You have been tasked to analyze a gasoline engine with a compression ratio of 8 to 1. You know that 750 kJ per kg of heat is added during the combustion process, and you know that, prior to compression, the air is at 95 kPa and 27°C. Assuming the cold air standard, determine or complete the following. A. The maximum temperature and pressure occurring in the process. B. The network output. Note that that's not specified as to if it's specific work or total power. C. The thermal efficiency. D. The mean effective pressure during the cycle. E. The ratio of air to fuel burned during combustion, i.e. the air-fuel ratio. Assuming that the gasoline burned is pure octane. And lastly Part F, sketch a PV and TS diagram of this cycle. So first of all, let's reflect on the auto-cycle itself. In the auto-cycle, the process from 1 to 2 is our isentropic compression process. If the pressure and temperature are given prior to compression, that implies that 95 kPa is state 1's pressure, and 27°C is state 1's temperature. I know that 750 kJ per kg of heat is added during the combustion process, which is our process from 2 to 3. Therefore, I can say this is Q in from 2 to 3. Furthermore, since the auto-cycle only has one process with heat addition, that's going to be the specific Q in to the entire cycle. The compression ratio is given as 8 to 1. I'm going to note that as r is equal to 8. Then, because we are told to analyze this using the cold air standard, we are going to be using the properties for ideal air at 300 Kelvin. We jump into our appendices, what we're grabbing are properties from table A20, for ideal air at 300 Kelvin, Cp is going to be 1.005, Cv is going to be 0.718, and K is going to be 1.4. Furthermore, remember that the cold air standard means that we're going to be using the assumption of constant specific heats, so anytime we encounter a delta U or delta H, we are going to be substituting with Cp or Cv delta T. Furthermore, it means that we can use our isentropic ideal gas equations on any process that is isentropic. Now I'm going to ignore all of the statements that I actually want, and let's just start by approaching this in the same manner that we did our arbitrary power cycle. So ignore all of this for the moment. We'll come back to that in a second. Instead, I want us to calculate the temperature, pressure, and specific volume at all four state points. Again, this isn't necessarily the most efficient way to approach this problem, but I think it's useful in the learning process. We were told that the pressure prior to compression is 95 kilopascals. Note that that's going to be our ambient air because the process prior to compression is air intake in reality. That's why this is 95 kilopascals about atmospheric pressure in South Dakota, and T1 is about a reasonable temperature on a nice warm summer day when you would want to be driving around 27 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, 27 plus 273.15 is close enough to 300 Kelvin, and we could probably call it 300 Kelvin. But for the moment, let's leave it at 300.15. Just like with the arbitrary cycle, we can use our ideal gas law to calculate a specific volume since we know this temperature and pressure. For that, we will summon our calculator. And I'm going to gloss over the calculation of the specific gas constant for air because we've done that in previous problems. Remember that the specific gas constant for air is the universal gas constant, which is 8.314 kilojoules per kilo mole Kelvin, in the case of our metric unit system here. That number is retrieved from the inside of the front cover of your textbook. That's the bottom left corner of your conversion factor sheet. And you divide by the molar mass of the substance you're analyzing. In this case, ideal air has a molar mass of 98.97 kilograms per kilo mole. Therefore, we are taking 8.314 divided by 28.97, which is going to be 0.287-ish kilojoules per kilogram Kelvin. Then, since PV is equal to RT, V would equal RT over P. So I'm going to take 0.287 kilojoules per kilogram Kelvin. And I'm going to multiply by our temperature in Kelvin, which is 300.15. And then I'm going to divide by 95 kilopascals. And I walked through the unit conversions in that arbitrary cycle analysis that we had performed, so I'm not going to write it out in detail again. But we know we're going to have a result in cubic meters per kilogram. For state number 2, we don't have T2P2 nor V2 yet. The thing that gets us from 1 to 2 is recognizing that we are going from our big volume to our small volume. And we know that that compression ratio, which is a proportion of volume, remember, is 8. So the big volume is going to be 8 times larger than the small volume. Furthermore, because this is a closed system, that means that the proportion of specific volumes is also going to be 8. Therefore, V2 is going to be V1 divided by R, which is 8. So we can take that number we just calculated, divide by 8, and we get 0.11346. And with that, we actually have all four specific volumes. Because the process from 2 to 3 is isochoric, and again because it's a closed system, that means the mass is constant, that means V3 is equal to V2. And then we expand back to our initial specific volume, because the process from 4 to 1 is isochoric, therefore V4 is also 0.907. You could also think of it like the expansion ratio is the reverse of the compression ratio. So instead of going from big volume to small volume, you're going from small volume to big volume, and that proportion is still 8, that is big volume over small volume is still 8. Therefore, you could think of this like V4 over V3 as well. That gives us one independent intensive property at state 2. The other independent intensive property that we have is our specific entropy. Now we're not actually going to be trying to determine the entropy