The registration was to make sure that the registration is easy and straightforward, is to pilot the form that is actually used to upload the details of your study. And we know that it takes between five, seven minutes, depending on the detail that you give. And we are happy about that because we believe that encourages that people just go visit and upload their records for the work that they're doing. Now, there are two ways to interact with the registry. One of them is through as a guest, which allows you to just see the list of records that have been added to the registry, but no more. And to encourage the buildup of the community, we ask people to register to the hub. And when you are part of that, then you have access to every other detail attached to a study or the record of a study. Now, as I say, we piloted the form that we used to register this information. And we believe that it's the most relevant and the most useful that could be gathered initially to understand what kind of work is happening in this space. So, for instance, we can learn from the registry the areas of the studies as people are working on or the dissemination strategies that people use to communicate this type of work or where the support is coming from, which is not surprising. Mostly comes in the studies that we have so far. It's coming from funding organizations, programs of continuous improvement. But there are other sources as well. Now, this is a map that shows the community so far we are adding orange dots as people register to the hub. And equally, when you register, you are able to see the topics that are included in the discussion forum, but you cannot participate as long as soon as you register, then you can be part of that or contribute to the discussion forum and add your thoughts and contact people and so on. And with this, I would like to finish with the message that what we want to do is to bring together the different researchers and organizations working in this space and through somewhere where you can actually talk to others and make sure that your work, everything that we are doing, all the exciting things that we've heard in these past few days is visible and that we all know about it. And with this, I'm going to finish and I'm going to thank you for listening, but I'm going now to play a short video that presents the registry and hoping that you find it as enjoyable to watch as we found it to make. Thank you very much for listening. Thank you, Alejandra. And that was a great video. Thank you for sharing about that registry. Next up, I am going to play a recorded video for the presentation from Robert Ross He is a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Psychology at Macquarie University and it's titled, What Proportion of Studies Worked? Don't go to meta analyses for the answer. Give me one moment while I share this video. What percentage of studies worked in psychology? There have been a few estimates over the years, some of which you've probably seen. They have ranged from 97% to 94% to 91%. Impressively, this 91% estimate for psychology was higher than for any other academic discipline. Psychologists are clearly very clever. However, when I see these estimates, I can't help but think about the many psychology meta analyses that I've read over the years that seem to suggest that success rates aren't always so high. For example, this is a religious priming meta analysis by Shreve and colleagues. Many studies were included in this meta analysis and a highly significant overall effect of religious priming was found. Moreover, the authors used robustness tests to come to the conclusion that results are not an artifact or publication bias or p-hacking. Take a look at the forest plot from the religious priming meta analysis. In light of the very high percentage of studies in psychology that worked, do you notice anything surprising? According to the forest plot, only 61% of published studies had confidence intervals that did not pass through zero. I have coded these studies in green and will refer to them as studies that worked. And I have coded published studies that didn't work in yellow. This meta analysis suggests that the religious priming literature has far fewer studies that worked compared to psychology in general. Let's take a closer look at some studies from the forest plot to try to figure out what's going on. Here is a six study paper. According to the forest plot, studies one, three, four and six worked, but study two and study five did not. However, if we look at the abstract for the paper, we see that studies two and studies five actually worked. So according to the forest plot, 75% of the studies worked, but according to the abstract of the original paper, 100% of the studies worked. Let's consider another example. Only study three and study four from the paper were eligible for the meta analysis. According to the forest plot, neither study worked. However, if we look at the abstract for this paper, we see that both studies worked. So according to the forest plot, 0% of the studies worked, but according to the abstract of the original paper, 100% of the studies worked. I read all the abstracts for the studies included in the forest plot to code the percentage of published studies that worked. What percentage of studies do you guess worked? According to abstracts, 98% of published studies worked. This is even higher than the highest estimates that we've seen for success in psychology. How can we explain the discrepancies between the forest plot and the study abstracts? I can think of at least two possibilities. Number of results interpreted as trending towards significance in the abstract might not be statistically significant. Effect sizes used in the meta analysis might not be the same effect sizes as those that worked according to the abstracts. This might have profound implications for tests of bias. Consider funnel plots. They might show less asymmetry when examining studies that worked 61% of the time compared to studies that worked 98% of the time. Consequently, the extent of the bias in the literature might be hidden. And consider p-curves. With p-curves, non-significant effect sizes are removed from the analysis. This means that when 61% of studies are significant, many studies are removed, but when 98% of effect sizes are significant, almost none are removed. Again, the extent of the bias in the literature might be hidden. And in the case of the religious priming meta analysis, there are other concerns. For example, 0% of the studies were pre-registered. 0% of the studies included raw data. And after searching the literature for replication studies, I found that 0% of pre-registered replication studies included in this meta analysis supported the original study. All this leads me to suggest that meta analyses might sweep troubling issues under the carpet, at least in psychology, if insufficient attention is paid to what studies worked according to abstracts. According to a meta analysis, 61% of studies worked. But according to abstracts of studies included in this meta analysis, 98% of studies worked. This leads me to a research plan to try to examine the discrepancy between meta analysis and abstracts. I'd like to develop a coding scheme comparing the two and code papers from this meta analysis. And I'd also like to code papers from other meta analyses to try to see if this is a general issue. This is quite a large project, so I'm looking for collaborators who might be particularly interested in this topic. If you're interested, you can email me here. Thanks for listening. Thank you so much, Robert. And I'll put a link to his Gmail for everyone to see right there. Rob Ross46 at gmail.com. If you'd like to share that. And just as a reminder, the RIMO channel is available for networking. It's open right now. Next up, David Lang, the Executive Director of the Experiment Foundation, will be presenting on Science Angels. David, are you ready to take it away? Yeah, I am. All right, cool. So can I share my screen? I should be able to, right? All right, cool. Can you guys see this? Can you see slides? Yes. All right, cool. Well, I want to start off by just offering a disclaimer. And I am not a scientist. And I wasn't kind of trained as a scientist. I kind of took a backwards side door route into research. And so I want to start off with that disclaimer. I'll tell you a short story of how I got into this. So my friend and I were building a really low-cost underwater robot, an ROV, a remotely operated vehicle, in his garage, because we were trying to get to the bottom of this underwater cave. And we didn't know what we were doing. So we created this website called openROV.com. And we started sharing our designs and inviting people to help. And we got started. We got a very small grant from an ocean technology foundation to get this off the ground, you know, less than $10,000. And then we launched a Kickstarter and started this company and ended up sending these kits all over the world. It was like the citizen science project that got all these people asking questions. The design evolved. It eventually became this whole industry. So these tools that had once cost, you know, $50,000, $100,000 were all of a sudden less than $1,000. And it was all because of the tinkering we were going to do in our garage. And throughout the course of that experience that took place over the course of the past decade, I interacted with a lot of scientists. And I got actually involved in quite a few projects as a citizen scientist, as a contributor. And we got invited to all these ocean conferences all around the world and presenting. And some things really stuck out to me. And I think as a non-scientist being invited into that world, it was very clear to me that there were some major blind spots of the academy of academic science. And I think there's a real focus on publishing papers and the blind spots that I saw were around tools and the importance of tools and how to improve tools, science communication, how to engage people, not just tell them the facts, and also some just real inefficiencies around how funding was allocated. And so for the past year, I've been thinking and kind of testing actual ideas for that have come about things that I think could improve science to make science better. And I think improving the funding dynamics is a really interesting area to push on. I know there's a lot of meta science that studies like science funding. And I've spoken at the science of science funding conferences and talked to the researchers there. But there's very few experiments that actually try new things. So I teamed up with my friends Cindy and Denny. They started this company called experiment.com. And you can go to experiment.com. It's like Kickstarter for science. And a thousand projects have raised money on the site. It's really a fantastic tool for crowdfunding small research projects. And I started the experiment foundation. And we've gotten grants from foundations to fund projects in different ways. And we've tried a bunch of really interesting stuff like quadratic funding. We've explored can we use NFTs for science? Can we incentivize people in new ways? But the most interesting idea was this idea of science angels. And the idea really came from the meta science conference two years ago, where Carl Bergstrom asked Paul Estefan, hey, we're here at Stanford. We're here in Silicon Valley. What can we learn from angel investors about science funding, about improving science funding? And she said that's a really good question. And I had been in Silicon Valley, I've raised money. And I kind of decided to overlay, well, okay, here's