as a transition product and what's the sort of government's view on these products as a transition products for people trying to quit smoking and are stepping down from actually the nicotine content well again that's why i said that we've got this precautionary approach as well because you understand that people do use that as a means to to stop smoking and but there is also a limit on that some of that clinical evidence as well so that's why we understand that it's important for that but this is about making sure that this is regulated as well and to also stop young people taking it up and to that exposure to non-smoker non-smoking adults as well so that's that precautionary approach that we want to take in balance with understanding that people do use that in a practical sense to come off smoking and that smoking is worse than than using a vaping and what what work's been done to look into that evidence thing because i know the industry tobacco industry itself hasn't really been able to undertake that work to look into or fund that research so is the Scottish government or universities in scotland undertaking that when we continue to keep a watch and brief on that Morris would you like to outline some of that more explicitly surely yes scotland actually is a world leader in the research into the effect and the potential effect of electronic cigarettes and nicotine vapor products more generally so we're very lucky to have some very well respected experts who keep us particularly through organisations like ash scotland and more important probably cancer research uk who pulled together evidence from all over the world for us and they're continually looking for any new evidence of the impact on health so we're connected very well with these people in fact the minister has a subgroup of experts who evaluate research and we have that group meet at least twice a year just to keep us up to date thank you what people are very interested in how that research develops and certainly questions about the these products and that number of constituents I'm sure have been in touch with us all about them no other questions no so we now move on to agenda item five which is the formal debate on the affirmative SSI in which we're just taking evidence during this stage members should not put questions to the minister during formal debate and officials may not speak in the debate can I invite the minister to move the motion formally moved thank you any members wish to contribute no thank you can invite the minister to sum up if she wishes or respond nothing other than to welcome the interest that the committee has in this and you know we'll continue to keep your abreast of any developing research as that as it comes to light okay thank you question is that the motion s5m 03790 be approved I will agreed thank you very much can I suspend now for a change of panel okay six item on agenda today is a further affirmative instrument the second affirmative instrument we're looking at today is the national health service Scotland act 1978 independent clinic amendment order 2017 draft welcome minister for public health and sport and her officials revealing Campbell minister for public health and sport dr Sarah Davis public health consultant Alyssa Garland principal legal officer all Scottish Government again could I ask the minister for an opening statement thank you again and thank you for providing with the opportunity to give evidence on the national health service Scotland act 1978 independent clinic amendment order 2017 which exempts clinics provided by health boards special health boards and the common services agency from the definition of independent clinics in the 1978 act the committee will be aware that independent clinics were brought within the regulation of healthcare improvement Scotland through a series of Scottish statutory instruments which came into force on April the first last year at that time the definition of independent clinic in the national health service Scotland act 1978 was amended and a number of exceptions to the definition were set out the instrument before the committee simply adds to those exceptions to cover clinics provided by health boards special health boards and the common services agency the legal name of nss Scotland this means that these clinics will not be required to be registered with health improvement Scotland the kind of clinic which will be covered by this latest ssi includes a blood donation clinic not cited within a hospital or an nhs 24 clinic similarly not cited within a hospital and which would be operated by health professional groups which are regulated by this legislation so in closing convener i would like to highlight to the committee that the intention of this ssi is simply to ensure that nhs services are clearly removed from the legislation and again i'm happy to take questions that the committee may have okay thank you any questions nope thank you we now move on to agenda item seven which is the formal debate on the affirmative ssi in which we're just taking evidence member should not put questions to the minister during the formal debate and officials may not speak in the debate can i invite the minister to move the motion formally moved thank you any members wish to contribute nope thank you the question is that motion s5m 03893 be approved i will agree thank you very much and can i suspend for the change of panel agenda item eight is an evidence session on child protection and sport can i welcome to the committee alien camble minister for public health and sport mark mcdonald minister for childcare in early years jared heart director of protection service and policy disclosure scotland and john lann head of pathways sport scotland before we move to questions can remind members and witnesses that for the purpose of the stand and order rule on subjudice no mention should be made of any live or ongoing cases during this evidence session or to any issues which might prejudice those cases can i first of all invite the minister to make an opening statement well thank you convener for inviting alien camble knight to this meeting to contribute to the committee's consideration of child protection and sport as you said joining us today are jared heart from disclosure scotland and john lann from sport scotland we welcome the opportunity to discuss this important issue with you sport plays a pivotal role in scotland's life and makes a huge contribution to the health and wellbeing of children we're determined to ensure children can enjoy sport in a safe and secure environment and i welcome the committee's focus on this i know the meeting will focus on the pvg scheme and how it is used by sports organisations but i want to emphasise this from the outset it's not processes or procedures which keep children safe it's people pvg scheme is a system and process which helps to support organisations and people but it is and can only be a support to protecting children that said i think the scheme we have in place which is delivered by disclosure scotland on behalf of Scottish ministers has played a key role in creating a system of checks and balances in which we can all have confidence the pvg scheme was established in febru 2011 and replaced previous disclosure arrangements under the police scotland act 1997 that had been in operation since april 2002 its purpose is to provide vetting information to assist organisations in the decisions they take about a person's suitability for regulated work there are two workforces in the pvg scheme regulated work with children and regulated work with adults scheme membership covers paid work and voluntary and unpaid work there does not have to be a contract of employment in place between the organisation and the person doing regulated work upon application by an individual checks are carried out by disclosure scotland to determine if the applicant is unsuitable for scheme membership the pvg act allows ministers to exclude people who are unsuitable on the basis of past behaviour from working with children and or protected adults and detects those who become unsuitable this is achieved by disclosure scotland keeping a list of individuals who are barred from doing regulated work with children and a list of those who are barred from doing regulated work with adults a person can apply to join the scheme if their normal duties include carrying out particular activities with children and adults the sort of activities relating to children in sport include teaching instructing training or supervising children being in sole charge of children unsupervised contact with children under arrangements made by a responsible person for example a parent or carer providing advice or guidance to a child or to particular children which relates to physical or emotional wellbeing education or training a manager whose role involves directly supervising a person carrying out these activities can also join the pvg scheme as you know many of the supports organisations rely on volunteers to deliver their activities ministers have long been aware of the important contribution volunteers play in enabling and supporting children to enjoy and participate in sport and other activities to that end pvg fees are free for volunteers undertaking unpaid and voluntary work for a voluntary organisation we're currently reviewing the pvg scheme that is only right that we keep something this important fundamental to our approach to child protection under review the evidence taken by this inquiry to date has brought to light some potential issues with regard to how the scheme operates in sporting activity which we will no doubt discuss I'm keen that our review explores these issues and seeks to address them so I'm pleased to inform the committee that the remit of that review is being widened to include the code of practice to consider if conditions of the code could be