Hey guys, it's Andy Elliott in this video. I want to talk to you about the five rules for young entrepreneurs. If you're in sales, if you're a young business owner or an entrepreneur, you want to know what I'm going to teach in this video, check it out. Such a precarious, and I see you're the dine and shameless, I see you're the aimless, I don't want to be one of the nameless, I'm a wake up. Hey guys, Andy Elliott. Today I'm going to be talking about the five rules for young entrepreneurs, sales reps, business owners. If you want to be the best, grab a pen, grab a piece of paper, and write this down.  If you can live by these five rules, these five laws, these five pillars, you're going to become dangerous. All right, so rule number one, law number one. Pillar number freaking one. The fear of what other people think about you most likely will be the number one reason why you don't reinvent yourself, why you don't recreate yourself, and why you don't become fast enough who you need to be to kill it quickly. So write this down. Rule number one, right? The fear of what other people think about me. Look to your left, look to your right. If anybody's next to you say screw you, why? Because it doesn't matter what they think about you. Write this down. You will never out earn your own self-worth. You will. That means what you think about you is ultimately all that matters. So why would it matter what anyone else thinks about you? It doesn't, but we live in a world in which somebody says raise your hand if you believe in this. And before they'll raise their hand, they'll look to the left, they'll look to the right because they don't want to be the only one raised in their hand. I assure you, I was the only one that believed in me when I started my business. Anytime that I pushed through and did something big when I did massive things, I had to believe first. No one else believed in me.  They don't want you to take risk. Why would you give up your nine to five, Mr. Entrepreneur? Why would you put yourself in that suffer position? Why would you go through that? Hey, screw what they think. The fear of what other people think about you, you'll never out earn your own self-worth. You'll never out earn your own self-image. Have an image of what you want to become and who you want to become. And by the way, if anyone thinks differently, who cares? Don't even ask for permission or don't ask them. So that's rule number one. Hey guys, what's going on? It's Andy. A lot of you leave comments telling me that you need help. Do me a favor. I'm gonna tell you the best way to get a hold of me. Shoot me a text message right now,<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>. I'll help you with whatever you need.  Let's get back to the video. All right guys, rule number two. Self-development is the greatest secret weapon you will ever have. Now I want you to explain this. By the way, write this down. Self-develop, leveling up. Call it training, okay? Call it going to another gear. Call it getting in the zone. Don't care. I call it self-development. Why? Because it's with myself and it's developing me. I wanna explain mindset, skill set habits. Write down these three things. Mindset, skill set habits. And I would also write down fitness. I would tell you that these things are super, super important to self-development.  That's important. Plus, do you wanna look like their mentor?  Good. You gotta be someone they wanna look up to. Also another deal. When you're self-developing, write this down, speaking, talking. Write down the way that you believe. Write down eye contact. Write down body language. Write down posture. You gotta self-develop on a little bit of these things that people can see with the eyes. Now internally, the way that you think, your mindset, why do we self-develop where we can have a mindset that can't be broken? Why? Because things are gonna get hard. In order to go to another level, you're gonna persevere. Means you're gonna go through hard stuff. So we self-develop so that we can understand that these things are good for us. Suffering is good. Also self-development. I learned this a long time ago that when I looked around a room, I saw most people would read just enough books to get to make it maybe a quarter of a million a year or something like that. And once they got to enough where they could have enough, pay their bills, right? That would be their standard. And maybe a little extra. They would slow down and they would stop developing. Why? Because they learned just enough stories. They learned just enough information to make what they needed to make to earn the life that they wanted. Well, what I did is that I decided since they'll slow down, how about I do more? By the way, I want you to write this down. Will I read 100 pages one time or I read one page 100 times? See, we're in an era right now where a lot of people that think self-development is going through a book as fast as possible so you can tell their buddies, hey, I read this book. Guys, find something, read it or learn it until you understand it like the back of your hand. That way you understand it. And that's really what self-development is. Is when you can pull it inside your heart and you own it as part of your life, as part of your security as a man or a woman. Now listen, self-development is what has allowed me these last three years to build a nine-figure business and kill it and crush it in cells when I was younger. Self-development, it will separate you from everyone else. All right guys, number three, rule number three. Never underestimate the amount of effort that it's gonna take to get something done. This is what I commonly see. People think that they work hard. You know what I think? I think it's gonna take 20 times more. That's what I think. It's gonna take 20 times more. And I think a lot of people underestimate. So write that down, underestimate. They underestimate the amount of effort that it's going to take to build this business or to make this project happen or to make this, okay? So you're an entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship is to create and a lot of people think that they're doing a lot when they're creating this new business or whatever. They're not. Never underestimate the amount of effort. Do more. All right, number four guys. Have a delusional belief. Write this down. Stay sold on me. Stay sold on me.  They're gonna slap you in the face.  You're gonna have business deals fall through.     I remember there was a time in my business where it wasn't this story today of me telling you how great everything was.   It was the grind. And I didn't wanna tell anybody about this awful time but I'm telling you because you're gonna have some of these days. I stay sold on me. I didn't sell out. I stay sold, okay? And because I was sold on me, I persevered, I pushed through. The next day I woke up again. I was excited. Doubt is a traitor. I attacked and I continue to kill it. All right guys, number five. This is super important. I wanna explain this to you. You are going to eliminate 99% of the people in the world with this one last simple deal as an entrepreneur. Number one, be real. Don't be fake, okay?  If you'll do a couple of things here, if you'll tell the truth, if you'll not lie, in a world full of people where people lie every time that there's pressure put on them or there's something going on, they just lie and they're frauds and they cheat. If you'll just not do these things and you'll decide to tell the truth no matter what, you will literally destroy dust and smoke. 99% of the people out there, okay? So number five's gonna be to keep the delusional belief, make sure that you don't lie, become who it is that you wanna become, screw what everybody else thinks about you, wrap all these into one, learn the skills, self-develop, and these simple five pillars will have you dusting everybody and your entrepreneur journey. Hey guys, I just wanna tell you, you're the true one percenters. You made it till the end of the video. Do me a favor, share it with the friend that wants to go to another level. Make sure you like the video, comment below so I know who you are. Set your notifications and then subscribe to the channel. We got daily sales training videos dropping. I'll see you soon.


Magnetite nanoparticles FE-304 are highly promising materials for medical applications due to their ability to carry drugs or enzymes. To reduce the saturation magnetization of these particles, they can be incorporated into mesoporous materials. Additionally, direct synthesis of mesoporous structures has been achieved through coprecipitation reactions at room temperature. These reactions involve the use of various bases, such as NaOH, KOH, or C2H5, for NOH, to produce magnetite nanoparticles with varying degrees of agglomeration. This agglomeration is believed to be responsible for the formation of mesoporous structures, which are influenced by the pH, the nature of the base used, the rate of addition of the base, and the drying method. This article was authored by Maria Cristina Muscalo, Yongbing Pei, and Terry A. Ring.


