fennyddio pobol i'r ffordd yn tuig o'r cyfrifiadau ymlaenill neu ydy'r ffordd yn ymlaen i'r Gweithgingol. Mae hyn yn gweithio bod y dyfu'r Pwnghysgwrs Gweithgwrs Gweithgwrs. Ond rwy'n meddwl mau heel. Mae hi'n ymlaen i'r Rhagorwyddon i gael i gael gan hwnnw i'r rai cynnwys, ond mae ytafodol i'ch cynnwys i'ch cyfrifiadau. Mae hi'n rai cyfrifiadau i gael i'r Rhagor, credu bod y bydd yn gwneud bod ni'n ffrifoedd, ysgoleth y cerddwyr yn y ffrws sy'n gwybod fel Helmut ac Charlie Carras. Roeddwn i'n gwybod i'n ffrws ychydig i ni'n sefyllfa cael y cyfnodol a'r wneud o wneud o'r oedodd mor bydd y cerddwyr yn y gyrraedd.  Prydyrwydd Llywodraeth wedi'u cyfeirio ar y cyfnod yw Llywodraeth o Llywodraeth, ei mhagaf, ond oherwydd ein wath, ac ond y gallwn ni wedi'u cy lle fydden.をお ffoddi y fawr. yw yw Llywodraeth? mae'n ystyried, allan. Ychwan fyddo. Lynx was set up by Peter and other colleagues as an advanced study institute, I guess partially inspired or maybe more than partially inspired by the Calvary Institute in the USA, and everybody knows about the Calvary Institute and what it now does, it's sort of expanded greatly over the years. And in the Swedish context it was designed to set up interactions for guest researchers, schools, try to try out hackathons, I'd never heard the word hackathon before I came to Sweden, but it's actually quite good if it works. Workshops conferences in symposia, and it provides space, resourcing and time to bring people together who just otherwise wouldn't interact at all. It's based around, at its core, it's based around the concept of themes, themes of a finite duration, three years duration, they can't just go on forever and ever. And with a view ultimately to sustainability that things sort of keep going at the end of the three years and that something indelible has happened and carries on. A particular emphasis around the exploitation, not exclusively, but particularly around the exploitation of the big facilities for whom we have senior management representation here today, which is very nice.  We have an external advisory board. Christian Albus Simonesco is the interim chair, she will say a few words in a minute after Anders has spoken. And so there we are, these themes, and it started off with three themes and we're now growing, because we've sort of broadened the remit and I'll say something a little bit about that in a second. So this gives you some idea of the sort of outreach and interconnectivity that we've developed some of the statistics some of the low, the monopoly of logos they're showing some of the people involved in some of the numbers as well. The only point of that side of course is to actually give you a feeling of the wide level of engagement that we have within and without Sweden. The first three themes were sort of what they're called legacy things here they've all sort of completed in the first three years what the first one I was in fact involved in I was in fact out in the core group was in was integrated structural biology. There was another one called dynamics, and there was a third one called imaging, and out of those have grown lots and lots of different things, including in some cases inspiration for the next set of themes, which also went through and was improved by our external advisory board. So that was that was the first set of themes and that they've completed as I said, at the moment we have three current themes, and we have some new ones coming in as well. So we've got three current things. This is the integrated pharmacology and drug discovery theme, which is based on a whole lot of issues relating to drug design drug delivery imaging and so on biological medical imaging. And it distinguishes itself in many ways, not exclusively, but it does distinguish itself in that it has as part of it. It has the chief scientific advisor of FISA as part of the core group so that's a very important thematic thing and it's going very well it's progressing very well carry linkwists is here somewhere and she is in charge of it. So she's actually just down the corridor from me in the lab next door to me in the medical faculty so. So it's good that that's going so well and lots of things are going on then we've got northern lights on food, which is something that grew out of I'm not mistaken the imaging theme. It's also it was booted up out of the imaging theme it has sort of died it's grown hugely and it's diversified in all sorts of different ways so it's no longer something, although I grew out of links and it was stimulated by links. It now has various aspects that go well beyond that and it's doing extremely well and as a model for something that is designed to be sustainable it's fantastic. So there's a lot going on there. The whole idea is that with the themes is that you have a crawl group of people, and then you have working groups with clustered around it with particular specific areas. So in the case of carrying steam, for example, there's working groups on structure based drug design there's, there's working groups on antibody there's one on biological imaging and there's one on drug delivery. So those are just examples of the sort of working groups clustered around the core. Anyway, and then the last of the three current ones is new materials which is led by this blackbird. And this is, so it's all about new materials and you know like harvesting charge transfer process it's not going to get at the field and so on. So a lot going on there. And. And so, so I'm actually not quite sure. Oh, right. Right. So anyway, so so in terms of our mission we have. I mean when I came in it was very, when I came in and I was being interviewed actually I was very easy to me to write a whole lot of things down on the list. I was having to think about what it would actually take to get someone to happen. And so, so the notions of what I wanted to happen. Martin has, has souped up this slide with a sort of a, I'm not sure whether this is a duty duty garland road to anyway. But it was always to write some of these things down and to think, yeah, these are things that should happen and that need to happen. And to think of some of the actions that we needed to to work on. And of course now having arrived, there's been a huge effort from from within links and from with it with it from within the community to try and make it all happen and try to put the resourcing and the wherewithal and the impetus in the community of people together to make it all happen. And so there's new communities international growth national national national engagement because it was perhaps arguably a little bit too lunch centric. And of course to think about what's going to be really necessary for everybody in the future and that is to think about the next generation of PIs, then you know, when people like me are sort of, you know, sitting on the sidelines and we need all of the large communities to be thinking about what they're going to do with these amazing capacities that have been built up in in and around Sweden. So that's that's the sort of links mission in a very sort of broad way. And we have one of the things that we've done. I mean I'll try and sort of summarize some of the things that have been done during the time that I've been here. What we've done is that we've made sure that the theme application process is open to anybody. It wasn't like that before. And we've tried to broaden that brings with it all sorts of issues relating to resourcing and a model for business model if you like or working model for it to work by. So that's been tricky, but we think we've addressed it and we think we've addressed it rather well. And it's now possible for anybody anywhere to apply for Alex theme within the confines of the way we set up the model and to have called groups and working groups from anywhere at all as long as we have this sort of model right. So we have a set of rules and so on and then there's various models for doing this at home schools and so on that there's various models for doing it. But it's worked rather well and the first call that we had was at the end of last year it went out November I think it was. We had a number of applications that were that came in of which three, it was a two stage application process and three of them were selected and three of them were actually finally approved just recently one on cultural heritage one on cultural history of life which is external from its headed by Lester University in the UK. Climate environment so there's a lot of stuff that's now but they're going to have three extra themes in addition to the three themes we already have. So that is a big thing for that and it will have a strong impact on the types of discussions that we were involved in. We also have put in in collaboration with Max for and ESS we put in an application to the Swedish research Council for so called center of excellence this is a call that went out last year, and which we know we are well aware of that of the fact that, you know, just about everybody in the country will have applied for one of these things so we're not totally naive about the sort of, you know, the competition that's going to exist. It's kind of the centers that we reckon in all modesty that we put in a very good application in collaboration with our, with our central facility partners, and we think we did a good job there so if we don't get it, we'll feel unlucky but obviously those of the brakes and that's just the way it is. So if it works out, and then it whole thing is based on in power empowering the links model and the links mentality and the links activities for the whole country, much more than it has done so far. We would want to extend the capacity of links to run a much larger number of themes. So we could end up with something like 12 or 13 in total in the first five years. We want to distribute the resources. The model works such that we will distribute the resources nationally so that the whole country gets gets brought in and behind all of this again the exploitation of the of the central facilities for the country, given the very large investment that the country is making for these facilities both for the national one national one such as much for and of course the international for the SS. So that's the idea, and we, we yes so yes. Anyway, so so it would be used to fund activities led by Swedish partners, it would still go through our advisory external advisory board independent international advisory board. And, and we would have guests researcher programs for the all of the eligible themes and placements that could occur anywhere in Sweden. And we would have a co funded postdoc program as part of this to to push all of this forward to help with that so it will be a breakthrough point for links and links activities and it will have a very strong impact on the types of scientific discussions that are going on in relation to x-rays and neutrons in the country and electrons I shouldn't forget electrons. We have a lot of people here as well. So, so that's been that sort of inspirational in a way that the concept at least of a of a center of excellence based at links. And we've also put in, and this sort of relates more to the emphasis that we're placing on the on the younger people and on on the next generation PIs and so when we put in a co fund application. Pretty much on the heels of the one that Selma maric and other put other people put in for called prisoners which went in for PhD students we put in a postdoc one that went into to to the EU.  February was it, was it February. It's a week. Yes, very curious. So I went into MSCA in February with a big rush and it was done very quickly but rather well I again I say it all modesty. And that is entitled to advanced multi scale biological imaging with European research infrastructures it has less to EMBL max for ESS it has. It has, it has a very strong international and national participation, but and it also has very strong clinical engagement as well so we have real practicing clinicians who are involved in biomedical imaging. And that is going to bring a whole postdoc cohort into existence and buzzing around Europe and within Sweden as well so. And, and mountain has designed a frog here to represent. I'm not sure what we talked about this right but I think this is a frog trapped in amber right something to do with imaging and the concept of imaging. Anyway, I'm all for the frog. So, so, so, I mean I think it's these things are very difficult to get competitions very high, but at least, as has been pointed out to me, if we don't get it. European system is such that you get very structured feedback and we're going on too long. Yes, right. Okay, so right anyway so amber, and then this is a graphical representation of amber hitting various aspects of biological imaging. And then lastly, I think we will be moving. I mean the ink is not dry as I keep telling everybody but we will be moving on science village within the next 18 months or so. We have two competing tenders in two possible places the loop and space. These are various representations to representations of the two places, and that will give us extended space, and it will give us the capacity to be right next door to the facilities and to bring some of these things together, very close to, to Max four and ESS, which is exactly where we need to be as the village comes together and people move on to the site from within and all up within this area and from all over the country, and from outside. And then lastly, just by way of telling you just from people to look out for and whom you can talk to during the day. And also to introduce Josephine Martell Josephine is a new activities coordinator she's sitting there controlling the computers at the moment. She were very lucky to have Josephine. She's she started in in March, and she is actually she's done a PhD in geophysics effects planet free geophysics is that right. Right. And she's done neutron scattering and I guess you've done some x-rays as well. And so she knows science, this type of science, she knows big facility science. She knows the types of problems that you deal with and the types of interactions that we need to see happening. And so we're very lucky to have her as an activity coordinator, and it's already having a strong impact on what we're doing. And these are some of the other people. Anna Donito is at the back here. She's a head of administration and you'll find that she will be running around trying to make you do all sorts of things. Some of which you may want to do, but no, Anna's been very, very good for us. And then we've got Nina and some other people, Martin and Sebastian Daniel, but you'll see them all over the place. I'm just making you aware of these people, so in case you, you have questions and what answers. So anyway, welcome. And I think what I'll do now is we can hand over to Anders to say a few words on behalf of our board. And, and then after that we'll have Christian who will say a few words from from the south. Okay. My name is under student lead. I'm a bias team at the science faculty. I'm also a professor in ecology. I don't have a strong background in in x way of you from science at all. But links is posted by the science faculty. And so we are in some way responsible for having a share position. And in the shadow also representatives from the medical faculty, the technical faculty, and from the SS, and Maxwell, and et cetera. We also have an external member board. And I think travel had said a lot of things that I mentioned here, but I will just to say a few things. The one thing you missed here is I was looking on this note here. I was thinking about what have we done in the board in the last year that has been a lot of discussions about. And one thing is that you cannot get these is the Institute of the past. And you can understand it was quite a lot of discussion at