what the financial world does and how they think about risk and how they think about amounts, high amounts, budget levels. And it seems to me that science is really missing this angel investor, this person who can come in and write a quick check really fast and say, hey, this is a this is a weird idea. But it's interesting. And I hope you keep going and follow it. It's kind of betting on people really early. Science doesn't really have that the NSF kind of thinks that they do that. But they don't do that. And there's there's still real risk aversion there. Some professors have like budgets that they can send grad students off on different ideas. But that's not ubiquitous. And it's not really formalized. So we've proposed this idea called science angels, where we're going to we're giving budgets to, you know, $50,000, $100,000 budgets to scientists and saying you can fund whatever projects you want on experiment fund, you know, your friends fund projects you like, when projects you think are crazy, but you're the ones in charge, you have the capacity to bet early on people. We just launched this this week. This is one we're doing for ocean solutions. I have a $50,000 budget that I'm putting towards ocean technology and research projects. And we can move fast. We started this on Tuesday and we'll have money going out the door this week, right? So this is a fast small grant program, a fast grant program. And we're going to be announcing, you know, between five and 10 more science angels by the end of the year. So we have a million a million dollars of small, fast, grant money, going on to researchers to pursue ideas that matter a lot to them, not just the ideas that their grad or their professor or their PI is telling them to do. It's like we want, especially early career researchers, to go off in new and novel and interesting directions. And so that's what we're doing. I've been interviewing scientists and documenting all this work at sciencebetters with sidebetter.com. And I'm happy to talk more about this. My email is david at experiment.com. And this is an experiment we're just getting started with. So I hope you'll follow along and get involved if you think it's interesting. Thank you, David, for sharing that. Next up is Theodore Kaku, undergraduate student at MIT, double majoring in computation and cognition and linguistics and philosophy. Theodore will be presenting on how linguistics papers talk about non-English languages. Theodore, I'm going to give the controls to you. Yes. Hello, everyone. My name is Theor Kaku. I'm an MIT student. And I work with Kyle Mahon from UT Austin to investigate how linguistics papers talk about non-English language. So linguistics is the study of language, reaching from how words and sentences are formed to what happens in our brains when we use language, or how to make AI that can produce an understand language. The goal of linguistics, which can be applied to all these subfields, is to make generalizations about how human language works. What makes linguistics challenging is the vastness of possible languages to study and their parents. To illustrate, here's a mapping of one specific syntactic variable linguistics, word order, where each of these points is a language colored for the value for that variable, word order. And typically, these distributions look like this with the concentrations of languages with the same value within one area. And ideally, to make sure that we make accurate generalizations about language, the language that we study should be sampled relatively uniformly from this distribution. However, within the language community, the language research community, there has been a lot of discussion about an English or, more generally, European language-centric bias, which recently gained popular attention on Twitter via the hashtag Bender Rule. This rule, there is the name of its creator, Emily Bender, who is a linguist and combination linguist at the University of Washington. And she has been advocating for this cause since as early as 2011. The rule states that when you publish a paper in language research, it is important to acknowledge the name of the language that things started, even if that language is English. Because by neglecting to do that, the work that you are doing can be falsely interpreted as language independent, when in fact, it might be specific to the properties of that language that things started, which is often English. And to illustrate this very fact, as early as 10 years ago, and not in college, I've taken a look at about 4,000 papers of research done in psycho linguistics. And they found that English is easily the most mentioned language in those papers. And it's mentioned about 30% of them, followed by other Western European languages, Mandarin and Japanese, ranging around 10%. And even here, languages that are fairly common to the journal research population appear very frequently in this corpus, not to mention languages that are relatively unknown or unpopular. But before showing you the data that we collected, let's try to understand it. These are examples of a paper whose focus is on Walfiri, which is an Australian language with a relatively small number of speakers, about 3,000, next to a paper which focuses on Germanic languages, including English, with many millions of speakers. So let's compare two different conclusion sentences from each. From the Walfiri paper, the structure of label peer overall is that of a mixed language, and that most verbs in some verbal anthology are drawn from English and Quirol, and most normal project is from Walfiri. Versus our results challenge of hypothesis of the supports from encapsulation of rules of inflection to realize the research in which sensitivity, probably, is recognized as intrinsic to human language. So even here, we can see that the sentence about Germanic languages is drawing a generic conclusion about how human language works. While the one about Walfiri has a much narrower focus and lower consequence implication, and even uses English as a reference point. To emphasize, we claim that when an article is about English, the language that's being studied is less likely to be mentioned, and the result is more likely to be framed generically. And when an article is about a widely spoken language, that language we will mention more often, and the result will be framed more specifically. And the quantitative test that we decided to do is the following. We examine the frequency of language mentioned in journal articles as a function of language. So given that the article is about, let's say, English, how often does the word English appear in the article? And our data comes from 658 papers from the language journal. And to identify the focus of these papers, we measure the most frequent language in each of them. And for this language, as you mentioned, we measure how frequently they need within the paper. And we found that English is, again, by far the most mentioned language in the journal. In fact, it's the most frequently mentioned in over half of the articles, with the next closest one being French with only about 3%. And strikingly, when English is the most mentioned language in an article, it tends to be mentioned less, significantly less often than when another language is around a language, which creates this clear separation between English and all other languages, which we found illustrates the bias that we were talking about. And some of the current research questions that we are interested in are the following. Are there systematic differences in how linguistics papers discuss the language of study when the language of study is English, as opposed to when it is not? And can we build a model that can perform that? And as for generic sentences, which are sentences that make generalizations, we are wondering if they're more common when we talk about English, and how do they differ for when we talk about English versus when we talk about adult languages? And we hope that the work that we're doing can improve the generalizability of linguistic research and help push for a new era of meta science in the linguistics community. And that would be all. Thank you for listening. And if you have any questions or we want to talk about this topic more, this is my contact information and my whole information. Thank you very much for that. Up next, David Miller, co-founder of Neurotech Consultancy, postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Translational Psychiatry at the University of Munster. David will be presenting on many gaps to fill. How can we boost the use of open science research practices in technology development? David, if you're ready, take it away. Thanks very much. I'm going to switch quickly. Okay, I hope you can see the slides. Yeah, thank you. Yeah, thanks very much. I'm happy that we can today present to you rather some concepts and ideas that are still to be done or to be implemented, the work that needs to be done, rather than things that have been done. Many gaps to fill. How can we boost the use of open science research practices? I did a PhD in neurofeedback training and clinical applications and during that work got into contact with meta research and at some point we decided to make that type of knowledge available also to technology, to industry. We started a startup and just for disclosure, besides the startup, I'm also still academically working and recently became a junior PI in Aachen. Maybe just to give a broad perspective on the landscape of companies that are around more than 200. It's a big market, more than $10 billion is the estimated market size at the moment for Neurotech with an annual growth of 10 to 15 percent and that includes consumer and medical Neurotech products as well. So particular technology like neurofeedback training, which I've been working with and brain compute interfaces, but also brain stimulation devices, for instance. And as Neurotech consumers, developers and also investors, what we want are trustworthy products, robust evidence, predictable outcomes, sustainable business models for growth that is particularly important for young startups and then resilient strategies for the product development process, which can be quite long winding. And so in short, what we need are good decisions and they are based on solid evidence. However, we look at the current situation and there have been concerns raised that there's a big gap between the way medical and consumer Neurotech technologies being developed and also advertised. Language is misleading in marketing claims, so that can't be backed up by evidence, for instance, and that also involves ethical and regulatory implications. And lastly, if we look at the history of unicorns, there is a lack of peer reviewed evidence for a lot of companies that have made a lot of revenue, but the evidence base for the products that are being sold is often scarce. And so the vision of our startup is essentially to build three pillars and bring together three key stakeholders. And it starts with the user, so the people who are going to buy the products. And at the moment, we are starting a market research where essentially we ask Neurotech enthusiasts and early adopters how they view evidence, what role it plays in their mind. And this is an exemplary question that we ask where we contrast two different companies that fulfill different types of robust and open research practices. For instance, study pre- registrations fulfill in this example by company B, but not company A and so on. And we essentially ask them whether consumers, future consumers would rather tend to buy a product from company A versus B and how much