Well, good morning. So it's great to be back. It's Stanford. I'm always sort of thrilled to be associated with one of the world's great universities and to speak in front of faculty and students where the admissions committee would have never let me have a place. So it's particularly thrilling to sort of share my thoughts, be outside the box a little bit. I'm not quite sure what my title meant either, Sally. People kept calling going, you have to have a title for the talk. You have to have a title for the talk. So it's sort of what came to my head because it's what I work on every day, trying to devise something that is radical and have some degree of inflection possibility and some potential to be transformative, not just to our energy systems and to the health of the planet, but to communities and to people. I have these double hats where I work on natural resources as a conservationist, which used to sort of just be a passionate hobby. Now it's quite integral to my work and my professional acumen as an energy developer or an energy technologist. I view these things as completely symbiotic, mutually reinforcing, things that have to both be taken in equal measure of importance to understand the greater problems that we're trying to solve. At the end of the day, we say that nature doesn't really need us, people. So all this talk about saving the earth is a little bit excess hubris on our part. It's really about saving ourselves. The earth will be fine. The question is, what is the longevity of our species and what is the quality of interaction we have for our humanity and for our communities? And so energy is not just sort of a part time thing that we watch the ups and downs of the price of a barrel to see how secure we are or how much tailpipe emissions we can measure out the back door. Energy is actually the life blood of what creates affluence and prosperity and lifts up people in society to give them the opportunities to interact and to be our best selves. So that's what I mean by crude code and capital. If I break it down, crude is not just sort of a barrel. It's not only oil and gas and the things that we like to measure our society's wealth by. Crude itself can be any of the raw natural resources, not just the mining and the metal and the extractives and the things that are on the commodity exchanges but as or more importantly now than ever the things that we don't measure, the things that are insufficiently accounted for, the natural capital of our fisheries and our forest and our mangroves that would have been so useful had the port of Houston not paved them over in the wake of these storms. Lots of that's going on here at Stanford so it's useful for me to talk about it when I refer to the natural capital project and the idea that we can break the tyranny of accounting systems and think and design beyond them in ways that we not only account for what the true gold and value is for us as a species, for the habitats that we seek to nourish and protect us but that we can begin to value them in such a way that we integrate that value into our economy and monetize them in exchanges so that we understand natural capital has all the value of the extractive commodities that we have so efficiently began to deplete from our ecosystems. That's what I'm talking about when I'm talking about crude. Code similarly is not just the useful exiting undergraduate into the high value paying jobs of Silicon Valley at exorbitant prices so that they can become software engineers at Google with lots of massages and sushi bars, that's not code. Code is actually everything that is going on in the technological revolution on the back of those bits and bytes, including artificial intelligence and machine learning that is outpacing the way our education systems are scaling opportunity for most of the country. That's what code is. It's the technological innovation that we in Silicon Valley are blessed in almost a seemingly endless Florentine era at the epicenter of innovation to consider systems normal but that doesn't actually proliferate or translate across most of the country. And so the people most responsible for code here in Silicon Valley or in Boston or in Austin or in other highly educated centers of innovation all too often look at the people in this country and elsewhere that are responsible for natural resources and they say dismissive things. You dinosaurs can't drill your way out of this and then the son of a Greek goat herder shows up with something like hydrofracking and sort of proves them wrong that actually you can drill your way out at least for a time, at least at a measurable cost. We're not sure whether that cost is worthwhile or not but yeah, we can turn drilling into a manufacturing process on a completely reliable basis and understand how much yield we'll get from the Permian basin and break the back of OPEC in ways that we couldn't have conceived of when the president of the United States said we're addicted to oil. We can actually devise cures for that and mitigate what the effects of Saudi Aramco are on the world, that doesn't necessarily mean we've solved all of our problems. And then those in Houston and the headquarters of those great institutions look over here in the Silicon Valley and Klingtec and all the kids at garages and all the activity in Sand Hill Road and everything that's going on at Google and X Labs and they say oh, solar, Klingtec that's the technology of the future and it always will be. That's the great inside joke if you're from the oil and gas belt and they don't understand for a minute the stochastic nature of the inexorable evolution and progress of technology and however lumpy it may be however they predict the price points too high at any given snapshot in time the inevitable inexorable progress continues until ultimately we hit these points of inflection and I've got to see it. I've got to see it not just now one of these last GCEP convenings I was here at the very first of the GCEP convenings and back then as a young presidential appointee arriving immediately after hurricanes Katrina and Rita had devastated and basically removed and evacuated a major United States city full of culture and history at that point when all of our rigs were knocked off our platforms and our oil price went in a 12 month span from $25 to $147 for a record price and before there was a financing crisis there was an energy crisis where people had to choose between filling their tanks or paying their gas bills or paying for food and grocery at that point in time when addiction to oil meant most somebody informed me I could come to Silicon Valley and get them to translate white papers into business plans that if only the U.S. government could play an inductive role and begin to catalyze entrepreneurship where it marries university scholarship in such a way that people could possess license and take risk we could scale to unprecedented heights the amount of capital formation necessary to have a consequential impact in a time frame that was relevant and that's what we did sort of 13-14 years ago and that's why there are more in the department of energy officials today associated with Stanford University of qualified competence and importance like Lynn who you just heard Arun Majumdar, Steve Choo, Cathy Zoe the list goes on folks are here because Washington is positively boring by contrast we went from an era of immense bipartisan arguably non-partisan problem solving the seriousness of rolling up the sleeves and saying what does it take to get things done passing monumental legislation and statues with both a Republican Congress and then a Democratic Congress for months comprehensive omnibus energy legislation and people say oh there's no such thing as national energy policy yes there is in the United States it's called statute when you pass laws comprehensive laws one upon another it forms things and that's how we got the title 17 loan guarantee program with 80 billion dollars for clean energy that avoids sequesters or reduces carbon building efficiency reform what people thought was the phase out of incandescent lighting but actually turned out to be a revolution in LED lighting there's no such thing as a commercial building built today that doesn't start with LED lighting you can go across Palo Alto here and you can see that Tesla's plug-in vehicles are the Camry's of Palo Alto I mean they're so frequent around right and I can tell you there wasn't a single one on the road ten years ago in fact in that first trip out here I had the privilege of the CEO of Tesla giving me the first ride in the first Tesla and I sat there and looked at the graphite block roadster and I thought if I get into this sort of lithium battery tied together miniature machine refitted lotus is it going to blow up sure enough it stalled out a few blocks from the factory I sort of looked at the Martin Hamburger and I said I don't know there's a lot of press back there do you want me to walk or hitchhike or how do you play it and later on I ended up being part of an investment in Tesla but we've changed we've imagined what the future could look like with electrified drive trains and alternative vehicles and light weighting and carbon materials science dominating the way that we address our addiction oil and at the same time simultaneously they changed in the land that I grew up in in Texas and they said not only can we get this on a reliable basis we can do it in an increasingly environmentally sensitive manner in fact we have no choice if we don't pay attention to seismicity if we don't pay attention to water consumption if we don't pay attention to community development the industry will end so there's an existential threat out in natural resource land and it's not coming purely from the obsolescence of what's going on in tech land and there's a real need out in tech land to understand what the transition looks like as we move to peak demand of natural resource extraction and that's really what we're facing a multi-decadal transition that requires comparable non-partisan leadership that goes after not just majority one majority plus one of your own party but a two-thirds majority of both parties in ways that create durable sustainable predictable signals to the marketplace and to the technologist to keep innovating that's crude and code when they work at their best to reinforce one another and find themselves in symbiosis rather than in competition but what about capital oh capital for years and years people say oh if I just had an innovative source of capital if I could just conform capital to my invention then the world would be that much better instead of sort of saying how do I create a business model that conforms to capital systems and the truth is we need innovation in capital systems as much as we need the innovation in the technologies in the nanotech the biotech and the clean tech itself and what does that innovation look like it's not sort of tweaking the financial products of a fiat currency from Bretton Woods right we have so much different forms of capital evolving in the 21st century that we have to take very seriously for the intrinsic nature of what capital actually is we have virtual capital what is that it's bitcoin they laugh at it bitcoins just a product it rides on the blockchain the blockchain is the most consequential development and evolution of interaction it bits and bytes since the creation of the world wide web bit bitcoin may be the first or the last of the virtual currencies but it sets a demonstration and a mark for how peer to peer trusted exchange can and will likely continue to evolve outside the jurisdiction of governments and with very little choice by governments of that inevitable trend and since technology is never actually benign since technology will either be incredibly disruptive as we have experienced in the best most beneficial way in