strengthened to ensure that disclosure checks by all organisations are carried out in line with the expectations of Scottish ministers and I believe Ms Campbell has a few words she'd like to pull on the record as well at the beginning thank you and I too am pleased to be here before the committee this morning and I think the fact that both ministers with responsibility for keeping children safe in sport here are here shows how seriously that we're taking this issue but I want to start by saying thank you to the thousands of people who weekend week out give up their time to enable our children to enjoy sporting activities and to do so safely the vast majority of people involved in coaching children in sport do so for the best of reasons and it is our children who benefit from their commitment but we have to make sure that sport is a safe place for children to spend their time and that's why we have funded through sport scotland children first to develop and implement the safeguarding and sport service which provides information support training and advice to give sport governing bodies and clubs on protecting children this work includes the minimum operating requirements to safeguard children ensure that sport governing bodies take a consistent approach to child protection children first monitors progress and compliance with the mwars and these mwars are being enhanced by a set of standards which are being piloted by 10 sports and will further strengthen the protection of children in sport the children first guidance document 10 steps to safeguarding children in sport provides invaluable resources to clubs and governing bodies across scotland there is also a further safety net whereby any clubs using local authority or leisure trust facilities must be compliant with their local child protection safety procedures and policies in addition to our investment in children first through sport scotland we invest over three million annually into governing bodies to support their overall administration and running costs this support underpins work and child protection and pvg administration as well as other areas such as equalities and anti-doping this inquiry and the recent allegations of sexual abuse and football have prompted Scottish ministers to reflect on what we do currently to keep children safe for my part as minister for sport i've engaged in discussions with the key stakeholders to determine if our systems are good enough and that dialogue will continue and i can advise the committee that i'll be hosting a round table discussion with mr mcdonald and partners including police scotland sport scotland nspc children first celsus disclosure scotland and some of the sporting governing bodies to fully understand how the pvg scheme works for them and what more we might consider is needed to support them to protect our children that round table will be hosted by professor k tidsill who is a well-known academic expert in children's rights and policy i'll also be writing to all 52 sporting governing bodies to ask them to reflect on their current policies and practices on child protection and to offer to work together to further develop our child protection system i firmly believe that we already have a robust system in place but there is always room for improvement and development and just as mr mcdonald said at the outset processes are only part of that picture as people using those processes appropriately and effectively as well as their known skills knowledge and their own conference which keeps children safe in sport and other activities and of course we're happy convener to answer any questions that you undoubtedly have okay thank you clear thank you convener and thank you to the ministers in the panel for coming along to to sip this today and you'll be aware that two weeks ago we had a session here looking at child protection in sport and we had a represented from Scottish youth football association the issue was raised with them about the 1300 coaches who were awaiting pvg clearance according to the bvc scotland report on the 6 of febury and the committee were told that the reason for that was due to a large number of turnover in coaches a large administrative workload required to process pvg checks in a small in an organisation with a small number of full-time staff and thousands of volunteers and that the sy fa estimated it would cost them 70 000 pounds to administer the pvg scheme this year i wonder if the panel could tell us what the Scottish government believes changes need to be made and by whom to address the issue of the the high number of coaches have not been pvg checked by the sy fa and if perhaps disclosure scotland could tell us if they've offered that organisation any assistance in clearing that backlog well i'll perhaps start i think i had a look at the evidence last week and as i said in my opening remarks there are no fees for volunteers undertaking regulated work if they're doing so for a volunteer organisation which in relation to the clubs that sy fa would be dealing with would be the case and so the the fee will undoubtedly be related to administrative processes and in relation to that the offer has been made and gerry can perhaps give a little bit more information to support sy fa with any of the backlog issues they are facing and indeed there is an opportunity for volunteer scotland disclosure services to undertake some of the checks on behalf of sy fa which would perhaps remove some of that administrative burden but i'll let gerry give a little bit more detail in relation to the dialogue that has taken place between disclosure scotland and sy fa yes we conduct compliance audits of our various bodies who countersign pvg applications and we did one of those with the sy fa in september and a small backlog was detected at that point and at that time we offered on an informal basis some support and helping to clear that backlog as time moved on it became clear that the backlog was larger than a the small number that was reported in the september and i wrote to the chief executive of the sy fa on a number of occasions through the period december through to january to offer very practical assistance with clearing that backlog which by then was in the hundreds rather than the high hundreds rather than the small number that was previously intimated to us and whilst they initially accepted that offer of support it eventually transpired they did not wish or require that offer of additional support to clear the backlog so it wasn't accepted by the sy fa and that remains a position to this point should add convener if you think it would be helpful and more than happy to provide copies of the correspondence to the committee if you feel that would be beneficial yeah sorry convener i was waiting to see if you were going to answer that i know i thank you i'm quite astounded by the information that that you're telling us so essentially the sy fa have been afforded or offered assistance to clear this backlog and have not taken up that offer have they given it any rationale for for why they've rejected that assistance not in any great detail no we made the offer in december i've written twice to to make the offer um and we've had also informal contact with the sy fa through our compliance team um i think it was initially accepted but then in january the information came back to us that they didn't think it was a practical way forward to have that support we're still trying to ascertain the exact number of the backlog but there is still i believe and colleagues can correct me if that's not the case but i still believe there is a backlog outstanding i think it's a significant number and has there been any discussion with the sfa who were also in attendance at that hearing about their responsibilities in terms of ensuring compliance with the pvg and to protection requirements for the sfya and i will pass that across to i understand as well the sffa have also been seeking to i think progress this and for the sfya to make some progress on that and they've got regular discussions there however i think you're you're right to pursue that line of questioning and that we have an issue there in the sfya in that they have a backlog that there has been an offer of help and that help has not been taken up so i think for me uh is the minister of sport and wanting to ensure the smooth running of sport and ensuring good opportunities for children that for me is a as a concern and i know that that concern is likewise shared by the minister for for childcare and early years as well and so we want to as i said in the outset we want to make sure that children have opportunity we understand that many children are getting great opportunities by a number of volunteers who do fantastic work in each of our communities and probably some of us have children in our families that experience that good work run by fantastic volunteers however that said the structures that seem to have been in place don't seem to be matching that fantastic work and we need to make sure that the support is taken up and that we can proceed with confidence that children's protection is as robust as it can be with all the other things that happen in place the culture change the the support the assistance that comes from sport scotland all the other areas in which sporting bodies can be assisted we need to make sure though in this particular instance that the the help is taken up and that progress is fast tracked thank you i'd you know at the last meeting obviously this issue took up a fair amount of the time that we had to discuss it but we also heard that there were various differences in practice between sports bodies about whether coaches could volunteer in a limited capacity without completed pv checks i think we heard from Scottish women the example of parents who were perhaps standing pool side during a session now clearly