just an activity, this is a learning experience and we're teaching them whether directly or indirectly to think about everything that is correct about that technique from that recoil to point of release, follow through all of those things that shifting of weight and all of that. We're teaching them that so that they improve the accuracy of their toss. Mr. Mungle said the experience of teamwork, focused targets and goal setting provides a competitive environment for the ultimate improvement of outcomes. And that's your weekend update on happenings in youth development and sports. I'm Ryan O'Brien. Thanks Ryan. In observation of World Press Freedom Day and Reading Months, the National Association of Librarians and Information Professionals and the Public Library will be hosting a writing and publishing workshop on Friday, May 3rd, 2019 from 9.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. This workshop encapsulates the basic fundamentals of writing and publishing and will be facilitated by locally renowned writers, journalists, authors, poets and publishers. Topics include but are not limited to general principles of writing, the art of journalism, the basic principles of publishing to name a few. The group airmarked to participate in this activity include writers of short stories, students of English language, English literature and communication studies, budding novelists, poets, playwrights, persons pursuing careers in journalism, writing, publishing, both seasoned and novices. The Central Library can be contacted for more information. And stay with the NTN Nightly. Up next, Primus Hutchinson is here with the NTN Nouvelle Arquéole. Everyone is at risk for getting a foodborne illness. While most foodborne illness cases are mild and go unreported, long-term health complications and even death can occur from a foodborne illness. Foodborne illnesses are caused by contamination of food at any stage of preparation. If you are a food handler involved in home-based food production, meat, fish, chicken or a big shop, as a food vendor, how you prepare food can put your customers at risk. Do you know the risks and how to avoid them? The Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards can help you. For more information, contact the Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards at 456-0546 or email SLBS at candw.lc or visit the website at www.slbs.org.lc. Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards, making quality and standards our way of life. Welcome back. We join Primus Hutchinson for the NTN Nouvelle Arquéole. Thank you very much. Thank you, Madam Department, University of Sablité for the information. The government is here, GIS, the National Television Agency for NTN, the Nouvelle Arquéole, and the Primus Hutchinson. You will be working in the second phase of the rehabilitation project in the John Compton area, in the Milette area, to start working here. Sablité, you can clean, and transport all the work you need to do to get it. If you are a representative, the company of the OASCO will announce that the OASCO officers and the company who are working here, that is the Vinci Construction Maritime, will join and the residents of Jackmel, Vanna, and Tetchimi Milette, and a lot of people who are working here, and the development here, will be in 2019. This situation is necessary to prepare the residents for the equipment that they need to pass on their chimeras, and then for the work to be done in Darmdorua. I would like to propose the Vinci Construction Maritime, David Ferraro, and the Dredger, who will be working here for the entire Sablité, to look at the work that is being done here, and to save the 14 Trailer Tracks for the people who are working here to transport their equipment that they need to pass on the Darmdorua John Compton to start establishing their equipment. There is a lot of local companies in OASCO to prepare and deposit all the work that they need to pass on their mega contracting incorporated. The first phase Asou Damlan started a month and a half ago, but he didn't have enough money to pay the rent, so he had to work in a pile. He had to do what he was asked to do to support the residents. There was a lot of work to be done in the house, so that he could always do what he was asked to do, and do a lot of traffic management to reduce the situation and reduce the situation in his place. Consultation. We have my vision for Vilcastruy in the year 2003. An initiative that started in 2008 was made in collaboration with the National Bureau of the United Nations for project services, and then support the Bureau of Vilcastruy, under the government set here, a program to plan the development of Vilcastruy. Consultation. We have my vision for Vilcastruy in the past. We have the Prime Minister, Alan Shastney, who is the representative of the Bureau of the National Bureau of the United Nations. One of the most critical vision of this year is the vision for the project that proposed the development of Vilcastruy, which is the same Vilcastruy, and which is the same Vilcastruy that was set up in the south, in the north, without the same Vilcastruy. This is also the plan that was proposed to establish a system that will be able to support the development of Vilcastruy and also build a special transportation system for Vilcastruy. But before the new vision of this year began, the implementation of the GID, that the authorities need to adopt the way of the development of Vilcastruy, even in the country, in general, to plan and reform the operation of Vilcastruy. The Cabinet Government approved the new vision of the GID to build Vilcastruy for the next two years. In the continuation of its presentation, Prime Minister Oniwab Allen Chastney placed his attention on the initiative to increase and improve its diverse construction in the country to facilitate its major operation. According to Prime Minister Chastney, the plan is to reinforce its diverse development in the country to support economic, touristy, and agricultural activities that will be available for the next six years. Prime Minister Chastney, this is the sixth phase of the necessary to lead the Salar program. This will enable the development of the Vilcastruy, the Vilcastruy, the Vilcastruy, and the development of the Vilcastruy, and the development of the Vilcastruy, and the development of the Vilcastruy, to develop your facilities, to change the container of the GID, and to make it possible for you to travel to other countries to increase the guard facilities for the tourists in the city of Kastruy, to develop your touristy in the city of Vilcastruy. The development of the Nef, with the protection of international human rights, to buy services for a million passengers in the year 2022. But that, if the Prime Minister, as Prime Minister Chastney, who found attention in the financial year, if the development of the Vilcastruy, to develop your facilities, and the development of the international human rights, to buy services for a million passengers in the year 2020. If you want to know more about the novel, I would like to invite you to watch it. If you want to know more about it, I would like to invite you to watch the novel. See you in the next episode, and I will see you in the next episode. During the next 24 hours. The tide for Kastruy's harbor was low at 4.03 p.m. and will be high again at 11 p.m. The tide for V4 Bay was low at 5.30 p.m. and will be high again at 12.07 a.m. Seas slide to moderate with waves 3 to 5 feet or 0.9 to 1.5 meters. The sun will rise Saturday at 5.44 a.m. And that brings us to the end of the NTN Nightly. Join us next time at 7 p.m. with a repeat at 7 a.m. You can also catch up with us anytime on the St. Lucia government Facebook page or YouTube channel. I'm Lucia Charles.