clean tech or it will fortify and calcify the status quo as we are seeing in the lockdown and the use of it by autocracies to monitor people's homes in the way that brave new world contemplated since it's never benign we have to be on top of it we have to have technology employed and harnessed in the service of humanity and so clean tech nanotech biotech infotech will all amount to not if we do not concentrate ourselves by design on humanity how do we take these technologies to serve society's interest and not lose sight that the goal is not merely lessening tailpipe emissions or capturing carbon at the flu the goal has to be the equitable just servicing of our society to better the nature of our interactions amongst each other as we elongate our species and our habitats survival here that's a bigger thing than saying it's all solved in the era of abundance we have enough oil, we have enough gas we're humming on technology boy the real estate prices are good everybody's prospering that is insufficient in a place when we talk about a tragedy of the commons and what is that tragedy well there's the classic economic version we all know the story of the Boston commons and nobody having ownership I view it as perverse market incentives misaligned policy and insufficiently or inappropriately applied technology perverse market incentives well, you know the car I've got is worth more than $100,000 I never as a kid thought I would be in such a car there's no market incentives out there between subsidized interest rates and low payments that would induce me to be in it but that's not enough that it's fun and it's got torque and it's the first time since I'm 16 years old I enjoy driving around, it's not enough the taxpayer should give me an extra $7500 for the privilege of driving it at a time that people in East Palo Alto can't get $7500 together for bus fare for a year of commuting to their place of work that they inevitably have to leave their towns to find incredibly misaligned and perverse in that and we have to be corrective in our policy prescriptions so that we don't find ourselves in Palo Alto juicing our Teslas with photovoltaic panels that we can buy at Home Depot sipping electrons with our Nest thermostats that we control on our iPhones and barely paying anything to leave the gunk and debris of the depreciated grid to those who can't afford access to the solutions that are inevitably increasingly differentiated and vulcanized by economic choice we have got to be attentive to designing the utility of tomorrow and reimagining the society we want to have this is not actually beyond our reach it is a compelling obligation and imperative for places like Stanford to think ahead because we have the opportunity to think in such an integral and social conscious way and we have done it before like a century ago something happened we even graphically associate great ideas with a light bulb used to be an incandescent light bulb since we are getting rid of incandescence we don't think of it that way anymore but it used to be when you had a good idea you would put a light bulb over your head oh what a good idea and that idea was so big and so powerful that we could turn night in today that we could allow people to read after they came in from the fields of a long day's labor it was so powerful that we as a society made a declaration everybody must have it it has to be uniform it has to be universally accessible it has to be affordable it has to be reliable and we made a social compact with ourselves we even created government agencies to ensure the funding and the extension of the very last mile to the very last outhouse that everybody should have lumens at night because they were part of our society that was our original social compact with energy and now we've done the right thing we've induced all of these new points of light through the internet of things and machine learning and electrification of drive trains and autonomous vehicles and soon autonomous vehicles that can fly we've done all these things and we'll continue to do them for the right reasons for the beneficence on society and our environment but will we take care and integrate with comparable precision and with comparable priority the need to have universal and uniform access to all so that we ensure that the opportunity that derives from those new technologies is shared in an equitable way that lifts us all up for the society we want to form those are the core questions that we have for the tragedy of the commons it's not sufficient to say boy we've got low and steady price natural gas as far as the eye can see I grew up with that $2 natural gas we used to have $30 30 year contracts on natural gas when we'd build a power plant in the 1980s and so we're back so we're back and then we went through the cycle we're using natural gas for a power plant was like using Hennessy XO to wash your socks it was just nuts why would you it's so precious hold on to every last drop of it and then all of a sudden we're back and no time's good again one thing that we know for sure when we basillate between national security and not distress from our reliance on hydrocarbons that even in an era of abundance we do not remove ourselves from the era and the endemic and intrinsic nature of volatility associated with those sources of energy so we have to wean ourselves from it in a way that lifts us all up and that's what we mean by a radical remedy of the commons we mean trying to find the symbiosis between our humanity and our communities and our natural surroundings and understanding the actual value of all the natural resources whether we're burning them or whether we're trading them or whether we're conserving them so that those trees that Lenore rightfully says is the best technology that's not going to be surpassed we're not going to have a better oxygen making carbon consuming machine than a tree so how do we have more of them that's radical remedies at Emerson we try to think of it very simply what are the most differentiated solutions to the highest value problems that accelerate the pace of maximum impact that's our sort of very simple spectrum on things if you want to reduce it it is how do you think differently and deploy as quickly as possible to scale in the most impactful way that's what we do well there's lots of things that are differentiated you know electric skateboards are differentiated you can see them all up and down the streets of Palo Alto but they're not a very high value problem I love solar panels and the revolution that came about that but they're commoditized like you know Keds tennis shoes in Chinese factory number 17 now so high value problem but very low differentiation we've got to focus on in these halls of Stanford and I think you're seeing it on the poster boards outside the differentiated solutions to the highest value problems there's always been the hallmark of this university as Jim Sweeney once reminded me and so trying to understand gas densification whether it's carbon molecules or methane molecules how do we compress and store and transport gases that's a huge thing if we were only addressing flaring that would be an enormous thing do we have to build an LNG facility to send these mobile bombs into ports all around the world you know sipping a straw in the abundance of shale to get to a usable economy for natural gas or is there a way to end flaring all together with densification and porosity of nano level materials and absorptive materials metal organic frameworks what else can we think of what else can we imagine in the way that we imagined electric cars are cars that drove themselves out of Silicon Valley said that that's nuts it'll never happen 120 months ago so that's where I want I think I should leave the challenge for today think holistically try to bring all of these disparate elements of our energy economy together without accepting that something is more superior and something is more subordinate because it wasn't originated here or because we own the idea first think holistically about how to bring the parts of this country together in the Rust Belt and in Appalachia and in the oil patch with the brilliant centers of innovation in Boston and Austin and Silicon Valley because our national leaders aren't and we have to here, political obsolescence has set in so much dysfunction at the highest levels of erstwhile leadership that they have rendered themselves no longer a part of the rational conversation for problem solving in this country at this time that's tragic but that's where we are individuals unfortunately as we're finding out from our fellow Americans living without water for days people whose children served in our military and risked their lives going hungry in the United States of America individuals aren't positioned in a catches catch can way every man for himself to advance these things so somewhere in between political obsolescence of a nation state and overcoming to a degree the mythology of rugged individualism solving everything we have got to form the collaborative communities that have contagion in problem solving and figured out shared ideas and shared solutions to patch us back together I was a shock when I came back to America to be honest with you after 12 years abroad and people explained to me that these were the red states and these were the blue states it was the simply the most shocking notion for a kid who was at the Berlin Wall chipping away at it after 40 years of cold war and the receding existential threat of nuclear weapons for somebody to come back to me after going abroad to make a new world order and say oh, which state are you from the red ones or the blue ones because one of them is not the good guys I had no idea I was sending postcards from Texas with iron horses of mines and going hey of well heads this is what we do in Texas Cadillacs with big horns Eric and you know what are you doing in California surfboards everything else to come back and know that we were divided by the basis of where we were from is one of the greatest misfortunes perpetrated on us now being exploited by our erstwhile leadership here in Stanford here with this technology with this subject matter with this track record with the analog of experience that we have we have an incredible opportunity to create that kind of foolish thinking we can take green and let it cover over everything about red and blue we can take innovation and make problem solving superior to scapegoating and division but only if we connect the dots beyond the tailpipe beyond the flu beyond the electrons beyond the nano and material science and understand it's a question of our humanity and our dignity to build out of our communities so those are the radical remedies of the comments and you are the folks to make the radical remedies and I'm so privileged to be amongst you and share with you a little bit about our insight and to work with you in the days, months and years ahead to make it real thank you for having me did you want me to take some questions I didn't hear you say anything about income redistribution because the incandescent light bulb as far as I know wasn't sponsored by the government it was made available and people bought it because they had the money to buy it and what's your point you are asking for a revolution or change but you didn't talk about income redistribution to make all these wonderful things we are doing here affordable to people who have no training who have no money who are not voting for us I think I understand your question but if I'm answering it the wrong way feel free to correct me there's two angles to that there's a supply side and a demand side relative to the pricing that affects low income people on the supply side there used to be a very strong argument by the incandescent light bulb producers that we're only two cents and your LED light bulb is three