there was an element of supervision there but i'd just like to understand the Scottish Government's position on that in principle this issue of of volunteers taking part in a limited capacity perhaps or not but without that safeguard i understand this is always a balance about encouraging sustaining and maintaining volunteer numbers but we also have to look very seriously at child protection yeah so it essentially comes down to the activity that these individuals are undertaking so there's a difference between supervising a child undertaking a sporting activity and watching a child undertaking a sporting activity so if you have for example a parent volunteer who is working alongside a coach who is supervising the session it would be our expectation that the coach would be subject to a pvg check but that parent volunteer would not require to be because they were not the supervising individual so they would not be undertaking regulated work in terms of what you've highlighted in relation to perhaps differences of practice i think that's why we've taken the decision to include the codes of practice within the review to make sure that we are creating a robust code of practice that ensures that at all in all sporting governing bodies there's an approach being taken that matches up to the expectations that ministers have okay i'm going back to the previous example then of the the football scenario do you think that Workscotland funding should be contingent on adequate child protection systems you know perhaps that might encourage the syfa to feel that they wanted to take up the kind offer that would be put to them and i think again you're correct i think to pursue this line of question and because i suppose as well that this kind of highlights again the way in which football is structured and that the relationship between sport sportland is with the governing body and the governing body is the sfa it's not with the funding doesn't go directly to syfa um so um i think what we need to do then is to make sure that collaboratively the syfa and the sfa make sure that there is rigor and robustness and that's why the sfa issued the directive and they have set a deadline i think it's 28 of february further to be compliance with all their coaches and to clear that backlog but that again then calls into question why that help isn't then being taken forward to ensure that that will be met by the end of this month but again you're right to kind of point out that there is a difference between the way and the approach of football versus other sports um as well but as and also to get that point out that there is a a balance that has to be made the whole disclosure system was brought into place to be proportionate as well and to make sure that there was that balance that we didn't you know didn't put off volunteers who wanted for the best of reasons the best of intentions to provide opportunity but you're right we need to make sure that the the systems in place adequately protect children and i think it's also worth to put pointing out that there has been a huge change in culture uh for a number of years now through the work of sport scotland helped and aided by children first to make sure that children can enjoy sporting experiences with with in safe environments discussing that safe environment um the minister for child care and early learning pointed out the difference between those who were supervising and those who were watching and i suppose talent scouts might come under the the heading of those who are watching and they're not um currently covered is that and when you consider that they may be in a very powerful position in the lives of some young people who who are ambitious um is there any aims to have a look at that area i think again it comes down to what an individual's normal duties would be and the incumbency upon that you know to determine whether or not that individual would then be required to undergo a pvg check would sit with the employer so most football scouts will be employed by professional clubs and therefore it would be the determination of the professional club as to whether their normal duties would require them to undertake a pvg check um it should be noted that from the information the SFA have provided it would appear that most contact that scouts make is with parents rather than directly with children um so therefore they're there of the view at the moment that perhaps that that is why they're not perhaps covered by the scheme however they have agreed to look at the issue around scouts and other intermediaries as part of their independent review and we welcome that because i do think that there's an area where as you identify there may be some gray areas in relation to how these individuals operate and i think some clarity around that would be welcome thank you hey alex thanks to add however though that i think that there is worth in us continuing that dialogue with the SFA on on those issues um the review as you know is set up for to cover historic abuse there's no timeline set timescale set on that so i think it's appropriate for us to explore some of that alongside that review process with the SFA um and if there are loopholes then explore what ways in which there are mechanisms for government to to close those loopholes okay alex thank you convenient good morning to the panel um i'm astonished absolutely astonished at the revelation that the SFA have turned down this offer of help to get through the backlog not least because they had the directive in october and then that offer was made a month later in the knowledge that the SFA had to make good on these checks by febru that they would turn it down particularly when they told us that they had they were trying to process something like 800 a month and a lot of this was largely done by a volunteer network um but i was also concerned that this directive was only issued by the SFA in october this is a piece of legislation that has been implemented for a decade now and there still seems to be a significant degree of confusion within governing bodies of some sports not all sports we are aware of a number of sport sporting disciplines that have a zero tolerance approach to having coaches either on the pitch or in the in the area without those those checks what confidence do ministers have that the governing bodies of all sports in scotland are aware of their duties under the act in terms of ensuring compliance and how can this be better improved upon in this forthcoming review i don't think there's a a question around the awareness of governing bodies in relation to their responsibilities and what there appears to be certainly in relation to the syffa is a question around the processes that they are following and the systems that they've got in place and that's why we've extended the offer to them to help them to clear the backlog which sits at their end it should be added not at not at government's end in relation to clearing up of applications there is no backlog in terms of applications being cleared once they are submitted to disclosure scotland that i think is something that we will be able to take forward further as part of the round table which the the minister for public health and sport and i are going to be hosting and that will give us an opportunity i think to get a better understanding of what the issues are that the governing bodies themselves feel exist and how best those could be tackled as part of the the review of the scheme that we're taking forward and do you have the power if needs be to make this offer a compulsion almost to say bring them bring them into special measures and offer them and give them this assistance we have a code of conduct which organizations who counter sign disclosures must sign up to which is specified in statute we have the power to to adapt that code of conduct and we're going to urgently look at that code of conduct not only to cover the process efficiency of organizations in following the right steps to get a disclosure but also using the scheme in a in a reputable way so that large backlogs for example aren't part of the deal if you sign up to be a countersigning organization you know there's a way in which we can intervene to try and address those concerns should they build up so we're going to do that work immediately to look at that code of conduct thank you the minimum operator requirements that compliance on those is monitored quarterly and sport scotland have a great deal of work to do with the the governing bodies on that on that compliance as well and you know again there's that additional pilot around the statement that will enhance that process as well which is going to be piloted with 10 clubs as well so there are while there's pvg is one element of that there is a whole host of things that have happened in amongst sporting governing bodies sports clubs over the last decade or so to ensure that sporting arenas and environments are safe for children and pvg is one element of it but the compliance on mwars is certainly something that is regularly monitored by by sport scotland youth football must be one of the biggest areas for disclosure and within sport yeah absolutely so you know we've got huge numbers we've got a small organization with a very small number of staff which is processing huge volumes of forms on a voluntary basis and i can't help but think that they're being hung out to dry by the sfa because when we took evidence here the representative of the sfa basically said it's them it's their fault and hung them out to dry now i can't help but think that there are people in that organ i don't i want a question the competency of the organization obviously to cope with the volume of what they are getting but there surely there must be some responsibility on the overseeing body that they are affiliated to to ensure that this works better do you have confidence