the university were going to remove Lund. And the reason for doing this is that we wanted to increase the visibility of links. And we it's not a lund only activity is an activity for Sweden for you internationally. So, I mean, that was a strategic decision taken. And we have also, if I look back, spent quite a lot of time discussing the movement to science village area, discussing different options for that and funding and budget for that. And we also spend a lot of time discussing this new procedure for team calls, which I think has come out very well. And, and then also I think that we have discussed a little bit about how to move the younger scientists particular say participation here in Leeds. I think that we should spend more important that I think that's very important. Obviously, I'm approaching my retirement, so I think it's very important to have young innovation here. And that can bring things forward. So, I would like to take the opportunity to thank the management and the staff. Leeds travel and colleagues here for really doing the voting a lot of time into Leeds promoting the activities in very stimulating way. I'm very positive to the development of Leeds hasn't happened at all since you've arrived here travel. And also, so thank you very much for that. And so I wish you, you have a good day and very interesting stimulating discussion. Thank you. Thank you very much also for your support of destructive racism throughout the time I've been here and I'm sure for right Christian. Are you there? I just realized that Christian said that she is not able to connect. So we can continue and then we once we solve the problem. So we'll continue into the session. So the first session is going to be chaired jointly by how much of Charlie Carras as the director director of the central facilities. And so I'm not sure who I'm handling over to first. But there's a double that going on here. So what we thought was that we say 90 seconds Charlie said not more where we stand respectively with our facilities. So I spot out the ESS we are, as you can imagine, focusing on rolling out the project. We're doing that at the moment very well in the sense that we hold our mind deadlines. The deadline that is coming up is what we call the one target that is when the accelerator shoots the protons on the at the target wheel and uses neutrons. That is foreseen for at the moment May 2025. And we're all working towards that we have at the moment the commissioning of the first part of the accelerator which is normal conducting. It's fully in plan. Hope to finish that before June this year. I think that we will be crime modules the target view is tested so lots of components coming together instruments are built up. And I think for this for this run and to one I will say more about that but since one is there or so what we're doing we're looking more at the science. So update of the science case. Excellent input for what for Toronto and all of us in this context, because there is in parallel also a little bit of planning what we should do in 25 when we have our first neutron and do the commissioning what we call first science and then prepare for the user program. So that's in a nutshell hopefully that was 90 second what's going on there and if you need more information and want to see it firsthand contact any of us and we can arrange with it. So you are extremely welcome. It's over to you. Thank you. So pick up data max for we are today a facility with 16 beam lines in operation, accepting about 1400 users every year. We expect to have a growing science program, much of the beam lines are fairly new on the floor. We have commissioned to only last year that come into operation only 2023. So we do expect a significant growth of our user base in the coming years. I think right now is of course, if you're Swedish, you know that 2024 will be the year when the government present research bill. We are preparing to provide input for that, which for us will to a large extent deal with a continued build up of the facility. We hope that we will get enough money to continue to extend our be my portfolio. Felly ambitious with about five be my coming five years so that will of course be a significant investment. I now want to say something about the frog because I think that was a leap of faith wasn't it to move out to science village. That was the idea wasn't it. It was a big jump. And I'm extremely happy because I have always been concerned that science village will be a marketplace for commercial actors and there will be no science. And I think that links now dare to get out there is extremely important for a balanced development of that area. So I congratulate you on that daring move. I wanted to see that as a leap of faith. So that was the frog for me. So excellent. I think now we will have some updates from the facilities. So the first speaker is Joanna from before that Christiana is down. Okay. She's there. I'm new to her, or I ask her to unmute. Christiana, are you there? Yes, I'm here and I first would like to deeply apologize because I click on the wrong zoom meeting and say, well, I'm lost. I'm getting older, I think. So here I'm just would like to speak on behalf of the SAP, which is a scientific advisory committee, and which since the beginning in 2017 helped the links directorate in his activities. And we are really, really happy to see the new opportunities and also we are happy to see so many attendees for this science day at links. And I think links is really playing his role of hub and preparing the next generation for the use of neutral and syncretron. We also have new theme and the first international called who was very, which was very, very successful you will hear this this morning. So I don't want to be too long, but I wish you a very, very pleasant day and I'm sure you will enjoy all the lectures. Thank you very much. And sorry for my late. So, I guess you're now no longer new at work. No, it's more than five months. Excellent. We decided that we split the session in such that I'll share the new drum speeches and the hell of which I have x-ray speeches, so please start yelling off to 15 minutes. Thank you. So thank you very much for organizing these days. This is very important for us, very important for the facilities. And it's especially important for me that I'm starting to embark in this process of seeing how to make possible in the best way science and TSS. And what has already told you that we are expecting to be my target in mid 2025 be my target for us means first neutrons, then we need a bit of time between the time we have been on targets to when we can really use properly this and we expect to be by end of 2027 ready to welcome our users so the facility will have run up to the nominal power and we should be able to welcome to have an official user program by the end of 2027 in between. So from now, a few months after being on target so as soon as we can see some new tons on the new instruments and for until we welcome users. We are going to commission our instruments and we are going to produce what we call a first science. And I want to tell you a little bit now where we are in this process. Now, I forget about everything that is happening to bring the beam on target, which is huge. You just had no sense of using this useful accelerator and this impressive target. We will concentrate on the main aim of the facility that is to do science. Mutant scattering. Mutant instruments. What are these instruments that we briefly we foresee to add by. By end of 2028 15 instruments are running, including different timers. We have an image instrument and actually our scientists are from imaging is involved with our application. We have an instrument for engineering refraction instrument for macro molecular photography and the mix and a number of spectrum spectrometers to look at the dynamics of matter so all these others would concentrate mostly on the structures and we have a number of instruments to look at dynamics. I won't go through the, I mean, what decisions look like, but I want to show first a little bit of a timeline for the timeline and then show to you a few pictures to tell you what's the problem at the moment. So we expect to have ready for beam on targets for ready for commissioning. At least six instruments, including the factometer dream. I was cutting machine logic. By process inspector spectrometers and the spectrometer is here. And then afterwards until as I said me the 2028. The other ones with the timeline. This are what's being with now the original scope of the facility is to be able to go up to 22 instruments by 2035. We are in the process now of discussing with our advisory board. Discuss with last week with our scientific advisory committee ways to go forward and go ahead with building additional instruments. Clearly our priority at the moment is to concentrate on those that are being built. But we need to look at the future we've learned that it takes time from when you decide what instrument to be so often when you actually realize it. So we shouldn't be. Some recent pictures or work going on at the moment in the guise of things that are being assembled on all the parts of the beam line, starting from a party inside the bunker area so newton optics and shutters. A few instruments ever ready there are newton optics guys are in store. Instruments are at the top of fans. And that's to going with our target. That's been the event was made at the SS people. Moderator is also there so there is a huge activity going on if you come and visit every day. There's something different but I've been doing visits with different people in the last few months and in five months it's enormous what's been happening over there. And concerning instruments, yeah that's what we have lucky that is one of those that is going to be ready for us so that he has put a lot of components already present that we seem for the different format. This is just an invitation for you to come and see us. I don't want to go into any details and that's what looks like at the moment this guy goes to where the instrument will be sitting. Now, beside that there's activity going on for sample environment. So we have very recently gone through a small reorganisation inside our support facility for preparing samples and for making an experiment. So we have two support groups and materials and physics supports that provide sample environment systems for users that work at very low, very high temperatures, so magnetic systems, electrical speeds, high pressure, and very recently our polarisation activities have been included into this group. This group provides sample environment system, company integration for content systems and mechanical integration. We have a stress rig that you don't need a few weeks ago. And then we have a group for chemistry and life science support and this includes not only sample environment for a soft matter and biological samples, but also support laboratories. Nearby the beam lines in that chemistry, but also very important in the generation service. We have a rather active, I mean, an activity that has been growing rather fast and successful, allowing both chemical deterioration and biological deterioration that is posted within the University of Lund at the moment. Part of it will move to the SS site soon and part of it will stay in Lund. Quite a lot of progress over there as well. We do have already a number of items, but still work is going on to well interact with the instrument teams and make sure that we have what we need for our first science. And finally, we have the Data Management and Software Centre, another success for the support activity for the SS. It is based in Denmark, so sometimes challenging on the practical side, but so far and with a wide mission that goes from working on with a user, making the web interface for a proposal submission to instrument controls, sample environment control, data acquisition, storage, visualization, data reduction, and with the ambition to tackle more complex software and to give more advanced computational support. So, beside the data analysis help that is well underway at the moment, we aim at the modeling simulation and interaction with the theory. As I said, this is in Copenhagen and we will soon move from its premises to some other places. Although we have not really started as a new facility, there is already a lot of scientific activity going on. Recently, we had a survey of the people of scientists doing science for the SS. So, scientists that are classical instrument scientists, support facility scientists like scientists in the laboratories, in sample environment software, detector accelerator target, as well as people who are working for us in kind. From this survey, we could count 74 people that are already doing science for the SS. And I'm going to give you a flavor of what are the activities of these kind of people. So, we have selected the date, but that's all, yeah, the publication, so the field is already there. Five months is nothing. By compared to 25 years. So, SS is actively publishing scientific research, both technical research and scientific publications, and as you see, it's been going on. We can discuss about this site if you want, in collaborations with a large number of countries, mainly in Europe, but also in other parts of the world. I think that with our user office responsible for being a lovely example of science that's been published in the last couple of months from different kinds of scientific profiles at the SS. So, I didn't think it was that way. So, the first example is work done by a postdoc, which I believe is in the audience, in collaborations with colleagues from ISIS, to produce a modern membrane system, useful for work with reflectometry techniques. So, reflectometry techniques would give you information at a near range from a scale of the structure of layers and interfaces. And what is interesting about this system is the possibility to form a plan by layer, rather free to reflect it far from a solid substrate, which would be the typical way we work with this system. But you can look, I think, at producing, you can see it on liquid surfaces and capable of allowing me to look at the interaction of material that can be proteins, drags, you name it, with a layer and get such information at the end of the stage. So that's some of the research from one of our postdocs. This is a work, an example from a hard matter research from an instrument scientist, Rasmus Topsipersen, he's the responsible of bifrost, and he's any kind of offer from DTU in Copenhagen, and he's been looking at the structure as well as a magnetic excitation. So this is the composition that contains a different amount of the terbium and eryma, and they've been looking at how these different concentrations of the terbium and eryma would influence the magnetic structure, magnetic transition, as well as magnetic exceptions, and that's been published in our research very recently. As I said, we have scientists also in our technical services, and in particular there is quite a bit of activity going on with our detectors, in the detector group. We're going to have a facility with a very high flux. This has required bifrost, so now to be able to detect all these neutrons that are going to be produced. This is a work that has been done by, again, people in the detector group in collaboration with many other people from other facilities on a silicon-based detector and methods to increase the detection efficiency. The LSE computational science, there's a number of data scientists, what we call data scientists over there, so scientists that demand other things are also helping out, so developing software for data analysis to offer users. One of our, here we have decided a recent paper from Angela Platsky and Boise Ffostrosti, in collaboration with Tom Arnaud