bucks and they'd go we can never leave incandescence because it's three bucks okay and the government had a lot of different obligations how do we take the price of LEDs down to a comparable price but also how do we regulate the standard so that we induce the market on a fair and equitable basis to compete that price downward so when we came up with a lighting standard everybody said you've gone Marxist you're phasing out incandescent light bulbs and by and large by the way this was many of the same folks that are against that standard today voted for it okay and by God I'm going to have my incandescent I'm going to cook an egg on that thing you're not going to take that heat away from me baby and this is not just for lighting we saw this with 1.6 flush toilets same argument boy it cost a third of the cost to have a four gallon flush toilet than a 1.6 so I'm going to Canada by God I'll get two flushes in 1.6 efficient flush toilet people are married to inefficient and backward technology the government actually has an obligation at some level to say if it can be produced if it is available if it is good for society that we should share in it creating that standard actually induces a market and the prices collapse and so today where we had no LED lighting on the shelves at Home Depot today it's dominated by LED lighting that is cost competitive for over people aren't having to climb their ladders to go change them because they last for 20 years at a pop so the cost efficiency of that device came directly from government rule set defining a market government research driving the price down and having the insight and ability to project forward and say it is better for our citizens as a whole to have a new standard than to say every man for himself for two sin imported 98% inefficient 100 year old technology to persist okay now I believe that now if you still say but there's a delta it's still unfair that some people have more disposable income and other people have less disposable income what do I do about that I point to the California AB 32 and I say well California has today the world's most efficacious policy for pricing carbon and not simply because it works and there's a mechanism for what you would call redistribution I would call a useful taxation on environmental degradation and insecurity okay but in that there is a carve out of up to 35% that that funding is meant to directly go to the communities that are marked as lower income and distress okay so we do have mechanisms they're new and they're insufficiently tried but I think California as the laboratory right now in the United States and in the world of efficacious climate policy has it incumbent to get the implementation right and to prove out the question that you're asking can we get it right and make it equitable so choice exist so it's very very nice talk thank you very much focusing all towards the humanity of who we are I really appreciate it I guess we're probably all concerned about government research funds coming in government standards and of course California is pushing the way do you have some general ideas or advice right now going through the federal government seems awkward to say the least about where we can go to make more of a difference here as a university or individuals in those areas we go through California of government because it is allowing us liable to do it or have any other thoughts about that and this is specifically asking about government R&D government R&D but also government standards things that we can do because we have to through government institutions to like you say make these changes that we need to make because they may not it's a good question I will tell you and as you can tell from my last answer I'm very sacramento centric in my thinking these days functionally I like to go where things are getting done and where there's a willingness by people to listen in an exchange of ideas however difficult or intransigent their positions may be that they're ultimately focused on problem solving and constructiveness rather than deconstruction so most of what I am concerned with in DC these days is playing defense on things like the endangerment finding and the antiquities act and the attack on efficiency standards etc. I don't like defense I think the best defense is a good offense and the best offense today is sacramento and what we've seen under the leadership of Kevin de Leon the president of the senate is incredible insight foresight and the capacity to galvanize you know the republican head of the caucus Chad May lost his job over creating a bipartisan agreement for cap and trade so along the lines of the massive amount of money that is inevitably going through that system senator Henry Stern has moved to set up a california r&d facility modeled on arpae california can't do it all and there's a really good argument that it shouldn't but it is a beacon for better ideas that are being integrated on a nonpartisan basis I would argue now I'm sure there's many in the republican party that say it's completely partisan we just want there to be nothing going on but if you actually want something to go on there's a conversation to be had in DC the thing that gives me the greatest confidence about r&d is that there is a remainder of the legislative craftsmen whether they're democrats or republicans that people would call the establishment which I guess means experienced and wise there's a remainder of them sufficient to enhance and protect our national laboratories and ultimately the budgets even as those less informed about the value of correlating that r&d are trying to erode them the good thing is the management is so abysmal in the executive branch that they don't actually know where all the switches and buttons are and so it feels like those in the know will probably outlast them I wonder if you have any quick thoughts on economic aid that can be provided to the people of Puerto Rico or other equivalent areas that are suffering from a destruction of their infrastructure and the like I keep thinking distributed generation and LED water purification but how does something like that get put out? what is the most resilient, intelligent, affordable, accessible, clean source of energy that could be durable if you put a speck around it does it exist yes how do we get it there we've got the problem getting it to East Palo Alto because of a landlord agency problem when we're totally geared to credit markets and single family Caucasian homeowners and affluent suburbs in America so it's the same sort of impediment of a distribution problem in the maturity of the system you know in oil there are a whole company set up a Greco worldwide is set up for nothing but helping for immediate distributed energy power solutions at the mind mouth or in a crisis or in a blackout so who's there first the guys who have institutionally stood themselves up now there are lots of these companies that have been innovative over time particularly for the Department of Defense and others to containerize boxed quick deployment in fact Depender Sluja from Skoll actually has a brilliant company like this that works on a hybridized basis and quickly deploys it was meant for telecom in India etc but what are the mechanisms for these new emergent companies being galvanized through US agencies in a coherent systematic way for what the new grid should be what they're going to end up doing which will be unfortunate if they follow the law and the law being the Stafford Act which basically says you can only build back to the specification it was before so let's take all the tax money we have and design for 1954 with rickety wooden poles because that's what we're legally bound to do I mean really dumb stuff so so first thing is to pull back the Stafford Act in the way that we pull back the Jones Act and say blue sky what should happen here and the reality is there should be a grid in San Juan and distributed microgrids everywhere else erected as fast as possible with the cleanest possible spec at the lowest possible price that market actors can bring to bear and so President Clinton has been convening on this David Crane the former CEO of NRG Richard Branson I've met with lots of people to discuss this very question and we know exactly what the design should be the question is what is the legal impediments to supporting that design the opportunity to go forward meanwhile while we sit and argue we have American citizens without water and energy it's absolutely dumb founding Andy good morning and thank you for the heartening reminder of our state's leadership if we look back at fuel efficiency for vehicles renewable portfolio standards for generation of electricity in our state a question if we look at a carbon calculator for a first world human being aviation is maybe a third bucket there what's the probability that the state of California can create a market for human passenger aviation aircraft and radically drive the efficiency down for those as well that's a great question and the answer is completely tied and correlated to what class what weight what application of that aircraft I mean I was just as weak looking at the race to flying taxis if you want so how do we take a drone and size it into an SUV and carry five to seven passengers and have them right of way over the highways with electric recharging and autonomous flight patterns right is that fanciful count on it you'll see it in the next five years and was that a far gone conclusion we used to have helicopter delivery from SFO to downtown but we had a decibel problem we can crack the decibel problem we can crack the efficiency problem we can crack the fuel problem but only in a certain size class so now if you've got a new size class of flight what does that mean to mid flight to beach craft and all the other sort of mid operators and unfortunately the larger problem that you're probably talking about which is Boeing and Airbus and transcontinental aircraft is the most difficult most intractable and in all probability the last one to solve so it's also the one that behooves us to invest the most in material science and engineering and of course the gains there have been enormous as we now have transcontinental aircraft with a further reach than a 747 flying on two engines and the efficiency in those planes are incredible but the things that I see in material science a day when we can easily project airplanes having no windows and gaining 10% efficiency because you can touch the wall of it and see precisely what you want from any view outside up down whatever with ocular indifference that is your eye could not detect whether it were a window or whether it's a wall because of the precision in granularity and the evaporation of pixelation we're so far beyond that so the question is time and cost in the efficiency to make those things a fuel as possible my prediction is that they'll be the last to get off of fuels as the most intractable problem and I don't have a great solution I mean we saw the green hornet flying around and lots of biofuels sort of solutions but for my bet it's as much material science as you can put into the big ones and to electrify the small ones and have a lot more localized fleet movement thank you guys good luck today thank you