Heart injuries such as myocardial infarction results in cardiomyocetloss, fibrotic tissue deposition, and scar formation, leading to reduced cardiac contractility and causing heart failure. This has become a major public health concern due to its prevalence among military personnel who are exposed to more stress than civilians. Research into cardiovascular health management and treatment innovations is therefore essential for military medicine. Studies have shown that certain interventions can slow down the progression of heart disease, but none have been able to induce heart regeneration. Recent research has identified key signalling pathways involved in heart regeneration, and early clinical trials have demonstrated promising results. Current therapeutic approaches focus on reducing scar formation and stimulating cardiomyocet proliferation, which could potentially reverse the pathology of heart disease. This article was authored by Chen Yonghua, Jiaqi Yang, Zun Zun Feng, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


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Battles in the Gaza Strip continue. If anything, they seem to get this week. In particular, the battles have been in particular fierce. One gets the impression that Hamas is kind of being put into a corner. They have no option but to come out and fight. We also saw hundreds of them surrender. Israel is taking a lot of prisoners of war, I guess you would call them. But Hamas is also fighting. So there is intense battles on the ground between Israeli troops and Hamas. Of course, because Hamas lives inside the tunnels, it is almost impossible to just get rid of them from the air. So this requires kind of face-to-face battles. And Israel has taken quite a few casualties. There have been quite a few traps set by Hamas for the Israelis. And some senior officers were killed earlier in the week. So it's been a tough week, but Israel continues to make progress. That is, in hundreds of Hamas fighters are being killed as well as, again, being taken prisoner. I assume this kind of fighting is going to continue. As I told you when this started, Gaza is a very dense place with homes and apartment buildings and structures built one on top of the other, one next to each other. It is very difficult to maneuver. It is very difficult to maneuver ground troops and tanks and everything else. Again, some of the flattening can be done from the air, but those tunnels are still there. Israel continues to destroy the tunnels, but there are hundreds of kilometers of tunnels, and it's going to be a while. So this war is not going to end quickly. It's going to take weeks, months, at least at some level. The Biden administration, of course, is putting huge pressure on Israel to slow things down, to spare civilians, which means stop fighting, to stop bombing from the air, and to turn this operation into more kind of a pinprick operation, which will only deal with Hamas elements when they were identified on a localized basis. But this is, of course, a way to guarantee that Israel does not achieve its aim, the aim of destroying Hamas completely. That requires a real war. And that requires the kind of action that Israel is engaged in here. But the Biden administration, while saying they completely support America, they're putting huge amount of pressure publicly in public statements. And personally, Sullivan was in Israel. Jake Sullivan, the National Security Advisor, was in Israel to put that pressure on personally. And what the US wants are narrow, targeted operations against Hamas leaders. What Israel wants is a complete destruction of the infrastructure, the leadership, and the troops.  But the United States doesn't get it. We'll get to some other areas where the United States doesn't get it. This administration is doing what it can to handcuff Israel. Israel committed to allowing humanitarian aid into Gaza from Egypt, into Gaza through Egypt. And it committed to 200 trucks a day. Again, I think a huge compromise that was unjustified. I've seen lots of videos that show that that aid has all been going to Hamas. Some of it goes to the population. Most of it goes to Hamas. Anyway, it turned out that because of the security concern that Israel reviews checks every truck that enters, it's very slow going. And the place where, in Egypt, where the transporting trucks into Gaza can only handle about 100 a day. As a consequence, in order to deal with that, and here you get Israel again compromising for the sake of the Biden administration, Israel has agreed to open up one of the checkpoints in its border between Gaza and Israel and for the trucks to go through there, or another 100 trucks a day, to go through there so it can fulfill its 200 trucks of aid a day. So Israel is now literally being a transport hub for aid into Gaza, basically aid to its enemy while it is fighting a war with that enemy. It really is. The absurdity and the craziness of all of this is harder phantom. It's almost science fiction-like. It is completely self-sacrificial.  You're supplying troops. This is the way America fights wars. And by the way, it loses them and has lost almost every war it's fought this way, or has lost every single war it's fought this way. Israel has been adapting the American style of warfare for the last 30 years, and that continues here, again, under intense pressure from the Biden administration. One of the claims being made, and you'll see this in various newspapers, the claims that Israel doesn't care about the civilian population, is that about half the bombs that have been dropped in Gaza are what are called dumb bombs. They're not guided bombs.  Israel does not use unguided bombs in that sense. So while the bombs are unguided, they're all guided, ultimately. What happens when they use the non-guided bombs, the less sophisticated bombs, the bombs that are not, that don't by themselves thread themselves through a window, is that pilots engage in a maneuver where they dive very low to the ground and release the bombs very low to the ground. The bombs hit their targets. Israel is not copper-bombing Gaza, and you could argue it should.  They're being used as precision weapons and they're used with precision. Israel's been using guided bombs and threading bombs through windows and destroying particular places in very crowded urban areas for decades. Israel knows how to do this. Its Air Force is master at this. We did this in the early 1980s. That's how early, even before the US showed what guided bombs could do in its war with Iraq in 1991, Israel was already doing it in the 1980s. This is just horrible journalism to paint Israel as uncaring when Israel is probably fighting one of the most per bomb dropped, per, I don't know how you measure these things, per time spent. Fewer civilians are dying in Gaza than pretty much in any other war in an urban location. Certainly, this doesn't compare to what Assad did to his own people in Syria, or what the Russians did to Syrians in Syria, or what the Saudis did in Yemen, or what the US did in Iraq. This is probably, and again, on a capita basis, on a per bomb basis, the safest war ever for civilians. It's brutal. A lot of civilians are dying because Hamas is usually using them as human shields. And it's human shields. And there's just no way to avoid that. You want to stop this, stop Hamas. Of course, there is the question of whether all this effort should be engaged in. But that's for a different show. All right. Other aspects of the war, there have been more and more reports now that the Houthis, the Houthis are a Shiite faction in Yemen who have been fighting a civil war in Yemen with the Yemenite government, which is Sunni, and that government is backed by Saudi Arabia. The Houthis are funded and supported by Iran, and they've been fighting a civil war for control of Yemen for years now. At the beginning of the Israel-Palestinian War, hate calling it Israel-Hamas War, because Hamas is the government of Gaza. So it's the Israel-Gaza-Palestinian War. At the beginning of the Israel-War in Gaza, the Houthis launched a barrage of drones and missiles towards southern Israel. Basically, all of those drones and missiles have been either landed in the middle of nowhere or were shot down by a defense system, primarily Israeli, but US shot down a few of those. So they switched tactics. And the tactic now is to try to stop shipping along the Red Sea, not just shipping going to Israel, but shipping along the Red Sea. And they have attacked several boats and several ships, including over the last 72 hours, they've attacked a couple of ships. And as a consequence, they basically achieve what they set out to do. That is, the port of Elat in the southern tip of Israel is now basically empty. Boats are not traveling to the port. It boats from Asia who are either traveling to Israel or traveling to Europe are now not traveling through the Red Sea into the Suez Canal. They're going around the Horn of Africa, which adds three weeks and huge amounts of costs. So the Houthis have actually succeeded into a large extent shutting down shipping along one of the most crucial lanes of shipping in the world. That is, the lane that carries goods from Asia to Europe, to Africa, to Israel, but primarily to Europe. I suppose one of the ships attacked over the last 48 hours was a Chinese ship, so they're not even discriminating in terms of whose ships they were attacking. But they have managed to shut it down. The United States has a significant presence in the region. It has destroyers in the region. Of course, it has troops and an aircraft in the Gulf. It has troops and aircraft in Saudi Arabia and in Qatar and elsewhere in the region. It has an aircraft carrier in the Persian Gulf. We'll get to that aircraft carrier in a minute. And the US is basically doing nothing. The US Navy, which is kind of one of its roles globally, has been secure shipping in the world. And in particular, it has been responsible of securing shipping around this part of the Indian Ocean and into the Red Sea and into the Persian Gulf. The American Navy is basically doing nothing. These are the Houdis. This is a pipsqueak, nothing military force that can't even win a war in Yemen. And this wouldn't require the US to put ground troops in Yemen. No, I mean, that would be horrible. All this would require is a steady bombardment of the Houdis from the air or from ships offshore. The United States has the capacity, cruise missiles, and others to basically wipe out the Houdis if they so chose. But at least to wipe out their military capabilities to shoot rockets at ships or at least make it costly for them. But the US is doing nothing so far. Now, they claim that they're coordinating a international presence of ships in this part of the world that would include, I guess, British and French and other, that will defend and protect the ships. But the reality is that only the United States can, and I think has the capabilities, to actually deploy significant force here. The United States, and to play defensive in terms of just trying to shoot these missiles out of the air. There's too much sea there to be able to protect every ship. You're just not going to be able to achieve this without actually bombing Yemen. Now, the idea is that the Navy ships in the area will cause the Houdis not to use force, but it's bizarre to just let them get away with it. It's just weird. Now, Israel itself has decided not to take military action at the moment against the Houdis, because it's busy in Gaza and does not want to distract the IDF. I don't believe them. This is not a big distraction for the IDF. It would not be the same people. And there's no, like, what is the risk? The Houdis are going to what? Are they going to come to Israel and attack it? I mean, Yemen is far away. There's absolutely no reason why Israel should not be launching planes and launching cruise missiles. And given the Houdis have declared war on Israel by attacking it directly with missiles and now attacking ships, there's no question in my mind that the only reason Israel is not attacking the Houdis is because the United States has told them to back off and has told them not to. So again, the US is just appeasing. It's just projecting weakness. This weakness and this appeasement will play out in direct attacks on the United States. It will play out in real damage for the United States. This will not end. Appeasement never ends nicely or pleasantly or well. This is going to really hood the United States.     I don't know how much credence to give to this because this strikes me as Iranian propaganda. But there is a video out there claiming to be from the Iranian Republican God of footage that reportedly is showing the Iranian National Republican God directing US Navy out of the Persian Gulf. Now, I find that completely unlikely. The video depicts the Iranian Republican God dictating terms to the US Navy, resulting in the prompt landing of helicopters in the Eisenhower aircraft carrier and its subsequent exit from the region. I mean, if that's true, then it's all over, guys. Then might as well just convert to Islam and join the Islamic Revolution. I mean, if the United States wants to stand up to the dinky Iranian Republican God, I don't know what's left. My assumption here is, and maybe I'm wrong, but my assumption here is that the ships are leaving. If American ships are leaving the Persian Gulf, they're leaving in order to beef up presence around the Red Sea where the hoodies are. And maybe the US wants to put an aircraft carrier there so that it has the ability to short range, basically attack the hoodies. I mean, the video shows the Iranians in speedboats, in little boats, kind of intimidating the United States.  Finally, again, in kind of our Israel war update, seven people have been arrested in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands over suspicions over a terrorist plot. You know, of the seven people, four highly likely to be affiliated with Hamas. The other three are also Islamists. All of them were planning terrorist attacks against Jewish targets within Europe. So again, Germany, Denmark, and Netherlands. And I expect to see a lot more stories like this. I'm sure there's no question about this, that internal security forces in Europe are on heightened alert for terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites. I wouldn't be surprised if we saw more arrests, including in places like Belgium, which has a high population of Muslims and many of them radicalized France and even the UK. So yes, I mean, Europe is going to become, at the margin, more dangerous, particularly for Jews and Israelis, to be traveling to. There's a lot of sympathy among radicalized or Islam-messized Muslims for Hamas. And whenever you see a terrorist organization like ISIS in its time be successful. What you see is a rise in terrorist attacks in places like Europe and the United States to kind of out of this sense of confidence that Islam is winning, God is on our side, Allah is with us. And it's only when they're defeated and thoroughly crushed that that goes away. So Israel needs to get on with it. And the faster Israel wins this, the faster Israel crushes and destroys Hamas, the safer Europe becomes, the safer America becomes. It works exactly the opposite.  This is very well documented.