because we don't necessarily need to. It's just the fact that the entropy is the same that fully defines our state 2. To actually calculate T2 and P2, we will go back to our isentropic ideal gas relations. I have the option of using any of these equations for the process from 1 to 2, but since I have a ratio of volumes, it's probably going to be most convenient for me to use this equation to come up with T2 and this equation to come up with P2. So what I'm going to write is T2 is equal to T1 multiplied by V1 over V2 raised to the k-1. And remember, if I multiply the contents of this parentheses by mass over mass, I could write that as specific volume over specific volume and the same proportion is true because the mass doesn't change. What I'm going to write is T2 over T1 is equal to V1 over V2 raised to the k-1. Therefore, T2 is equal to T1 multiplied by r raised to the k-1. Remember, r, our compression ratio, is big volume over small volume. So if you're trying to think through, should I plug in r or 1 over r? Just think through the proportions of actual volume here. Compression is big volume, too small volume, so it should be big number over small number. Therefore, r, not 1 over r. And then our T1 value was 300.15, so I'm going to write this as 300.15 multiplied by 1.4. 8 raised to the power of 1.4 minus 1. And I get a temperature at state 2 of 689.56. Then I follow the same logic with our pressure calculation, except this time I'm using k, not k-1. And I can write this as 95 multiplied by 8 raised to the power of 1.4 minus 1. And I get a pressure at state 2 of 218.253. And with that, we are halfway through our state point properties. Next, we need to consider the process from state 2 to state 3. I know that my ideal gas law would allow me to write pv is equal to rt. Since I have an isochoric process, I can write this as v over r is equal to t over p. Since this quantity on the left is the same at state 2 as it is at state 3, that means I can write t2 over p2 is equal to t3 over p3, which means that I can write t3 is equal to t2 over p2 times p3, or I can write p3 is equal to t3 over t2 times p2. However, neither one of those is helpful right now. I have one equation and two unknowns. I don't know t3. I don't know p3. So what is the thing that gets me from state 2 to state 3? It is the specific heat input. I know 750 kJ of heat is added between 2 and 3. So if I were to write this out as an energy balance, I'm saying we have an isochoric process. The piston isn't moving because we're assuming that the combustion happens instantly.  Note that I am neglecting the first several steps of the energy balance, jumping immediately to this form. I'm canceling the changes in kinetic and potential energy assuming that the changes in kinetic and potential energy of the system itself are negligible. Next I'm neglecting works because I have an isochoric process and q out because the heat is added. Therefore, the q in from 2 to 3 is equal to u3 minus u2. And then you know what's happening next, right? That's right. Because I have assumed constant specific heats, because I was told to use the cold air standard, which has as part of it assuming that the heat capacity is constant at 300 Kelvin, then I can plug in Cv multiplied by T3 minus T2. Therefore, T3 is equal to q in over Cv plus T2. So I'm going to say T3 is equal to 750 kilojoules per kilogram divided by 0.718 kilojoules per kilogram Kelvin. The kilojoules and the kilograms are both going to cancel, leaving me with Kelvin in the numerator. And then I am going to add T2, which is 689.56. And I get 1734.13. And then now that I have one of our temperature or pressure at state 3s, I can say P3 is equal to P2 multiplied by T3 over T2. So 218.25 multiplied by 1734.13 divided by 689.564 And just for good measure here, I'm actually just going to jump up and grab our P2 property that we calculated, because you know now is really the time to be a stickler about all those decimal places. Now we get a pressure at state 3 of 548.86 kilopascals. The last process we have to consider is the process from 3 to 4. That process is isentropic expansion. Because it's isentropic expansion and because we are assuming constant specific heats, we can use our isentropic ideal gas relations again. So we are essentially doing the same thing that we did here. We are just writing it as T4 over T3 is equal to V3 over V4 raised to the k-1. Because in our isentropic ideal gas relations equation sheet, one really represents the beginning of the process, two really represents the end of the process. Now do I plug in R here or do I plug in 1 over R? That's right, V3 is smaller than V4, therefore it's 1 over R. So I'm going to take T3 multiplied by 1 over R raised to the k-1. T3 was 1734.13 multiplied by 1 over 8 raised to the power of, I forgot, I have to push the carry button on the calculator, I can't just take care of the keyboard, raised to the quantity of 1.4 minus 1. And I get 784.823 kelvin. And then I'm going to repeat that process with k instead of k-1. For the pressure form of this equation, I'm going to take P4 is equal to P3 multiplied by 1 over R raised to the power of k. So P3 was 548.866 multiplied by 1 over 8 raised to the power of 1.4. So I've calculated a quantity here that is 29.864. Now I could write that down, however, here, let's just step through this. I'm writing this down, definitely going to leave it definitely permanent. Okay, now let's think through whether or not these state point properties make sense. We have, first of all, an isentropic compression process. We are decreasing the specific volume and as a result our pressure should increase and our temperature should increase as well. That makes sense. Then we are adding heat to our process at the same specific volume. Therefore our temperature should increase and our pressure should