in the sfa the sfa's role in this well again you know you point out that the this the way in which the syfa choose to approach the pvg scheme now that's not the same for other sporting organizations that other sporting organizations don't approach it in it they are the ones that do all of those counter signatories none of them will have the volume that that's organization but i understand that none of the governing bodies choose to approach it in that way so there is a way there are things that you know i think that that perhaps could be help the situation also to bear in mind that there is investment that goes into volunteer scotland to help voluntary organizations as well and i'm only saying that because there are structures in place my question my question was do you think the sfa have played a role in this which is basically left one of their affiliates to hang out to dry i think there is a role for the sfa as the governing body to make sure that children who want to play football are able to do so and participate in a safe way in a safe environment now pvg is one element of providing that kind of comfort of safety i think the evidence session that you took before the February recess and now shows that there are relationships that we need to explore that there are ways in which we need to show a bit more rigor and robustness into how those things are checked how quickly those things can be expedited and also drawing all of that together make sure that there's clear leadership that this is something that is going to be sorted and sorted quickly to give us in government you and the committee the our sports agency sports scotland the comfort that we all need to make sure that this is progressing in the way that i think we would all expect a good governing body to to organize itself i think there's in the sfa is the the recognized governing body and the syfa is one of the member associations of that body so so the molars that we have in place and the relationship is directly with them one of the components of that is how how that body administers and manages its pvg schemes among among other things in terms of the the molars that we have and i think what this is highlighted is that how the syfa choose to administer that is is probably different and has presented some what does that mean so what are they doing that's so different so everything comes through the syfa if you look at other bodies the the option not all the clubs have to come through the the governing body to get their their pvg done they can do it through local authorities they can do it through the the leisure trusts in some cases some very large clubs can can set themselves up and and act as the the intermediary themselves we have some clubs that do that and the governing body will also provide that service that's one of the molars one of the molars um the molars we have is that there is a mechanism through the governing body for the pvg scheme to be administers and managed if the club choose to do so the syfa have taken that responsibility on to themselves so all the pvgs and all the requests all the paperwork come through that body centrally doesn't need to be set up like that and presumably you've asked them why we've not asked them why yet because the the evidence they gave at the the last session was certainly the first time we've become aware that that was actually the process at which they were how they were applying the process and i think as gerald said earlier there was a backlog identified last year but it's only recently become aware that the backlogs to the extent that it is calling i'm seriously concerned about the fact we do appear to be being told about a sort of a massive failure of process here and the response seems to be well isn't that bad that this organization is failed to deliver what i'm not getting is exactly what is being done either by the scottish government or by disclosure scotland to enforce changes to make sure that they do start to comply i mean can i ask specifically with disclosure scotland how often you actually carry out compliance checks and how effective are these compliance checks given the fact that in this particular case we're talking about he indicated the figures seem to change every time you you check with them there's a rolling programme of compliance checks with bodies in the last 12 months we've done 33 compliance checks on bodies that are associated with youth sport and as i said we did the the sylfa check in september 2016 the number reported at that compliance check by the organization was 186 if i recall which is substantially fewer than the number that later emerged to be the actual figure of nearly i think it was 1500 at one point was the figure that was in the media and we have obviously shared the concerns about that number of outstanding checks for for safeguarding reasons and that was why i wrote well first of all we our compliance team informally approached the sylfa and offered support practical support with clearing and countersigning these checks and then when that wasn't accepted i then wrote to the organization and offered that further support formally and as i said before that hasn't been taken up in a sense for practical or practicality reasons by the sylfa i don't know any more detail about why they they haven't shared that with us as to why they haven't availed themselves of the offer we have no statutory powers though to a to compel anyone to use the pvg scheme it's a non mandatory scheme however and that's why the code of conduct response is perhaps the most appropriate because if an organization is going to sign up to use the pvg scheme as we would hope and expect all responsible organizations offering youth sport would do or seek to do then part of the deal needs to be that they use the scheme correctly and in a reputable manner and i think that we can make changes to the code of conduct that would tighten up the reins if you like on that aspect and ensure that we can manage backlogs much more purposefully but there are no statutory powers whatsoever for the government to compel sylfa to you know to do the checks at any particular rate or in any number. I share your concerns and when this was brought to light following the last evidence session in relation to the refusal of sylfa to take up the offer of support I've written this morning to Mr Little asking him first of all to meet with myself and Ms Campbell ahead of the round table that we're hosting but also urging him strongly to take up the support offer that is there from Volunteer Scotland Disclosure Services and Disclosure Scotland to help his organization to clear their backlog so you know that it's a you know a strong encouragement that i've given to him in that letter so hopefully he will avail himself of that opportunity but just to be clear i mean the first point is disclosure scotland effectively said that you only detected 100 odd cases so it was actually the media that revealed the thousands wasn't detected it was that was what sylfa advised was their backlog absolutely so but the actual revelation of over a thousand cases didn't come from whatever processes followed the compliance check it came through the media but what i'm not clear about is what power the government has in to ensure that these checks like we have hundreds of coaches across scotland currently without checks being carried out working with with young people but it's not clear to me what the government are able to do or are currently doing to actually enforce action to tackle that particular backlog well that comes back to the point that jenny made is that this is not a mandatory scheme so so we have there are limitations to what we can do in order to enforce in relation to that i should add you know i do share the committee's concern in relation to this but i wouldn't want people to get the impression that the only thing that stands in terms of child protection in relation to young people in sport is the pvg check there's a much wider culture out there in relation to the way that things operate at a local club level which is part of that wider child protection agenda so while the pvg checks are absolutely important and we want to ensure that they are undertaken there are other practices out there which are being undertaken through safeguarding which help to ensure that children are being kept safe while participating in sport and the committee certainly heard from a number of people given evidence of the different practices that are taking place but what's clear here is the pvg process has not been successful in delivering what all of us would like to see and what i'm not really clear about is how we then make sure that it does deliver i mean surely we accept that a football coach working with young people should be pvg checked i think you know whatever whatever we say about whether it's mandatory or not surely we accept that as a basic principle and what i'm not clear about is what the government are doing it to make sure that that is being carried out and what is effectively our nation's biggest sport yep well i mean we we have as i said made repeated offer to syfa to support them in clearing those pvg checks and we have a number of pvg checks which have been completed on a month by month basis in january there were 418 checks which were completed now i'm not sure how much of the backlog has has been cleared as a consequence of those checks or the checks that have taken place up until today but as jerry says that the evidence we would have would say that there is still a backlog there so that's why i have again written to syfa encouraging them to take up that opportunity but the wider review around both the codes of practice and the operation of the scheme will give us an opportunity to perhaps probe the exact issue that you're referencing there mr smith which is about how we ensure that you know where pvg