that is one of our instrument scientists and many other people on data analysis of using best practices for reporting on data analysis for neutron reflectometry data analysis. In this particular case, and then doing some really very active, it is already produced a really nice suite for analysis of neutron reflectometry data. And finally, I won't say very much because it's really beyond my expertise, but there's a very, very active scientific activities going around accelerator technology. If you see all the other papers that I showed to you, there were one, two or three ESS scientists and a large number of people from somewhere else. In this particular case, the ESS scientists are in our board, here we have really, I mean it's work done at ESS, this is on the components of the accelerator and the studies on accelerator technology. Okay, so that's just to give you an overview of the breadth of scientific activities going on now. What we also have, and as I said, we have contributed to the grant application from Trevor, but there are grants that have been awarded and going on already, but this is a work that has been done, I mean in collaboration with Hannah Baking, who is in the visualization labs at the moment, but at the moment in this chemistry and life science support group, who has grants in progress to look at working on the constitution of modern membranes, because there is an activity that's looking at interactions of these modern membranes, either models of cancer cell membranes or mitochondrial membranes, with molecules helping to understand mechanism of cancer, and collaborating with a number of people. We have a lot of people, we have a lot of people, we have a lot of people from ISIS. Okay, I have just two slides. So, we have all these books we are doing at the moment, we are repeating a benchmarking exercise of our instruments and instrument gap analysis in a view of looking at what to do next, looking at how to involve the people that have been building these instruments in our first science. We are updating our science case, that was written several years ago, and brainstorming internally to see, like for this update, so very, very quickly, these are slides from Hannah, presented by the scientists meeting yesterday. So, we already contribute for in our life science to many of the current challenges, so we work that we already can do next several best goals, or are shown in collaborations for cancer research, I think I probably have peptides, Alzheimer's peptides and so on. And with our smaller samples, I have true positive iteration, there are ideas to contribute in a culture in a much more effective way, and I thank you for that. Use you, we will hear about physical sciences on you at Maxwell, so. You should be gently when you're done. Yes, I'll try to. Okay. Little of flash forward when you think about it, you're not going to hear about construction because I'm going to go with what Charlie said, Maxwell is actually just done with actually the big first phase of construction, the machine is done is working. And technically all the demands are getting the first user is easier, which for us is a huge milestone. We wish you the same thing in a couple of years. And then obviously we do want to stop there similarly to what you're already doing, maybe ahead of us actually really thinking about what you will do, but not your next generation of instrument similarly we do the same thing. And you're from Charlie, big visionary thing, maybe five in mind in the pipeline is in the next five years. So at some point, let me what you're going to see in this is pretty much no construction and what are we doing because we're done with that phase, mostly about what is starting to come out of the instrument because we're in that phase or what finally getting on track on science and generating results and results and results. But still, for those of you who are not completely familiar, let's call it with max four in general, we're a bit special and just for that it's deserving two or three minutes first we're not one night source with three night sources. And that's actually unique in the world. We have a big ring, a small ring, and a short pulse facility. For today's I'm not going to talk about a short pulse facility but just think about it where you need facility where you have two storage range. And it matters why is matter about the type of ring you have is pretty much dictating the kind of scientific opportunities you can have and some people way before my time and our times were visionary in allowing to get two rings at max four. And the best way of looking at it is to have a look on the website of physics things about that. So what you see, like a small teaching number. Yes, on that plot is one way of characterising the size of the machine that the x axis, we take the diameter of the circumference of whichever number connected to that. And the number everyone is talking about is what we call the admittance, you don't need to be an expert, but no story short. If you want to know how to read that graph, the more you're on the left, the more soft x-rays you're going to get the more you're on the right, the more hard x-rays you're going to get and obviously the kind of x-rays is going to dictate the kind of science you can touch. And then these arrows, which are going down, which are going against. And then the admittance and your small emittance is giving you more coherence and more brilliance. Technically, it's not really more photons. It's more quality photons and the way you can use it and the way you can manipulate it, and the way you can give that new sense of opportunities out of it. On the left-hand side, you have the parameter for the small ring, one point side jv, and the big ring. And so because we have two rings, we have two spots on these graphs. There's a max 4 3 jv ring, which is when you think about it, right in the middle of the graph, and there is some some reason behind it. And you have the small ring, which we tend to forget. Then you can have, okay, you just told us we got two ring, we're better than anyone. Now, actually it's good to have a look at what the others are doing. All the orange points are the existing light source in the world, that is a big one. The idea is that the 3 jv ring, the 1.5 jv ring, is pretty much alone on one side. So, strategically, if you think about it and you follow what I've just said, it should be a great source of X-rays for very soft X-rays. And obviously, Petra 3 should not be a source for that stuff at that point. But that's actually, Petra 3 is going to be extremely good at it. You've got a whole thing of multiple sources. And obviously, these ones, maybe the three biggest ones, or maybe four, Petra 3 spring 8, APS, ESRS, has a big monsters, the one which are the gigantic ones, but it was the ones which are the most expensive. Little bit of history, why is Max 4 interesting? For first thing, it's not feeling within the yellow dots, yellow clouds or whatever. And it's because of something which happened in Lut, directly technology, the creation of an MBA lattice. It's a very short, a beautiful way of developing engineering in a way which was not possible before. I'm going to be honest, I was among the people, part of the yellow dot saying, it's never going to work, not going to happen. I was wrong, it was demonstrated and it's here. It's so disruptive that pretty much any of these orange points are thinking about getting the same thing about what happened in Lut. Namely, a greater machine to be able to catch up with us.  Well, the reality is a bit different. Until the end of the decade, it's pretty much us, ESRS, and Sirius. The other ones I'm going to try to catch up, and what you heard, for example, from Giovanna, is taking time to first the greater beings and commissioning it and then making sure we're going to be on my long story short until the end of the decade, especially in Northern Europe, and for that type of machine, which is intermediate energy range, which means good for source and hard expect. We're pretty much unique on the market. And that's where I look at it to the scientific director for Sweden, huge scientific opportunity for Europe and it was in all the countries in exploiting that kind of source. That's Max Four in a nutshell. Why is it so good, why is it so special, why it happened in London, and why we change the world. At the end of the day, you can have a beautiful source. If you don't have the right demand, the right staff, the right equipment, it's not going to work.  But the beauty of it is that because they are scattered on those things, you can cover a huge energy range, pretty much from 4EV, so almost DVUV, down to a hard expect range, kind of certified for 4EKV. And so depending on what you want to do, the kind of sounds you want to do, you can dedicate a demand to do one of these. You've got the whole list of all of them. Obviously, if you're interested in soft expect, that's a key thing for looking at surfaces and looking at chemistry, you go for hard expect, you go deep, you go in the bulk and you do this kind of thing. But that's kind of unique. To be honest, the fact that we have two ring means that this demand could be built. If you have only one, these ones would have not been happening, the one on top, and if you will have only the small ring, all these ones on that side would be not existing. But that's why that's a big advantage of it. Long story short as well, if you want to know which be mine is the best thing, the best thing to do is not to listen to me if you run our website. You have a list of people and you can pick a brief description either per technique or scientific area. I've looked at the website always the best resource if you want to submit a proposal and know and remember room number one successful proposal to your people and scientists first, or it's not going to happen. Usually it's the number one advice. But as you heard from Charlie, something which is important so 16 people and fully in operation. But technically, we have room for expansion. We are still thinking outside of the box, we couldn't do 10. If you push it a little bit, you can do 40 more, and have some crazy ideas, we may be able to do 10 even more out of that. So we are starting intensively to look into the future and how we make that happen. Similar exercise to what you mentioned, you do gap analysis of an instrument. It's something that we're starting to work on with something special. The SPF thing which is connected here technically could be used as a, as a startup for building a free electron laser if we decide to do so in the future. Similarly website, we have, and I wish you the same thing that they assess, what a beautiful scientific annual report. That's the best way of finding your favorite science. It's on the website, you go on the max for websites and some science report to get in there. You have details and beautiful thing, but what we do at max war and that thing is getting bigger and bigger and bigger, and we're very proud of it. So go ahead and have a look at it. Now, a little bit of science with the leftover that I have on time. So physical science is that weird area where it's physics, it's chemistry, it's not physics, it's not chemistry, it's in the boundary of everything. I did pretty much my career in soft matter, really in the middle, depending on who you talk to, they think you're chemist or scientist or physicist. But I'm going to take a leap of faith that's actually in the way I'm going to describe it. That description is my own way of describing for soft matter for the both the way physical science and what it's important to do that structure and dynamic and things like that. Technically, you could take the same thing, change a little bit, put left side behind it would be about the same. At the end of the day, you have a phase diagram or a system and you try to understand it, you have values, variables, the concentration pressure, temperature or reactivity or whatever you name it. And because we're scientists who understand that, what we understand more and more is that if you really, really to understand how the system works, just looking at it at a specific scale and at a specific scale is not going to cut it. You need a set of, let's say, different vision goggles to have a look at your system and the relevant length scales. And that applies pretty much to everything. The beauty of x-rays, neutron and electron. Remember that thing we talked to the Norwegians, that microscope. These beautiful tools we have, they're nursing us a gigantic microscope, allowing you to have to go with a certain level of field of view and resolution in matter in general, and have a look to either the static or the dynamics. You have no mystery, you have three big ways of using x-rays, whether whatever science you do. You can do imaging, you can do scattering and diffraction, you can do spectroscopy. There are not one which is more powerful than any other one. It's just depending what you look at, that's what you do. Because of our 1.5 JV ring, we are an astounding source for doing any kind of form of flavors of x-ray photo emission. That's really something that is typical for some sort of x-ray and which is very powerful.  What Maxwell is extremely good at is to develop a very strong program which resonates with the northern country, by the way, in ambient pressure HBS. At the end of the day, it's really looking at the fine details of the chemistry of interfaces when the chemistry happens. Usually you would do that, you have a sample and you look at it, that's a given condition. The challenge now is the world is a dynamic variable. Namely, the world we all hear about, if you want to be trending, the sequential world is going to be Oparando in situ. Now no, we start to be over it, but Oparando in situ has two big ones. Namely, the world is understanding that just studying a model system does not cut it anymore. If you look at catalysis, you want to look at catalysis exactly the way it happens at the industry or in your car. And so if you want to be competitive, we need to be able to reproduce what you do in your car or in your industry at the same temperature, and it's not going to be easy. That's why sample environments are getting important. 