increase. The fact that we ended with a higher temperature and pressure makes sense. Then we are expanding to drop power out of the gas so the temperature should drop and the pressure should drop. But our process from 4 to 1 is going to be an isochoric cooling process. So we would expect our temperature to drop and our pressure to drop. So the fact that we're going from 29.86 down to 95. Oh wait, no we don't. This is indicating that the pressure would rise during the cooling process that occurs at a constant volume. That doesn't match what I know would happen because the ideal gas law says that pressure and temperature are going to be directly related for a process at a constant volume. Therefore this implies I have a mistake. This is the value of thinking through your state points to double check that they make sense before you move on. So let's double check all of our pressure calculations shall we? P2 is equal to P1 multiplied by... There we go. So our mistake occurred back when we calculated P2. I'm sure that many of you were screaming at your screens indicating to me that I had made an error but I was just moving on with the calculation. As you know now that was totally on purpose and here to serve as a learning opportunity. So what we have to do is rework P2, P3 and P4 and get rid of the minus one because in our pressure equation here this doesn't have K minus one this just has K. There is no minus one so I should not have subtracted one from the exponent. So at state two I have a pressure of 1,746.02 and then I'm going to take that quantity I'm going to multiply by 1734.13 divided by 689.56 and I get 4,390.96 and then I am going to take that quantity and multiply by 1 over 8 raised to the power of just 1.4 and I get 238.909. Now let's think through that again. Our pressure goes up when we are isentropically compressing that makes sense. We have an isochoric heat addition process. The pressure increases as the temperature increases in a constant volume process that makes sense. Then the pressure drops as the gas expands that makes sense and then we have an isochoric cooling process where the temperature and pressure both drop again. I could go one step further in my number crunching here and recognize that the same ideal gas equation simplification that we came up for 2 to 3 is also going to be true from 4 to 1. So I should be able to write T4 over P4 is equal to T1 over P1. Therefore P1 should equal T1 over T4 multiplied by P4. So if I get the same pressure at state 1 that I started with that implies that I did everything correctly. So I am going to take 238.91 and I am going to multiply by 300.15 divided by 784.82 and I of course know that I should have a little bit of discrepancy here due to rounding errors but let's see what happens. We get 91.3695. I wonder if we can make that even tighter here. Hey look at that. When we grabbed all the decimal places we got 95.0006. That's a very strong indication that we at least used all the calculations correctly. Now that we have all of our state point properties the world is our oyster. So before we move on to calculating the stuff that I actually want us to calculate I would instead like us to calculate the specific work, the specific Q in, the specific work out and the specific Q out occurring in this cycle. I know that work in for an auto cycle is going to occur in 1 to 2 and because I have an isentropic process the heat transfers are going to disappear and I am left with U2 minus U1. For my heat addition term I know that that's going to be U3 minus U2 because of my above energy balance and we know that that's just going to be 750 kilojoules per kilogram. My work out is occurring between 3 and 4. Again I have isentropic expansion therefore the heat transfer terms are going to disappear and I'm going to be left with work out and delta U so I can write this as U3 minus U4 and to all of you asking why is it 3 minus 4 instead of 4 minus 1 remember that I have delta U is equal to work in minus work out or can disappears because the work is only out therefore it's delta U is equal to negative work out so I would write U4 minus U3 is equal to negative work out therefore the actual work out is U3 minus U4 and then similarly for Q out again because Q out is going to be in the energy out term therefore has negative in front of it this is going to be U4 minus U1 because it's beginning minus end then I'm going to substitute in CV delta T here so I have CV times T2 minus T1 CV times T3 minus T4 and CV times T4 minus T1 so by scrolling up to my temperatures here I can just crunch some numbers my specific work in would be 0.718 multiplied by 689.56 minus 300.15 279.596 just for good measure here let's calculate the heat transfer in and double check that we actually get 750 and we do which is good then our work out term would be 0.718 multiplied by the quantity 1734.13 minus 784.82 and we get 681.605 and then 0.718 multiplied by 784.82 minus 300.15 and we get 347.993 I bumped my iPad with my elbow and it scrolled up so sorry for all the nausea this is undoubtedly inducing but I had 279.596 kilojoules per kilogram can confirm that that is indeed 750 my work out term is 681.605 my Q out term is 347.993 then because this is a power cycle I should have net work in the outward direction which is going to be work out minus work in so I will write that as 681.605 minus 279.596 and I get 402 I guess we can write 402.01 I mean come on John be at least a little bit consistent and then just to check myself I'm going to take 750 minus 347.993 and I get 402 and I would bet if I use this 750.001 instead of the 750 that it should have been I would actually get the exact same number hey look at that it's the exact same number let's just round these to 0.01 that's easier all along cool we have a net work out we have a net Q in now let's start to actually