checks are being carried out they're being done so timuously and there isn't this backlog being created but also around you know what expectations we ought to have in relation to coaches who are working directly with children who perhaps have not been subject to a pvg clearances yet and that link to that there was the point that that mark may mention that it's not just about the pvgs and again i would go back to the minimum operating requirements for children which has been in place for a number of years now which set out that kind of broader context by which we should be creating that safe place for children to enjoy sport and that is something that is monitored the compliance is monitored regularly by by sport scotland that there's work with children first is in developing that to enhance that even further but i think what you're what you're talking around the pvg i think where that gives us all a bit more confidence and where we can see explicitly where coaches have a pvg check in this instance in relation to football that comfort has not been given to us which is why there has been that offer being made to by disclosure scotland by voluntary scotland volunteer scotland and by us proactively seeking to get that reassurance directly from the syfa that they're going to get on and take that offer up and to make progress fast progress because the directive gives them until the end of this month to make sure that their coaches have their all their coaches have their pvg checks in place i think i can't be the only member who's concerned that this is the first time the committee's been told about this offer of funding especially as ministers have been aware of the work which we've been undertaking an opportunity to question all those bodies involved in this until now the offer of funding to help clear this backlog there was an offer of practical support from disclosure scotland at the point in which these things came to light which was made in december which is made in december well we've been doing your inquiry over the past few weeks and that information i think would have been incredibly useful and i'm saying that i'm sure other members of this committee would agree but specifically his fund has support like that being added out being offered in the past but there's also been voluntary volunteer scotland is also sorry but i was just going to get your talk like that being offered in the past for such backlogs to be cleared which haven't been taken up potentially but the sorry i didn't mean to interrupt i was going to say the volunteer scotland that's funded as well to help help volunteer voluntary organizations that's not a new thing that's been funded for a number of years to help volunteers cope with the the pressures that i put on with them to ensure that they're compliant with the pvg checks and we give volunteer scotland an annual payment which allows them to act basically as the umbrella body for a whole range of sports and other types of voluntary organizations across scotland and what that does is it allows them to work with those who would get ostensibly free checks you know in a way which is much more efficient and there's a significant funding package goes from the scottish government to volunteer scotland for that purpose and volunteer scotland also offer practical assistance to those organizations to use the scheme effectively we weren't i'm not aware of a previous incident involving the syfa to answer your your question however when i became aware of the backlog it seemed very very important to offer that practical not financial necessarily but practical assistance with clearing that backlog because we were aware they may be struggling to to clear it themselves and specifically when did you become aware of that in october and in december well in december was when i became acutely aware of the from the bbc and misty issue no no i one of actually how it happened was one of the compliance managers in disclosure scotland approached me with with concerns about the whole thing explained it to me and then i directed the actions that then took took place thereafter i was aware of the bbc reports also but it was a twin a twin approach of the information coming to me at that time and i accept what you the minister said about it being a wide question and simply pvg and their issues of culture not least because there's a range of of conduct from the very worst types of abuse through to to bullying but given the centrality of pvg to the current system do you think it should be mandatory i wouldn't want to preempt the review that we're about to undertake and we haven't fully defined the terms of reference for that review but i would expect that to be one of the questions that the review will consider when we look at the pvg scheme but i wouldn't want to say something to you on the record here before we've undertaken that review i think it would be important that we take a range of evidence in relation to the review and then come to a firm conclusion based on that but certainly from from what's been revealed during the course of this inquiry i think it's certainly a question that ministers need to give consideration to just i had a different question on pvg is his government sorry yes yeah yeah yeah thanks thank you donald on on that point convener um i think this speaks to the confusion that exists in in all sectors where pvg applies in in the sense that yes you're right it's not mandatory but actually it's an offense to employer engage somebody who is on the barred list in a regulated childcare position so the only way you can indemnify yourself against that offense is through pvg checking no that's not entirely accurate um this is not an offense to employ somebody if you do not know that they are barred if you have not been told that they are barred by the government that that that we did a consultation in 2016 right on this the parliament originally intended for there to be a discussion of an offense exactly like that and we did a public consultation last year about whether that offense should be brought in and the the outcome of that was that people thought the existing scheme was adequate in terms of the safeguarding that it provided and that they did not think that that offense would add any particular advantage to the current situation it is an offense to employ somebody who is barred if you've been told that they are barred it is also an offense under any circumstances for an individual who is barred to seek or to do regulated work with children or protected so to distill this down effectively our approach to child protection at the moment is don't ask don't help well there are over one million scheme members in Scotland covering a large proportion of regulated work in almost every setting so the current evidence is i think that the scheme is very well taken up and used by by employers across the country and voluntary organisations within pvg the phrase regulated work is is central do you think um do the ministers give consideration are the government giving consideration to that definition and whether along the lines that allison johnson was asking whether that should be widened we are going to give that active consideration and that will form part of the work that the review undertakes because um you know as allison johnson has highlighted questions exist around for example intermediary scouts um there is obviously the potential for confusion around individuals who are offering support in a voluntary capacity as to whether or not at a local level the clubs feel they need to be pvg checked i don't think there's any harm at the end of the day in somebody being pvg checked who might not be performing regulatory work in order that it perhaps provides that additional safeguard um i don't think there's any harm in that whatsoever but we perhaps do need to make those those lines a little bit clearer for local organisations so they can feel some comfort in terms of the approaches that they're taking again just go back to the colhamilton's point though as well the operating requirements also um have within that um making sure that the recruitment of people who and the selection of people who work with children young people have includes access to pvg checks as well so and again that minimum operating requirements are monitored by sport scotland and there is a whole range of supports on offer from either sport scotland directly from the community hubs through the local authorities there's a whole host of others i guess it was just to kind of try and counterbalance that don't ask don't tell because i don't think that's necessarily the culture that i think you would experience within sporting organisations that are currently compliant with the minimum operating requirements that are regularly checked by sport scotland don't know john would you like to expand on this as i said before to the committee the last time the minimum operating requirements are checked by children first we get a formal review on an annual basis and we get a quarterly report on the status of that and we obviously work proactively with them and the governing bodies where there's any deviation or or any difference at that point where a governing body is not fully compliant the move to the standards i think is a is a positive step and it is it has been an evolving picture you know i totally take on board that there's always you know new new best practice that emerges there's changes to what's going on there's you know the cultures constantly shifting so we are trying to learn and develop these things as we go and a move to the standards which are currently being piloted as the minister has said will be a positive step the the important piece there about the standards is that that's currently now being piloted by clubs and this is where it starts to take it way past the level that it's at now where we take the