800 degrees, that kind of pressure and whatever, because that's where it matters. And usually when you start to do that, when you do real life experiments, well, then that's that thing. Everything moves, everything changes, the temperature is evolving. So the component is time result, what you're going to hear on all light source and as well as traditional neutral source obviously. Time is always a future, looking at the way things are moving at a specific time. So in that case, we can do a web in line heaping in that case, I mean, developing crazy and really exciting tools of well doing time result and then push XPS in a unique way. It's almost kind of prentro, but in an interesting way. Do you want to know? In a more classical way, and it's very relevant for Lund, where we're currently discussing in response to the European CHIP Act, eventually re-activating the brain of bringing back semiconductor technology back in Europe. So there was historically already a strong effort around here, I think so and so on, whatever you name it, in developing semiconductor technology. At the core of it, if you want to do a good processor, are interfaces between material. You don't need to be an expert by the way they work, but in the end it's layering things, like making my father was a chef, making a beautiful layered cake. You could layer something, another layer assessing, and if you don't pay attention to the fine details, the source can go in between the various layers and not stay where it needs. And at the end of the day, the performance of your devices really depends on the quality of these interfaces. Very complex solid state chemistry and looking at interfaces. For that you want to do portrait and spectroscopy. Something interesting. I did not know it existed before I come to Maxwell. We have a strong program, which is a specialty from Estonia. And remember we resonate with the Nordic area. In photo luminescence, it's easy. You put X-rays on the material and it's generating visible light. Simple. That's actually the basis of any detector in medical imaging. If you think about it, a scintillator. And you would think it's done. Actually it's done on a huge level of research, making them better, cheaper, more efficient, and eventually smarter down to the type of X-ray you would have. Eventually it could be converted not only only one visible weapon, but two. And maybe get information because of the direction of things like that. Extremely relevant in terms of paper coming out of it. And it's something from Estonia. There's something we can really do actually in a good way. Something more standard. Connected a little bit with stuff matter. We have a beautiful system scanning X-ray transmission microscopy. And what you can do in that case, and that's the beauty of it, you can have a look to carbon age. And for those of you who have been trying to do this, it's extremely hard because the problem is carbon is everywhere. So if you want to look at carbon, you need to distinguish carbon from the demand from the dirt from everywhere from your sample. In that case, you have a sample. You look at the chemistry of carbon and carbon for the ones that could be in the form of styrene. It could be polyurethane or it could be on amorphous metrics. And what you can do is that you use scanning X-ray transmission microscopy and you do high level chemistry. They're really a bold sample with nanometric resolution to identify which parts are coming from which part of the component. Very quick, you can do the same thing in the hard X-ray regime, but at the moment you do there, it's no longer carbon. You deal with heavy elements. Something relevant for the very north of Sweden, mining industry. At some point, when you want to extract rarers, talk about these things or type of metals, especially with a new discovery of having tons of lithium and whatever it knows. What matters is, for the mining industry, okay, I got my piece of stone, but they want chemically to extract actually, for example, let's say, bismuth. And the problem is, depending on the way bismuth is mixed up with everything around it, it's going to complicate the extraction of it. In that case, they're doing complete mapping of that piece of ore, focusing on bismuth by looking at all the other actually elements to try to identify in that specific field in which they were getting the stones. What are the things they're going to get rid of or purify and things like that. Imaging, imaging, imaging, the world is going to be focusing on imaging, so no mystery, we're going to do tomography. The challenge, and I keep saying it, careful, beautiful imaging needs to be analyzed. Quantitative imaging is actually the key. It's just having a beautiful image, I would say, oh, I see holes or whatever, it's not going to cut it, and we should be careful not to have a flap. We need quantitative data out of it, which is important. I'm still interested in nanoparticles, as much as it has been in terms of the world, but still it's fundamentally important for nanotechnology. You can do small angles, you're one of the best instruments of the hill. And that one, I don't know if my movie is going to work.  It's interesting, it's called on trip steel, where the heck is that? It's actually an interesting metal where, because of a phase transformation that the physicist is talking, which is happening if you apply a mechanical stress on it, one effect would be, you pull on it or you compress it, and you do that with x-rays. The whole goal is try to understand better steel, and you were kind of wild. I took this picture last night out of the website of Volvo, I took the XC90 because I think it's a cute one. And you can find on all these things, all these weird parts describing actually the shape of the car. You would not imagine, and by the way, I'm preparing for meetings with Volvo next week, so that's why I'm doing it. That is not completely for you. But the key of all these different color schemes, there is a lot of engineering in trying to control and predict the way these type of steel are going to be compacted or pulled out when you have a car crash. That's why I keep to use my computer. Then you will have the movies, a car crash, I mean from all sides. But I think it may work, I don't know. Is it on the car? Yes, on that one. No, it's not working. Anyway, that's where for example it's really relevant actually. And that's the kind of research you can do where obviously it's important not only to do research, but also to communicate especially how much impact we can have. The car is easy. Saving lives behind. Next speaker, Selma is replacing Maureen, because I think she's not so well, so we are now looking forward to hearing about life science at Max4. Thank you. Maureen sent me some of her slides in keynotes. That's why I'm using my own computer. I've never used keynotes. I hope it works. And thank you so much, Avery, for the nice introduction. I don't have to talk about Max4 at all. I just focus on the opportunities within the life science. I know many of you here and I think most of the time I've stood up here, I've been talking about food science, but today I will give you a broader overview of what we can do at Max4. And you're looking, of course, you can see the fly up there that I've shown many, many times. But as Avery said, we have many different techniques that we can use that we divide into microscopy, scattering and imaging. And these are just some of the examples of the information that you can get from using X-ray in this way. Using spectroscopic methods, we can get electronic and chemical, we can get chemical information from various tissue or plants. That's where we would like to move to words. Most of you are familiar with the crystallography and protein structures that we've been able to obtain. This has been revolutionary for the pharma industry, of course, and for drug development. I'm showing you some of my old, very old data that is actually LDL particles that were extracted from three healthy males from Spona, from this region that we were doing, mapping how fat is actually packed in those. And we used first X-ray data on our X-ray lab source, but then when we went into patients, we got a full of 1,000 patients who had had atherosclerosis, then we did not have as much sample as from healthy people. So we had to go to synchrotron to do those measurements. And later on, also a couple of it with nutrients. We have a lot of other examples. We've had collaborations with Tetrapag, looking at different types of polymers, scanning sacs using bone. And these are just examples of looking at human nerves. And up in the corner here, I don't know if I can actually play it. This was something that was done in collaboration with Lynx. This is a hardhold from Karlsberg laboratory. This is imaging that they are using in their brewing process. So they actually do a lot of imaging when they develop their product. This study here actually of mapping metal distribution in Arabidopsis periana was done in collaboration with Karlsberg. And these were some of the first experiments that we did at Nanomax at Max4. So I was trying to look at all the techniques that we have at Max4. And just to showcase which ones, because now we have 16 instruments, we can of course build more. But which ones are relevant for the life sciences? And there are quite a lot. You can see that there are fewer that are not relevant. Also, the ones that are kind of shaded are not very relevant. But even on the team we've already done. Tommy, you tried to do some starch particles already on it. Yes, and we've done some bone. There's a lot of opportunities, but it also depends. It's not just about building everyone. It's also about how we do the sample preparation, sample handling and data analysis, which will be my key message today. So we have a suit of instruments and many of them are relevant for the life sciences. Of course, we have structural biology, which is our biggest user base. We also have the MX V-Mines with BioMax that was one of our first V-Mines that came up. MicroMax that is now open for general use and of course small under scattering here. I believe this is a running disk because I spent a lot of my PhD work on that system in fact. So I think it's coming from then. Now, BioMax has been up and running for many years. It's a workhorse for crystallography. So you don't have to come to us. You send the samples both made it and you can be anywhere in the world and the collector data as a form, and this was also one of the V-Mines that was up and running during the Covid times. We have a very high throughput high capacity there to move into crystal screening, phasing. pethau y cwmysgau, rydyn ni wedi gweld i'w ddweud y ddechrau'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod yma. Felly, y ffordd yna, mae'n ffawr, mae'n ei ffordd yma'r placfynag ffragmax. Mae eich cyfnod yw'r cwmysgau. Yn y ffordd, mae'n cael eu cyfnod o'r cyfnod drwy'r cyfrachau. Yn y ffordd, mae'n cyfrachau i'r cyfrachau i'r cyfrachau i'r cyfrachau yw'r cyfrachau'i cyfrachau. Look at silently at where we are introducing and analyzing binding of different fragments. And we can identify binding sites that this has, it can be accessed by Max Four and also through the INEX discovery. It's a big collaboration between many different partners so you can access many libraries that we have in the network, but also bring your own.  Fyddech chi, rydw i'n gallu gwis. Mae'n rhamnod bachion yn Cymru. OpenProjector General Use, where we just funded by the Diwanodis Foundation, where we will be able to do serial crystallography and time result experiments and a lot of high throughput data collection, so it is currently open for actual normal use. So this is one of our final being lines that have been, that has now come up.  Roedd yna y bwrdd polio cywlau gwahanol o bobl mwy. Mae arデchydigol hefyd yn gyflaunio. Mae yna dweud y gwrddol â'r sefyllfa Llyfrgell C19, a rydyn ni'r cymhwylltol cyflawni fynd wedi'u cyfrifol gydig yn dod, ac rydyn ni'n ddiddordeb Draw 2 o holl, dyw'r cyfrifol yna daeth gael gyflygau bod yw hynny yn y marhfyrdd yw. Mae holl, dyna dri a'r gofau, fi'r hun, yn gweithio ar gymp February. Mae'r journalau yn dweud eich bwysig ac yn fydd yn cherdd. Felly, hefyd, mae'n gwneud i'r hyn ar hyn i'r prydgol. Mae'r bwysig wedi'u bwysig a'r gwrdd o'n ffordd o'r canol ar gyfer gyda'r llan. Mae'r bwysig ar gyfer sy'n llun yw'r hwn yn yn ddifertyd, a'u cerdd o'r plasio pellysau, mae'n deud o flynyddio bod y gwaint, a'u fydd gan y cyfnod dwi'n rhan o'r cyflogol ymdweud am ymdweud yma yn cyfnod o roi gyda'r teimlo i'r cyfnod ymdweud hwn. Mae'r cyfnod o gyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod i'r cyfnod o'r cyffredin am gyfer yma'r cyfnod ar y cyfnod o gwaith. Mae hwn yn dweud yna'r ysgrifennu i'w ddweud yma'r ddechrau.  Yn amlwg, mae'r rhaglenau'r rhaglenau yn cyfrifoedd a'r rhaglenau'r rhaglenau, I think all of them are currently available where you can do static轿pawn sacks. We have a multi probe where you can do different types of measurements on the same sample at the same time. We also have a sample environment to do microflu oluyor. I also have to say, I do a push for links. We have been working really hard with... a hynny'n gweld gwneud o'r ysgolwyr yn ystod o'r cyflawn ar gyfer mynd i'r hynny ond yw'r cyffredin iawn, ac yn ymgyrch yn y cwmaint iawn i'r cwmaint gynhyrchu sydd wedi eu cyflawn y cyffredin iawn i'r cyffredin iawn. Yn yw ddiddordeb hwn o'r cyffredin iawn, ond ond hefyd yn y cwmaint iawn. Dwi'n rhaid i'n rhaid i'r cyffredin iawn, maen nhw yng nghymru i'r cyffredin iawn, ychydigodd, ychydigodd.  A dylai'r cyfnodau llif yn y cyfnodau llif ac mae'n meddwl i chi bwysig yn cael ei ddechrau. Mae'n cymdeithasol ar y ddechrau, oedd ymlaen nhw'n ei ffordd, oedd y ddechrau'n cymdeithasol hefyd yn cymdeithasol.  This is Baldey. When we developed the PhD program that we were just co-financing from the EU for, and when we opened it up for a call, most of the proposals actually came for the Baldy ring. So this is a really a theme that you can use in many different areas of science and it's an elegant profile for different elementisation in biological environment examples, i oedda'r ffordd swyddwyr. Rwy'sai, gallwn i'r gael, nes i ddim wahanolpyried anachach a gwahanol-wahanol-wahanol, bod ydydd yn yn ôl gyda'r gyfer cyffrediniau yng Nghaerhau Cymru. Rwy'n symud a byddwn ni'n gael amser gynllun o ganfant aroedau cysgol a'r amser yn ffannaf unrhyw roeddaf iaeth ofer. Mae'r gafodd i'r gwahanol, ond sefydliad yn ôl gyffer cyffrediniau yng nghymru. Coming out of this, also especially on the slide, in the software, there we really need to work with how we prepare the samples and also with the data analysis afterwards. Well, we really need to start thinking about standardisation in terms of how crystallography has done it, but if you really want to make these breakthroughs we do not have 60 years That it took for crystallography so a lot of science is already coming out, and we can look at that. I want to also just mention a little bit about imaging we have imaging timelines or timelines that have imaging capabilities that are coming up with the foremax and also later on we'll have it with unmax, but we really do want to in the future build a specific uh slideshift rewind for the light sciences so we can do are great food science, and just a little bit on FORMAX is just now up. and we are currently in commissioning, and this is a very nice view line also for the food science which has been financed through Wallenberg and the forestry industry which can do saxwax and imaging. mae'n ffrindwch o gymryd neu gynllunol, lle eymlaen i ddwyf yn rhag겠습니다. Felly er mwynhau i'ch parrhyw o gondol, yn iawn yr ystyrgyntec yr ddarparu ychydig, ond mae'r cymdeithas gan y modd i'r ysgaredd yn unig. Mae'n sgaredd o'r Fathalян y Chyflos, ac mae'n iddyn nhad o'r erfanyl o'r cyfair ystyrgyntec o'r Fathalwn hwnnw, os dyn ni'n mynd i gael ei ddweud yn y ddyfodol yng Nghymru. Felly yw'r Llywodraeth wedi bod yn rhaid ffawr eich ddaeth a ffyrddio yn y R&D, a dyna yma hwn yn ymddi'r ymddangos ymddiad yma. Ydw hynny'n gwneud o hynny'n gwneud o'r iechyd yn ymddangos cyllid yn ymddiad.  Mae'n ddod i'n ddod i'r rhaglen, oherwydd mae'n ffordd Llywodraeth Cymru. this is really a goal that we have right now. I'm actually also working on that. And do I have any more time for myself? Yes. Come on, very fast. Yeah, of course. Excellent. But then I would like to really push for this and I'm going to ... I want to use an example which is my first imaging experiment and some of you will think that it is quite trivial but I hope I will show you that it can be very trivial in the end. And this is, actually, I took this because I was posting it. At the masterclass on food et, I was documenting this because I usually post it and I tried to educate the new generation of me how to carry on. This is Stephen Hall. He is handling a sample and it is a sample of my hair that I have pulled out on the spot over there We did a lot of scanning on different types of food stuff, so it's quite, it's not so easy. I just ripped it out and he was trying to set it up and we scanned it and we had to scan it all night. And I will show you what it looks like, but as I was doing this, I was contacted by L'Oreal. When a former colleague from Galil who contacted me and said, oh, we have never done what they probably have, but he hasn't done it. Can I see these, can I see the images and so we had a meeting and this is the hair. It's, let's see, we can see it's a movie. I don't know if you see it very well, I can maybe point. So it's actually quite interesting to see, you can actually see the fibres are, and this is not so trivial because I used to work at Proctor & Gamble and did a lot of experiments, I'm very interested in hair. So you can actually see a piece of the cuticle, it's quite a damaged hair, it's grey hair, coloured it, bleached all these things, right? And no, so I also went further because I asked, I asked if he could bring me, if his child could donate his piece of hair for virgin hair to heaven and treated. He was very happy to be cut into experiments when he did. And that is so beautiful, I cannot show it next to mine, so it's really like no damage at all. So this is possible is that that's where I ripped it and we need to do more experiments. Now, there are many points I want to make here and I want to show it running around again. So you're running out of time. I am, but I will make a song, right?  