Back in April, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed into law what was known as the Stop Woke Act after it passed Florida's legislature overwhelmingly, which was effectively their state's attempt at thwarting critical race theory. Now, the Stop Woke Act prevented universities and private businesses from teaching about institutional racism in very specific ways. So it prohibited them from teaching about people being inherently racist, either consciously or subconsciously. It also prevented them from instructing people about privilege based on race and sex, which is just weird because even if you agree with him, this is the state tone policing the ways in which people talk about things. That's just inherently dystopian. And apparently I'm not alone in that belief because a judge who struck it down, and this is a judge going after this law for a second time, literally described this law as dystopian. That's how brazen Ron DeSantis was, but he knows that this was not something that was constitutional, but by signing this into law, he was throwing red meat to the base. Ron DeSantis was virtue signaling, and now a judge who actually knows the Constitution is explaining why this law is so absurd, as Jake Johnson of Common Dreams explains in an order that begins by quoting the famous opening line of George Orwell's dystopian novel 1984, a federal judge on Thursday blocked key provisions of a Florida censorship law that aimed to restrict how state university professors teach race, gender, and U.S. history. It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking 13, and the powers in charge of Florida's public university system have declared this state has unfettered authority to muzzle its professors in the name of freedom. Judge Mark Walker of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida and Obama appointee wrote in his scathing decision which temporarily halts enforcement of parts of the law championed by Republican Governor Ron DeSantis, a possible 2024 presidential candidate. To confront certain viewpoints that offend the powers that be, the state of Florida passed the so-called Stop Woke Act in 2022. The law officially bans professors from expressing disfavored viewpoints in university classrooms while permitting unfettered expression of the opposite viewpoints. Defendants argue that under this act, professors enjoy academic freedom so long as they express only those viewpoints of which the state approves, this is positively dystopian. And to that I could not agree more. Now the judge ultimately concluded that this law violates the First Amendment because, yeah, obviously. And this isn't the first time, as I alluded to earlier in this video, that this judge has went after this law because he also struck down a provision that applied to private businesses. And you can't control speech that way. You can't have the government saying what you can and can't talk about and the ways in which you can talk about these things. And the reason why this is something that Republicans like is because they view colleges as like liberal manufacturing facilities and anyone who goes in as a conservative is going to come out as a liberal. And it's not that these professors are teaching these students that communism is the way of the future, even though that would be based. What these professors are doing is they are assigning students reading material. These students are learning more. And as they learn more, they naturally move away from conservatism if they were previously conservative, because conservatism is not fact-based. And when you're actually seeking the truth and you're learning, it's just natural that you move away from conservatism because they don't have facts on their side. So basically, if you can thwart critical race theory, supposedly, by not letting professors teach it, then that will kind of stop that many people from being liberal, I guess. I'm not really sure what their logic is because it's dumb and hard to follow. But critical race theory, this is something that conservatives have been saying is happening, is being taught in elementary schools, in high schools, at the university level. But from my own experience, I literally did not encounter critical race theory up until I was in a PhD program and I read one article on it. That's it. This is a legal theory, which is an offshoot from critical theory. This is not some sort of indoctrination program that teaches all people that white people are bad and teaches people to hate white people. That's not what this is. So the way that the right successfully made this a boogeyman kind of demonstrates how effective they are at propaganda. But Ron DeSantis trying to be the culture warrior for the right, he tried to take aim at this in a way that was so brazen that it violates the First Amendment and you just can't do that. And the judge was so flabbergasted, seemingly by how brazenly unconstitutional this law was, that he had to strike it down in scathing fashion and even called it dystopian, which is telling because judges usually don't insert their opinions that much. But in this instance, it really is dystopian for Ron DeSantis to sign this into law. And let me remind you that it's not the first time that Ron DeSantis has gone after free speech.  And what that did was it basically brought back, don't ask, don't tell, albeit for teachers. So does anyone remember don't ask, don't tell, basically back in the Clinton era, the Republican Party really wanted gay people to not be able to serve in the military. So Clinton, with the compromise, signed the don't ask, don't tell bill into law. And what that did was it said that gay people can remain in the military so long as they don't come out of the closet. We won't ask, just don't tell, otherwise you will be kicked out. Now that was wrong, right? But now we're kind of seeing a similar version of that in schools in Florida where you have some districts instructing teachers to take down photographs of their same sex partner because that could be viewed as potentially indoctrinating children. But they don't really know what does and doesn't violate the law because a lot of these bills that Ron DeSantis has been signing, they are purposefully vague. And essentially, what they want to do is have this chilling effect on speech. So if you don't know what does or doesn't fly under these laws, then you just kind of play it safe and avoid it all together. So I'm glad that this was struck down. It should be struck down. But just to see how raising Ron DeSantis is, it just, it doesn't surprise me anymore with the modern GOP, but it does feel good to see a judge slap this down and a scathing rebuke of it. And I think that more judges who actually care about the Constitution, there are some, I think, I would predict, maybe not all of them, but some, I wish that they would use words like dystopian to describe some of these laws passed by Republicans, because it is downright dystopian to control the ways in which people speak about things that is antithetical to free speech and to see Ron DeSantis be hailed as some sort of a free speech warrior by the likes of Jimmy Dorr or Joe Rogan or whoever said that about him. Like to see him have that as his reputation despite the bills that he signed into law is egregious to me. So I'm just glad that this was struck down, and I'm glad that the judge did it in a way that embarrasses Ron DeSantis because he deserves it.


Hi, I'm Zorf. Welcome to Unisor Education. This lecture is part of the advanced course of mathematics for teenagers and high school students. It's presented on Unisor.com. I suggest you to watch this lecture from this website because it has very detailed notes and for registered students there are the options to enroll in certain classes and and take exams and everything is free by the way. So today we are going to talk about one particular problem, which is I would say quite practical and the problem is related to correlation, statistical correlation. So I was trying to present this problem in as practical numbers as possible. In some way, it might be actually similar to some real problem. It's related to vaccination and what kind of usefulness of particular vaccine might or might not be observed. Now not only I wanted to present just basically techniques how to deal with this particular case, but also I will probably try to do some analysis of so you would understand better the meaning of correlation and proper interpretation of the correlation between different things. So we will talk about the following thing today. Some pharmaceutical company has been able to manufacture some vaccine and it's trying to find out whether this vaccine is really working or not working. Should it be recommended to to be used in real medical practice? Well the way how it's done they usually have some kind of a group of people and they have arranged some experiments with this vaccine and then they're analyzing based on the results of these experiments whether the vaccine is working or not. So I'm going to present you this particular experiment and I will start with some more or less practical results of this experiment and here is what I mean. Let's consider this pharmaceutical company observed 2,000 people. Well, this is actually a very large group of people. Usually it's much smaller, but the more the merrier in statistics as you know and they have divided into groups. 1,000 people were vaccinated and 1,000 people were not vaccinated. They were just given some placebo or whatever it is. So this is vaccinated. This is non-vaccinated. Then they observed whether now the vaccine is supposed to be like a remedy against some virus or whatever else. So then during a certain period of time they observed what's the result? Now the results which I am talking about are the following. There were 356 people out of 2,000. 50 of them were from the group of vaccinated and 300 from non-vaccinated people. Well, that's it. That's all that is given. Now they have to make some kind of a judgment. Is vaccine working or not? Well, there is a very big difference by the way between vaccinated people getting sick and non-vaccinated people getting sick. But is this difference significant enough? Statistically significant from the real kind of scientific approach to make a judgment about effectiveness of this particular vaccine. Well, here is what we can do. Now we are trying to build a statistical model of this and then we will experiment with this. We will make some kind of a judgment based on statistical calculations on this model. So here is my model. Let's consider a random variable C which takes value 0 or 1 based on vaccinated or not vaccinated. So basically considering we have 1000 vaccinated and 1000 non-vaccinated people, we can talk about this variable as having probability of one half to be equal to one and one half to be equal to zero. But this will be addressed a little later. Then we will have another variable. Whether this particular person got sick or not? Well, in this case, the probability of eta to take the value of one is 350 over 2000. And non-sick obviously whatever is left of it. So that's why two random variables. Now, if vaccine is absolutely not effective, then we can also say that probably these two variables are independent. Because only independent variables in this particular case can really represent something which is like working vaccine or not working. If vaccine is not working, then basically these two variables are independent. So I have to really make a judgment about their dependency. Now, the only way to make a judgment about their dependency is to calculate the correlation between these two variables. We know that independent variables have correlation of zero. Now, dependent variables There is a way that dependent variables can have zero correlation, but it's a rare occasion. Usually they do have certain correlation. And the greater this correlation is by absolute value, the closer to either one or minus one. The more linearity is in the dependency between these two random variables. So my purpose right now to calculate is to calculate the correlation. Now, I decided to put this all this information into a compact table, which I will present right now and it will be easier to make some calculations based on this table. So I just have a matrix of the values of xc and eta. So they can have value let's say eta is equal to one, which is sick and eta is equal to zero, which is healthy. Xc is equal to one, which is vaccinated and xc is equal to zero, which means non-vaccinated. Now according to the numbers, which I was presenting before, we had 50 people vaccinated and sick and 300 people non-vaccinated and sick. Correspondingly, I have all together I have 1,000 people vaccinated and 1,000 people non-vaccinated, which means that here I have 950 vaccinated and not getting sick and 700 not vaccinated and not getting sick. And my total is 356 people and 61650 healthy people as a result out of 2,000 together. Now here, I have actually all the information I need to calculate my correlation. You remember that the way how correlation is calculated, first we do covariance, which is expectation of their product minus product of their expectations. Then