core elements of what's in the minimum operating requirements and we're looking at embedding that in clubs so this will give a much higher degree of rigor the pvg piece as the minister's already said there's a number of organisations that can undertake those pvg checks on behalf of the clubs and it's not that there's a lack of resource or lack of capacity there and that's definitely already there but the positive step towards the standards taken on board recent developments and trying to continue to influence and progress things i think is a positive step okay can i ask final question what's the timescale for the review the moment i think it's 2019 we're looking to have the review concluded by that beast legislatively legislatively so we'll have the review and then if there's legislation required off the back of that we would anticipate that being passed by 2019 so you're looking at probably 12 months for the review period the review has commenced effectively the current phases the terms of reference are being finalised and the ministers will clear those at the end of febru so it's not commenced then well the the work to engage stakeholders we've had two conferences for example to engage stakeholders around the review themes and a number of workshops with the whole the range of stakeholders have taken place already that's sorry that's what i mean when i say it's commenced but terms of reference will emerge at the end of febru and then through the summer and into the autumn the substantial work to to take forward the review says well conveners i think that the work that the committee's done has been very valuable and helping to flesh out some of the issues that perhaps we would have not had full awareness of prior to establishing the review so it will help us in terms of crystallising some of those terms of reference so i just want to put on record my gratitude to the committee for helping in that regard i think i maybe could reflect up back and say that some of what we've heard today has maybe crystallised some of the views of the committee in terms of how we view the whole situation that's emerged so i thank you very much for your for evidence this afternoon i just add as well that we'll make sure that we keep you updated with how the round table goes and also just to add as well that although there's the pvg review on going that the code of conduct will give further exploration of that because that doesn't necessarily need to have the review process completed before we can explore where there is opportunity within that to provide rigor to the system okay thanks very much could i ask members not to leave we'll try and crack through the rest of this quickly sorry yes we're just moving into private session


Patient-reported outcome data from cancer clinical trials does not only have to be statistically analyzed correctly, but has also been reported and presented graphically in a coherent, meaningful and interpretable way. To develop guidance on this is the main focus of Wake Package 4 of the CISACOLA IMI project. Due to preferences and knowledge, the presentation, the reporting and graphical display of patient-reported outcome data might be different between user groups. That's why we included all relevant stakeholders such as patients, physicians, people from the pharmaceutical industry and authorities like the EMA and FDA, HGA specialists and researchers in the development process of the guidelines. Well, in addition to healthcare professionals and other stakeholders like industry representatives, journalists or researchers, Wake Package 4 is very much interested in also gaining the perspective and use of patients and we are succeeding in doing this by conducting interviews also with patients and we managed to get the opinion of 18 patients looking at graphical examples and sharing their views and opinions and also suggestions for improvement. And furthermore, we have a patient expert, which enlarges our Wake Package 4 core team. It's Susanna Leto Dupriolo. She brings not only her knowledge about patient-reported outcome data and clinical trials from her firmer work in industry, but she is also a former patient and so she's able to join our work package with reviewing materials, also critically comment on work processes we are following and thereby advocating for patients in all discussions we have. The main output of Wake Package 4 will be recommendations on how each CISACOL-iMI trial endpoints should be graphically represented. There will be at least one template showing specifically what each recommendation means. In addition, there will be detailed explanation on whether and which special features should be considered for different stakeholders. For example, Kaplan-Meier curves are usually not appropriate to show patients without further explanation, while pie charts contains insufficient information for healthcare providers and other stakeholders. Furthermore, Work Package 4 will also provide guidance on which aspects should be considered for all charts, such as the coloring or clear explanation and structure.


So I'm back with another video now. This is going to be a takedown. I was not brave enough to show myself filming setting my hair. So let's just jump right into it. This is for the Echo Styler Echo Plex Olive Oil and Shea Butter Black Castile Oil and Flaxseed that was a mouthful. So I know you really got guys really can't see that because of the yellow background. Let's put it on me. All right. Sorry for that. Now this particular gel about a year ago, a year ago some change was running between something crazy like $16, $18. Basically $12 more than what I was willing to spend.  I purchased this for $4 and some change at my local Target. Yeah less than five bucks basically. So what I did you guys is I combined this gel with my DIY mango butter that I have here in an old container and I do have a separate video. This mango butter it's very creamy and so what I did you guys is I set my hair in black twists with prime rods. My hair is blown out still so we're just gonna go that go ahead excuse me and take it down and see what we have. Second so sorry about that. Taking my time. This is honestly one of my favorite hairstyles black twists on blonde out here and I think it's fairly large. I'm not good. You know you see those pictures of how to get a super defined black twist where they're going this way and that way and very neat. Yeah I can't flat twist that neat. It's just not happening. So I do them fairly chunky and messy but hey it is what it is. I want to really really take my time because I don't want any frizz if it happens it happens. I did not use any oil to take down these twists because I did not feel like my hair needed it at the time. Little. I was really surprised at how well this turned out especially since I did it on such old hair but I think because I did it on old blown out hair that makes a difference. Also the DIY mango butter so yes here's a side shot girl I am serving you life I'm serving you shine I'm serving you volume bounce and this is what the back of the hair looks like this was good for a good two to three days afterwards. This is absolutely beautiful. I love a good flat twist out on blonde out hair and come through the combination worked really well and my hair is extremely soft which I attribute to the mango but it has definition which is with the echo salad so okay echo salad echo place with the olive oil and all the other stuff now I'm not sure if I'm brave enough to do a wash and go with this but I may come back on cam and do like a damp braid out or twist out yes you guys this is the side it's very soft very soft look at that look at the definition look at the ball hold it look at that I can still unravel and fluff so yeah so thank you guys so much for watching and thank you as always so all my subscribers take care bye


It is one of the biggest challenges facing cities across Asia and the Pacific region. Now, there are more than 2 billion people living in cities in Asia and the Pacific. And the fact is that cities are the drivers of economic growth across the region. In many countries, upwards of 70 to 80 percent of total GDP is generated in cities. Cities really need water in order to survive and thrive and to sustain their populations, but also to sustain and attract new businesses' growth and opportunities. From a strategic perspective, managing water security is essential. Now, there are different ways to do this. Managing challenges on the supply side, on the demand side. But I think that the new challenge that has emerged is resilience. And again, by resilience, I mean basically ensuring that water supply systems are resilient to the impacts of climate change. For example, in Fiji, the capital city, Suva, is investing in a new water supply system to basically supply a very, very quickly growing population. But the current intake site is subjected to sailing intrusion, but also low water levels. Essentially, they selected a new intake site, Upriver, which again, cost a lot of money to put it more upriver. But this climate change adaptation measure was seen by the Green Climate Fund as a worthwhile investment. So, again, to make it long story short, we secured $31 million in the Green Climate Fund to basically support this in grant financing. Managing and managing water security in cities requires a very integrated approach, and it is one of the biggest challenges facing Asia and the Pacific region. Water professionals need to share their knowledge about water supply issues, water demand issues, and solutions. I think that clearly, new technologies are one part of the solution. But again, let's not forget about involving local communities, increasing their awareness and understanding as to the value of water, but also to promote greater conservation and more rational use of water at the household level, but also across businesses.