Why is it hollow? Is it because it's grey? All these things. And what have they got? And talking to Llorian, he told me, oh, this was the product I had put in Kerasblast leave-in conditioner. And why is it inside? It's supposed to be covering the hair making smooth. Now I know why my hairs are smooth. But it's not, I mean, this is really not trivial because it is such a real new shampoo when we wanted to work, right? And we want to be sustainable and we really want to push. How can we actually do that? And this gives us an opportunity and I want to push this because we're going to do experimental formats, which will take less than a minute. This took all night. Now we talk about high-triple screening. But in order to do high-triple screening overnight and go over a thousand samples, we can have Steven Hall fiddling with that. So we really need to work on the standardisation and automating the current thing that we have if we want to push boundaries. That's the message that I want to leave. Thank you. Newton's the next race scattering as superlative probes of quantum materials. Please. Thank you very much. And so I'm staying here as a guest research at the links and I'm very grateful to the links for making that happen. I'm also looking forward to learning about what's happening in Sweden. My interests are in quantum materials, which is not one of the things that you've heard about so far, although it does relate quite closely to one of the existing running themes on materials. So I want to tell you a little bit about this topic and quantum mechanics, of course, underpins all material to some extent, but the term quantum materials is usually referred to materials where quantum effects are particularly prominent. And the scientific challenges are to try to understand why that is and try to see whether we can do something useful with these materials. Time is short. I want to illustrate how neutron scattering and x-ray scattering can answer some important questions in these materials, and I want to do that by just giving you one case study of something that we've recently been working on, where we've shown that particular genetic structure exhibited by European compound has drives topological phase transition in the electronic structure. So that's the idea. All right. So actually, most of the devices, electronic devices we use today do not have strong quantum mechanical effects. Most of the materials provide different capabilities, which could potentially be used to to improve these devices. So that's one of the motivations for studying quantum materials. They have potentially new capabilities for quantum technology, for sphenonics, for electrical materials, energy materials, and so on. Of course, there is many quantum phenomena and materials platforms to investigate, but essentially the field is being driven by two big ideas. One is emergence, and the other is topology. That's a good example of emergence is a smoke lake. We know that smoke lakes are made of water molecules, but when you pack together lots and lots of water molecules, it's difficult to predict the beautiful patterns of smoke lakes that we get to emerge from this complex system. Electron similarly, when you put lots of electrons together in a solid, they don't necessarily behave like free electrons, they behave in many different ways. Quantum experience effects and entanglement properties such as superco-activity or magnetic order, or even cases where magnetic order is suppressed when you expect it to happen. Phenomenon emergence. Topology, of course, is a branch of mathematics, but it's been applied in the last decade or two very successfully in condensed matter. It's leading to new classifications of electrons in particular, and it's led to the prediction and subsequent discovery of new states, new quantum states with useful properties. Okay, just back to school for a second. Quantum material is a ferromagnet, another ferromagnet at the atomic scale are made of little atomic magnetic moments, which we call spins. And the interactions which cause the spins to align, sorry, magnetically, exchange interactions can have a positive sign or a negative sign, but a negative sign of the spins will align opposite to the magnet and we have an anti-ferromagnet. And if you fire a beam of neutrons for x-rays at a magnetically ordered compound, then the magnetic pattern will act as a sort of diffraction rating, which will scatter the neutrons for an interference pattern and for an interference pattern and figure out magnetic structure. And technique of choice. So the first technique you'll go to to solve a magnetic structure is neutron diffraction. And if you, like me, if you are very fortunate that you live very close by a well-reading neutron facility, they can take yourself a measure there. You too will very soon have a well-reading neutron facility on your doorstep. So you'll be able to do that here. Neutron diffraction is not in a very versatile technique, it's not just for looking at simple magnets, you can look at much more complicated magnetic structures. You can look at superconductors, flux-line-lines and superconductors, you can look at magnetic excitations. So you can solve all sorts of problems using neutron diffraction. For most of the 20th century, people didn't think that you could use x-rays to study magnetism, but all that changed with the advent of synchrotron facilities. And especially the discovery of the development of resonant magnetic x-ray techniques. And again, both you and I are fortunate to live next door to a well-reading synchrotron x-rays, which is a new experiment. And with synchrotrons, with resonant magnetic x-ray techniques at synchrotrons, there's more capabilities which are complementary to neutron scattering. For example, if you have a sample which contains two or more different magnetic species, you can separately image the magnetism on the two different species by tuning the x-rays to absorption edges of those two different elements and separate effects. You can also use the ridiculously high momentum space resolution, but you get a signal x-rays to resolve very, very sharp features or overlapping features. And these days, I'm using the resonant inelastic x-ray scaphing techniques with the study of magnetic excitations at my energies using x-rays. So very much complementary to your friends. Right, so that's my brief introduction to quantum materials. I now want to move on to a case study, which is in the area of topological materials. So quite a new area, actually only about five or six years old this field. And it's very exciting. And I want to show you some, I'll whip through some experiments that we recently performed on this compound. And this work was completed recently and posted in the archive on Tuesday. Just a very quick mention word about topology topology and topological materials. So the key idea here is what's known as the very phase, which is a quantum mechanical phase that electrons acquire when they they make. Pats in solids, crystalline solids, due to, for example, magnetic field or electric field. And these very phases are very, very prominent close by when you get linear band process of degeneracies in the electronic states. And it needs to read kind of electrons, which don't behave like normal electrons for bio-clonions. Supercollectivity, you can achieve topology for supercollectivity. And one of those myronophthalmions, which are some excitations of this ground state and something called axiomelectron burns. Very, very new ideas. People are still figuring out what we can do with them. Myronophthalmions are supposed to be one way in which one can develop font tolerant quantum computers. And what we can do with these effects are various measurable properties, which I won't go into the details of how these work, but these are essentially arising from interference effects due to this very phase. So, I want to talk about European copper arsenic. I actually got quite a simple crystal structure. It combines from triangular layers, and then sandwiched between these triangular layers you have arsenic and copper. It was first synthesized in this paper in 1978, so it's quite old. Its magnetic properties were explored in this paper in 2014, and these authors discovered a phase transition that took place at around 14 or 14 and a half Kelvin, and shows us a very strong signal in magnetisation and transport regimes. And the assumption at that time was that what was happening was that the European spins. It's divernt in this material and has a large spin quantum number, so a large magnetic moment. The assumption was that they lined up in this pattern with ferromagnetic layers of European spins, which are stacked along this direction anti ferromagnetically. The assumption based on the characteristics of these bold measures. We wanted to check whether this was correct or not. So, as I said before, the choice is new from diffraction. And when you don't know what a magnetic structure is, you can start with counter diffraction. That's everything. And so you take a counter diffraction pattern of 20 Kelvin, which is above the phase transition. And sure enough, some new magnetic peaks arise. We want to leg them with the M. And from that, you can produce the magnetic propagation vector, which turns out to be 3 to 0 0.5. Just a moment, just a word about Eurokium. A ddiwrnod. A dyna chi chi ei hyffaeth ar ddiwrnod yma? Rwyf yn gy örwg, a rhoi'n gwneud, y hedge yn cymryd. A du, a wedi gyrraedd honnirakol. A dyna chi ei hyffaeth ar gyfer ddefnydd. Oherwydd, mae'r yefydlu'r cyfrifiad yw'r cynnwys. yn y bwysig sydd yw'n bwysig cyhoeddiant mae'r risiad mewn meddwl yw'r gwaith oherwydd, ysgwrs yn hyn i'n gwahanol yn ddech자 malfunctionu. Dwi'n ffrifat y fydden am ysgwrs, mewn ffyrddion yn gwahanol yn dan o'r ei fwyllt iechyd yn ddiad, a dyn nhw mewn eisiau ei dynnu rwyf er mwynhau y drafod a'r cyfnod sydd yn gyfwil ysgwrs. Rwyf yn argymru'r cyfrifat o'i cyfrifat o'i cyfrifatio, i ddweud â'r ddweud. A oherwydd, y tectnig yw yw'r x-ray yw, yw'r ddweud, yw'r L3, ym Mhwysgrifol, ym 6.97 perthynas eich lech yn fawr. A dyna ychydig yw'r megethysm yw, ydy'r megethysm yw'r megethysm yw'r megethysm, Y dweud cyfromant. A rydych chi ddweud i ddweud ydweud y gymnweithen y dystraddau. Mae astud yna, sydd y gallwch chi'n dweud y cyfromant mewn Cyllid Grystian o'r cyfromant, gan ydym yn dweud pethau Gianfajor cyllidiaeth oherwydd y model cyfromau. A dyna ym mhwysgrifol y amsediadau Cymdeithasol, cyfromau cyfromau cerddurol yneth, er mwyn ond yn gwneud ymyddor ar dem ddweud. Yr ymwysgrifol yma, was that we were able to refine a crystal structure which actually looks like a helix as you move along the vertical direction here. So, feromachetic layers as you propagate along this direction they rotate by an angle of approximately 90 degrees from one layer to the next form of helix. So this is not the structure which had been assumed by the early papers. Just to be absolutely sure, we use another advanced neutron technique which is available at the Astitulale d'Antemant called Spherical Neutron Polarimetry. This is a scattering technique but you don't actually use the scattering intensity to solve the structure. What you do is you put the sample in the zero field chamber and you polarise the neutron's instant on the sample along some direction alpha and then you measure the diffraction of those neutrons along another direction beta and form what's known as a polarisation matrix which is obtained from the intensity of the scattering from the alpha channel to the beta channel minus the alpha channel to the minus beta channel and then divided by the sum. So, it's this polarisation which is just a number between minus one and one. You assemble this into what's called a polarisation matrix and the characteristic polarisation from that magnetic material enables you to solve a crystal structure very very easily. One of the beautiful things about this technique is that if you have an absorbing sample like our Eurochium sample it's that the absorption correction cancels when you take this ratio. So, this polarisation matrix does not contain any effects or any corrections due to absorption. Okay, so then you assemble on these data points these circles correspond to each polarisation channel for a number of different magnetic reflections and the bars correspond to the model that I just described and you can see that this model fits the data very very well. So, that is the magnetic structure of this material and then the question is what stabilises that magnetic structure and the thing that stabilises magnetic structure is the exchange interaction between the spins and the various paths that you can have exchange interactions and to measure these exchange interactions the way to do it is to measure the inelastic neutron scattering spectrum which essentially measures the spin wave excitations of this ground state. So, this is data from the ISIS and the LET spectrometer of ISIS. You see this band of excitations or band of scattering here this is the spin wave excitations and this is a model that we developed these excitations from which one can obtain quantitatively values for these exchange interactions. The J0 this one here is 10 times bigger than this one this J1 and J2 that's turning this is a very layered two-dimensional system. Okay, so this is a magnetic unit what does that mean for the electronic structure? So, to learn about electronic structure you can do it by calculating the electronic structure using the cultural theory which our collaborators found you do for us and you can also measure it at synchrotronectorate sources using anglo-resolve photomission spectroscopy and I guess this slide has been a bit confused because these pictures have come from on top of what was behind it it was possible to reveal what's underneath that but essentially the band structure shows a whole bunch of 4f bands here and the interesting bands are these ones here near the chemical potential which are the copper and the arsenic bands and if you plug this point here you get a picture which you can't see which shows some band crossing points so these so-called linear crossing points of the bands which are the ones that create these viral modes so essentially the band structure calculation predicts that this material in the helical magnetic state has these so-called vial points in the structure and our pessimism is that anglo-resolve photomission spectroscopy was done to validate or to check that this band structure calculation was that was realistic and indeed it does match the calculation pretty well so I'm going to stop now I'm not going to miss to read out all the names that the person who mainly measures work was a former graduate student of mine generally so lots of other people involved at facilities, the ready