Hi, I'm Daniel Weisberg, search advocate at Google. And I'm Aurora Morales from the Trust and Safety Team. What? How did you get here? It's a security breach. Want to check my ID? In a bit. At the moment, I could do with some help explaining the security issues report in Search Console that alerts webmasters about malicious behavior on their websites. And since your team protects Google users, including Google Search, would you be up for that? Por supuesto. The Search Console security issues report shows warnings when Google finds that your site might have been hacked or used in ways that could potentially harm a visitor or their device. For example, a hacker might inject malicious code in your pages to redirect your users to another site or to automatically create pages with nonsensical sentences filled with keywords on your site. These are examples of website hacking. An attacker might also trick users into doing something dangerous, such as revealing confidential information or downloading malicious software. That is called social engineering. When a site has been compromised to manipulate search rankings, it can be labeled as this site may be hacked to warn users in search results. When a site has been compromised to harm users, browsers with Google-safe browsing technology enabled may display interstitial warning pages or alerts when files are downloaded, for example, to warn users when they are about to access malicious websites. Google-safe browsing also labels results in search, such as this site may harm your computer. In the next video, I'll go through some of the most common security issues that Google sees on websites, so make sure you don't miss it. To learn more about the subject, you can also check the links in the description. Now, Daniel will show you how to find the affected pages on your website and how to use Search Console to fix them. When Google detects a security issue on a website, Search Console verified site owners will receive an email alerting them about this issue with a link to more information on how to solve it. Read your emails carefully. It's important that you see these alerts as soon as possible. Even if you miss an email, you can always log into Search Console to check if you have any issues. In the overview page, you'll already be notified if you have security issues on your site through a banner at the top of the page. Clicking the alert will lead you to the security issues report, where you'll find a list of all security issues related to your website. Google does its best to check sites for the most common security issues, but it should still keep your eyes open. You can also navigate to the messages panel and choose the security issues category to see all related messages that have been sent to your website in the past. These can give you context on your website history, especially if you're new to a company or took over an existing website. To fix a security issue on your site and let Google know, we recommend the following steps. Expand the security issue description panel to learn more about the issue and follow the Learn More link for detailed information and steps to fix it. After you read about it, decide whether you think this is something you can fix. If not, find someone on your team or externally that has web development experience or visit the Webmaster Help forums. Use the sample of affected pages provided in the details section to troubleshoot and fix your issue. You might have a security issue with no example URLs. This doesn't mean that no pages are affected, only that we couldn't generate samples for that specific case. Fix the issue throughout your entire website. Fixing it on just some pages will not solve the problem, so make sure you leave no pages behind. If the report lists multiple security issues, fix all of them. When all issues listed in the report are fixed in all pages, select Request Review in the Security Issues Report and describe your fixes in your review request. A good request does three things. It explains the exact issue on your website, it describes the steps you've taken to fix the issue, and it documents the outcome of your efforts. Check out John's latest video on web spam manual actions and reconsideration requests for more on that. Most reviews take a few days, but some can take up to a week or two. You'll get a review confirmation message when you submit your request to inform you that the review is in progress. You'll also get a message when the review is completed. There is no need to submit another review request before you get the final decision on your outstanding request. If you can't see hacked content on the URLs provided in Search Console, this might be an example of cloaking. Cloaking makes cleaning a website more difficult because it shows different content to users than it does to search engines. For example, a page on your site may not have visible hacked content to you. This might lead you to believe that there is no hacked content and that Search Console is sending you wrong messages. However, a search engine like Google accessing the same page might be served hidden spammy text and links. Check the links in the description to learn more about cloaking. In this video, we shared an overview of security issues and the process you need to follow to fix them on Search Console. In the next video, our order will go deeper into different types of security issues Search Console reports on. Subscribe to the Webmaster's YouTube channel for more on security and Search Console in general. Stay tuned. So where's your ID? I must have put it somewhere.


In perfect capital markets, risk of bankruptcy is not a disadvantage of debt. In fact, a bankruptcy is not the simple transfer of the ownership of firms' assets from its equity holders to its debt holders. In the real world, the process of bankruptcy is rarely simple and straightforward, rather it is very much complicated and longer process that transfers the assets of the firm from equity holders to its debt holders and that bankruptcy process also imposes certain costs on the firm and its investors and these are the costs that the assumptions of perfect capital market ignores. Now also note that the equity holders of the firm just not easily come to a consent of handing over the assets of the firms to the debt holders. There are two types of bankruptcy costs. The first is the direct cost of bankruptcy and second is the indirect cost of bankruptcy. So far as the direct costs of bankruptcy are concerned, the firm becomes financially distressed in case of bankruptcy, then it needs to go for hiring of certain outside professionals and that list includes the hiring of legal and accounting experts, consultants and appraisers, auctioneers and others with experience to sell the distressed assets of the firm. Even investment bankers may also assist with essential financing restructuring of the bankrupt firm. Also these outside experts become costly for the bankrupt firm. Additionally, the creditors may also need to incur certain costs during the process of bankruptcy. These direct costs of bankruptcy reduce the value of the assets of the firm's investors because the higher cost for the firms with complicated business operations, longer number of creditors, these two factors affect the bankruptcy cost of the firm to go more higher side. There is a problem with the longer number of larger number of creditors because it is more difficult to get creditors willingness on the final disposition of the assets of the firm. Now the evidence of this particular cost can be there because of two options. Option one is work out where work can be done by first negotiating directly with the creditors. The second option to control the creditors longer list is to go for the prepack. Prepack is a process where development is done in order to go for a reorganization plan with the consent of the main creditors of the firm and then this reorganization plan is implemented while pressing putting a pressure on other creditors that are trying to get some more share for for themselves. Next we have indirect cost of bankruptcy. There is a longer list of such type of cost like loss of customers. In that case, a firm away from promises to its customers may turn these customers unwilling to purchase its products that are subject to future sport services issues. Then we have loss of suppliers who are unwilling now to provide a firm with the inventory with the fear of any non-payment of their credit in the days to come. Third we have loss of employees where the firm has inability to offer job security with long term employment contracts and that may turn new hiring very much difficult for the firm or the higher cost of retaining existing employees who may quit or may be hired by other firms in the industry. Next we have loss of receivables where there is a difficult collection as customers believe that the firm will never bother because amounts are not particularly large in any individual case of receivables. Next we have fire sales of assets where the firm is forced to go for quick sale of assets to raise cash that may force a firm to accept a lower price for its assets then can be otherwise fetched under a more financially stable condition. Then we have inefficient liquidation where the management of the firm uses certain tactics that may delay the liquidation of the firm that even should be shut down more quickly. Next we have cost to the creditors that means their default of a firm with a loan being significant asset for the credit may lead to the costly financial distress for the creditors. In that particular case creditors may foresee that a significant part of their credit may not be recovered from the disposition of the assets of the firm. Now what is the overall impact of the indirect cost of bankruptcy you see that this can be very substantial cost so far as the indirect bankruptcy costs are concerned while estimating such indirect cost of bankruptcy two things need to be considered. The first is that how much loss will be there to the total value of the firm and second to measure the incremental losses due to the financial distress and that how much these additional losses may go beyond the any losses due to the firm's economic economic distress so we need to consider the incremental losses of financial distress that are in excess of the operational losses of the firm.


Well it's a legacy term phase one of a readiness exercise so there's three phases that over the next few weeks we'll test and that's generate, employ, and sustain. Phase one is the generate piece where we take and we get personnel and equipment out of town to go on a deployment. Everybody needs to have confidence that everybody around them knows what to do and if we don't all know what to do and how to prepare and how to react in those situations you know the consequences are pretty grave honestly. So it's better to test it now than when it actually comes down and then we fail operationally. We're going to be processing a lot of passengers a lot of cargo in accordance with the installation deployment plan and make sure that the deployment machine itself runs very efficiently.  Normally people come in they go in a line and they have about 20 different stations. This one's different because what they're doing is they're trying an expedited processing to where people can come in get just a very limited number of stations and then go out the door on the other end. Pallet building happens down the units it starts with the pallets and the rolling stock all that has to be prepped down the units they have to weigh everything and inventory everything. Once all that stuff's done and then they have actual waste measures their their shippers decks are filled out they have something hazardous like a lead acid battery fuel on board lithium batteries ammo things like that all that has to be accounted for along with sensitive items they have very strange and timing for that. Grissom has got a really good history about doing cargo and packed processing and the wing got called up for 9-11 that night we hadn't been processing cargo packs yet and we had the call that we were leaving tomorrow from Grissom. No one in the wing no one in the history of the Air Force reserve had ever done that before you know we made history with as far as the cargo stuff and we've always done that really well so we want to keep that you know that sharp end of the sword going and make sure we can do it and do it at a moment's notice.