Climate warming is expected to cause alpine treelings to advance to higher elevations. However, empirical studies have shown mixed results with some areas showing no significant changes while others exhibiting more advanced treelings. These differences suggest that different regions may respond differently to climate change. It is still unclear where Himalayan treeline ecotones are located along the response gradient from rapid dynamics to apparent inertia. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the sensitivity and response of Himalayan treelings to climate warming, based on extensive field observations, published results in the widely scattered literature and novel data from ongoing research by the authors. Several indicators of sensitivity, including treeline type, treeline form, seed-based regeneration and growth patterns, were evaluated. Near-natural treelings are typically crumbholes treelings, which are less responsive to climate change. However, intense recruitment of treeline trees suggests a great potential for future treeline advance. Competition among seedlings within crumbhole thickets and dwarf scrub heaths will also be a major source of variation in treeline dynamics. Tree growth climate relationships indicate This article was authored by Ushikov, M. Babrowski, J. Bonner, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Today, we're excited to welcome someone who is one of the most innovative technology experts of his generation. Justin McLeod joins us to talk about switching gears and founding Hinge, the relationship app that's changing the way millennials are dating. This is School of Hustle, the show where we find advice and inspiration from people who are making their own way. I'm Shannon, the VP of Social Hierarch Oh Daddy, and I live and breathe the hustle of business. Today, we're filming from the hustle of it all at the WeWork Time Square in New York City.  It's so fantastic to have you here. Thanks for having me. Well, you're welcome. What inspired you to found Hinge? Are you just a hopeless romantic? Well, sort of actually. I started Hinge when I was at business school, and I've been dating a girl Kate in college, and we'd broken up. And four years later, I reached out to try to get back together with her. And she said, no. And I was totally heartbroken. I was convinced we were going to end up together. And so I started Hinge the next week. I was like, I'm never going to find someone as great as her. And I'm going to build a dating app to do it. What does the name Hinge mean? Well, originally it was all about, I wanted to create something like lightweight and simple for this generation to connect. This was 2011. So no dating apps, no Tinder, no Bumble, anything like that. And so the idea was that we would make it a friends of friends experience. You'd meet that person you were eventually going to meet at that wedding or that house party. And so Hinge was just a term for what connects two people. It's always that friend in common.  That's how we started. We've learned over time that that is not always the best way to connect people. But that's at our roots. And what's always been at our roots is the sort of authenticity that comes with meeting people in an environment like a house party or a wedding versus like a club or out in the street. Because there's context there. Exactly. You see people as real human beings.  We have photos, which you can add captions to. And then we also have on our profiles, we have these things called prompts, which are short questions that lead to great conversations. We've optimized those over time to really help people be a little bit more vulnerable and lead to much better conversations that will lead to a date. Well Hinge is referred to as a relationship app, not a dating app. So is this some of the reason why you call it a relationship app instead? These days we really just say we're the app that's designed to be deleted. We're the app that if you don't want to be using dating apps anymore and you're really looking for someone to get off the app way, this is the app for you. So how do you stay in business if everyone ends up leaving eventually? Well what we've really found is that as every time we've made the app more effective we grow faster and it's because we're putting more and more people into the world who then tell their friends that they met someone on Hinge. When you set out to launch Hinge there were other competitors in the space that were trying to put people together as well. Now what did you do to stay out ahead? So we went through a big reboot in 2016 and up until that time I think we'd really been focusing a lot on the competition and what were they doing and what were we doing and how do we differentiate ourselves and the big shift that we made in 2016 was to start just thinking about the customer and stop, start ignoring the competition and we changed our metrics really to be about how many dates are we setting people on, how are those dates good dates. We actually just launched a feature called we met where people can after you exchange phone numbers with someone we ask how the date went a few days later because we're really trying to make sure that the dates are great and not that you're just matching with people. Yeah, I was going to ask you how you go about getting feedback. Yeah, that's one of the ways. So one of the ways is we ask your feedback after every single day. We want to know how it went, how it could have gone better. And that's a primary way but we're always listening to a whole member services team that's relaying feedback to our product team. You know, I'm wondering if you might tell us about your path to get funding and to make Hinge like what it became. It started very slowly. When I started in 2011, again, there were no other dating apps out there and people, a lot of VCs thought I was crazy. They're like match.com owns this market. You could never disrupt them. And yeah, I know it sounds kind of funny in retrospect now. And then when Tinder started to take off, then it was like we couldn't turn away money fast enough. I mean, it was really like the market clearly showed that it was there and it was at that point a lot easier to raise money. And you mentioned match because Hinge was acquired by match. You were. Right? So what does it mean? Is acquisition like a paramount of success in what you do? And also what does that mean for you now in your role at the company? And when I think about success for Hinge and for me, it's about having the biggest impact possible. And I don't know if the match acquisition was what I set out to do from the beginning but what it became clear is that they had the knowledge and the resources to really help us take this company and scale it in a global way. And they really bought into our mission and they've been incredible partners. And really my day to day hasn't changed that much at all. Instead of reporting to a board of VC investors, I report to the board at Edmash Group. Did you end up finding your wife on Hinge? Well, actually that person that we talked about in the very beginning. Another four years later, I ended up flying over. She was living in Switzerland at the time and I flew over right before a wedding and asked her to haul off her wedding and move back to America with me. And she did and we were, I know, it's a long story. Oh my gosh, that's not the way that I thought you were going to answer that question. You develop Hinge to get over Kate. Yes. And Hinge is thriving and up and running, but you decide to go all the way to Switzerland. Well, it actually saw the bottom indirectly because someone met on Hinge, a reporter, who then came to me and wanted to interview me. Okay. At the interview she asked, have you ever been in love? And I said, a long time ago, but I didn't realize it until it was too late. And she then had this very parallel story where she found her person 20 years later and she's like, you cannot make the same mistake I did. Like, you have to do something about this. You have to like fly over there and stop her if she has not married yet. And long story short, I did and she did. And then what happened to your Hinge profile at this point? Yeah. Well, then now I'm still, I still am on Hinge with clear wedding photos. And I'm always on there looking for feedback from people. And that's another way that I actually get feedback from people. It is probably very helpful to use your product and see how people are using it. Yeah, you got it. Well, I'm so happy that you found love.  