I need variance of each of them and then my correlation coefficient is covariance divided by square root of two variations. So I'm going to just do all these calculations, which is really very simple. First of all, mathematical expectation of their product. So their product is one times one, one times zero, zero times one and zero times zero. With these are values, which this variable Xc times eta takes and the probabilities are corresponding proportionality to the total number. So for instance, this Xc times eta takes value one with the probability of 50 divided by 2,000. So this is expectation of Xc times eta equals. So this is probability and the value is one. So I don't multiply it. Now all other values are zero, right? So one times zero, zero times one, or zero times zero. So basically everything else is zero, so the probability is zero, zero to five. So that's my expectation of their product, okay? Okay. Now we need expectation of each of them. Well, the expectation of Xc, it takes value one or zero with probability one thousand over two thousand or one thousand over two thousand. So it's one half for both cases. So Xc is Bernoulli variable basically because it takes to value one of zero with the probability one half. So we know that expectation of Xc is equal to one times one half plus zero times one half, which is zero point five. And incidentally variance, if if you remember, I mean, I do remember it and if you don't, you just you can just refer to my probability lectures on Bernoulli variables. The variance of the Bernoulli variable, random variable, with probability of one to be equal to P is P times one minus P. In this case P is equal to zero point five. So my variance is equal to zero point twenty-five. Now expectation of Ata. Well, Ata has two values, one and zero, 356 people over two thousand and 1650 over two thousand is the probability of having the value of zero. So the probability is one times 350 over two thousand plus zero. So I don't count. So that's zero point one seventy-five. And if you multiply these two probabilities, these two expectations, Xc and Ata, zero point five times zero point one seventy-five, you have that this is equal to zero point zero eight seventy-five, right? I multiply five times one seventy-five, point five times point one seventy-five. So that's my expectation of their of their product of their expectation. So covariance is equal to this minus this. Notice this is smaller, this is larger. So the result would be negative. And the result is, what's my result? zero point zero six twenty-five. So what does it mean that it's zero? Sorry, it's negative. Well, that's obvious because vaccination promotes health, right? So those who are vaccinated, they are much healthier than those who are non-vaccinated, right? So the greater value of Xc vaccination corresponds to a lower closer to zero value of Ata. That's why they go into different directions. Bigger vaccination less healthy. Sorry, less sickness. So it's more healthy. So it's zero. One correlates to zero. One Xc correlates to zero. And zero for Xc correlates more with sickness Ata equal to one. That's why correlation is supposed to be negative. Now, so I calculated the variance of Xc now variance of Ata. Again, I know the P, right? So it's P times one minus P zero point one seventy-five times zero point eight twenty-five. I have the result. The result is zero point one forty-four three seventy-five. And if I will divide this covariance by the square root of product of zero point twenty-five and zero point one four four three seventy-five, I will get my correlation coefficient equal to minus zero point three two eight nine seven six. Okay, so correlation is negative. Well, it's closer to zero than to minus one. That's a very interesting observation because we were thinking that, well, there is a significant difference, right? Within the same quantitative people among vaccinated we had 50 and among non-vaccinated we have 300 cases of sickness. So there is a difference, significant, very noticeable difference between them. Yet the correlation coefficient is relatively far from minus one, as we would like it to be, obviously. I mean for a very, very strictly dependent, in this case, variables we should have minus one, right? But it's not strictly depending because, well, first of all, because there are some sick people among vaccinated. So it's not like a hundred percent working. And also there are some other considerations and I will talk about this later. So it's far from minus one. Now, is it insignificant? No, it's not insignificant because zero point three by absolute value is still within the range of, I would say, moderate correlation. Insignificant is probably less than zero point one by absolute value, plus or minus. Strong correlation is greater than point seven, I would say. That's kind of a general understanding of this. So it's not strong. It's kind of a medium-sized correlation. It's good, but it's not good enough. Let's put it this way. And this is my first kind of set of calculations within this particular problem. Now let's just think under what circumstances, with what numbers, you would expect the correlation to be greater. Well, greater by absolute value. I mean, in this case, it's negative. Well, obviously, if this is zero, right, if none of the vaccinated people got sick, then it means that the correlation, it means vaccine is working better and the correlation between vaccination and not getting sick, sick is stronger. Right? Let's do another set of calculations. So my next set of calculations is I will have zero here and 350 here.  So this would be 1,000. So all 1,000 vaccinated people are healthy and 650 here, 650 out of non-vaccinated 1,000 people still were healthy. They did not get sick. All other numbers are the same. And let's just try to calculate again whatever we need. All right. I'll wipe out as I'm calculating. Well, first of all, the calculation of expectation of C, which is 1,000 and 1,000 vaccinated and non-vaccinated, is exactly the same. And obviously, its variance is exactly the same. Calculations of eta, again, it's 350 out of 2,000 and variance also, it stays the same. So individually, these variables stay the same because these totals are still the same. What's changed is their mutual probabilities and therefore E of C times eta is different now. Now, what is E times eta right now? Well, let's think about it. We have a value of 1, 1 times 1, with probability 0, right? Then value 1 times 0, with probability 1,000 over 2,000 and 0, 1 and 0, 0. So it looks like this takes values only equal to 0, each component. So the whole thing is equal to 0, right? Now, these are still the same, which means their product is still the same, which is this. So only instead of this, I have 0 now. So my covariance now is equal to minus 0.0875, which is greater than this one. And my R, which is this divided by square root of product of variances, is different and it's equal to minus 463566. So as you see, this is by absolute value greater than this one. This is minus 0.3. This is minus 0.4. Still relatively far from minus 1, right? But it's greater. I mean, the correlation in this case is greater. Okay. I will talk about when under what circumstances it will be equal to minus 1 after the next calculations, which I would like to make. Think about under what circumstances correlation should be 0 between these two things. Well, just logically speaking, if proportion of the sick people among vaccinated is exactly the same as among non-vaccinated, proportion of the sick people among vaccinated is if it's equal to the same, if it's the same proportion as among non-vaccinated, that actually means that the vaccine is not working at all, right? So let's just make another change here. This is 175 and 175. Groups are the same size. So that's why the same number here. And correspondingly here, we will have 825, 825. Totals are again the same, which means that all these are still the same. Expectation and variance of C, expectation and variance of A. And only expectation of their product is now different. And what is the expectation of their product now? Let's just think about it. It's 1 times 175 over 2000, right? So it's 175 over 2000. Now, 1 times 0, so it's 0. All other are 0. 0 times 1 and 0 times 0. So the value of the product is always 0, except this case. So all other probabilities are not counting, just this, which is 0.0875. Now, lo and behold, this is exactly the same value, the product of their expectations, which means as soon as we will calculate the covariance, the covariance will be equal to 0. I subtract from this, I subtract this, and I will have covariance 0. And therefore, correlation is 0. And that's exactly that corresponds to our intuitive understanding that if the proportion of the sick people, the same among vaccinated and non-vaccinated, then vaccinated should really have no effect on being sick. So there is basically no correlation, and indeed, correlation is equal to 0. So that's logically correct. So look at it this way. First, we made 50 and calculated that correlation is this, not this, this one, 0.32. Then we made the correlation, then we made number of sick people among vaccinated to be equal to 0 and expected that the correlation would be stronger and it did it was, it was 0.46 something. And then we made another experiment, if you have the same proportion of the sick people among vaccinated and non-vaccinated, there should be no correlation, which means vaccine is not working at all, and it did, we got it. And the last question is, under what circumstances do we get the minus one correlation? Well, if you read the notes to this lecture on Unisor.com, I did not put these calculations over there. I said, well, try to come up with the solution yourself. But here in the lecture, I'll just give a very simple hint. Now, obviously, if the number of sick people will be exactly equal to number of non-vaccinated people and all sick people would be among non-vaccinated and all vaccinated would be healthy and among non-vaccinated people there is no healthy people, they all got sick, then if you will calculate the same thing in this case, you will have minus one. So, why I had to change this? Again, I'm just trying to put some logical explanation. It's actually easy because to be sick, it's not sufficient to be just not vaccinated. First of all, you have to really get exposure to a virus, right? So, sometimes you just healthy because you don't have any exposure, which means in these cases, whether you vaccinated or not vaccinated, you won't get this particular illness, right? Number two, maybe you will get exposed and you will, you know, the virus will get into your body, but your own immune system can handle it and it just defeated the virus. That's why you can have healthy people even among non-vaccinated. These two circumstances obviously diminish the effect of the vaccination because, again, sometimes you're vaccinated wherever it's not necessary, no exposure, sometimes you don't vaccinate, but your immune system is still strong enough and you don't get sick. So, these two circumstances mean that there are other factors which are which are always actually present in all these medical researches. So, whenever somebody wants to prove that a particular medicine works in particular case of particular illness, there are, it's a very difficult and very complex process to prove that this is true and precisely because there are many other factors which are participating in the whole picture and to get rid of these factors is really very, very difficult. Sometimes it's just impossible. That's why we never in real life get correlation equal to one or minus one. We, as a rule, get something like in between and then it's a judgment call. Is it really sufficient to have the correlation 0.3 as a signification of effectiveness of the drug or a vaccine or anything like this? This is a judgment call and it's really not easy because sometimes people are saying, hey, maybe in 30 out of 100 cases the person who got sick will get well and this is good as well. Right? Well, maybe. Judgment call, as I said. That's why statistics is not really an exact science whenever it's applicable to real life problems. Yes, by itself in abstract sense it is exact science because it's based on very exact theory of probabilities. But in practical situations it's not. All right, that was my kind of spiel about validity of all these statistical calculations in real life. I'm just urging you to be very, very careful in your analysis. So even if your calculations are correct, the results, some kind of a logical conclusions which you come up with based on these analytical calculations are not necessarily obvious for everybody and there are some cases when it's really wrong. Okay, that's it for today. I do recommend you to read again all the notes on the website Unizord.com and it would be really very helpful number one if you will calculate all these things on this matrix of results and get minus one or just make up your own results and try to calculate. This is just real practice which is really very, very careful and very helpful actually. All right, that's it for today. Thank you very much and good luck.