Hello and a big welcome to everyone participating in today's web chat on finding strength through sport. My name is Grace Shelton, and I'll be your moderator. I'm the Consul General here at the US Consulate in Karachi, Pakistan. And I'm thrilled to have with me, you'll see behind me a group of inspiring young women and men who have gathered to participate and ask questions of our distinguished panel of speakers. And on our panel today, we have with us some extraordinary young athletes from India and Pakistan, and hopefully we'll have somebody from Tajikistan maybe joining us later. All of these panelists have excelled in sports, and have been active in getting girls and young women in their communities to get involved in sports activities. These amazing women all traveled to the United States and participated in ESPN's Global Sports Mentoring Program for women. Let me introduce them. Sitting right next to me, I have Fatima Saleem. She is one of the first female sports anchors and reporters in Pakistan, and has channeled her passion for sports and sports reporting into Go Girl Pakistan. An organization that empowers Pakistani girls by engaging them in sports.  Nangshi and Tashi Malik are from Haryana, India, and are joining us today from London. They are commonly known as the Everest Twins and are world famous mountaineers. They are the world's first sibling in twins, and as well as the youngest people and from South Asia to complete the adventurer's grand slam, meaning they climbed the highest peaks on every continent and also skied to the north and south poles. They founded the Nangshi Tashi Foundation to help girls gain leadership skills, employment, and ultimately empowerment through outdoor activities. They're going to act as one panelist and take turns answering questions. Now hopefully we'll have Aziza Kuyamova joining us from Dushanbe to Jikistan. Let me just tell you a little bit about her in case she is able to join us. She is the president and founder of Standard Sport and Dance Federation in Tajikistan, an independent national organization that promotes the sport of dancing. The Federation also fosters dance in Tajikistan as a means of physical education. Aziza successfully combined her passion for dance and martial arts and is now one of Tajikistan's most famous coaches. Now our final guest is Rabia Khadir who won't be on camera but is participating today via Twitter. She'll be on Twitter throughout the program helping to answer your questions and sharing her thoughts via the hashtag empower women. Rabia continues to play hockey competitively for Pakistan's national team and balances her field hockey commitments with her job as a sports anchor for multiple news stations.  Please ask your questions via the chat space on the page next to the video player or via Twitter using the hashtag empower women. Now I'm going to just exercise my right as moderator and ask the first questions and then I'll turn it over to y'all. Oh Aziza has joined us. Hello Aziza. Great. Okay I've already introduced you. So let me ask all of you to respond briefly to my first question to my only question. What is what are some of the most difficult challenges you faced to play sports and how did you overcome them. Fatima why don't we start with you since you're here and we're going to just share a mic. So I'm not an athlete but I do work in the sports industry. So my most difficult time was when I started as a sports anchor. A lot of people, especially people who I worked with said why do you want to do this you're a girl you cannot talk about sports nobody's going to take you seriously. You can wear western clothes wear blazers and talk about sports men do that. So this was 10 years back and it was a very difficult time always sort of giving up. But I think I overcame this with the help of my family with my coworkers and the only reason I came over with this because I wanted to set an example by not quitting. So how did I overcome this I did not quit I did not give up I did my work better I researched more I didn't sleep for nights and prepare answers and so that I could be the best woman on television talking about sports. And here I am. I've been doing this for 10 years now. That is fantastic. Nanshi Tashi let's go to you please. Well, in our sport, it was certainly financial. You know, ordinary adventure sports are okay and affordable. But the kind of extreme climbing we've been doing costs huge money and unlike other sports in India such as cricket. There is very little support for mountaineering, either from government or the corporate. In India, adventure sports are not even included as sports but come under the youth affairs, surprisingly.    You know, who will marry you if you lose a limb? I think when we approached our mother for the permission to climb Mount Everest, she threatened to commit suicide if we ever spoke of Everest again. And later she warned us to choose between either Everest or marriage. You know, saying that they could not afford both referring to the evil practice of dowry in India. So it took us nearly three years to get past these mountains when we climbed Everest in 2013. But in any case, I mean, if our father's support wasn't with us, so we wouldn't have embarked on this journey. Okay, so again, family support was important and getting them on board. Aziza, what about you? Hello, everyone. I'm very proud to be here right now in this web chat. The first challenge of course is that we are all women. And in my country, it is also was a bit difficult for me and my sister to be in the sport because everyone is telling boys should be in sports more than girls. But right now I'm very happy that it is going to be better. The girls role in the sport and the women role in the sport are getting more in my country also. Thank you. For me, I faced this problem when I was in the martial arts, especially because people say that this is the sport for boys, not for girls. But right now there are a lot of girls who already took the championship, like champions of the world Asia and other countries. Okay. All right. Thank you. Now, I'd like to get some questions from our online and live audience for the remainder of the program. And again, for those of you joining online or viewing from watch parties at US embassies or American spaces, please ask your questions via the chat space. Next to the video player or via Twitter using the hashtag empower women. And we already have our first question, which is, how do you think playing sports in general helps girls. So why don't we start with Nungshita this time please. How do you think sports in general helps girls. Well, I have experienced that any sport you know sort of enhances self esteem and instills huge self confidence. So I think playing sports is particularly important for girls, given that you know they often suffer from sense of inferiority and low self esteem. You know, I feel playing sports also gives me that platform to have an equal sort of footing with men. So I think it makes me more confident capable. And I would say an equal human being. Well, exactly. I mean from what my sister just said, and the fact that sports are also, you know, very good in self awareness in helping us discover that inner side of us. It is also clear that you know sports have like this direct correlation to leadership. Good sports persons around the world are always you know self starters, good team builders and even very decisive. So it really really helps in the wrong long run. Fatima, I actually agree with the twins. Absolutely sports give you so much confidence as a woman. It gives you the ability to be yourself.  Sports gives you confidence control gives you the confidence to say no, and say yes whenever you feel like and I feel like when you play sports you are independent you're calling the shots, and you're unstoppable. Aziza, do you want to answer that also. How do you think playing sports in general helps girls. I totally agree with all my sisters. The confidence is the first benefit from sports for the girl especially because after being in the sports, you feel yourself more confident and you can believe on your strengths more. Okay, great. Let me just go now to the crotchie viewing audience please. Hi, I'm Arma, and I'm the student of English program. My question is, if you had to start over from current. Sorry, it's searching where you have to achieve to promote women's and it's born. What would you do differently and buy. Yeah, it was a was a bit unclear at the end. So that could be repeated. Okay. My question is, if you had to start over from current and knowing what you have to achieve in promoting women's and sports. What did you do differently and lie. Well, honestly speaking, you know, I would take this question in the sense that, you know, my advice to girls, all women get wanting to get into sports would be, you know, that apart from gender barriers and are part of the world. You know, bearing few sports like cricket, you know, sports usually don't get any financial security. And that's what further deters girls from getting into sports. So my advice would be that, you know, if you like any sport, just go for it and strive for excellence. Because I think whatever you do, you know, the progress may be slow, but at the end, you know, success will eventually come your way. So I think you need to be committed, you need to be dedicated, and you need to put in your hard work so that you could prove that you could do good, you know, coming to sport. Great. Aziza, is there anything you would have done differently? It was financially right, financial side. No, not just financially. Anything you might have done differently knowing now what you, what you know now. I'm sorry, I didn't got a good voice of that. Yes, you now have had success in sports.  Okay. Any lessons that you know now? Yes, of course, being, getting experience, you can understand everything more clearly. And now I, when I will do some kind of project, I can understand how to do it better. But going back, I don't want to change something because this, that way, teach me how to do this, to be strong and how to make my success. I don't want to go back and to change anything. Okay, great. Aziza, let me just stick with you for a moment and ask, what is your proudest sports moment and why? What moment, sorry?  Oh, most proud. Yeah. And the sports, I think I have two of these moments. The first is when you win, of course, when you win, when you achieve your goal, the first goal is in the competitions. When you win in competitions, it is the first moment when you're proud of you and your parents are proud of you and your friends are proud of you and you feel this proudness more and more. And the second, it was when I started to be teacher, I started to teach another girls, kids, and when you feel that somebody is learning from you, and they said that, thank you, you're feeling proud of yourself that you are teaching. That's great. Yeah, super. Nancy Tashi. For me, it was dreaming of scaling Mount Everest and reaching the summit, even when I was physically very fragile looking, and most had completely ruled it out as a crazy thought. And I think the ultimate pride that we both have had is to become the world's youngest person to complete the adventurous grand slam. And then for once we have beaten even boys in a most dangerous and a challenging sport. So I think that's a proud moment for the both of us. That's great.  