consider what the problem statement actually wants first up I had maximum temperature and pressure occurring in the cycle well T max is going to be T3 I know that for a couple of reasons first of all it's the highest number it is the only one in fact that has four digits wow that's a big number I don't know why I'm running T it's 1734.13 the other reason I know that is because as a general rule of thumb in a power cycle it is going to be the hottest after the heat addition process i.e. it is going to be the highest temperature after the fire thing happens where there's fire there is often a high temperature so general rule of thumb your highest temperature is going to correspond to the state point after your heat addition process and our pressure is correlated so closely with temperature that our state point with the highest temperature is going to have our highest pressure as well so 4,390.96 then part B I wanted the network output so I have that already as a specific term it is 402.01 now do I have the ability to determine a power? I don't I have no indication of size there's no mass that I actually know therefore I cannot multiply by any sort of mass or size that would represent mass to come up with an actual power all I can quantify is the network out on a specific basis I'm giving it per unit mass that flows through the cycle that's the best I can do for part C the thermal efficiency of this power cycle is going to be the network out divided by heat transfer in which is going to be 402.01 divided by 750 and I get 53.6% for part D I am determining the mean effective pressure during the cycle well just a brief recap the mean effective pressure is the pressure that if held constant would yield the same specific network so if this piston cylinder arrangement was held with air at a constant pressure and push the piston down what pressure would yield the same specific network I'm describing a displacement here I can describe that as the piston moving from top dead center which I can call x1 down to bottom dead center which I can call x2 so the relevant work here is going to be the integral of force with respect to displacement and my force is going to come from pressure since pressure is defined as a force distributed across an area that force is going to be pressure times area which one combined into my integral gives me pressure times area times dx since my volume swept by the piston is a cylinder that has a constant area I'm going to group together these terms into dv the volume differential and I can write this as the integral of pressure with respect to the volume and then the pressure is constant because the hypothetical quantity that I'm calculating the mean effective pressure is an average pressure I'm assuming it's a constant so it comes out therefore I have pressure multiplied by change in volume so the net work out here would be the mean effective pressure multiplied by delta volume therefore the mean effective pressure which by the way the book abbreviates p-mef but I write it as MEP is net work out over delta volume if I were to divide the numerator and denominator by mass I could also write this as net work out over delta specific volume and since I'm talking about going from top dead center to bottom dead center that's going to be our smallest volume to our biggest volume that is going to be v1-v2 cool, now that I have that equation I can actually calculate a quantity so I'll pause here for a second actually I'll leave it I'll leave it mean effective pressure for this process is 402.008 divided by my specific volume is state 1 which was 0.9 or something I'm going to go on a scrolling adventure to find that in my calculator minus that same number divided by 8 note that because it's the same number divided by 8 I could factor out the same number and then multiply by 1-1 over 8 but at this point I'm already down this path so I'm going to take the actual number and I get 506.676 so what does that number represent? not a whole lot I mean it's very abstract it doesn't relate to any pressure in the actual cycle it's a pressure that if you were to hold constant and then sweep the piston through the same space you get the same network out and that's useful for a type of comparison between engines because generally speaking the one with the higher mean effective pressure is the one that is going to produce more power but there's so many other scale values and there are so many other ways of comparing engines to one another and it is not actually that tangibly useful anymore but we still calculate it because it is a quantity that you can calculate from the parameters of the engine so sometimes it's useful and in those very rare circumstances you should know how to calculate it or at least be vaguely familiar with what it represents next up the air-fuel ratio for that I am going to write down here again I was thinking about going to a new page I'll save that for the diagrams part E here I want the ratio of air to fuel which I'm going to abbreviate AFR that's air-fuel ratio and the AFR here is going to be the mass of air to mass of fuel in the engine now I know what you're thinking you're thinking but John we don't know the mass of air we know the mass of fuel so how can we possibly calculate this well instead of approaching it from its definition let's think about what's happening in the heat addition process we are adding heat to the engine by burning fuel and if we assume that all of the heat produced by the combustion process is going into the air which is a big assumption here then I can write them as being equal to one another and I can write this as a magnitude as well which would just be across the process as opposed to per unit time and if I do that I can write this as mass of air times specific Q in is equal to mass of fuel times the heating value of the