Abstract variational auto-encoders, VAEs, have been used to analyze protein data, such as globins, lactamases, ion channels, and transcription factors. These VAEs can cluster sequences into groups based on their phylogeny, and also generate new sequences that retain the statistical properties of protein composition. Additionally, these VAEs can be used to study the latent generative landscape of proteins, which can capture phylogenic groupings, functional and fitness properties, and provide insight into directed and natural protein evolution. By combining generative properties and functional predictive power of VAEs and co-evolutionary analysis, it may be possible to use them in applications for protein engineering and design. This article was authored by Cheyenne Ziegler, Jonathan Martin, Claude Sinner, and others.


We're coming to this talk about WCAG 2.1, Web Accessibility in Drupal 8, although I will have to be a bit upfront. I have been working on this talk for the last week or so, quite a bit. And when I flew over here, I practiced the talk in the flight, and it went for one hour. So I had to cut half of it out, so if you don't like my talk, it was the other half. So anyway, I'm going to get going with this. I'm going to get going. Ah, there we go. So what am I going to cover in this talk here? I'm going to talk about accessibility and why it's important. I'm going to talk about three standards, WCAG 2.0, 2.1, which is new in Web Accessibility terms, June 2018, and WAARIA. I'm going to talk about some approaches to making websites more accessible. Look at some accessibility features of some front-end frameworks and common Drupal themes. And a big part of this will actually be just showing you some useful resources and tools. So I will be making these slides available so you can get these links. So I should get started with who I am. Hi, I'm Morgan. I'm that guy in the photo there in the corner. I started with Drupal way back in 2009, so that's 10 years with Drupal 6.0, and I implemented that as Digital Services Manager at the WA Museum. And I've been facilitating meetups and conferences and the like in the accessibility space since about 2012. I now don't work in government. I work for an environmental technology consultancy, but I still do a lot of Drupal in the GLAM space, more in the museums and archives, but elsewhere as well. And I still run the meetup group in Brisbane for accessibility. So I did get started in accessibility because I was at the museum, which is a very inclusive organisation, and we had a very, very large number of resources that we had to make accessible. So I will talk a lot about what I call an accessible mindset, which is more about approaching accessibility pragmatically and inclusively rather than just making it a means to get through an audit. So what is website accessibility? It's underpinned by this principle of access for all. It tries to ensure that all users, regardless of whatever disability, mobility issues they might face, they can use your website easily. Generally accessibility is used interchangeably with compliance with some standards. Usually we go to Buena. They are different things, but that's when you hear I need to make the website accessible. Often that means compliance with some standards. Now these standards were developed to ensure many common disabilities are not excluded from using digital resources. It does have a very heavy visual focus. Now that makes sense because the web is a pretty visual medium, but more recently we've got a little bit more about cognitive and mobility access, and in particular with 2.1 that came out, there's a lot more about the mobile web and being able to use the phone if there's mobility problems. So why is accessibility important? This is a kind of stock standard slide that I use, but 1 in 5 Australians have a disability. For over 65s, that gets right up to about 1 and 2, and a lot of that's going to be low vision when you get into that over 65 groups. So if you're making your web resource not accessible, you're kind of excluding 20% of your potential market. So what are the types of disabilities? I've just got a few points because it's a very broad term. About 5% of people with disabilities are in wheelchairs. So although that's the iconography and that's the common symbol, it's only a small proportion of that. 30,000 people rely completely, rely on Auslan as their main form of communication, so that's Australian sign language. About 350,000 people in Australia have low vision, and that's predicted to hit half a million by the halfway through this century. And mental health, which is increasingly when you look at the cognitive use of digital resources, is increasingly important. About 3 million people suffer through depression or anxiety, and about 45% of people will have some sort of mental disability somewhere through their life. So outside of the fact that it affects so many people, there's some good reasons from a legal standpoint too. Living against somebody in a digital sense is the same as doing it physically. Now we have a long history in Australia of this because of Maguire versus SoCog, that's the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games, where back in August 1999, it was the resources that were put online to buy your tickets were inaccessible. Maguire took them to court, and it was deemed that they had to make all of the resources accessible to people with disabilities. At that time, the bar was pretty low, they had to add alt attributes to all of their images and stadium maps so that they could get around. And although it's in the US, very recently, a couple of months ago, Domino's Pizza, which is different to Domino's Australia, which does the worldwide, has pretty good accessibility, went through appeal to ignore their accessibility requirements, and whether or not that would be part of the Disability Discrimination Act over there. It was rejected. So it's important. And if you don't pay attention to the accessibility of your resources, there can be legal consequences. Also, a lot of government projects require WCAG double A compliance, increasingly we're seeing 2.0 double A compliance. So is making your accessibility resource, is it making accessible websites and digital resources hard? Well, it can be, and it doesn't have to be. So what I'm going to talk a lot in this talk about is what I call an accessible mindset, and it's a way of approaching accessibility more so than looking at the standards. So when is it hard? It's hard when design is made independently from accessibility. It's hard when you get a style guide that's signed off by the executive that haven't thought about this yet, and then you've got to rework it or come up with some pretty funky combinations to make it work. It's hard when accessibility QA happens after the rest of the projects happened, and then all of a sudden, you do an audit at the very end, and then you've got to change a lot of things. It's even harder when that happens after the resource has been signed off by the client or the executive. And the last one is very difficult too when there's a definition of done and it's shifting. And when it comes to pragmatic accessibility, there's a very long tail. So you can achieve a lot with not too many changes, but trying to make some particularly dynamic web resources work in all kinds of voiceover on every derivative of Android can get very difficult. So if you've got a definition of done that, yes, we need to hit these major browsers up to this level, up to this thing, and then there's mechanisms that if you're using different unsupported devices, they can get in contact. It becomes easier. That definition of done is part of the accessibility mindset. So when is it easier if you consider it while you're building, if it's built into the process of creation and digital authoring rather than just a step at the very end? So this accessible mindset, and I'll come back to that a little bit more, it's about making resources a pragmatic exercise and making things more accessible when needed. Sometimes if you're inheriting a very large thing that you need to own, there could be thousands of pages, there could be tens of thousands of resources, and trying to make all of them accessible like that isn't necessarily realistic. However, as I get to my second dot point, doing what's pragmatic and engaging with the community is something you can do. So involve these people in your design. Make sure that I'm quite heavily involved with the accessible community, and I often talk to people who are completely blind or low vision and say, what's this like?  And that's what the last thing is at. It's about being responsive, not reactive. So sometimes you might get an approach of there's too much, let's not worry about it. Or this is going to be too expensive, let's not publish it. It's more about, well, how are we going to be responsive? How are we going to make this work? So we'll return to this accessible mindset again and again. The first little caveat, then we'll talk about the standards. I should really add some caveats to that earlier slide. When else is accessibility hard? What's when you inherit something that's totally inaccessible? And when is accessibility easier? It's when you start fresh. Sometimes it's a little bit, sometimes it's hard to forget, remember these points that if you've got something that's really quite difficult to work with, there's a lot of work involved in order to get something even marginally accessible. So let's talk about WCAG. So these are the standards that you hear about. And if you're working for government or applying for government projects, you'll often see these acronyms used as things that you need to be compliant with. So WCAG version 1.0 came out in 1999. WCAG 2.0 came out in 2010. In 2.1, a draft was in 2017 and ratified in 2018. So you can kind of get a bit of an idea that it's about every 10 years. And the next version is going to be called Ag, because it's moving away from website. And it's got the code name Silver, element AG. And it's more about accessibility guidelines for content. What's quite interesting is a lot of work went into WCAG 2.0, and that's still the dominant standard that you'll see out there. Came out in 2008, which is really before mobile phones kind of became a dominant way of visiting the web. So 2.1 was really developed as a way of filling some of those gaps. 2.0 has 12 guidelines. They're organized in four principles, perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust. And they have 12 guidelines, I've written that twice. Well done, Morgan. And 61 success criteria within those. So the success criteria can be classified as AAA and AAA. Generally, if you're making something AAA, you're making it specifically for a particular audience, because there's parts of AAA that you can't really do with this certain content. Sometimes, though, level A, if you're looking at scale, can be harder than some of the hardest parts of AA. So rather than talk about all 61, which I have done in some talks in the past, I'm going to try and make these guidelines a little bit more accessible by talking about 10 things that I would take into my accessible mindset, that if I'm thinking about these when I'm developing, I'll probably make things a bit more accessible. So provide text alternatives. Now, I don't know, you probably heard a little bit about alternative text attributes, which are on images. There's often a lot of confusion about how they