collaborators, sample preparation, grateful to each and every one of them and so just to finish, quantum materials contain lots and lots of mysteries, lots of surprising phenomena and neutron signal and x-ray techniques are incredibly powerful ones for answering those questions. Thank you very much. This is Horal Balander from Malmood University which gear to surface science and learn about catalytic oxidation of CO. Yes, thank you very much. So I'm from Malmood University and I'm also connected to the Tlingor Foundation at Lundi University. So I'll talk to you on which about some experiments we did from these surface satellites. So we had already a little bit about immense pressure space in the microtop and that's what we did, we followed these reactions up around them. So a little bit of motivation on why we started this material. So platinum in itself is a catalyst that is used for many different reactions but it has some issue with CO. So CO has a tendency to bind very strongly to platinum and block the surface from any other species that's salt which which fills the reaction at low temperatures. But when we add tin to the platinum then this problem is alleviated and you can react away the CO at low temperatures and it can be important that it is at low temperatures because some reactions have to be at low temperatures or at mild conditions and so on. So there are many applications for this but one that I like is the possibility to use this material in our tool set. So you can make a tool set with hydrogen but it's more convenient to use alcohol or some liquid fuel but then we need a catalyst that is able to deal with carbon and platinum tin has been used for this which isn't attention to that but I will only present stuff with the oxidation. So this material has been studied before. So calculations have shown that under relevant conditions the platinum tin will segregate into tin oxide and platinum metal and it's also predicted that the edge sides between the oxide and the metal should be active for the oxidation at low temperatures. We and others have also studied this material as in gas and we've seen that the gas composition can itself affect the form and the morphology of the oxide that forms. So you could have more bulk like oxide and more flat wetting oxides and some of them these tin 2D oxides have been studied and they found the structure for that and they can be quite complicated. So this is the kind of material system we have. We have something that form these 2D complicated oxides and our project is particularly interested in these 2D materials that are different from bulk and the gas composition affects about which oxides that form. Yes so we do kind of basic basic science trying to figure out how these oxides work and then we leave the development of new and better materials to other people. So that leads into our experiment. So we have platinum crystals that we put tin on top so we make these surface alloys that are one or a few atomic layers thick. So we do that to control how much tin we have and which faces and so on and we also look at a step surface to see the influence of having these steps and also breaking up the oxide at form. Now I'm not sure I would have time to show you that but you can come and ask me if you're interested. So when we had these alloys then we went to Maxwell to the hippie beam line and put them in the ambient pressure cell. So in the cell then we flow gas over the sample and we heat it up from about room temperature or so to 400 degrees and then down again and during this round we record x-ray for the mission spectra and we also sample the gas just above the surface so we know what species are in the gas. So then we measure it in this way of random and try to figure out what the tin does and how it affects the activity. So going into results I will first show you the comparison between the thicker alloy and the thinner alloy and see if they are different. Then we will see how active these samples were and then if there's time or you can ask me then we can obviously see what the vector steps are. So this is how the data looks like during a round. So at the bottom so here you have x-ray spectra and you get these peaks and different binding energies and the binding energy tells you something about the chemical state of that element. So for example these energies here we have metallic tin and if you have the components here have to be tired then you have oxidized tin in different states. So that's just a little bit about how the data looks and how you like it. And then I made line plots so it's a bit easier to follow the faces as the temperature changes. At the bottom of these image plots then you have the original state of the surface and then in the middle of the figure then you have the maximum temperature and at the top you have after the temperature has gone down again. Yes that's just a little bit about the results that I will show and how you should look at them. Okay so then we can go into what actually happened. So here I compare the surface with a thicker alloy layer and a thinner alloy layer and we start to look at the tin. So with a thicker alloy then you first have an oxidation of the tin at about 200 degrees and then this is a wetting surface oxide we can tell from the thick assignment and when the temperature goes up and down it stays oxidized like that and not that much happens to this surface after that point. If we instead look at the thinner one then we see that the behavior is actually quite different. So you do have a growth of this surface oxide again but then at higher enough temperature then you see that it's produced back and you have the alloy and metallic tin back and then at the maximum temperature then all of the CO is being converted to CO2 so then in effect you have a very oxygen-rich gas so then you get the surface oxide back again and then when the temperature is low enough for CO to go down to the surface then you have this reduction again. So we have now two surfaces that vary quite differently with two oxides. So to get a bit more information about what is going on then we can look at the oxidant spectrum which are here. So here we can see the oxides as well which are the green lines but we can also see the adsorbed CO molecule which is the interesting part of this spectrum so I circled here where those peaks go up in the ramp. So we can see in both cases we have CO adsorbed on the surface and we start but at the sample with the thicker alloy then CO does not reabsorb after the ramp. So CO only absorbs on platinum it doesn't absorb on tin or on the oxide so it tells us how much exposed metal we have on the surface. On the thinner alloy then we do see that the CO does reabsorb so that is telling us that not the entire surface is covered by oxide and that is the significant difference between these two samples. In one case we have enough tin to form a wetting oxide that covers the surface and in the other case we do not and we still have exposed metal and we have a more island structure of steel. Okay so then we can go back to the behaviour of the tin with the oxidation and reduction during the ramp and get a model of what happened. So our interpretation is that the surface oxides that form they can be reduced by the CO on the surface but they do that from the edge so you need to have adsorb CO to reduce this oxide because that is what happened on the thinner alloy which have edges but not on the thicker one which does not. And with that we can start to look at how good the samples were. It's used for low temperature oxidation right? So let's see how they performed. So in blue here I've plotted the activity of the sample with tin on. The red is a reference measurement of the same crystal same mounting but without the tin so they should be very comparable. So if we see here so the difference between the blue and the red is some kind of measure of how much the tin helped the sample convert CO to CO2. And you can see that the blue curve is higher than the red so the samples do convert more CO to CO2 than just platinum and that is nice. It means that the conditions we study are you can see also that the two conversions here for the surface with more tin and a covering outside and the one with less tin and not covering outside with edges are very similar. You could almost believe that it's the same data set but they are different and they look very similar. So what is that telling us then? It means that these edges can't be the important or like the only site where CO can be converted to CO2. Because we have one surface with edges one with no or very few and they are both converting CO2 at roughly the same rate. We can see that it's correlated with the growth of this surface of outside. So it seems that the CO2 ability is related to the surface of outside but that the edges are not needed for this conversion. It's not the same as to say that the edges aren't active. They may well be but there must be other active sites as well rather than the just outside edges. So then there are more models for that. So our interpretation is that CO can react to CO2 with the surface oxide from the gas base since it can do that on the surface that is covered and does not have any exposed platinum or any outside edges. That the oxide can also be reduced by the CO if it's absorbed from the platinum and attacks it from the edge. We also see when we go into oxygen rich condition at light off that the oxygen content of the oxide seems to increase which is also an indication that CO uses oxygen from the oxide from CO2. Yes so some conclusions. The tin improves the ability, the low temperature ability of CO oxidation on the surface. The CO interacts with outside edges and reduces them at sufficient temperature and it seems like the improved activity is related to the oxide itself and not necessarily the edges. So how am I with time now? Do we have some extra minutes? Ideally it would be great if we could wrap up because we are running 20 minutes late so yes then that's it. So just one slide from our collaborators. They looked at the oxidation of these alloys with the lean so they get the microscopic images of there will be a little movie up here where you can see the oxide drops that's cool to see. So having more microscopy would be nice for these services. We don't have to get so bad. So with that then I come to my announcement. So I acknowledge my supervisor and the people who are at the dean line and with whom I discussed the results of the time our funders for the project that paid for us and I'd be happy to take questions if there's time we'll comment and I thank you for letting me. E.M. for in life sciences and the presenter is Anu Tiaghi. So basically the purpose of me talking about cryo again here today is just to say that cryo again was coming to the university so actually conclude please. We are not up and running facility yet. We are up and coming facility that's why I don't have much to talk about but since you are not all from life sciences I will give you a brief background about the cryo E.M. in life sciences. So these are all the structures that are from my projects during my research fellow time. So these are not things that are done here hopefully soon. So cryo electron microscopy it's a technique in which we basically image the frozen hydrated samples we collect to the images and these to the images are used to generate three dimensional structures. So most popular techniques of cryo electron microscopy in life sciences are basically single particle and cryo electron tomography when we will be up and running we will be actually capable of doing both these techniques. So cryo electron microscopy actually got its due recognition after the Nobel Prize in 2016 there were three great scientists who got this Nobel Prize and these contribute greatly in today's modern cryo electron microscopy Jack de Boucher he got the Nobel Prize because he vitrified the water so he got his share because of that working friend he was the one who actually developed or invented the softwares to process these images that are taken from the electron microscope and Richard Henderson was the first one to actually use electron microscope to determine the structure. So from there on there was a big resolution revolution in electron microscopy. So as the X-ray people very fondly call us blobologists so electron microscopy has come a long way from blobology atomic resolution now actually it's a very funny instance it was from my phd times I had a fellow phd student and he was working on a collaborator project and he had some protein complex that they wanted to determine the 3D structure they could not crystallize so they had collaboration with the electron microscope group and they determined the structure the resolution of that structure was about 4.8 and during the defense of his thesis it was in Stockholm University during the defense of his thesis this collaborator was the friend of the opponent and the opponent was talking about his project that was ongoing in the collaborator's lab and then he just mentioned that it's 4.8 resolution it's a potato it's a blob what can you interpret out of it and it was so disappointing because 4.8 it's not a blob it's not a potato but still according to X-ray eyes it's still a potato but from that time on cryoelectron microscopy has done a lot so from the first structure in from the so from the first structure that was about 11 to 15 angstrom to now when we have atomic resolution of these structures electron microscopy came long way because two of the major breakthroughs first major breakthrough was in around 2012 when the direct electron detectors came into picture before that we were taking these two the images on the ccd cameras and therefore we were compromising a lot of resolution details so because of the invention of the electron detectors and also because of the invention of the maximum likelihood in 3d classification or the softwares for image processing the details of these priority and structures were more and more obvious in their structures and we reached great resolutions year by year so starting from about 15 angstrom we reached about 7.5 to 8 angstrom during 2007 and after the direct electron detectors we reached a resolution of about 2.8 in no time and now during current times the highest resolution that we have now is 1.19 angstrom and these are all the benchmark samples that have been done so this is a epopheritor and the resolution of this epopheritor right now is about 1.2 and this is another benchmark sample which has reached about 1.22 so looking at this I think it's high time that the university also gets cryo electron microscopy what I am saying what I'm going to say next is that it's not only just the the resolution that has improved better the health of the microscopes has also gone better and better as you can see here in this slide even the maps that are coming from a lower end or 200 kb machines are quite better and quite compatible to the high end machines like the 300 kb electron microscopes so it's not just to determine the structure that we need a very high end machine a 300 kilovol machine we can also do that by by having a machine that is just 200 kilovol and we need to have the the right detector and the right resources to process the images of these structures so what another great benefit of this technique that was quite evident was through the sad times of COVID-19 pandemic so if you remember that this COVID pandemic started in late 2019 so it was something around December it started and these papers they were already published by February 2020 so what was known at this time was that it took only three weeks from gene to structure so not only it's a technique now that is reaching very high resolutions but it is also a technique that requires very less time to generate these 3D structures this