that would be valued to them. And so how much would they be happy to spend essentially on top of a certain price if certain evidence criteria were fulfilled. The second pillar is we bring in the perspective of startups. So we conduct interviews with startups, so B2B interviews and essentially try to understand their pains in their research and development process, their needs, how they approach evidence, how they think about evidence because we are dealing with quite a heterogeneous group of startups. Some of them are startups that started at an academic setting, others not. And so it's really important to understand their perspective and to offer education on robust and open science research practices in the form of workshops. One aspect that we highlight there is that there's an increasing demand for regulatory oversight in this field and by starting to implement robust and open research practices now startups in the new tech field will be ahead of the curve. Lastly, the third pillar involves initiatives and regulations. And one particular initiative that we would like to pitch is that the open science framework could broaden its scope and reach by including a registry that includes the possibility for public-private partnerships and, for example, new tech startups to register studies and to have a space. And the second idea that we are going to pitch is reintroducing new tree labels, things like batches that are familiar to the open science community and that were earlier already used in the nutrition industry, bringing that back into the new tech and in general tech development by introducing labels that certify a certain standard of evidence base and open and robust research practices in the R&D process. So lastly, just to give you a quick overview of the vision that we have for a new tech evidence ecosystem, currently hardware validation and initial training validation happens mostly within startups and sometimes also in collaboration with academic partners by using open and robust research practices, more incentives are created and more trust is being built and that allows to form more public-private partnerships and also more independent academic researchers are incentivized to collaborate and test available technology for its merit that would eventually lead to more peer-reviewed scientific papers and independent publications as well. And that's good for building trust with consumers and funders and lastly also creates the need for certification, as I mentioned earlier. So certifiers would be the third stakeholder that is already needed in order to provide a comprehensive ecosystem for evidence building. And with that, I'd like to close and yeah, if you're interested in this topic and would like to learn more about it, you're welcome to follow us on Twitter where we are going to report more recent updates in this emerging market. And if you're interested, you can also get in touch with us. We're happy to chat with you. Thanks very much. Thank you so much, David. Next up is Jason Williams, Assistant Director, Inclusion and Research Readiness at Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Jason will be presenting on Introduce Plenarity and Inclusion through Career Spanning Learning. Jason, ready to take it away? All right. Thank you very much. I am going to go ahead and try to share the slides and let's just see if my computer operates. Okay. I'm trying it the recommended way and we'll see if that works. Hold on one second. If not, I'll share it the other way. Yeah, it's thinking if not, I'll share the field fashion way. I'll give it five more seconds so we don't go too far behind. All right, I'll do it the old-fashioned way. Let's take it a little bit too long. Okay. All right, so I want to thank everyone for the opportunity to present and let's go. Did that just stop sharing? Okay, I see that. Sorry. I guess I get to be the one with the technical difficulties. Let's go back to that. Okay. That's working. All right, so thanks for the opportunity to present. I think I won't take the full eight minutes, so we'll have to get back on track. I'm just going to get my time at mic, so to speak, to pitch something that I work on, not as a full-time activity, but something that I think is nonetheless valuable, which is the idea of Career Spanning Learning and Improving Interdisciplinary and Training. The problem where this starts from as an educator, which is primarily what I'm doing right now at the laboratory, although I come mostly as a molecular biologist, is that no matter the type of training that we try to prepare ourselves or our students with, that's going to get really, really difficult as science becomes more complex, as there is more interdisciplinary, as fields become more specialized, and so having spent a lot of time invested in improving undergraduate curriculum to help faculty bring newer technologies and techniques into science, it's a losing battle in the sense that the shelf life of our skills is always going to get shorter as we get more advanced. This is from a study that we did a few years back, and it's a problem within the sciences, in my opinion, because we spend a lot of money invested in infrastructure, and in this case, this is looking at the needs of computational biologists that's published, where we spend a lot of time saying, how many computers do we need to buy people? Do we need new computers? Do we need more storage space? But when you actually ask people what they need most, it turns out that the top three of these unmet needs is not cloud computing or being able to share their data with colleagues, it really is training on how to use these things effectively. And so I think overall we spend a lot of time paying attention to physical infrastructures and not human infrastructures. It's rather easy to measure those, how many CPUs I have, how many terabytes of data I've moved from one server to another, but the human outcomes are sometimes not as well structured. And it turns out that we spend a lot of money on this. This is from another paper back in 2017, I believe, where we spend lots and lots of money trying to develop workshops, especially to develop, and this is my field as well, computational skills for graduate students. And with this paper found, much in agreement with what I think educational psychology will tell you is that a lot of that training is actually fairly ineffective in preparing PhD students. They do get there somehow to a large extent, but my question was, isn't there a better way to do that? And I also think that this is a problem and it starts in many different ways, but this is a brief looking at different institution types from some research we did on the barriers faculties face in integrating new technologies, particularly computational technologies and approaches in the classroom. And kind of what you see this circle that's out here is that the two-year colleges and minority serving institutions, two-year colleges, by the way, where almost half of STEM graduates start and then transfer into a four-year, they have a lot more difficulty, though those institution types and contexts look a lot difficult, more different than the other ones. So not providing training to our faculty members and to our students actually amplifies disparities. So you get two people with a PhD theoretically in the same field, but as we know, that doesn't mean that they have the same level of preparation and the same level of access to technologies that everyone else has. And therefore they're going to be disadvantaged in many ways for going after the high impact grants, which only reward novelty. And if you're not being able to perform with the latest and greatest technologies in your approach, you are yet further behind. So what can we do? Well, this is my little stone thrown to the ocean. This is a community of practice that I've developed and that is ongoing. And that is just the beginning in my opinion called ysidetrainers.org, which everyone is welcome to take a look at or join. And what we're trying to create is a global community of practice for short format training in the life sciences. So I've literally traveled the world teaching workshops and interacting with other people who teach workshops that are aimed to improve the way that life science is done. This started as a Slack channel in 2018 and we currently have more than 400 members in 20 countries and lots of messages exchanged from communities that are working on the same problems in terms of how do I most effectively bring the latest technologies and approaches to other life scientists, professionals. We're all working on the same thing, but we're usually with our heads down in the sand trying to solve it for our one problem or community. And the idea here was to bring itself together. And so we do monthly community calls and shared challenges. We're working towards other types of internal training and professional development. And we were also going to meet, we have planned a meeting in 2021, a latter half to help solidify those challenges and develop more of a global call to action announcing the goals of our community. But overall, yeah, these are our goals to foster community practice across institutions, organizations and continents. Promote people to do this training by giving them a voice. Also develop standards.  Oftentimes, because the workshop is not in a university curriculum where it's some theoretically assessed, and there's a certain level of understanding that that person is qualified to teach. Oftentimes, what we get is people who are experts in the topic but not experts in the pedagogy. And so you can leave a workshop actually worse off than when you attended. And overall, the ultimate goal is to accelerate science by promoting inclusive interdisciplinary and career spanning learning and really normalize the idea that we're going to have to be trained and reinventing ourselves for our entire careers if we want to really be interdisciplinary. This is actually selected back in 2018 when I wrote this and actually was selected by NSF as one of their next set of big ideas. I hope that I see more activities and things coming around it, but it's a cool thing and I'm glad to share it and maybe raise awareness of people who might want to interact. So feel free to look me up on the website and or contact me. I'm also on Twitter and my email address, all those things I can put in the chat. But thanks for your attention. Jason, thank you for that. Now I'm thinking back to old workshops of your and wondering if I've ever left any which ones I've left worse off than before. And there are certainly it is a wide spectrum. So thank you for sharing that community of practice. Last up on the program, let me get my, you have Ricky Jeffrey, assistant professor in education in the University of Nottingham in New Mo, China. And Ricky will be presenting on use less language, use more figures, tables, color, highlighting and multimedia. Ricky, I'm going to give the controls to you and you should be able to present. Ricky, are you there? There. Great. All right. Here we go. So my field is language education, both as a researcher and a practitioner, very interested to hear Theodore's presentation earlier about the sort of overemphasis on the English language and linguistics and then also the talk just now, which was felt like more weighted towards an educational practitioner talk. So my talk is very much heavy on opinion and theory, very light on statistical empirical evidence. And the central recommendation, which is quite obvious in the title, it may feel that it's something that's already done in your field. It's done across STEM. If it