should be used. Generally, if the image is decorative, you just leave it empty. Don't put a space in there, because that makes the screen reader pause on it. You just have it empty, and that gets computed as just an alt attribute with no value. If it does convey meaning, then you should actually explain what's inside that image. Organize your code logically. So by the way, text alternatives also mean that if you've got a PDF, you need to provide other text mediums, which is kind of where sometimes the scale gets a bit tough with this one. Organize your code logically. If you use semantic HTML, you'll get a long way with accessible websites. If you chuck everything in a div, you won't get so far. And if you use different heading level sizes to signify bigness, then you won't get very far either. But if you organize your code logically, it will make it a lot easier. Now, there's a bit of a misnomer and accessibility that in WCAG, sorry, that if you have headings, you need a H1 to a H2 to a H3. Technically, you don't. You can actually skip levels. However, because it's a convention, people who use screen readers generally look for the next level when they're tabbing through content. So, although you can technically go from a H1 to a H3, it's best idea to not do that. And another really good example of how to organize code logically. Say, for example, you've got a heading, a H1 on your page, and then you've got a whole bunch of action buttons like a Facebook share or a print icon. Group those icons together under a H2 and hide that from the screen using a screen reader-only attribute. That way, when your screen readers are using the content, they'll read the screen reader or read out the name of the page, then they'll say page actions, and then they'll know, oh, well, if they want to do actions, they want to get to the content, and they can skip through that rather than have to tab through all of the buttons. Then you might have another H2 on top of your content that says page contents, and therefore they're able to move from the actions directly to the content. Mark up your forms correctly. Use labels, even if you can't visually see them, and make sure that the label for attribute means the label is matched to the form element. Make sure it works with a keyboard. That's a pretty simple check. Tab through the content, make sure it's logical. If for some reason you've got some JavaScript changing the tab ordering, make sure it's doing it for a good reason. Use transcripts and captions. Sorry, just make sure I'm not taking too long. Ooh, use transcripts and captions. If you've got a YouTube video, and by the way, I've done some talks on using speech recognition APIs, they've come a long way. They could almost understand my accent now. So a long time ago, you really had to hand transcribe everything you put up as video or podcasts and so on. You can now use some APIs from AWS or from Azure or from Google and just correct it. It's so much easier than it used to be. And YouTube actually automatically transcribes, you just need to correct it. Check your color contrast levels. So if it's a double A, you need 2.5 to one. Now, here's a really interesting thing I've noticed through my testing is often when you have a background color and say your style guide says you gotta use, say, a dark blue. And then your logical reaction is to put white text on top of that to get enough contrast. When it comes to some of the darker colors, believe it or not, you're gonna get more contrast with a darker color.  Avoid seizures. It's good to do that. Now that used to not be so much of an issue until Animated GIFs kinda came back into fashion. And someone I work with who I run the accessibility group in Brisbane with works at the ABC and they have a really accessible website and they got some feedback one day which is like, I love your website but it causes me lots of seizures. And it was because of the way that their Animated GIF player was doing a refresh rate that had a lot of different colors in it that if there's red, green and you've got epilepsy you can get seizures from different types of GIFs. So try and avoid that. Try and avoid time limits. Sometimes you do need them but make them generous. Using headings to organize content. I did talk about that earlier but use them, you can technically get, if you're using a front end framework and a single page app you can get there with JavaScript but if you can use HTML, use HTML native. And use meaningful link text. You've all heard about this. Read more, click here is not great. Click here to read more is not even that much better but if you've got contextual links then they make sense to whoever's reading it. So now we have 2.1. After 10 years we finally have this new version. It's backward compatible with 2.0 but it has 12 new double A criteria and five new triple A. They're the 12. If I have time at the end I'll come back and I'll explain what all of these are. But a lot of them are very much about mobile orientation. Can it make sure that your content actually works if you turn your phone sideways? It can't be locked in one particular way. You might, may or may not know that if you hit command or control plus you can resize all of the elements in your page but a lot of browsers like Firefox actually allow you to independently change the size of the text from the elements themselves because some people want to be able to read that. So if you use hard coded pixel or point values rather than using, so you would use M and REM when it's relative to the base unit that allows the text to resize a lot better within those units. You can't rely on people being able to do say three complicated gestures like three finger strokes or so on. So I'll come back to that if I have some time but these are the 12 that are there and if you have a look at that table I will share these slides that link underneath it is a fantastic explainer because it uses use case for all 12 of these but you can kind of see that nine of them are in the mobile camp. So one interesting thing about 2.1 is it actually has a provision for capture within the accessibility community. Capture is notoriously hard. I would recommend, recapture is a bit better but I would recommend anyone to listen to those audio captures or try and squint your eyes and try and read the letters that are all jumbled up. So, but 2.1 kind of doesn't really give you a good answer because effectively in the draft they say, well if we said don't use capture we know a lot of people wouldn't even try and adopt 2.1 so try not to use it but they gave a few pragmatic advice about capture. So like use two modalities. So if you have some way of, if you have to use capture or recapture is there another technique somebody can use your service? Is there like a phone they can call? Is there some other way that they can get past it? And the last point I think is a really good one which is not requiring captures for authorized users. So that's another way of getting a modality that if they have a user account you've got some sort of authentication therefore you can drop captures on putting comments on and so on. So now Aria. I'm going to go out there and say I'm not a huge expert on it. I do have a person I work with at the accessibility meetup in Brisbane who developed my last dot point and this is a big takeaway. Get the Chrome extension visual Aria. It's developed by Lawrence Lewis who is a genuine expert in the area and he does great talks in Brisbane if you're ever there. Come to my meetup group every first Tuesday of the month. And you can kind of see in that screen grab there that you turn it on for a page and it will identify all of the Aria regions and tell you if there's a label, if the button's marked and give you some really good advice about where to look to improve your Aria. There's 50 tags of Aria. If you use them badly, as is the saying, no Aria is better than bad Aria. If you use something like Aria region live that means the screen reader's always focused to that region when there's changes and what if you're right at the bottom of the page filling out a form and Aria live refreshes you've lost all of your context and you've got to go all the way to the top to find out the cricket score. Not even interested in the cricket, I am, but so you've got to make sure that you use these kind of regions well. Lawrence tells me that if you look at those particular things I've put into MonoSpace, Roll Region, Aria Expanded, Aria Controls, Aria Label, Aria Label Buy and sometimes Aria Described Buy, you're going to go a long way. When you start getting into some clever parts of Aria, Aria Described Buy is a really nice way to describe an image or an infographic that has a lot of information that an alt attribute won't do it justice because then you can use Aria Described Buy to go to a lot of information and explain everything that's happening there. Or you could actually use a paragraph element or some other block element that explains that image. So you've got Aria Described Buy this attribute, therefore you're kind of making that cross-reference. So there's some cool stuff you can do. I'm not an expert, but it's good. Okay, so the accessible mindset. I talked about this a bit. This is what I meant. Don't be scared. There's a bit to do, but like, if you just think about it, just don't be scared. Think about, start small and high value. Using alt attributes, checking your color contrast, using headings properly. They're not difficult things to do. They are hard to retrofit, but they're not difficult things to keep in mind when you're creating content or websites. You do that and you've already created a lot of value and accessibility. Being responsive and not reactive. Be open, so it's like I know this is really hard for government people to swallow when I used to be there, and I'm sure there's some in the audience, but you may not get it right first go. So be open about it. On your accessibility page say, hey, if there's any problems, let us know, we'll work with you to fix it. And that goes a long way. When I was at the museum, that's how we released 10,000 PDFs that were somewhat OCR, somewhat. Being proactive, having inclusive principles. So when you're building your products, you're proactively embedding these things in. So the inaccessible resources aren't getting more inaccessible. Understanding your audience. Now I do say be pragmatic. However, some things are going to be used by certain segments of the community more, and therefore make sure you work around those a bit more. If you're, for some reason, one of you guys are in food delivery, that's something people with mobility issues use all the time. So you need to make sure that you're concentrating a lot on those particular elements of your accessibility audits. Be clear about testing and QA steps. I talked about the long tail. And by the way, these are guidelines. They're interpreted by people. So your definition of done, get that amongst the team. You understand what you mean to make something a bit more accessible. Use tools. Lighthouse is a good one. Wave is a great one. We call Colorchecker is a good one. Visual area is another good one. There is not any technique out there where you can run an automated test, and it will tell you straight away that you have an accessible resource, doesn't exist. So they're important, but the human touch is also important. So I'm now 25 minutes into my talk and I haven't mentioned Drupal. Yes, this is why I came to Drupal South. So