But I think my proudest moment was when we did our first clinic of Google Pakistan. When I was fresh from the US after the global sports program and I'm like, Oh, I'm going to hear change the world. And I came here and we did the first clinic. It was a free clinic we invited all fathers to come with their daughters. So it was a daddy and me football clinic. And I thought, well, nobody's going to show up. But guess what, 100 dads with their daughters showed up and play football, and they were girls who played football for the first time. And I think that was the proudest moment I cried so much all night and nobody knew why, but it was definitely the most proudest moment ever. That's great. We have a question from our viewing group and Bishkek playing sports sometimes involves taking some risks. What helps you have the courage to take such risks. I think risk to play sports and what what helps you to get that courage. Alright, we'll go to Nungshita she first. Well, you know, in our case, when we were looking at climbing mountains, you know, there's a very thin line between life and death. And there are all sorts of risk that we have to negotiate along the route. Sometimes even make wise decision whether to proceed to the mountain or even retreat from the expedition. But one of the strongest motivation and drive that we had during these climbs was like what my sister said the invisible mountains that our women had to face back home. So we kind of drew on us trends from that episode where we would probably compare our experience to be really, really minimal to the cause we espoused. So it would really give us the courage to move on and, you know, shatter some of the stereotypes and, you know, undertake risks and then move on.  That really drives us to perform better to take the risk, you know, positively and move on. And I think one of the biggest thing that has also aided this process is the fact that I had my sister with me because in a sport like this, you do need someone you can trust your life with, make decisions and proceed. So I'm really grateful that I had my sister with me on such a mission and that probably helped me cope with the risk that that would, you know, probably be on our way and take that positively and move on. Great. I'm going to turn to Fatima now. Okay. The question, thanks for the courage. Absolutely no risk when you're coming on TV. But yes, it's, it's not easy. It's not easy waking up every day and coming up with something and doing the show on live television every day. But I think what gives me the courage is that I have made a difference that I will empower more women if I stick to my job. So there are no risks. But yes, come, I think just the fact that you I have that platform where I can impact the women just keeps me going. And of course, I think women don't understand you need someone like they, she had her sister, I don't have a sister, but actually there's, there was someone behind me was my husband who always give me the courage to stand up and do what I'm doing and never gave up. I think that's only risk that was involved. Aziza. What, what, what helps you to have the courage to take risks in sports. People around us, of course, helping us to continue your work, because as Fatima says, it's not, it's not easy to do such a lot of functions every day. But you have people around you who are trusting on you will be living on the work on the things what you are what you are doing. And as my sisters from India says, I also have my sister behind of me, and she she's encouraging me a lot with my work with all things that we're doing with doing together. And it helps me a lot. All right, I've got a question now from our viewing group in Chennai. How do you maintain optimism or in happiness when facing the challenges of a woman playing sports. So how do you maintain because looking and hearing you, you all sound so optimistic and happy and how do you maintain that. All right, I'm going to go to Fatima first. Well, I think, once you start doing it. And once people start giving you the confidence. That's how that's how maintenance works. You have to, you have to take, you have to take all the positivity around you and not necessarily listen to all the negative things around you. That's what keeps you going. And I'm not lying. There were times when I wanted to give up because there was so much negativity. Once you learn that I don't need to hear this, hear negative thoughts, that's how you will always grow. Take all the positives takes the positives from negatives as well. And then you'll always be optimistic. Look at me sometimes I'm live and I'd say something that doesn't make sense but I try to cover it up. So that's what keeps us going. Just hear everything positive. I know people bring us down, but we just have to work your way up. And, and yeah, that's really my advice. Aziza, what about you? Of course, it is a life and you cannot win every, any time, every time being the top of the list. And sometimes you come down. And at that time, some you can understand more about things what you're doing. And actually, the results of your work helps you to continue this, this work, the work that they are doing. And the results when you see the people around our girls are more involved in the sports and a lot of people teaching from you and putting you as a leader and trusting you. Of course, you cannot put everything and going somewhere to start again. You have to continue and you have to do more and more and more. Great. And Nangshin Tashi, how do you keep your sense of optimism and happiness? I think it's so much the joy of freedom to be. For me, sports, particularly acts as a stress buster, and it instills a lot of positive energy. So I think just the fact, I mean, you're playing sports, that keeps you active and going. Well, I guess, yeah, that's been pretty much a mantra for being really active and optimistic is having this beautiful smile on even when you're like going through the toughest time and being like, oh my God, inside I'm like completely giving out. But you know, again, you know, like Fatima also said, there's, there's a lot of negative energy around, you know, when it comes to people not being appreciative of what we've done.  And you kind of take that as your strength.  And that gives us a great sense of accomplishment and it's really rewarding to see that there are other girls who are like, you know, bubbling with energy and, you know, are very furious to get the inner strength out and you know, show to the world who they are. So we really count on human relations and the fans that we have who support our missions. Super. Okay, now we're going to come back to Karachi for a question from our viewing audience and I've been aligned. I'm sometimes I'm holding the mic too close to my mouth. So we've got to keep the mic away from the mouth. My name is Vasiv and my question is describe one of your failure and disappointments in life. What lesson did you learn and how did it contribute to a greater success. So for me, I think growing up, there were moments where, you know, I sort of had Internet internalize an inferior state of being a girl. And that could be by, you know, by the virtue of, you know, boys telling us on the field grounds saying that kick it is not meant for girls, or that we should not hold a bat again.  And then, you know, that sort of resonates with the kind of work we do now, where we, you know, talk about climbing big, you know, big high mountains and shattering some of those stereotypes, because there are times when, you know, when you, when we feel like giving up when we felt like, Oh my God, this didn't work out. Or, you know, you can kind of come into this disillusionment that what you're doing is probably not right. But again, you know, having said that, mountaineering has really helped boost our spirit. It has really, you know, inculcated the feeling of being powerful, you know, being on equal footing as men are, because it's still perceived to be a mere dominant sport. So despite, you know, that inferior state of being, you know, very inferior to men and thinking that we're low, climbing these big mountains has been a game changer and it has really helped us evolve to the people we are today. And that really has helped us cope with with stressors. Great.  My first disappointment was when we were trying to find sponsorship for our first competition in the dance sport as our federation is very young in my country. And before, there was not dance sport federations, like, like dance as a sport, not as a simple dance. We were faced with some of the difficulties. When we started to find sponsorship from the big companies, especially on that moment, it was from the mobile company, our huge mobile company in Tajikistan. They said, you're so young, and you're so young girl, he said, how can you manage this kind of competition? That was the first disappointment. And I was very sad from that. But we didn't put all things like doing nothing. We started to find another sponsors. And when we found another sponsors, this company from mobile, they called us and invited us again to talk about this project. So they saw that the project is going well and everything is fine. They started to be more seriously thinking about this project. And it was like feeling success. That's after disappointment. That is great. Fatima? Actually, I have the same identical story as Aziza. When I started Google, Pakistan, everyone wanted to be part of it. So we were looking for sponsors because our first three events were very successful. We ran out of money. We wanted sponsors. So this biscuit company approached us. They said, we love what you're doing.  Oh, you're going to be huge. We want to invest in everything. But they said we have to do something different. And I asked them what? He said, why don't you involve boys too? So I said, well, what about women empowerment? He said, well, we can do both together. And I said, no, I don't want to do that. I do not want to involve boys. They're like, well, we're not going to get any media attention. I guess what they were right. I did not get any more sponsors after that. So I haven't overcome that, but I'm still on it. I'm not giving up. And we will still pay with girls only. Boys can do some other things. I don't know. All right, we have a question from our viewing group in Bishkek. What are some of the differences between team sports and individual sports? Lisa, I'll go to you first. What are some of the differences between team sports and individual sports, please? The difference is in competitions, but that is only the difference like when you work individually or you work in the team. But it is not in the general. If when you work in the general in this sport, that it doesn't depend. Are you will be in competition individually on the team?  You are working, working with the partners who are training with you together in one gym. So it is a team work. And if you are team worker, then you can also be more successful individually. If you are not team worker, it will not help you. And it doesn't depend. Are you will be will you be individually in the competition or in the team? All right. Thank you very much. Now, for Nungshin Tashi, a question from our viewing group in Chennai. What inspired you to take up mountaineering and how old were you when you started? What inspires you and how old were you? Thank you. Well, what inspires us? Well, it definitely is our dad who has been our greatest mentor in life. He instilled the value of sports in us right from our early childhood.  And by growing up seeing dad's active interest in our doors and sports, we kind of imbibe sports as a way of life. Now we realize how important, you know, a role, parents and family play in shaping our life, including playing sports, especially as girls. So we were initiated into the sport ironically by a dad himself, who kind of wanted us to go out of our comfort zones and learn a lot about ourselves, you know, by putting ourselves in physically and mentally challenging situations. And that's exactly what happened. But the reverse kind of, you know, the order kind of reversed, because as soon as we went for our first expedition, we come back saying that we wanted to climb Mount Everest. For him, that was a big shocker, because he saw this as only a one-off exposure.  