is, then I think that's great. But I think that it's good to explicitly consider why we do it, when we do it, how it helps with the general scientific mission. And then also this last bullet point on this slide, actually in many parts of the academy. And I've seen it as a language teacher. I see it as a researcher in a plug linguistics. I see people struggling with thousands and thousands of... What do I? I'll just carry on. I see people struggling with thousands and thousands of English words usually when it could be cut down and communicated more effectively using tables, multimedia and so on. So I think that a lot of the open science reforms that I'm familiar with have focused on the message of science, the core scientific knowledge, trying to improve how scientific knowledge is created so that the conclusions, the findings are more robust. And then also the sharing of it. So that scientific knowledge is more transparent and accessible for people. So on the left, you've got science practice, the evidence, existing claims leading to new claims. But the arrows, if you look on the left of this slide, thin black arrows, things are rather flimsy. The inferences feel rather weak. So these thicker blue arrows towards the middle of the slide, we're doing things like pre-registration, improved statistical inference, more replications and so on, so that we can have more confidence in the reproducibility of findings and so on. And of course, we try to improve the transparency as well. So that thick black box that hides a lot of science, we try to make that much more poor, as much more open, we're sharing the data sets, open code, open peer review, pre-prints and so on. So this is most of the stuff I see about open science reforms, meta science reforms. But I still think there's a problem, or rather there's one problem that isn't considered so explicitly in my experience. The medium that this scientific message is communicated by is the same in all of these cases. It's primarily paragraphs of English, paragraphs of English language. And we all hear generally presenting at this conference, maybe it doesn't feel like so much for barrier, but for the majority of the world, learning English is really a significant barrier. And of course, each of us are learning English, but we're confident enough that we can participate in this conference at least. So I think the consideration of the communication of science. Yeah, I'll just move out of the way. So whereas if we don't pay attention to the barriers that are inherent in language, in natural language, and usually it is English, then things can be obscured. If we do pay attention, I think there are some steps to try to reduce the noise and helping the signal come through more clearly. So the why? Why is natural language a barrier for science? Well, there's a screenshot on the right of a research article written in Chinese. I don't know if anybody reads Chinese here. I do read, but this is very, very tough for me to try to deal with very, very slow. So just like this may seem to us, the English world will seem to the majority of scientists and suddenly the next generation of scientists across the world who will not be growing up in areas where English is easy to learn. If, for example, you're growing up here in China, then the linguistic distance between Mandarin and English is really quite high. So it takes many, many years to learn. Fred Oswald has raised his hand. David, I'll leave you to let me know if we should be taking questions. It's difficult to create. It's also difficult to consume. So as a reader, even if your English proficiency, you've learned English and everything, it's just slower to read these pages and pages, paragraphs of English. And then also, the spinal bullet point, there's ambiguity in heritain language. I'm not going to provide examples of that today, but I think we can think of cases of ambiguity in language. And this has been discussed for centuries. So quotes from Bacon and Leibniz and the Vienna Circle 100 years ago. Knowledge, it's knowledge itself that is beautiful, more beautiful than any apparel of words that can be put upon it. So the scientific knowledge here, but it's covered in the medium, which is usually natural language. Leibniz wants science to be as natural and easy to use as possible. And the Vienna Circle wanted free scientific communication, free it from the slag of historical languages. And the thing is that we have the information technology that Bacon, Leibniz and the others didn't have. So things are possibly a bit easier for us. I better get to the practical parts. So I gave a presentation at a conference earlier this year. There's the link where I took more broadly about different linguistic measures, ways to deal with the barriers in natural language. I'll talk specifically about this final one, more multimedia. I'll just jump through some quick examples. Basically, if you're using multimedia, so you're not just relying on English, you're not just relying on sentences of declarative English in paragraphs, then it can be more efficient to create for many people. It's certainly more efficient to consume. And I've mentioned Mayo's book from multimedia learning about the stronger purple evidence showing that words and pictures are much faster, much more effective for learning than just words alone. And there's less ambiguity. We'll finish with a couple of examples. On the left, we've got three sentences and you can read it. And there's pesticide exposure. It increases this So while you're reading those three sentences on the left, much more quickly, if you look at the DAG on the right, it's exactly the same information. This is taken from a source where this is identical information, but there's no extra information in the paragraph that we want to communicate. But the figure on the right is much faster. Similarly, on the left, this is from some qualitative research. We've got paragraphs, we've got linking words, we've got discourse structures and relative clauses and so on. Turning it into a table, so it doesn't need to be quantitative. And you are expressing those relations, relations that you would express in the left with things like, however, and similarly, on the other hand, then the form of the latter further, you just delete all of that and you just have this geometric arrangement on the page. Another example as well, if we try to communicate this table in maybe a page of text to do it, color as well. So this simple table on the left and it just takes you a few seconds to look at it and say, oh, okay, this was the major employment status. This was the major marital status. Color, simple in Microsoft Excel and you immediately see this group, they're primarily married or partnered. There's lots of people with high school or further education and the vast majority of them are employed. So the point is using multimedia, getting away from the reliance on natural language to get a visualization that better matches the nature of the information. So just like live and it says, it's more intuitive and we can focus a bit more on the scientific message rather than wasting time in creating and consuming the medium. Here's as relevant to, obviously it's relevant to those of us who are teaching the researchers of the future. I've worked a lot in English, academic English training for years and years and years and I see people really hammering the vocabulary and the grammar and the pronunciation and all these years. I haven't really seen any textbook saying, well, how about the drawing tables and figures and why these are so crucial. Obviously, if we're going to use color, then we need to keep in mind accessibility needs. APA has some good information about that. I think that's about eight minutes. It's 10 minutes, apologies. So I'll finish there. All the email address, Twitter and so on is all that. Thank you. Thank you so much for that. I've just put in the chat the link for Q&A and discussion in regards to the lightning talks. Thank you very much to all our lightning talk presenters. Over the next minute or so, I will be demoting you with apologies, so no hard feelings. And the next session will be starting in about three minutes. Thank you, everyone. Thank you.


all right welcome back you're still watching one in the morning right here I'm Brian Salko and as always you can interact with us on that hashtag why in the morning you can find us at why 2 4 4 channel on Instagram Facebook and on Twitter as well and you can check me up personally at Brian Salko 101 the hashtag is why in the morning and Instagram is why 2 4 4 underscore channel now in this segment we're going to talk about matters politics as well as youth and leadership so be ready for an amazing conversation and we joined a studio alive by two powerful gentlemen on my immediate right he's Henry Michanghi you're a youth leader as well and many other things you tell us about that as well and then we're also being joined by Immanuel Fever who is also a youth leader and many other things that he does but first of all good morning to you welcome to why in the morning thank you all right let me start off with Manu you can briefly tell us what you do what you're passionate about matters youth etc and what else you're known for before we get to matters politics right thank you so much Brian for having me today my name is Immanuel Fever just like you said I'm a youth leader found at Kingdom Network which is a youthful organization that focuses at reaching young people especially in high schools and colleges and what we focus on majorly is mentorship because we believe in empowerment and just you know relaying whatever we have known over time to the young people that are coming up because the future of this not even Kenya alone the future of the world is in the youth so we believe in empowerment and that's what we do of course professionally accounting is my field but I love people I am passionate about people so my interactions are majorly with people okay thank you thank you what about you Henry okay my name is Henry Muchanki Muriyuki I'm the president current president Catholic University of East Africa I'm going to be here basically what I do I represent students in the Coyaso office after elections of course which are all vast and the being a comrades leader is my passion I'm enthusiastic about youth and leadership and more importantly I like also mentoring young people into becoming leaders because nowadays is this 21st century the leadership of activism is long it's long gone it is past us we now need leadership of negotiation leadership that is well-rounded all right thank you speaking of that let me start with you the first question in terms of ensuring this equity in terms of resources opportunities and like you mentioned activism as well do you feel like young people have enough opportunities I remember there's a story of it was in the newspaper so others this young man who's auditioning a job against like I don't know it was like a huge it was a huge crowd of people and they ended up picking like 10 people and they left him out and he had the right qualifications and recently we saw on social media there's a young man who posted he had a whole banner he has a master's like two degrees but then he has not found a job yet in terms of opportunities do feel like they are enough for young men especially who are just out of campus or less training institutions okay thank you for that question Mr. Sakuwa one they say that opportunities come to those that are strategically positioned to acquire those opportunities I must admit that currently we have a problem in the job market we are producing a huge bulk of