what I did is a little bit of a test here is I took a couple of themes and I ran some tests to see out of the box how well they would go with some accessibility steps. So I ended up running the test with Bootstrap 3 and a foundation theme. So a couple of accessibility notes that Bootstrap has really good accessibility out of the box. However, you need to change the color straight away. So if you use the default color elements, you don't get enough contrast. And the RE elements should be a bit more generic than they are. One of my favorite features, and I actually use Bootstrap pretty much for everything, is I love SR only. It just, that is, it visually hides it but allows screen readers to go over that text. You combine that with screen reader only focusable to make the area findable for sighted readers when focused. And it's just a really powerful, just two attributes that you can use throughout that to organize your content and then bring focus to those areas as needed. Most of the elements in Bootstrap have some pretty good accessibility features as well. Foundation. Foundations building blocks are generally pretty accessible as well. It doesn't have as much focus on RER and JavaScript as Bootstrap does but it does have good keyboard accessibility out of the box. Interestingly, I just did like a lighthouse test on the accessibility pages of both foundation and accessibility. Bootstrap's really good. Foundations are not particularly good, which is quite interesting because if you take the themes out of the box, the results kind of reverse. So rather than try and risk a live demonstration, I recorded just this... I had to shorten this video quite a bit but I just did this one-minute video where I effectively got a local site and I bought up a web form because web forms is where a lot of accessibility things fall down and bought out their accessible template and then looked at a sample page and then out of the box used bootstrap and foundation to test the scores. So that's what it looks like. It's a pretty big form. It's got some input areas where things could go potentially wrong. And then I ran a lighthouse test on the pages and on something that had no CSS and there you go. Should be under a perfect score of lighthouse and the form itself has a base of about 78 scores. So that means that there's a few issues with some of the contrast because of the native buttons and a few other areas. So when you look at bootstrap, out of the box you get 90 and that's because the color contrast is not high enough. So the first thing you should do is change some of the color contrast you get with bootstrap out of the box. It also doesn't use ARIA particularly well on regions but yeah, that's not too much of an issue. Now the difference on the form is again down to the color contrast a bit more, which is not too surprising because there isn't really anything particularly different from the default theme but it doesn't affect any of the form controls, which is nice. Foundation on the other hand just has a little bit of an issue with the default colors on the A-links. Everything else is pretty good out of the box so there's not a whole lot of difference. So the foundation theme works pretty well. And then when you look at the actual web form page itself again, not a huge amount of difference because all it's doing is changing some of the colors on the buttons and it gets the text sizes. Pretty good. So the point I'm making is that it's really up to the authors of the themes to actually implement some of the accessibility features and maybe give you a little bit of a heads up when you get started. So if you read my bio you would have said that I was gonna talk about the accessibility features of the Drupal admin theme, including layout builder. This is the first bit I cut out of my talk because there's quite a bit to it. However, it is quite good the way layout builder has been done. A lot of effort's gone into it because it's actually quite well controlled with keyboard.  So this is a local Dev site I've got, I've got layout builder there and I'm just gonna show off how Visual Aria works. If anyone, is anyone using Visual Aria as an extension? Nope. But if you look closely it kind of tells you it brings up all of the Aria elements and will tell you if a label is not defined or a landmark is not defined. So when you're doing your audit you can very quickly look at it. So what happens with layout builder is that the accessibility of it's very good. The Aria is a little bit affected by the theme that you're using there. So I'm using Bootstrap so I actually lose some of that a little bit. So out of the box if you're using some of the themes it's a little bit better. So because I'm going to now share some resources and guides. So what I will do quickly is show you two guides. One of which unfortunately I don't have permission to share but the other one I will. I'm actually gonna host a birds of a feather session tomorrow afternoon. I'm gonna run an accessibility audit using the template on the left. So if you wanna see some of these principles in action come along to my session. We're gonna take a little look at a lightweight audit. So this is about how would you do... You've built your accessibility mindset into the project. You're now gonna run a bit of an audit midway through and see how it's going. Then if we have a bit of time I'll have a look at a much more comprehensive resource that's Department of Education in Queensland developed. So this was a site. It's actually a Bootstrap 3 site that is built in Drupal 8. This is actually very tiny on my screen so that's why I'm getting close. See, I'm only 36 and I'm already got that low vision thing happening. So what I did with this particular one is I looked at the page and each of these is a view or a content type. So effectively just took one example of all the views that are used in the site and one example of all of the content types that exist. Then rents three tools, which was Wave, Lighthouse, WCAG Colorchecker and then did a manual audit on all of those pages. So you kind of look at it and you have a report on how many warnings and errors there were. Interestingly, when I used Google Street View on this page I returned 25 audits from Google's Lighthouse tool but I was able to get through with zero everywhere else because I was kind of keeping stuff in mind. There were a lot of warnings but a lot of them aren't particularly worrisome and actually a bunch of them were from Bootstrap. So that was Wave, that one, sorry. With Lighthouse, I did a test. I was a little bit disappointed that I could only get them around the 90s and the high 80s but a lot of it, again, was because I'm not an expert in ARIA and it was telling me that the role was required on the attribute of the main column but I couldn't see how to get it to work any other way. And again, the only real errors that I got were on the Google Street View player and I had used the list element maybe not particularly generally correctly on one of my pages because I'm better than Mapinear and that's not good. Lastly, I did the color contrast checks and that was that the logo itself was being treated as content and there wasn't enough contrast. And this will be, if you come to my birds of a feather this is what I'll actually run through is it's basically an Excel template and it tells you each of those 61 success criteria and gives you some pretty simple instructions about how to check each one. Like this is really about doing enough to go, yep, I've definitely considered all this stuff and I'm doing it right. So I've done the test and passed it or made it not applicable and put some comments about how things should or shouldn't be done if something wasn't quite suggest. So at the end of the order, I had Masonry running and I should have really been using ScreenRidder. I should have been using an SR only attribute which I missed. So that is, oh sorry, I should show the other one as well. So if you get, if I can get some permissions as well, this was one that's a bit more comprehensive that's used inside Queensland Gov where effectively it gives a detailed explanation of each selects criteria if it's 2.0AAA and what the rating is that you've given it.  Medium is you might be able to live with it if there's some techniques and low is more of an enhancement. And then based and then conditional passes and then you go through looking at each of your content types and at the end it's able to generate a report of which areas you need to focus. So both of them are pretty cool little tools that you can use to run your own audit and if you come to my session a bit later we'll have a look at both of those. So as I want to have some time for questions because this is a pretty high level, I've included a lot of resources that I think might be interesting to you. So if you're doing an audit up at the top there, W3C actually give you a report template that you could use. I mean, I use my own but that's a really nice one you can use. I highly recommend Visible Aria for Chrome just so Lawrence gets more than like 700 users of this plug-in as well because it's really good. There's a link there for some conformance rules, knowing how to use Aria labels, having a bit of an introduction. There was an article by Lullabot on the Drupal front talking about what the heck is Aria and it's probably one of the best written introductions I've seen to it. Accessibility tips for team. For a little bit of time I'm gonna show you that because I really love what the ABC have done here and then some organizations. Tools I recommend, Lighthouse, Wave, Visible Aria and the WCAG Color Contrast Checker. So this is something that the ABC developed and they recently updated for 2.1. It's called Accessibility Tips for Teams. And what I absolutely love about this thing is it really fits into my accessible mindset thoughts that effectively what it talks about is that you've got different roles that you're generally doing. You may do multiple of these roles. You might be a product owner as well as the dev which is not ideal but that could be the case or you could be the dev in the QA tester, again not ideal. But nevertheless what the idea is that for each of those particular roles that you're performing it breaks down what the accessibility requirements would be that you should be owning inside that role. And it's written in an actual quite friendly way. And if you do align these behind the scenes if you look at all of the roles this gets you 2.1. Effectively if you're looking at this this gives you an accessible mindset over the entire 2.1 standard. And as you're doing your role what they do at the ABC is they just print this out if you're in the digital team and Jerry put this together recently and says that the people have that on the desk and they're able to reference that. So I really love it. It's on ABC's accessibility page there's a link right there and it's definitely worth taking a look. And I promise to stop switching media as of that last one. So actually that can perfect about five to 10 minutes for talking so that's what I was hoping for. If you need to wanna drop me a line that's my Twitter, that's my email, that's my LinkedIn. And that is my little talk. Sorry, when I cut out 30 minutes out of my talk I'm mostly cut out the Drupal bits because the other parts you kind of you need that foundation knowledge to then put it into Drupal. But thank you. Questions? What do you think of SQUIS's accessibility tool? I haven't