the technique actually is quite simple it does not require very high amounts of your sample so you can the source of your sample can be any it can be mammalian cells it can be bacterial cells or whatever you want to choose and then it's just to vitrify your brits collect this the data on the mucliacrioleic cloud microscopes and just process your data so the time required and the amount of sample required are both more beneficial than any other technique so what we can do in Lund at Lund we have this cryoam facility located at BMC the direct Logan he's the director of our facility and I'll be taking care of your samples and I will need the facility staff currently we have vitroboard mark 4 to vitrify the grits it's located in BMC C13 but we will have a new site again and we will be moving soon in about two to three days time so right now again as I said we are up and coming facility not up and running yet and thanks for the efforts of Derek now we have funding in place we have the funding to buy a 200 kv electron microscope which will be housed in the BMC and this 200 kilowatt microscope will also be capable of screening and producing data set that is good enough to actually produce good structures so hopefully we will have a 200 kv machine that can do the job here at Lund University and this is the current infrastructure that we have so we have our vitroboard which is vitroboard mark 4 which has double-sided bottom capabilities and we can produce grits for both single particle and cryoelectron tomography and then the existing structure is the collaboration with industry department they have like a GP plunge freezer that we can use they also have a 200 kv electron microscope which has the current capabilities it's ideal for the material sciences but it is not ideal for the life sciences samples so not good for the biological samples but it's still there until we have our microscope in BMC we can use this microscope and apart from our infrastructure we can also use the national platforms like sci-fi the sci-fi lab they have higher boats 200 kv and 300 kv microscopes and for data processing data processing we have lunac which is a Lund resource and we can use these softwares like sylpion, rlyon and cryoesfoil and Ashley I didn't want you to keep you long for your latch so that's why it's a very short presentation thank you for listening. So we will come straight away with with samyona thank you and to give you a presentation thank you so everybody I hope you enjoyed your lunch I'm Samuel Madoni and a PhD student of the University of Pisa and junior guest research of the integrative pharmacology and drug discovery theme at the links so first of all a brief introduction of the AML and the target of this research the sweep of this expertise so acute myeloid leukemia is the most common form of leukemia in adults and the second most common among child it's a cancer of the myeloid stem cells so characterized by a proliferation of an abnormal proliferation of the undifferentiated and non-functional hematopoietic stem cell resulting in hematopoietic insufficiency the first treatment is commonly induction hemotherapy to try to induce a complete remission known as seven plus three that usually use seven days of intravenous infusion of C therapy with three days of infusion of anthracicline with the possible addition of other threats and then a consolidatory chemotherapy that may include the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation so despite the efficacy of the induction chemotherapy most of the introduction of new drugs and most of the overall cure rate is about 20 percent in adults and 65 percent in children because most of the responders usually relapse and eventually die of disease so the need for abnormal therapy and overcome of camber resistance is the most challenging most important challenges in this in treating this type of cancer and a possible breakthrough could be represented by the target of this research the receptor C-36 that's a transmembrane protein involved with several feature pathological function involved in metabolic diseases as well as in cancer growth and impositiveness one of the main function is the to mediate lipid haptic and hyperlipid cells such as cancer cells show a strong lipid WD in order to support themselves with a few well stocking material to grow in fact it's involved in several processes that boost cancer progression and in particular in the leukemia stem cells a high express C-36 and induce the bone marrow adipocyte to induce like lasis in the bone marrow adipocyte to fuel the fatty acid oxidation imposed shown that the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation disrupts the amniostasis of the cells increase their reduction the reactive oxygen species production and eventually induced apoptosis of the VNR and it was also shown that the cell display in C-Tarabyn resistance the main chemotherapy drug used in the induction therapy also have an higher C-36 expression so the inhibition of this protein could be a to represent a valid strategy to top of tumor metabolism and to expand the pharmacological therapies available so this is briefly the background at least the computational studies at the foundation of this research in fact with the aim of the final and C-36 inhibitors a consensus docking approach was used that was applied on a pre-filtered library of commercial compounds during a negatively charged molecule that can mimic the negative charge of fatty acid a consensus docking is a combated approach that combines several different docking programmes at the same time to improve your quality and the screening performance of the docking so the best compounds resulted from this stage of the study was further analysed through molecular dynamics simulation studies to only select those molecules that were able to form a stable interaction with the target so at last seven compounds reflected for the logical evaluation resulting in the identification of the compound VS4 that can see on the right side of the slide so we decided to further characterize this compound and we plan the synthesis to efficiently afford the compound since the computational study suggests that is the eisomer that actually bind the protein the synthesis is focused on the pure eisomer of the compound so in addition we also synthesized three other analogs bearing the substituent on once one fin and ring of the molecule in order to confirm the interaction points and to assess a preliminary structure to be with relationship so briefly the synthesis starts with the hydroxy aldehyd conveniently substituted in the metaposition then was protected on the hydroxy group with a metosy, a costimative moiety before being subjected to a pleasant type reaction so for to selectively afford the eisomer and found in any DRC then it was deprotected in acid conditions subjected to a SM2 type reaction with a few grams of city or a few three grams of tropanery so for confined now compound nine and then finally hydrolyte in basic condition to give the desired product product then in order to verify and quantify the interaction with the DCD36 protein compound the S4 was analyzed through surface plasma resonance or SPR briefly is SPR occurs when polarized light it's a it's an electrically conductive surface usually a single layer between at the interface between two medium on the top of internal reaction conditions so this generates an electron charge density waves called plasma that use the intensity of the reflected light at a specific angle known at the resonance angle that is proportional to the mass on the sensor surface so in an SPR assay a molecule called ligand is mobilized through various approach on the sensor surface and the sample containing the possible potential interactive partner solution called analyte is injected over the surface through a series of flow cells the interaction determining changes in the resonance angles as the molecules bind and dissociate and this is recorded in real time in a sensor ground as you can see on the right side of the slide so by analyzing the the response profile at different analyte concentration it's possible to gather information about the kinetics and the finnage of the interaction so the compound was analyzed with this technique using a biocorb 3000 and the C8 chips that so in this particular case biotelinated CD36 protein was immobilized on the sensor surface through a strict abiding molecule and this approach is is more advisable compared to other linking techniques because it ensures a consistent and efficient orientation of the protein on the sensor surface so it allows reliable analysis with the use of less protein so in this slide you can see the the result of the SGR analysis and particular on the left side you can see the early plot of different sensor ground resulting from the association of a vs for a different concentration and on the right side you can see the plotting of the response at the equilibrium against the concentration that can allow to to create a dose of response curve to calculate the affinity of the the compound resulting in a low micromola affinity. Then in order to evaluate the actual effect on the cancer cells the lipid uptake and the cell viability was also assessed. In this slide you can see the microscopy pictures of the KG1 cell line that is the cell line with the higher expression of the CD36. This cell line is, as you can see, it has a higher ability to uptake the pristine lipid in green after 10 minutes of introduction but when the normal CD36 unit of compound Bs4 was added prior to the lipid, the uptake was remarkably reduced as you can see on the right picture. Then also the cell viability was assessed so in using a chlorine metric assay the viable cell were measured by their metabolic activity 72 hours after the inhibitor addition compared to only the dns of addition and as you can see in the plot where the 100% value of the relative inhibitor effect correspond to the cell of all that you can if possible to determine the IC50 result in 150 micromola. So in conclusion we, thanks to in silico study we were able to identify an oval small molecule CD36 inhibitors with a low micromola affinity that could suggest an additional therapy for the treatment of acute myloid leukemia. This is definitely a promising starting point for future research that needs to be done. In the end I would like to thank the links for this opportunity and also a special thanks to my supervisory piece of Filippo Minunculo and to Karin Lindwis that are both part of the structure-based drug design within the IPDD team that gave me the possibility to come here and do the research and so thank you and thank you also for your attention if you're interested I'm happy to answer. You can speak about atomistic simulation magnetic. Yes right please go ahead. Okay yeah thank you for the introduction. So I'm Michael I'm from the University of Luxembourg and currently in the second year of my PhD and I will talk about the future on scattering from nanoparticles. So let's say we are interested in the spin structure instead of these nanoparticles and so the future on scattering techniques are a very good technique to to study these kind of things. So first of all I will talk a bit about the methodology. So basically we can talk about three main steps. So the first step we start with some micro-magnetic Hamiltonian for example that includes some exchanging action between the optimistic spins or the democratising field and so on. We can also include temperature and so this let's say the biggest part of the simulation stuff so here we need several hours of simulation time let's say when we take a big ensemble of nanoparticles then I'm also just for one parameter so it could be that one simulation run takes five days and then once we have reached some equilibrium magnetisation data field from these simulations we can compute a free transform and so on in the end you get let's say a magnetic transfer section that tells us what is to expect from some scattering experiment. Yeah so you will all have some example pictures so this could be for example how such a 2D mechanic structure looks like this one simulation where we have this DMI action so it's the anti-symmetrical exchanging action and in the end we see a spin flip sample section that's computed from such structure. So to go on detail we start here on the top left side so when we would like to model such material we start and first of all think about which kind of material you would like to simulate so we started the atomic structure of this material so for example this sort of graphic letters and then we have to define which kind of interactions are now going on in this material so what are the interactions between the atomic magnetic moments do we have exchange of course so it's nearest neighbors exchange or do we have super exchange and all these kind of things and so and if you would like to simulate a nanoparticle you of course also have to take into account that this particle has an outer surface and then also on the surface simply it is like this that you have additional kind of interaction because the next nearest neighbors atoms for the surface atoms they are missing so there's something else going on and the big questions of course what kind of interactions in the end are really happening there and that's one open question and so once you have decided which kind of material you want to model then you have to think about which kind of minimization result on numerical algorithm you have to choose to simulate this in an optimal way and so in the end some some resource from the simulation might then be like a different spin structure you can also simulate like a stormy's loop so you can calculate several equating spin structures for several applied fields and if you take the average of the magnetization structure then you can suggest a resource loop you also can simulate phase diagrams and also and like time behavior with spin dynamics so this is let's say the resource from the magnetic simulations and when we have all these kind of things we can then think about computing the spatial Fourier transform also time behavior we can also compute like time Fourier transforms to get intermediate scattering functions but in our first studies we kept it now like static so we have more this elastic scattering cross sections and once you have the two-dimensional cross section you can also take some absolute and average you get the one cross section and again do the inverse Fourier transform so you get some correlation function that tells you about the scattering length scales in real space so here's one example of what this looks like so here we have some kind of magnetization curve and this is now two-dimensional structure with Jens G. Woge and action and now we can of course simulate the structure for different applied fields and then if you go to lower applied fields you reach some state where you get for example scomionic structures for example this dot here so these structures can be specified maybe as a scomion and yeah and you can of course take it to Fourier transform for this and the sun's pattern this is now more about these simulations for my PhD project so this is about nanoparticles again you can simulate this for different fields and just for example spin structure if you want spherical nanoparticle and you see inside of this nanoparticle we have a inhomogeneous spin structure and what's often used till now to to interpret experimental data is like that you use some super spin model so you assume that all spins are parallel in this particle but of course in reality it should not be like this so you have some inhomogeneity and that's now interest I mean can show this video now but this would take too long so then I will come to this to first yeah let's say more educational paper we published so this is