students graduates and then the government I think it is not fully praying its role in also providing those opportunities yes opportunities are rare and now it is upon the aggressive youths it's upon the youths now to be aggressive and to actually position themselves strategically to tap the opportunities that are available it is unfortunate that we are here but I believe with the new change in the education system with the CBC students will be produced to be aligned exactly to the opportunities that are well available for the youths in the country today all right I'd like you to answer the same question as well do you feel like there's enough opportunities for young people even as early in GAVA today okay because I love that this GAVA is young is young people driven yeah the current government systems yeah all about you empowering young people yeah we saw they have the hustlers found the young people to borrow money from it go start businesses as well remember when CS Sports Babu Namamba he's just started initiative that is going to promote talent even when it comes to matters film and many others including sports as well which is actually the main docket well I would say well I would want to echo something that my good friend said that opportunities come to them that prepared and strategically positioned how be it I think there are a few things we need to navigate as I was doing my term paper for my course work there are few things I realized and which are very true that our education system is good but really does not prepare us for the job market it's more of knowledge you know you're just getting knowledge and all that but the applicability bit is very minimal and so even as we study and as we encourage our young people to be strategically positioned and all that we also need to speak to them and teach them and let them know that is important also to bridge that gap between the knowledge that you're gaining in class and the requirements of the job market because there's a very big you know there's a very big gap and that's why most of the organization will actually take someone in based on their qualifications and then they will take them through a training so they can actually acquire the skills so of course with the new system education system we're believing that now there will be a little of that gap being breached that you know people being trained on how they can be handsome in the job market how they can be able to navigate through stones and tough times like this and all that but I think there has to be also that change of mindset even among young people that even as you're in school you're studying because we have seen I believe you've seen that a lot over the streets people going around with banners you know saying I studied these I did these and the other and they are not jobs well the jobs are there because after those guys do that we see them having numerous you know opportunities and all that that means opportunities are there just means that we need to kind of drift the way we've been perceiving things opportunities and all that strategically position ourselves for exactly what we have been wired to do right yeah so I think I think that that that mismatch is what we need to address more all right yeah I'll also like to hear from both of you from why you said before we get to what's shaping political spheres from why you said what do you think contributes to you know this huge gap when it comes to taking up of opportunities is it because young people are not as enthusiastic and as passionate as they should be there's somebody who was much I was watching actual a program way back on CNN and they have this in any cold African voices change makers that talks about young people who are innovative and they're using technology to actually create opportunities and there's someone who mentioned that you know for us as Africans we come from a culture or a system where we are told go to school graduate go get a job get employed and and start making money but then some kids in China and Japan they're told get to get to kindergarten start learning how to make a car battery in a vector car create opportunities and invite other people to you know be in the opportunity so how can we change that and I'd like to hear from where both of you all said what is the heat and what is the miss I'm trying I'm trying to evaluate where they started beating us and I'm looking way back from 80s when the implementation of 844 system came on board and honestly speaking the 844 system has mainly been focusing on theoretical aspects neglecting the practical area and stem subjects such as sciences and mathematics despite the fact that we have them included in the system they are at the periphery you know that they call so I think for us to prepare our youths and our children to be effective in this new world system where technology is taking shape we need to invest on practical learning and I think that's why I would like to applaud to applaud the move by the government to actually remand the new cbc system despite the haunts because people had been obsessed with getting his getting invested grains yes of course it is good because at times it gives you some status quo but again job market opportunities if we all prepare for white-collar jobs which are very few then we are Friday year as it is at the moment that's that's where the problem is but if we prepare our people psychologically to work you know there's also another problem whereby our young people have not been wired to work enthusiasm just as you're putting it young people are not zeroes they are just waiting for white color jobs connections and so on but at the moment the government introduces and embraces fully the cbc system alongside making it hybrid because you cannot eradicate the entire theoretical aspect of learning I think that's a point we are going to get it right that now our young people get opportunities our young people will be able to align themselves even to their potentialities and actually be fruitful to this nation and the entire world right yes thank you I think I would say just like I earlier once said there has to be a shift of our mindsets especially of young people my brother just say that we we should not just study waiting to get employed if we are able to change that kind of a narrative that kind of a mindset it will really help us in no small way because you see if all of us are studying to get employed that means we have a lot of competition that's why today you hear that these are found for example doing recruitment and you see thousands of of young people yet they are looking for maybe two or three people why because our mindset is we are waiting to be employed so there has to be that shift because Brian right now we have roughly eight billion people in the world that represents there are eight billion problems that need to be solved yeah how about that young people would consider it that there's something I can do and for me because I am I am I am more focused on being a strategist you know it's good to be strategic you can identify there are certain problems within you know farms within even you know the rural areas because most of us you know we leave the rural areas we come to the towns we're looking for employment there yet we are living opportunities on the other side so it's it's it's very imperative that we are very strategic in nature I identify problems and then sit down with ourselves try to navigate through solutions that way we are even engaging ourselves because not everybody is wired to be you know to sit in office and all that those that are wired to actually you know identify problems solve them you know navigate through other problems that have been solved and better them that's how you know even the stories of the greats have been you know people invented something then they other people came after them found that they could do it better I believe that that should still be what is driving young people today all right let me come back to you Henry the mindset encompasses just graduate okay my laser kujanik party job but like you mentioned a few people have that ideology of I want to finish and start my own company a few actually a few if you if you take a look at what research says everybody wants to graduate and go and get a job somewhere else how can we drive this sense into young people's minds and tell them yes in as much as you're studying for journalism or you're studying for ICT or you're doing engineering architecture and the rest of the you know amazing courses think of an alternative just in case you know you hit a dead spot my alternative is I'm gonna start you know a tech company online and I'm gonna invent a system where if I have to look for funding maybe even in gavel maybe I can find a sponsor someone who believes in me this will actually even create opportunities for other people as well okay speaking of self-abroiment as much as people want to graduate and they want those white carol jobs and so on there's that bring there's that cocoon of students or other graduates who have identified the potentialities who have actually rose up to the occasion and are becoming very innovative I have seen students coming up with websites have seen students even at the campus level for example let me give an example of where one young man was really flourishing he just started a company just the other day even before his last year called easy house and that is solving problems to even the students within the campuses for example to get accommodation easy accommodation you know it is a man and it is a problem in our campuses so there is that bridge story help which is so yesterday was also making you know headlines comrades are not one of some of them are like you have to miss lunch and it's supper tell us many charges in campus right so because of those charges there are students who have risen up to occasion to become the problem solvers to such problems we know my men and accommodation accommodation men and students are coming up with brilliant ideas but now the problem is the government support students don't have financial capabilities so in most cases they come for help but they actually go seeking their members of help from the members of parliament from your leaders so just a little boost of capital and they be able to actualize their visions you see so I think we need to challenge our leaders and even the government and they say at the same time to really come in for young people you know they have already be using young people during the campaign experience and after the campaigns they just disappear you see so we really need also to as young people to unite and call off the politicians who always use us want to use us during the campaigns and then run away because we have young people who are very very much talented I've seen talents in Catholic University of Eastern Africa yesterday our miss square just one famous one title miss global world Kenya and she's going to represent us in Vietnam if the government and the institutions do not give up the platforms because even at the same time as much as we are talking about innovation and coming up being creative we also need platforms these platforms are in such institutions as government paracetals and so on and so forth so I think we also need to provide platforms to young people so that they exhibit their talents and they are able to tap and use their talents and their innovation to be problem solvers not depending on how much it's like just lend me 50,000 days I start a business and like you mentioned is it because you come from a place of desperation you know that we will be supported