used it, I'm sorry. And you also spoke about videos and captions and that YouTube can or to description it. What if a client embeds a video so they don't know what tools can you use to make captioning easier in that case? Yes, great question. So if you've got, I actually use my personal account but if you take the audio track out of that video and upload it to an S3 bucket or Google actually has a better API you can run via the UI without any code now which is great. That's just after I wrote some scripts for it that will automatically transcript that and actually time code it. It also provides, it pushes a confidence rating on all of the words as they're transcribed from it. As you use that more, it works better. And one of the better tools that AWS have that I don't think Google has yet is allows you to add a controlled vocabulary. So if you're using particularly particular industry specific terms you can actually define those and update that as a reference library for while the API does the transcription. So like I used to work at the museum so somebody in a talk would just talk about pseudoscorpions and they're like, oh yeah, this genius is pseudoteranoclethonia day. You could then define that term phonetically and therefore it would automatically use that. It's pretty good. Midwestern, if you can get all your speakers to just speak with a Midwestern American accent it's gorgeous. Unfortunately, I have an Australian accent. So, but it's getting better. We do speak a lot through on those though. But no, my advice is that still use those APIs and you can output that to an SRT format which is time coded on particular things. There's a bit of an art to using visual to breaking up the captions into logical pieces as well. So it's the API's help. They just kind of do a lot of the grunt work. Just wondering if you could ban designers and developers from developing one common element like a carousel or a dropdown menu or like an animated background image or something like that. If you could, if there's one that's just terrible for accessibility that you wish everyone would stop using. I'm gonna pick a really obscure one because it actually creates a lot of mayhem. And that is when you fix the background of an image while you scroll past it. Simply because that can create a lot of motion sickness and it's very difficult to override using your device. So like with a lot of other things that you put in bad accessibility features you can increase the contrast. You can change the tech size. But if you fix the background image as you scroll past it you can't do a whole lot about that. It's a good question though. One of the things we're starting to look at in the New Zealand government web standards is actually having picture-in-picture sign language translation as part of videos. Great. I guess, sorry, not really a question, just a statement, your reaction to that? Well, it's one of the AAA standards. Guidelines, sorry, a success criteria is to use why you can't 100% get a lot of AAA is that if you say, for example, you're servicing Australia and New Zealand, Auslan is different to New Zealand sign language. But no, if you're doing that, that's great. That's just another technique. I think, as I said in one of my points, I can't remember the exact figure. But in Australia, 30,000 people rely on Auslan as their primary goal. If you're part of the government, I mean, it's about one eighth of that, so it's probably gonna be about seven or 8,000 people whose primary communication mode is New Zealand sign language. So that's a great initiative. I'm just wondering, is there any build script like LinkedIn sort of tool that you can use rather than manual plugins for Chrome so we can catch stuff, have the robots catch basic errors? Probably. Jana, you might be able to answer that a bit better than me. Because generally, I'm a project manager, technical project manager, so I generally do the audits. But yes. Yeah, you can actually use Lighthouse. There is a NPM Lighthouse version, and it extracts, so it does basic accessibility test on contrast on all of that, and it gives you a score so you can pipe it into your CI and you say, oh, accessibility of this page is like 90%, it's good. But then you will still have to do manually checks. But Lighthouse from Google. There you go. Increasingly, the trend is to make alt empty because we went too far and said, put an alt on everything and then all the sudden decorative images are screened and people are screened, they just want the content, they don't want all of that stuff. And a lot of the time you use visuals to reinforce what's already in the text because that's a design technique but it doesn't actually add any semantic meaning. Just on the alt there, I use GovCMS a lot and one of the inbuilt parts of the media upload is that the alt field is mandatory. So you would suggest removing that as a mandatory field? It's quite interesting. A month ago we had the guys from Tiny MC come to the accessibility meetup and we were having this discussion where it's tough because a lot of the time, if you're putting inline images via the WYSIWYG, it probably has semantic meaning. A lot of the time when you're putting images in that when they're decorative, there could be like the background image toward banner, they could be something fixed in which case you got a little bit more control and it's in the code. But if you are putting text in there, it's potentially the lesser of two evils because you are at least forcing authors to just not go, oh yeah. Because as I said, there's a trend towards using alt empty because it is decorative but if everyone's got that choice then it's very easy to just say, hey, I'm doing my job because it's decorative. But in the idea, there's still a fine balance and there's that human element. So it was actually, we had a bit of a dialogue back and forth and it was a pretty split call between the people on the email thread as to people who think it should be mandatory and people who think it shouldn't be. I kind of think when WYSIWYG makes sense because not everyone's aware of it and at least it forces people to add a bit of meaning to the text. Thank you. You just had a question about pop-ups and like with screen readers, you can make them sort of accessible but for the one, the case I've got a problem with is people using those Zoom sort of magnifiers. That's just waiting for them to come across how to sort of make them interact with those sort of things. I just wanted to also enter the debate about the alt thing. I was taught that to make it null, you put it like an empty quote in there. The screen reader wouldn't accept that as a blank. And then it would keep the, if you use an automated checker, it wouldn't flag that as error because you've got something in there but it's null essentially. I'm not aware of that last part. Generally, like if I can hand code it I will just go alt equals double quote, double quote with no space in between because then the browser will compute that as just an alt. So you still have to double quote. Yeah, yeah, yeah, no, it's only computed empty. You still mark it up as equals double quotes on that. So sorry if I wasn't clear on that, that is what I meant by empty. Yeah, as for the question about making Zooms within modals more accessible, it is more difficult. I mean, a good example would be that you click on an address location, brings up a modal and it has a map that allows you to go in and out of that. If you inherit good keyboard controls it should make it a bit easier. Yeah, so if you try to be a bypass, if you try and bypass standard behaviors that the browser gives you and embedded kind of zoom functions then it gets a bit harder. And I know that's not a great answer but it's gonna be horses for courses depending on what you're zooming in on. Thank you, thank you. I have a question about adding skip link inside the content. So the recommended one is to be just one at the top to skip the content. Skip content and skip to nav, yeah. What about skipping galleries or skipping carousel? Yeah, I recommend it. Look, the minimum would be skip to the main content area and skip to the nav. But yeah, if you wanna go down that further I'm sure many of your screen reader users would enjoy not having to tab through a carousel. Thank you. Sorry, one step ahead there, which is good. Cool, all right, thank you all for listening.


The importance of mathematics is its ability to quantify an abstract idea. And one of those notions is this idea of a difference. Now, if we permit signed numbers, we can subtract in any order that we want to. 8 minus 5 is 3, while 5 minus 8 is negative 3. A closely related concept is the difference between two numbers. And so we might say that the difference between 5 and 8 is 3. On the other hand, the difference between 8 and 5 is still 3. And the important thing to recognize is that the difference between two numbers is the larger number minus the smaller number. Now, that works if we know what the numbers are, so we can identify which one is larger and which one is smaller. But what if we want to know the difference between A and B? We can't write A minus B since we don't know which one is larger. The problem is we still need to be able to write down the difference between A and B. And so we can get around this problem of not knowing which one is the larger by using the notation. Now again, how you speak influences how you think. So you might look at this and think, the absolute value of A minus B. However, it's better to read this as the absolute difference between A and B. It's helpful to translate this into geometry. So if we take a number line, the difference between A and B is going to correspond to the distance between the two points. So let's say I want to find the absolute value of note weight. That's the absolute difference between 3 and negative 5. This absolute difference is the distance between 3 and negative 5 on the number line. So let's draw this out. I'll put down negative 5 and then 3 and we want to know the distance between these two points. One way we can determine this is that this point at 3 is 3 units to the right of 0. Meanwhile, this point at negative 5 is 5 units to the left. And that means the distance between the two points is 5 plus 3 or 8. Now we can come back to algebra. This concept of absolute difference and the distance between numbers leads to the algebraic concept of the absolute value of A written in our familiar fashion. And we'll note the connection. The absolute value of A, well A is the same thing as A minus 0. So the absolute value of A is the distance between A and 0 on the number line. And importantly, this relates the algebraic concept of the absolute value to the geometric concept of the distance between two points. So we might find the absolute value of 3 and the absolute value of negative 5. The absolute value of 3 is the distance between 3 and 0 on the number line. So we'll graph that. And that distance is going to be 3. The absolute value of negative 5 is the distance between negative 5 and 0 on the number line. So we can graph that. And that distance will be 5. Of course, part of the problem is that we might not want to mark up our screen because it's too difficult to erase after. So what if it's too difficult to draw a number line? We can go back to algebra and obtain a formula for the absolute value. And so if A is positive, then the absolute value of A is just A. Well if A is negative, then the absolute value of A is negative A.