about simulations of the stoner rule font model so in this case you have really uniformly magnetized articles and the idea was here to see okay this this kind of model you can see as a zero order model for the magnetization structure and yeah so from this we can get first of all a nice result and see how the scattering process may look like and in the next steps of course we take inhomogeneities into account so here this result was mainly to see okay in a in a vsm so with a magnetometer we can measure is the recess loop of some material and the information we get from such a classical measurement well yeah it's more like you get the average of your the average of the magnetization of your material and if you take them a look into what's what kind of information is now in the scattering cross section up to this model and the zero order model we see that in the in the scattering cross section we see like the correlation coefficients of our marketization distribution so this is really different information in comparison to these two kinds of measurements so let's say for the magnetization curve we get the first at a zero order moment and for the scattering we get the first order moment of our magnetization distribution so and now you can plot all these curves also over the field from the start of whole font model so on your one hand you can plot the cisterises loop and now what's now new what we did new on this is let's say we also calculated these correlation coefficients over the over the loop for different applied fields and then these are then linearly dependent so they are linearly contributing to the sun's perception that's what we see here um yeah yeah so here you can again have some picture where you can show all these observables so yep there's the new view and all these scattering cross sections so okay now i come to some particles with inhomogeneous spin structures so if we talk for example about iron nanoparticles with a diameter larger than 10 nanometers then it's really that you think about that you don't have a uniformly magnetized particle but due to the high atomic magnetic moment and the higher the magnetizing field it's typically that you observe more vortex like structure so these vortices are in place for the magnetodipolae and the action and this was one calculation from a colleague from our group so she simulated these particles and the main feature you see in this one-dimensional scattering cross section is on this two two scattering curves is the state where you have a vortex in the particle and in the dark the black curve that's where you close to the uniform magnetized state so what we observe is let's say at follow cues you see a decrease of the scattering cross section and you also see some shift of the form factor oscillations so and this is what we see in the in the free space that when you transfer to the back transform to get some here this distribution function you see um for the for the vortex state that you get such kind of oscillating behavior so this this kind of behavior can see like that you have your particle and the most particle then you do the correlation and and this negative correlations that come since you have like anti-parallel correlations so this gives you negative correlations and when you're in a fully polarized state you only have like parallel correlations so then the correlation comes into the only positive but it's some indicator how you can see if we have vortex type and spin structures in these particles so yeah this was also some experimental data i'm just a little short link and here we also observed like an experiment such negative correlation which might might give some information okay there's some work okay now i will talk again about some smaller features so we see this this vortex spin structure we can see it as a large feature in such a particle and we talk about smaller particles let's say less than 10 on the diameter then for the new regime it's more relevant that you have some surface surface effects and these surface effects are a part of the way you use some new regime in these particles yeah so here we get a comparison vortex is a large feature and this of course will also give a lot less dominant feature in the sun's perception here such structures so here this was some simulation where we use this kind of pentatonium so in this particle we have like exchanging the action then we have a applied field and we have the magnetic crystalline or let's say magnetic anisotropy and this magnetic anisotropy is the original between a core contribution and a surface contribution so on the core we have here a uniaxial magnetic crystalline anisotropy and on the surface we have some neal model for the surface anisotropy and this this contribution this will need to spin in the modalities so in what we observe is if you increase now this surface anisotropy um this this sounds for section will be will be uh more get more washed out so when you want to have the the form factor oscillations are dent and you see that the minima are shifted to larger humans so this you see in comparison to the water structure is a really small feature and that might be complicated to really see this or extract this from some experimental data so we've seen all this right ago so one one feature that is um yeah something you can see more is let's say when you have taken a positive anisotropy constant and it's like this that spins on the surface are pointing more inward or outward to the surface so they are more parallel to the surface and then if you switch this the sign of this anisotropy this spins on what again should be the surface so this is again like uh again a more large feature on the immediate large feature maybe and um this is this one feature we can see in the sounds for sections so if you have this this patch hop like structure where the surface anisotropy is positive then you would observe such shoulder like um behavior in the scattering cross section and then if you have anisotropy spin structure which comes from negative anisotropy coefficient then you will see this more yeah peak like behavior so it's something you can distinguish in this scattering response okay so for the outlook of course these are now some theoretical studies and we also should post to some experiments that's the the next step so we're contributing with the proof of subpoena dish from the university of cologne they um can um yeah prepare such samples where we can make some measurements so we have now one proposal for the ill just was submitted in the museum and of course we can do this again several other simulations maybe temperature dependencies or where you have a lot of other dynamics or something so where the particles are was arranging in some some turn the bars or so and um yeah i would say i don't know if i'm in time so then in the end i would like to thank all the contributors so on pairs initials it's my supervisor from the university of laxenberg and um Matthias and Ivan there are some postdocs in our group and Evelyn she's also a PhD student and also i would like to thank Professor Anika Caffee from the university in your thesis second supervisor for me for my PhD project and i also would like to thank Elizabeth Blackburn for making all my research stay here in Lund uh possible so yeah and to mention it in the beginning so i'm trying to do my research stay from April to end of June and i would also like to thank the links so Anna and Josephine and Daniel to make us all possible for me here yeah thank you very much Martin Martin is going to talk to us about staffing techniques and uh food thank you so uh yeah my name is Martin Martin and i am a permanent scientist in the spanish council for scientific research and particularly i'm working at the CL which is an institute devoted to the study of food science and as part of the northern lights of food topic i will show you some of the results that we've got using x-rays and neutrons to study the structure of food and something which is very exciting to me also is how we can investigate how food is digestible and what type of structures are generated upon digestion so first of all because i think many of you are not working on the food science area but of course food is something that we find every day in our lives so why are we interested on studying the structure of food? Well there are two main drivers nowadays and the first one is related to the the current crisis in the in the food sector related to climate change we know that the resources are very limited more and more limited while we have the high demands on food so the industry is looking for alternative sources of food and then the other question is the impact of food on the consumer's health so people are more aware of how food is impacting our health and also there are more and more specific requirements for food products so to comply with specific dietary requirements also people are looking for bioactive foods and some products which can bring some benefits to the consumers so to work on those two areas it is essential that we understand what is the structure of food so that we can produce these noble foods and of course we can find the structures on native foods like fruits and vegetables but also we can produce different structures to generate products with different textures or rheological properties or able to for instance produce sustained release of bioactive compounds so here you can see some examples of structures that we can generate in food products we have high hydro gels probably you have seen jelly themes agar containing products some other noble type of structures are molten gels in which we have some type of gel structure in which we incorporate a knowledge phase emotions of course interpreting the networks and also hydro gels which are highly forest structures so what are the main challenges in terms of studying the structure of food of course microscopy techniques have been used for many years to study the structure of food but sometimes it is difficult to assess the structure of some components in their native states because you know food is highly hydrated and some components such as polysacrides can be highly modified if we are preparing the sample in some way so in that sense scattering techniques are very powerful because we can see the structure of native foods and because we can also try to simulate physiological conditions in our experiments for instance to study what is happening during digestion so first I will show you very very briefly an example of what we did in this case to study the structure of cellulose in a plant cell walls cellulose has a very complex structure which is hierarchically organized in different structure levels so as you would understand to have a suitable and robust model to to to simulate the structure of cellulose we needed to combine different techniques to get an idea of the structure going from the molecular level up to the microscopic level on the cell walls so I will show you how we were able to produce a model combining x-rays and neutrons but also not only scattering but also diffraction and even going to higher scales using ultra small angle scattering so after many many years and many experiments combining neutrons and x-rays and like I said going into different size ranges we were able to develop a theoretical model to to to fit our experimental data and to see how the structure of cellulose in cellulose hydrogels was organized into different levels and so we call this model kosher model because it accounted for how the water is organized within this structural organizational cellulose into different regions which are more or less accessible and the good thing about this model is that it was first validated with let's say simple models or simple samples in which we only had cellulose but then we used this same model to to investigate what was the structural role of different apple saccharides which are abundant in plant cell walls and so we were able to see differences for instance between arabinosilans and xyloblucans while some of them were able to affect the crystallization of the cellulose microfibers um arabinosilans were interacting with the cellulose ribers more at the surface level um and we also studied other polysaccharides such as mixed linkage mucans or even pectins and we went one step further and we applied also this model to more complex samples consisting on real plants and walls extracted for different types of samples here you can see an example of what we did with apples and walls which were subjected to different drying conditions and our model gave us information on how the cellulose microfibers and the water that was interacting with the cellulose microfibers were being affected by the drying processes which also helped us explain how the polyphenols in apple were interacting with the cellulose and how they were being affected by this drying process and so now another area which is very exciting to me um is the the study of how a food is being assembled and structured upon digestion so as some of you may know there there has been a huge advance in the food science area and thanks to the in vitro methods to study food digestion so that we know for instance how proteins are digested and the pectins that are produced upon digestion but what happens with these digestion products how are they assembled and how are they interacting with other components which are in the physiological medium we don't know that and there is there is very scarce information of that especially on the case of proteins and so um my hypothesis is that this nanostructure last week that is taking place upon food digestion will also be highly relevant to how the nutrients that are being released are going to be absorbed in the intestine so it's not only the chemistry of the digestion products but also how they are assembled and I will show you two examples of this line of work that we have started some years ago but we are still because you will see this is a very complex question that we are trying to answer so this is a long-term project and well this is related to the to the digestion of oligels so like I said before these type of structures are a hydrogel structures containing oil phase and they are used in the food industry to for instance as substitutes of fats coming from saturated fats so here what we did in this study is see how these structures are being digested and analysing the structures that are being formed by the SMB of the digestion products and so in this case the gelling agents were two different polysaccharides carcinones and agars and we studied how the the oil phase was distributed within the structures and also the preparation method had a very strong effect on how the oil was distributed within the oligels we also studied how a bioactive component such as squircomie which is terrible on the oil phase was affecting the the structure and the digestion of the products so um after digestion of course because we have polysaccharides which are not being digested what we have is a solid phase which is not digested and it looks something like this and then a liquid phase in which we have the digestion products and so in this case because we have an oil phase we were expecting to have some kind of miscellar structures because you know this type of systems are already being studied and first of all we studied what happens to the solid phase so the the polysaccharide which is not being digested and no major structural changes were taking place and only we could see that depending on the polysaccharide that we were using it may be possible that some of the oil that we have extract within the oligel structure was not being completely digested and it was remaining in this solid phase while in the case of the liquid phase so what is being digested we were able to find different types of structures s