by our backgrounds because if you compete when the richest people they inherit wealth they say in fact they they say wealth is created and then it's inherited I think run one thing we have to appreciate is that tough times make really strong people and the vice versa is also true tough times like now you know the economic turbulence the political you know waves and temperatures and all that are actually in themselves creating very strong young people and it's also usually at the same time that these that discrepancy that it has made very strong people and equally there will be people will be left you know waiting for I am not one person that believes in you know waiting for government support why because the government will always allege that it has its own projects to do and all that so these other things will be by the side and at times when the government will say that they don't have money they will tell you that our priorities will be the projects and the manifesto and all those things that they pledge to the people right so young people in this sense would do a lot of justice to themselves to just begin from where they are I remember you know in my undergrad we had a few young people I remember we challenged ourselves and we said let's try a few things here and there some of us we began by selling you know watches you know and would make some little money there and we kept increasing I remember the other zoo decided let's go and wash the you know the cars the lecturers cars others tried let's wash the rooms and all that so there are a few things there others would take you know in the campuses there are small businesses their shops there others would lobby together they would you know find some money begin some business there others would sell clothes others would you know there are a lot of opportunities why because I remember one of the people one of my mentors told me something very profound said to me how many students you have in campus and I said there are thousands of them said how can you generate an idea that generates just one shilling a day from all those students and I think that's something I would want to challenge our students today there are so many of the students in college and those students keep spending money including the one that is given by the higher loans you know you know hell which has delayed this time the comrade is suffering I see yesterday the news outlets people are crying out loud yeah all right yeah but but you see like I said it's tough times that make strong people so in times like these when now because sometimes Brian if you have your money coming in every other time you may never know how to really navigate when it it delays a little but now that is delayed I think it's challenging it's a challenge it's a challenge yeah that that students need to take up wake up find another solution so what happens to you before you continue what happens to these students who doesn't have any other means like that you're they told them we're under shillow tapioe help and that was it from the guardian of this support system how are they surviving now I think I don't know how but such students usually some of them are very brilliant all right they just know how to navigate through they will survive on arms for a few days but they will discover an idea I remember there are many young especially ladies that I saw that they would gather themselves and they would say we will be washing clothes and they'll do washing you know people will always wear clothes which is unexpected of our student yes you know you've been sent to campus to study and not to do sure the job to honor living as initially yeah pre-supposed to be exactly but you see Brian we don't choose our battles you know it's not truly it's not the students fault to have been born in a family where they are not very well up but the fact that I have actually managed to come the far of being in a university setting means they have tried to conquer a number of storms so it's just in that place that they are able now to discover there are things they opportunities by the any place where there are people they opportunities that's right so it's just a matter of the students just discovering what opportunity can I explore that will give me not so much because again there is that you know presumption that I will be wealthy in a day or two you know you know we have to wash wash very fast yeah so it's gradual it's gradual you're able to meet a few needs today tomorrow you can meet a few more the other day and so on and so on so by so doing you realize someone is actually even opening up their minds because if I give you that amount of money most of them will be given arms by even government and politicians and in a little while there is no money there why because they are minds you see we we can only manifest to the degree that our minds have actually grown so if you give someone out of money and their minds has not grown to the level they can handle that level of money yeah they will just waste it up you've seen many of them betting and then they win millions of money and then they are brought back to the same media in maybe a few months they broke dead bro yeah maybe to interject yeah please please do as much as we saying that sometimes students can be cunning on how do you try that money comrades really need help honestly speaking we have a genuine number of students who are in need of help okay giving myself as an example if it were not for help I think I would not have studied from first year to for the year I've never spent not even a single coin of my help even to purchase a motor because I know what do you spend it on fees on fees uh-huh entirely entirely okay so we have a genuine number of needy students so it is unfortunate when we try to say that as much as students struggle that they are not entitled to it I think it is tax taxpayers money and I think you saw during the campaigns very good many people trying to use it as a trap net to capture the attention of the young people to vote for them no actually indicating that which side was vocal about this for example the recurrent Kenyakwanza government I remember they actually promised that it will be a grant okay remember I remember the Azimio team they were saying that it will be made after it will be meant seven years yeah so that you can consume do you can pay like after you've gotten a job yes and employ them you see even the politicians know that this is a weak link for the for the young people to entice them to entice them under the end of the day sometimes they disappoint us so they disappointed already yeah of course a week ago I was told I they came they did is the money after a lot of pressure from the students I remember we from Koso and to actually go and hold some peaceful demonstration out and help offices so that they were recent to us so I would like to put it clear that help is helping students let us not try to make it a favor it is a right for the students I can attest to you these koinama men and that you are hearing last week I think as much as we are talking about those that will of course use the money in cunning ways and so on others will not even let their parents know about it but it has really helped students last week I saw students calling me for lunch for some chicken because the realize that I used my money for school fee and maybe I end some I spent some times without lunch okay they help each other they help other students at the same time but again for the for those that are conscious about how that money can help them they use it in the right way to pay for the school fee how much is that money by the way you know I'm expecting it should be like 50,000 it is negligible my friend it is negligible all right few just if 20,000 20,000 it is negligible it is negligible we actually would like to make a plea to the government consider increasing that money to what amount exactly to at least 50,000 at least so that you are able to cater for your accommodation you're able to cater has it reduced like from initially no no no it you know they promise that it would be increased I remember the president promising us that these money would be increased and even at some point make it a grant so our plea is please consider increasing the money even if you're not going to make it a grant because we understand that we are in tough economic times consider increasing that money so that we're able to accommodate more students within our universities yesterday I was surprised when I saw that the school fees will be increased according to the to the to the background of the the the presidential working committee on education reforms okay that the university fee would be increased I think that is not a very wise decision that is actually chasing our students from accessing the very basic education that we need so that we transform our society because without education if we make it a very expensive affair then we are we actually digressing we are not progressing there's also that issue before interject that if you come from a wealthy background you should not get funding I remember I was pointed out and it created it he created a lot of you know debate on that we will talk about that as well yes I think just to work on what my brother said it's it's important the government really you know appreciates that that gap especially because young people make would say 70% of the population so taking care of the grievances of the young people it's should be top priority even in the government and I would say personally benefited from help maybe I was not paying fees entirely but it helped me in a way you know just to ensure that I don't in my in my time but I really feel for those students who have you know no resource coming from maybe they are home places or their gardens and all that because those ones are entirely depending on that money and if it doesn't come through you know that student may have their you know their dreams they may be let's not say doom but possibly delayed you see and that's why it's very important for the government to really consider of course there are many students I saw something yesterday I think in the news they were saying that they would increase the amount from 16,000 to around 52,000 I'm not sure whether that's pegged or now they increment the fees structure or it is just you know constant but I think like I said well for those who are because all these things will always happen there would be an increment possibly of the help or the fees and all that if for example the help is you know increased there would be students who take that as an advantage I have this amount of fees to pay I have this for my bills the rest of it I can actually invest it somewhere because remember it's actually a loan and you love to pay and you know especially in Kenya in Kenya we have a very poor you know loan repayment culture where we just borrow money and then yeah we default we actually even discard the lines we I mean we just thinking they're not stress you in fact you they live and trust your kids to pay you know they would trust you you know would say that the remedy of a loan is always just to repay it so I think as students also it's good by the way that we are speaking to young people because it's good to since we are talking about the mindsets it's important for young people to know you know when you get that money have it in your mind that you need to pay up the money and that's why you actually need to spend it wisely you know for money that you spent well you don't really struggle to repay it as opposed to when you just got money and you just you know wasted yeah you know so I