This is insane. Yeah, it is a wild ride. You should have seen it from this side. What are three words that you would use to describe yourself? The way that I would describe myself is the way that I describe our core values of the company, which are authentic, courageous and empathetic. Those are the things that really drive us as a company and that drive all our product decisions. I really enjoyed that conversation. Yeah, it was great. Now we're going to switch gears and we're going to play my favorite game called Hustle Time. We set a clock for 60 seconds and we see how many questions you can get through in that amount of time. Okay. Yep. Most powerful emotion anger or love? Love. Which would you rather add to your lifetime or value? Time. Meatballs or fish? Fish. Snapchat has a long life or lost cause? Lost cause. Do you floss every day? Yes. First celebrity crush? Oh, Rachel McAdams. Chocolate, milk or dark? Dark. Which Hogwarts house would you be sorted into? Oh, I don't know the Hogwarts houses. First concert you ever saw? Not Slytherton. Pearl Jam. Apple or Android? Apple. No cheese ever again or sugar ever again? No sugar ever again. Go to cocktail? A old fashioned. Drive, stick shift or automatic? Automatic. Number of times it took you to pass your driver's test? Just once. Last person you texted? My wife. If a genie grants you three wishes, what would they wait? Oh my god. That's not fair. That's three questions. I know, I know. Three wishes. Invisibility, flying and walk through walls. Time it takes to get ready in the morning. Like three and a half hours. Peanut butter, cups from an M's. Gubs. OK, we'll count that one. We'll count that one. I got a genie one. There's also another one. Someone got two of them. It was the genie one for the three and three things in your closet. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Didn't even make the podium. We ask every entrepreneur these same questions to see how people from different points of view and verticals and experiences answer the same set of questions. Right. Favorite part of your day? Good morning. Best piece of advice you've ever gotten? Companies fail because founders give up. And don't give up, I guess, would be the corollary advice behind that. So worst piece of advice? Take the job in the Kinsey. Yeah, because it's safer, right? OK, how do you use your career to inspire others? What I'm trying to do is build a team that people feel like really, really inspired to work there every day. And so I think it's about creating a mission-driven company that's about serving other people. And that inspires others to show up. Ever felt like walking away? Oh, yeah, in any sense. One thing you still need to learn? How to let go of control. What do you want people to learn from you? I think how to think about really deeply what you choose to measure as a company. It's been such a huge difference between measuring what our customers want versus what we want. Measuring people going out on great dates versus measuring engagement, growth, retention, those kinds of things. What's next for you? Fatherhood, actually. For real? For real. Yeah, due in August. Oh, congratulations. Little boy. It inspires you. Really, the answer to that is my team. My team shows up in a way, and they've taken this company so much farther than I could have imagined. And they really inspire me to show up every day like they show up. Who challenges you? My wife, Kate. She's actually the most courageous person I know, whether it's dragging me down double black diamonds when we're skiing, or which we were just were doing a few weeks ago, even while she was pregnant. She's crazy. Or yeah, she's so brave when she steps into these new life phases, becoming a parent, that kind of thing. And it's inspiring. You know what? I think she was pretty brave to get back on the plane with you in Switzerland. Yeah, that too. Because that takes a lot. Well, I hope to have the pleasure and privilege of meeting her someday. She sounds amazing. She has her own company, so maybe you can have her as another guest. I would love that. There are two questions that we got from our social audience. The first is from Joala, who met her boyfriend on Hinge, I have to say. She wants to know, how do you choose the prompt questions for Hinge? We started with just an assortment of random guesses of what we thought people would respond to and lead to good conversations. And then over time, we've actually we sort of plot them on this two by two graph of which ones are people willing to answer and which ones actually lead to phone numbers, exchange, and dates. And then we find this vulnerability frontier almost of the balance of what people are willing to answer, but what will also lead to great dates and really. And so we optimize those over time and try to make sure we're getting people to answer questions that lead to dates. Now the second question we actually already covered because the question is, do you have a Hinge profile? So is there one more from the crowd, from the live studio audience? We have a couple, let's take a couple. Karen, thank you so much for that. I'm Karen's in our live studio audience today. And what Karen is wondering is, how do you keep people safe on your platform? Because today there is a lot of concerns around privacy and the creepy people out there. So how do you ensure that people are safe? I really think Hinge is one of the safest ways for you to date because you have a whole community of people vetting people for you. And so we have a report feature on the app which we have a zero tolerance policy for anyone that gets reported. We also have the we met feature. So we're actually following up after every single date to see how it went and also find out if anything happened that you want to report this person for. And if so, then we remove them from the community. I would be shocked if the other competitors out there can say the same thing. That's outrageous. I did not know you did all that. Yes, and I believe we're the only app out there that is following up after people's long days to find out. Because we care about obviously not just what happens on the app, but what happens off the app as a result. I think we had one more question from the crowd. That was awesome, Karen. Thank you. Hailey, what is your question? The classic favorite that actually is one of the most effective questions is the two truths and a lie question. And what really works on those are when you answer a question that beckons other people to really respond and interact with you. So when you do two truths and a lie, there's an obvious next thing to say in response to that, which is to guess which one the lie is. And so that I think is one of our first guesses and is standard the test of time as we optimize. Would you be comfortable doing your two truths and a lie? Sure. Okay. I totaled a car at the age of five. I sank a sailboat at the age of 33. I just like tacos.  No, I actually sank the sailboat and crashed the car. No, I don't talk. I know. I had a crazy childhood. I thought that was an easy... I thought that was like, oh my gosh, that's so funny.  I hate to bring this to a close, but we're down to our last question. What you got? The question is from our resident pug noodle. Oh, right. Oh. Yeah, so noodle has been single for quite some time. And noodle's considering getting back out there. His friends are on all the dating apps, but he's skeptical. And what advice would you have for someone like noodle who wants to get back out there is nervous about meeting new people in apps, you know? But, you know, he wants to date. What do you tell him? Well, I think I'd say that you miss 100% of the shots you don't take. And that, yeah. And hinge is the best place, I think, really, because we're the ones who are really for people who want to get off dating apps.  But if not, then hinge is definitely the place if noodle's looking to find a relationship and get off dating apps.  Playing the field, he's looking for something serious. Gosh, if we could only... There's apps for that, too, though. Yeah, if only we could know. Well, I always like to end School of Hustle with a final thought, like a great fortune cookie at the end of a meal. So what I'm going to do is read three quotes and ask you to listen to those quotes and tell me which one resonates the most and why. Okay? Number one, if you believe it will work out, you'll see opportunities. If you believe it won't, you'll see obstacles. Number two, a year from now, you may wish you had started today. Number three, a goal without a plan is just a wish. Definitely the first one. Everything is about perception. And like when I, the times when I'm feeling expansive or the times when I'm feeling like really contracted or like, I mean, it's just your perception totally defines your reality. And I think that that really captures it, that first one you read. Thank you for that. Yeah. Well, I hope everybody enjoyed watching School of Hustle with Justin. I know I really enjoyed our time today. And if you did enjoy, please follow GoDaddy because we are bringing School of Hustle to you every single Wednesday. Full episodes on Instagram TV, YouTube, teasers across LinkedIn and Twitter and Instagram. So keep watching and follow and we'll see you soon.