And I think apart from dad, I think it's also my sister. She's been slightly better in athletics and other sports. You know, I'm younger to her by 21 minutes. But everyone, I mean, even our parents think that I'm weaker. So I always wanted to beat her and in climbing, which demands highest mental toughness. I often do that better than her. And the very fact of us being twins, doing everything together, there's always a subtle competition that has greatly helped setting and achieving higher benchmarks in life, including sports. So I think that is how. And I think the second part of the question is how old were you when you started mountaineering? We were 17 years old when we were initiated into the sport. Yes. Okay. Great. Now a question, another question from Chennai. What role models do you look up to currently or have looked up to in the past? I think Nangshi and Tashi, you mentioned your father, but maybe there are some other role models and then we'll move to Aziz after you.  But I think, you know, our inspiration have been our instructors back in the Nehru Institute of mountaineering where we first took our training. And then, you know, it was because of them who said that, you know, you're really tough. You have an immense capacity to climb mountains. So I think that sort of, you know, came about from where we started. But having said that, I mean, our father is a person we look up for an inspiration, having broken all the barriers.  And having broken that stereotype right in the beginning, I think for us it was very important to see our father as a role model who has shaped our ideology of how to, you know, encourage more women to get out and bring them up. But I mean, we can't forget, you know, like Tashi said, our mom appears and our instructors because I think they are the biggest mentors then in life because, you know, they kind of shape our life in a way that is more productive, it's more beautiful to enjoy. So it's kind of like a journey in which, you know, these people keep playing a very positive role and they act as great mentors in life.  Aziza, what about for you? Can you, sorry, repeat the question? Yes, what role models have you had that you've looked up to? Or that you've looked up to in the past or that you look up to now? What role models do you have? Models. Role models, somebody who you look to. Okay, people who are motivated. Yes. Okay, I understand, sorry. The first person who motivated me and my sister doing sports, it is my mother because when she was young and she wanted to do sports, her parents doesn't allow her. They said that that is not things for girls. My country is a democratic country but anyway, most of people are Muslim and that is why people are not looking so in a positive manner for girls doing special martial arts. But my mother wanted us to be more confident and to learn self-defense, how to use your strengths for self-defense in yourself. That is why she motivated us to do sports and I'm very thankful for her that we started to be in the sport. It was in the past. Then after, the second moment in my life was my participation in the Global Sports Mentoring Program. That was in the first time when we started our dance board federation and it was like a very good moment for me to believe in my goal, to believe in my idea to continue this. After passing this program, I started to think big and not afraid to think big and to do your things that you put for the goal. Fatima, who was your role model? I absolutely have to agree with the girls. GSMP did change our life and I think everyone there was a mentor. Even all the mentees were mentors. We learned so much from everyone but actually my role model is Robin Roberts and those of you who don't know her, she was a sports broadcast at ESPN. She started a long time back when people did not accept women as sports anchors and analysts and she did her job and she was amazing at it. Through her broadcasting, she did change women's lives. She did contribute to women's basketball playing so I really look up to her. Every day she went, she used to sign off her show. She used to say, go on with your bad self. I mean, that's amazing. That's great. Okay, we've got a question from our viewing group in Dushan Bay. What would you advise girls who really want to do sports but can't convince their parents or relatives to support them? I think you've all talked about the important role your parents have played in your sports careers. So what advice would you give to girls who don't get that same support from their parents or relatives? Why don't we go to Aziza please? It is a very good question because actually we are facing with this situation. From my students in the team which we are making their people who are good in the dances, making them preparing for the championships and for the teaching, they're starting to come to me and complain that their parents are not allowing them to come to the dance, especially from girls more, but we have sometimes from boys also this situation. Then we're trying to talk with the parents the first step. Talk with the parents and trying to explain them that it is not just like a simple hobby and it is very important for their children to come to this sport and to have opportunity for them to do things that they love to do. And it is very effective even for their study at the university and the school. When children are satisfied and they feel that they have somewhere where they can come and do things that they love, it is very good motivation for them to study better, doing more homeworks and step by step parents can starting to understand. If parents are not supporting you, my advice is to come to your teacher first and trying to connect them, trying to connect teacher and the parents together so they can play together and understand each other. Great. I'm going to now move to a question from our viewing group and Kandee Sri Lanka. How do you manage studies and engage in sports when schools put a lot of emphasis on passing exams so it's balancing school, education and sports? I think, why don't we go to Nangshutashi since you were 17 when you really got involved in mountaineering. That's a very interesting question. There's a very popular saying that women are very good at multitasking. Not to forget that boys are also an important part of the society and this question could be from anyone, anywhere, anytime. One of the things that we believe is pivotal in making a good balance between life and work and sports is how you prioritize your things, what's most important to you. Because our father always told us that if there's something that is very deep in your heart, whether it's sport or you kind of give more priority to your studies, you will take out time for it and commit to the kind of work required for it. So even if it was about passing the most important examination in India, which is the 10th board's exams, I remember dad woke us up at like five o'clock in the morning, said you have to go for your regular job and that you can't compromise in your health and fitness. So it's really about prioritizing putting something really out there on a very high platform and really backing up with commitment. In fact, I mean, during my 12th, which is a final high school examination, I taught my class with an 96% and that I think is also to do with, like my sister said, prioritizing how you do it. And once you set your mind to it, I think you can achieve it and that's what we've learned during our whole journey of climbing these mountains too. And if you set a target, if you have a goal, no matter how many struggles come your way, you know, it sort of eludes you. So you've got to set the priorities right. Alright, that's great. I've got another question for Aziza from our viewing group in Mumbai. And that's, it's dance taken seriously when you talk about the sport of dancing. You mentioned how it was, you started getting that recognized into Jigistan. There are other activities like yoga, which don't always fall under playing a sport, but there are physical activities with similar benefits. So how do you expand the idea of what is a sport? Does that make sense? How do you, how does you get dance accepted as a sport? How do you expand that idea of what is a sport, please? That was started from me in the sport in the martial arts. And when I starting to be as a fitness culture for dancer size, I've got the idea that dance is not so easy as many people think about it. In a way, dance is really tough sport. It is not easy. And then we started to make more competitions, especially for kids, showing that it is not easy way sport. It is hard working. And you also can starting to be more in discipline, time management. You understand that now at eight o'clock you have to go to the gym for training after that going to study and after that coming for the training again. So it is a sport. It is not a hobby. And we started to show it by doing more competitions. Okay. All right. All right. Now, this is a question from our viewing group in Chennai. Can you talk about the role nutrition plays in sports advancement? All right, let's go to Naxi Tashi first, nutrition. Well, nutrition is a very important aspect of any sports or any activities that you do outdoors. When we got into climbing, we realized that we were perhaps missing the essential knowledge about the kind of intake we needed to take in terms of calories or carbohydrates or proteins or fat, but all these things really add up to our performance. So nutrition is directly related to your performance on the field, on the field ground. And it's really important to map out some of the most important nutritional food products that you can take. Very centric to different sports like mountaineering could be high intake in carbohydrates and other sports could be really high in protein, could demand a very high intake in protein. So really understanding what food is important for their kind of sport is a very important aspect to any sporting activities. And one must remember that without proper nutrition, our performance cannot be enhanced. Everything is directly linked to the food we take. We are kind of like a plant. The more you water, the more you feed it, the better you grow. Aziza, let me turn to Aziza now, okay. Aziza, do you want to add on? I totally agree with sisters. It is very important. And for example, if you're turning a lot in the dances and if you didn't go to breakfast, for example, you cannot do this. It's in the proper way. So also, food is very important and taking proper food in time. It is very important also. Alright, let me turn to Fatima for her. Actually, I don't play sports, but I know because I've been reporting about this, a lot of these bodybuilders and athletes have lost their lives because they've been taking performance enhancing drugs. And it just breaks my heart. There's no awareness. And I think whoever is involved in sports should be taught about this. There should be workshops telling you that you do not need performance enhancing drugs. And also you need to eat. If you need to play, you need to eat, eat right. And I think that's really the main focus. But let's not lose lives over steroids and other performance enhancing drugs. Thank you. Very good. All right, we also now have a question from the American Corner and Jafna Sri Lanka. What motivated you to be in sports for such a long time? Let's go to Nungshitashi, please. What motivated you to be in sports for such a long time?  