think that has to be the narrative let students get the money but let them learn to spend it the right way for those that need to pay fees those that need there are some of the who gather the money and they will invest yeah and after some time but then they are finishing in fourth year they are virtually money I met someone they had just finished their form their fourth year they gathered all the money they borrowed and they took it to hell wow they said yeah they cleared it in fact they took the principle they said these are money you gave me you really assisted me this your money back help said you don't even have to pay the interest we have not seen this before wow yeah so so so very different yeah I mean so it's good to inculcate such kind of you know mindsets culture morals yeah but then I think it also trickles down from your relationship with money you know there's that thing that they say the poverty mindset yeah you've never had quite a huge amount of money it's your first time yeah and you're not even taught about money dynamics how to interact with money have a relationship with money so when you get your first big amount of money first of all you in fact what you have in your mind is bigger than what you have exactly to spend with the money so I think this is a good conversation we are having yeah yeah and I love us to switch gears you want to interject before we switch gears it's okay so that maybe you'll tell us towards the end so I want us to talk about matters politics let's switch yes kiddo go away from youth let's get to what's shaping the news headlines right now in the country of course last week we saw the national prayer service that was held in regards to intercede for the country in terms of matters in security the drought crisis situation yesterday we saw a lot of in the new selfless as well we saw security security security issues again being pointed out in the northern region we saw the GSU police officers being deployed in in the northern region to curb security and boundary tree which has I think in today's people they're saying it has increased as compared to even the two previous years before when it comes to even our security reforms and it started right here in Nairobi you are you couldn't walk in town with your phone I remember from last year up to early this year they had to deploy the NPR to actually help out to curb you know theft and people being marked left right in center what do you think this kind of government is going to do or should do and from a young people's mindset and opinion that they can do to alleviate completely matters in security so that they can become an issue of the past okay the first thing I would say anytime there is an economic turbulence there would always be a lot of criminality usually because you know people are used to a certain way of living and suddenly it's changed now for example the amount of money that I had cannot afford the things that could afford for me before so some of them would now deviate their moralities and begin to now develop along a hunt they have to pick a few things here and there like now what you just said but I think the first point of call especially for the government because all these things are actually just trickling down to criminalities and all that the boundary tree the you know people are trying to really navigate how then can we balance life when it's this you know tough so the first point of call for me I would say the government would to would be to work on stabilizing the cost of living that's very important why because now that influences every other thing you see because people are governed by once and once we say in business they are insatiable so the fact that I have the amount of money that I have maybe from my business or my my salary and all that that I get every other day every other month and I need to meet certain irreducible demands you know means that I really have to do what I have to do to ensure that I meet those needs they are possibly school schools they are you know they are daily demands of you know going to work eating and all that you know paying for where I stay and all that so the first thing I would say the government needs to do of course is to stabilize the cost of living that's very important then number two there has to be a more I would say inclusive kind of approach to issues where the government does not just you know just do it but these they call it public participation where you know a few and and I would say more youth because now they are forming the bigger part of actually all these issues are involved to you know how then can we address this issue because most of these issues would be better addressed case by case for example the banditry in Isiolo would be quite different from maybe the one in Pocot and Wajira yeah and Wajira you see so it's better when you address each case by case the people that are within that I would tell you okay so what what exactly can we do about this issue and you know in all these there are people that are actually solutions on all these things yeah so I think that public participation more inclusivity of the young people it really helped to solve most of these problems all right great we saw our interiors can take a picture and come still he was in fact the president called in Martin said in fact leave where you on the hook when you own Asia and I wish you took it as like pitch tent there come back when everything is set up but it it happens that if he lives a place two days later there's a banditry attack three people killed more than three people killed livestock has already disappeared do you think of it it's like some sort of like mockery situation going on or it's like an intentional attack on the system I think for me it's more of well I may not affirm but you know we saw this by the former regional commissioner the governor now of is it Transoya or Washington issue well that is not yes yeah he said that much of it is actually people within the government they're actually trying to you know work these out we may not you know qualify that because we do not know because sing was really recently attached to the some yeah yeah so I think there has to be because any time you need to deal with a problem deal with the root cause right they have to get the root cause what exactly or who are exactly behind this banditry thing because you know it doesn't make sense you go you spend a lot of resources pitch in a place you know deal with the issue two days later the people just prove you just wasted your time you know it doesn't make sense it's proved yeah I mean so we have to really and I think that's why possibly now the government would need to use its intelligence they say that I'm calling in the ref so now we have to see that long how to really dig deeper so you think the deployment of the officers is going to turn it down I think it will because they just the community's complaint those those that complain they're going to hurt them and fact those areas that a car she a car few rather was issued to just turn it down and they said it's going to affect their businesses so I don't know is it going to work it may work to a certain extent but then let's also know that's a temporary you know major to curb the problem right if truly we are looking at because there has to be posterity when we are dealing with problems we have to look at the future not just the present the present is just a way to ensure that this piece and these you know sort of stability but then there has to be that posterity of what then happens ten years later because I believe every government that because I think we'll be getting to that by every government that should be celebrated is a government that looks into the future of after them exiting office all right so yeah so there has to be that that posterity of looking into the the near future did we really deal with you know this menace for once and for all and many of the underlying yeah underlining issues under the rock yes exactly because that is what is actually eating us there are a lot of things possibly the people that were in position at the time didn't really consider certain things and now they have grown like roots now they just mushrooming up yes Henry I think to echo what my brother is saying here we must admit that we are in tough economic times and we say that resources are scarce whatever is happening in a northeastern part of Kenya is actually a scramble for resources and you know a proper government is measured by its ability to protect the lives of its citizen so we have seen this for for decades this issue whenever we get to such natural disasters of for example anger and so on pastoralist communities we always come they are fighting for the remitted areas grazing areas and even the water I'm first I would like to upload the government for realizing that yes we are in a tough economic time and we have to protect our people because these bad it's are very new man because there's no point of killing someone if you really want to to get the a kettle or even even if you want to get the grazing zones again we have had about commercialization commercialization of these areas of these of these tough time by some greedy politicians want to take advantage of whatever is happening and maybe still these kettles you see so for me I really want to applaud the government initiative to actually disarm you know the disarmament process is not a simple process we have seen policemen being killed by these bad it's you know these people they are well vast several yeah yeah well vast yeah well vast with the environment we have new police officers being deployed there you have not been in those areas but now with entry of KDF I think it will really help in coming up that menace but again this the government must really right rise into location and try to help on the issues of economic crisis that we are encountering right as much as we are encouraging prayers and so on and so forth I think again we have to really dig into issues by actually providing the what what it takes for people to be at least okay in terms of economics and maybe to rely for the three right to try themselves I was very impressed with the government initiative to wipe out the the robbery that and actually start and rising in this within the city yeah you remember I've been mugged I've been ribbed as whenever you as a red sport yes for us who are living in within Nairobi we were working with our stomachs held I saw someone I saw someone getting actually snubbed and the phone mugged it was terrible because I could not help because after that I felt so bad but I'm not even sure who is this person and what crude whip and I just felt I felt like I was the next so I think the government is doing a good thing we should all support the government right in matters of security matters security and again let the government be inclusive because again with the ongoing national rallies by Azimio they will actually wasn't the situation because people continue with the rise of going to make the situation more tensed up yeah with the rise of political heat okay now some people who take advantage of that to actually cause mayhem to cause the insecurity yeah so as much as the government so what would you advise them to stop holding the rallies of course I know they are up for a course all right you talk about that but again if the government is really genuine in fighting and in waiting the country let us stop seeing divisive political statements let us try to be inclusive let the presidency take up the mantle and unite the country yeah because without unity then such insecurities we continue rising and rising and rising but they've also been constant on the in the sentiments they've said they don't recognize him as the president in fact usually they said they're going to give out the whole entire information of who they think is the president what's transpired etc they had these we saw blower giving out these receipts as well and then also when when the president called there's some there's some members from Jubilee and also from Azimio who went to state house to meet the president to talk about matters development we saw jealous and then when they heard that they're meeting in I think it should be in Machakos yes he was kicked out and then the sentiments online were like if you want to promote unity then why are you holding some people in a hostage for their political affiliations and yet the current government at hand is welcoming them on the table to talk about progress and they are like we dishonor you're not part of us if you want to speak to the president and yet he is the president of the country and everyone else must be under him so the questions are now how are you guys going to get help if you don't recognize this guy as the president of this country and yet you're also a citizen of the same country I think I think the problem we have with the Azimio team is the fact that they are really double speaking they are somehow trying to be hypocritical if I may call it because there's there's no way we know that elections are faster they are long gone we don't need to think about posterity we need to think about development I don't see the offense when a member of parliament takes an initiative to go and talk matters of development with the government of the day you know these people are claiming that the victory was taken that those are claims but now we will live in those murky waters of disbelief and discontent until when I think it is time for us to accept and move on because there is the outing we continue to make us the progressive when you look at some members of parliament from the opposition side visiting the party the state house you have seen others even recognizing the president and then again the double-speak that so I think the Azimio have a certain objective that they want to meet maybe probably a handshake but again which the other side said that can only happen in the worst nightmare not even on earth maybe in hell right all in all as much as the we would like to have it of course for posterity and development we like to have you feel like all these things should just end up in a handshake this guy should talk but the other side they've said they should they should consider themselves opposition so position has no chance to talk I think I'll go by what the president is trying to promote they should it depends on position and a strong position that will keep the government to check okay because there's no need of us having a collaboration of the government and the opposition just like we witnessed it will be a mess just like we witnessed in the previous five years let us have a strong opposition when there's no point of us beating around the bush causing mayhem six months after the elections trying now to bring new evidence that again will be proven as out here I think we need to be honest with ourselves I think the government should not be shaken let president the president try to be inclusive as much as possible let him focus it should not be distracted I think again whatever their position is doing is the actually they are doing the work the work it just that we they are doing it overboard and trying to capture the attention of the government if the government is really serious they should not even be concerned about what the opposition is doing they should just focus deliver on the amadate to the citizens of Kenya and treat every citizen as an equal right so that we include we bring the aspect of inclusivity and so that again we are able to fight these economic crisis together I pity I pity the opposition because of the kind of moves that they are making I think it is not wise it is unwarranted and it is actually a wastage of time because I don't think the president of the day really decent or even pay attention to them all right before you jump in on that one do you feel like they should just the the reigning government should just keep quiet ignore their sentiments because the it also relates to the issue of each and every Sunday of course they are going to each and every religious gathering to retaliate and give their rebuttal and those are discussion last week in one of the outlets where they're saying is the charge now being used as a medium for political leverage and then those they also question that you know a lot of people now start losing faith in church but then there was again another discussion there's church and there's God so who do you believe in and who is being used here is it God who is being used or is it the church and then when it comes to the reigning government should they just ignore and move on and then also yesterday we had the deputy president who addressed a religious gathering he was very vocal and he is very vocal he said that he doesn't recognize anyone who is not supporting this current government and he said in fact quote-unquote he said that our current government is our company and it's only going to favor those who support this company so if you don't support forget go find somewhere else you know how is this going to turn out because I can only imagine how literally that means to the people on these other side yeah well I think you know we have to really appreciate that we vote in a government and of course there has to be a winner and there has to be a loser now we are seeing a tug-of-war between the two how beard that one of course is actually both of them know this one this lost now I would say that the issue with the opposition is a lot of I would call it denial because if you lose and then you're you know you're still battling you're saying we won and you know after everything was done by the you know relevant institutions including the the Commission including the Supreme Court you know everything was declared that these are the ones who legally won and the reasons were given and parties were you know invited to utterly shake hands and and agree that yes we actually accept because even before elections that was done if you lost would do really consent and they said yeah we would so I think we have a lot of denial and the fact that we don't have anything and any very viable you know results to use to actually qualify what their position is saying means that we should just stick by what has been declared to you know to be the winners the government of the day took the day and that's it and I think more that we really need to change that narrative of Kenya being always political you know we we are always you know we now we look like we have another election in maybe a month or two right it sounds like even it's pre-election it's election yeah and I think that in itself really distorts even our functionality our stability okay because now for now that except that we have you know that the rally is now a bit stable all right so hold your thought right there we'll come back and you'll continue this okay so we're gonna take a very short break and we'll come back to sum it up before we get to the next segment stay right there why two five four imagine people you can run this


Hey, Psych2Goers. Thank you so much for supporting our mission to make psychology and mental health more accessible to everyone. Now back to the video. Did you have a traumatic childhood? Were you depressed as a child? Your childhood experiences may have an impact on why you may be suffering from depression now. People who become depressed at a young age tend to experience more severe symptoms and are less receptive to treatment because of how long they've gone without help. So here are seven signs of depression caused by your childhood. Before we begin, we would like to mention that this video is created for educational purposes only and is not intended to substitute a professional diagnosis. If you suspect that you have depression or any mental health condition, we highly advise you to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. Number one, you've always felt depressed. Can you recall a time in your life when you weren't depressed? If you feel like you've always been depressed, it's likely that you are still suffering from unresolved childhood depression and never got the help you needed to overcome your mental illness. The symptoms of depression may have been in your life for so long that you don't recognize yourself without it. Number two, you don't have happy childhood memories. Does hearing other people talk about their happy memories with their family make you feel sad or envious?  The feelings of guilt, regret, and confusion over your childhood memories may continue to manifest into adulthood, into feelings of depression. Number three, you don't know how to handle your emotions. Did you throw tantrums or lash out a lot when you were a child? Some of the hallmarks of childhood depression is emotional validity. When you don't learn how to regulate and control your emotions from a young age, it's only going to get worse as you grow older. So if you've never learned healthy coping mechanisms for dealing with feelings like sadness, grief, anger, and loneliness, it can easily lead you to develop depression and anxiety. Number four, you struggle with low self-esteem. Do you tend to be quiet, withdrawn, and unsure of yourself? According to the American Psychological Association, feelings of worthlessness are symptomatic of clinical depression. For those whose depression is rooted in their childhoods, their depression may have been ingrained in their sense of identity, that it has kept them from forming a positive view of themselves entirely. Number five, you have difficulty with close relationships. Are you socially withdrawn? Do you isolate yourself from your loved ones? Those who've suffered from depression since childhood find it more difficult to form and maintain close meaningful relationships. Your past may have left you with psychological scars that to this day still hurt your ability to be emotionally vulnerable with others. You may have a deep-seated fear of intimacy and an insecure attachment style brought about by your traumatic childhood, which has taught you to be wary of love. Number six, you shut down when things go wrong.  Those with childhood depression were never taught the right way of handling setbacks or overcoming the challenges they face. They may be quick to give up on themselves and their goals, no matter how much they want them because they're so used to being let down. Because their childhood depression has taken away their resilience and emotional maturity to deal with these challenges, they may also be overly self-critical, blaming themselves for their failures. Number seven, you don't look forward to anything. Do you live in a state of constant hopelessness?  The feeling that the future will only be as bleak as the past may be stemming from your unresolved emotional trauma from your childhood. This lack of emotion or inspiration to move forward may only worsen your feelings of depression. Do you relate to any of the signs mentioned here? If so, know that you're not alone and don't hesitate to reach out to a mental health care professional. If you enjoyed this video, please like, subscribe and share it with others who may find it helpful too. All the references used are also added in the description box below. Thank you for watching and we'll see you in our next video.