And as an integral component of education. So I mean, it's really good to be actively involved in formally playing various sports. And that's how we keep ourselves motivated is the fact that it helps you build a lot of, you know, confidence, you know, instills a lot of good values. And then you respect yourself even more. So I think it's a combination of a lot of things. Great. Aziza, what motivated you? And the thing is what motivated me, keeping me motivated to continue my work. It is that I didn't done all things that I plan to do. I have my plan. So I have to achieve my goals. And that is why I'm keeping myself motivated to continue and to achieve these goals. That's fantastic. All right, I'm going to go to the Karachi audience for one more time and ask you to please remember to keep the mic away from your mouth. Hello, this is me Zenit. And I have a question that why are there fewer opportunities for women than men in professionals post? Anyone has a question? Like anyone. All right. Why don't we start with Aziza? Why are there less opportunities for women in professional sports? I don't think that generally in the worldwide it is the same situation which is in Asia. I think sisters can understand me because our history, our traditions and religion of our people show this situation for us. But right now people like all us, we are breaking this very, very old opinion of people that girls have to be less than boys. And every girl who are going right now in India, in Pakistan, in Tajikistan, in all Asian countries to sports, starting to do football, basketball, dance, that doesn't matter. She's breaking this opinion. And we are very, I'm very thankful for these girls and for these parents who are loving girls going to sports. Thank you very much Aziza. Let me go to Fatima now. I think that I agree with Aziza. Our traditions and norms are one of the biggest reason why there are few opportunities. But then again, there are opportunities. It's just that we need to explore them. We need to break barriers. We need to find out where the opportunities are. And also media plays a big role. If media starts, and all these sponsors, if they start sponsoring women only events, there will be more opportunities. You know, when I went to cover Pakistan Super League in Dubai, we were only two women. But you see, it's a change. Back in the days, no women would go out and report. So they are options. It's just that I was underselling myself. So you need to find out, you need to explore that opportunity. You need to make an opportunity for yourself. Great. Nogshin Tashi, we've got a question from Bishkek, our viewing audience in Bishkek. I'm going to pretend like I'm from Bishkek. I consider mountaineering one of the most dangerous sports. Actually, I do too. But why did you choose this sport? Well, well, well, that's a very cool question. So, you know, I feel, because Tashi and I were initiated into the sport, and we kind of realized that it was so much of a journey for us, rather than the ultimate result, rather than the destination. It was so much about the journey. And because we felt that we could truly understand ourselves, we could understand what our meaning was in life, because those are the questions that one is always looking to answer. Why do we exist? Why do we have like what is our role in this Mother Earth? And mountaineering is a sport that has been perceived in most of our Asian countries as being a male dominant sport. It is risky, yes. But, you know, there could be anything else that could be as risky as mountaineering.  And that if given a chance, if given an opportunity, we can do great wonders as men and boys do. So it's really about breaking and shattering those stereotypes. And why mountaineering, even though it's a dangerous sport, is because that's one sport that gives us a high adrenaline rush in life.  That's great. Now a question from Chennai. How or what source did you get the courage to stand up to boys who are normally regarded as superior to women in sports? How did you get the courage to stand up to the boys? Aziza. I learned this from the martial arts when I was in Taekwondo.   So that moment teach me how to be confident facing with the boys in the sports. That experience helped me right now also. Alright, that's good. And Nungshi and Tashi? Well, honestly speaking, this is one thing because mountaineering has really taught us that it does not discriminate based on gender.  The kind of challenges it poses is just equal no matter where you are from. There are no boundaries that are taken into consideration. So when we have to face our men compatriots or even guys, it's almost like saying that we are a part of the equal game. We kind of coexist because although we talk about women and girls, we also feel that it's important that the men also participate. But what we perhaps lack is that opportunity that we could all be on the same platform. But really understanding that we are human being first and then the other identities of being a girl or a man, whatever. And that's a secondary thing. So really taking in our identity as being human being first and really going on these missions and doing different sports is what really gets us going. Okay, great. You all three of the panelists have spoken really a lot about the ESPNW, the global mentoring program and how much it meant to all of you. How are you using what you learned in that program to help your communities?  Pakistan, why don't you talk a bit more please? Absolutely. The global sports mentoring program made me what I am today, even though I was a journalist when I joined GSMP, they just gave us the courage to make a difference. And that's when Google Pakistan was designed. It was designed to change the whole sporting scene in Pakistan where women actually don't go out and play sports. So they gave us time, they mentored us, they taught us how we can make a difference. I know it's a small difference, but we've actually made a huge difference. A lot of girls still call me and ask me when will be the next clinic. Giving football to girls who've never played football before, that is an achievement. And all of this was a gift by GSMP. They just taught us how to make a difference. And I hope everyone, especially the girls sitting there, I hope you get a chance to have a mentor. We don't talk about this in Pakistan, but it's so important to have a mentor. So the biggest gift they gave us was to have a mentor, definitely. Great. Okay, Aziza, how are you using what you learned in that program to help your community? The first results after coming from GSMP was doing a live, our action plans. We did these action plans in US during the program. And first it was helped us to make our action plans alive. And the second, my experience in my mentor company, it was USA Gymnastics Federation in USA. Of course that development, too much going in the future when I put it with my country. But step by step, I'm doing all the things that I learned from USA Gymnastics. I'm doing an awesome job and me and my sister are trying to make their experience in my federation. And it is going well. I'm very thankful for my experience from that mentor. Great. And Nungshi, Tashi? Well, we've decided to make a beginning with our Nungshi Tashi Foundation. That sort of aims to empower women and girls through outdoor sports and livelihoods. And I think personally we feel that strong women have the capacity and the power to shape our communities and quite literally change the world. So we've started a beginning with that. And what we really wish to do is we particularly targeting the Indian Himalayan region, which is seeing large scale economic migration to plains, making girls even more vulnerable. So we are imparting vocational skills related to adventure tourism and helping these girls start micro enterprises as timbers, guides, trainers, as well as hosting backpackers in their traditional homes. So this is one big project that we are working on and we don't doubt that there will be more girls and women who come outdoors and make a difference. Yeah. Okay. We are almost out of time. So just one last question if you could answer really quickly. As a follow up, how can people watching today create projects of their own to help their communities? Who wants to go first? Nungshi Tashi, what advice do you have for people watching today to get involved in their communities? Well, one of the best things is to start now. I mean, if you have never thought about it, start thinking and if you're in the thinking process, probably try and learn from already existing organizations, people who are actively involved in sports or in a field that you're really interested in. So really looking for real life examples from your community would be a great way to start. Join the GSMP for all I know because it's a life changing experience and most would agree to that and really get involved actively in your community. Because if you educate yourself and you get involved, you'll try and spread that message with other girls and women and people around you. And then it'll sort of become a great web of people wanting to do the same thing. So really learn from existing organizations. Thank you. And Fatima, quickly please. I think that if you're still in school, you can make a difference by just making a girl's team, a girl's soccer team or a girl's hockey team. And just make a difference by doing that. Just make a small team and see how it goes. Get all the girls. And of course, with the sisters, you need to get in touch with people already doing this work. If you're in Pakistan, contact us. Contact Google. Pakistan will help you. We can be online. We'll help you find out how you can make a difference. And the first difference you can make is start at home. Even if it won't make a team with your sister. Look at the sisters. They climb Mount Everest. You can do it at home. Super. Azizal, any last words about your advice? Don't think that it is not your time. Don't waste your time. Start right now. And start with the small things, as my sister says. And then you can expand. Wow. Okay. I am so bummed that, but unfortunately we are out of time. But before we go, I would like to thank our wonderful panelists for participating in today's program. To Fatpa, to Nungshitashi, to Aziza and Rabia on Twitter. I would also like to thank our online viewing audience for your great questions and for participating. This was a terrific discussion. And I also want to thank our folks back in Washington at the State Department who helped us pull it off. And for those of you who might have missed the first part of this program, come back to this page tomorrow to watch the full program on demand. And thank you to everybody. Have a great day.


So here's what it looks like to go on vacation as a doctor. Now my job allows me to work seven days on, seven days off as an internal medicine hospitalist, which means that on my week off, my wife and I can go on these spontaneous trips like the one we did to New York City, where just last minute we decided to book a flight, get a nice hotel in the middle of Times Square, and enjoy the beautiful scenery that is New York City, as well as the amazing, amazing food.  And so it's nice to finally have these spontaneous experiences together.


The net worth of celebrities is always a topic of interest for the film and series viewers. And though David Pacquiao and Ephraim de Verralli no longer have access to $100 million contract opportunities, they're still millionaires. Pacquiao is estimated to have a net worth of around $2.9 million thanks to his music business as well as his involvement in the production of War Dogs. Curiously, there's less certainty regarding the real net worth of Ephraim de Verralli, which could be anywhere between $15 to $25 million. This data is estimated from the apparent success of once a gun runner, as well as his various business ventures, and the discrepancies between these differing approximations are likely due to his multiple lawsuits. War Dogs' real Pacquiao and Ephraim de Verralli are doing pretty well for themselves, all things considered.