fuel that is since specific Q in is given per unit mass of air in the cycle we're describing the total heat added by taking that specific quantity and multiplying it by the mass of air then we are using the heating value of the fuel multiply by the mass of the fuel to come up with a total heat emitted by burning the fuel and now we can write this as the mass of air over the mass of fuel is equal to the heating value of the fuel divided by Q in and that would give us our air fuel ratio so Q in we know is 750 ish kilojoules per kilogram of air and our heating value for fuel is going to be the heating value of octane we were told to treat the fuel as pure octane so we go back into our appendices on table A25 we have a variety of heating values for a variety of substances including but not limited to octane now we have two different types of octane and we have two different types of heating values so we're going to be using one of these four numbers now which number we choose is based on a couple of assumptions that we need to make first of all do we treat the fuel as being a vapor G or a liquid L for our purposes right now we are just going to use the vaporized value for fuel we are treating it as a liquid that then evaporates that is a better way of modeling the engine if you are trying to be more accurate but then you have to account for the latent energy of the fuel and that energy is lost from the air and it becomes a bit of a more tedious calculation and since our analysis is an overview and is an idealized form of the model anyway we are going to neglect that if you want to get more information on accurate ways we are going to use an engine and the simplifications we make in the auto cycle and how we can adapt them to become a little bit more accurate you should take the internal combustion engines tech collective but for now we are grabbing from this row here then we have to consider whether or not we should treat this as a higher heating value or a lower heating value general rule of thumb if you don't know for sure use the lower heating value the higher heating value is more appropriate in situations where you are recovering every last bit of energy that you possibly can like if you consider a natural gas furnace the output of a natural gas furnace has some products that you can recover a little bit more energy from really really high efficiency natural gas furnaces can for example condense the steam that has been produced in the combustion process that vaporized water when condensed is going to dump a little bit of energy back into your system so in a very high efficiency circumstance we need to use a higher heating value your system would also have intricacies to be able to actually make that happen since we are just burning fuel within tiny piston cylinder arrangement with reckless abandon we are going to be using the lower heating value and neglecting this little bit of recovered energy that we could get if we had really really specific types of combustion processes so our value is 44,790 again vaporized octane already we aren't trying to account for how the liquid becomes a vapor and whether we should use the heating value of a liquid and not account for the latent energy or try to account for the latent energy or just treating it as a vapor for now we are using the lower heating value because we don't have the complexities that would recover that little bit of additional energy from the products ok that was a very long winded way of coming up with 44,790 kilojoules per kilogram of fuel then when I divide these two quantities I should get 1493,25 thank you calculator come on calculator about 59.72 so I kinda ran out of room here but there really should be units on that it's not just a unitless proportion even though it is kilograms per kilogram because they are different kilograms yeah that's not at all confusing this is kilograms of air per kilogram of fuel which could be grams of air per gram of fuel or pound mass of air per pound mass of fuel this is a proportion of the mass of air per mass of fuel and this is useful because it gives us an indication as to the head room that's left 14.7 per mass units of air per mass units of fuel so what this means is we have about 4 times as much air as we need to actually accomplish this combustion process so theoretically a person could throttle up this engine add more fuel to it and multiply the amount of fuel by about 4 times and still have approximately good combustion lastly we have part f which is to sketch a pv and ts diagram of this cycle so for that I'm going to jump over to a new page and I'm going to begin by creating some axes now remember move into the right on a pv diagram represents work out move into the left represents work in and those are reversed on the ts diagram move into the left represents q out move into the right represents q in and again just because we have actual specific volume numbers doesn't mean that I want us to use those I want to think about how the work is going to appear on the pv diagram so how many different opportunities for work do we have we have 2 the process from 1 to 2 is a work in therefore from 1 to 2 I should step from the right to the left and then 2 to 3 has no work occurring because it's isochoric then 3 to 4 is an expansion process so we have work out and then 4 to 1 is isochoric so we have no work so 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4, 4 to 1 I should have 2 specific volumes big volume, small volume and I'm going to label those v1 and v2 and again we actually know them because we calculated them but what I'm looking for on these graphs is relative positioning of the state points you wouldn't have needed to calculate this specific volume for this part of the analysis now we can do the same thing for pressure recognizing that we have the smallest pressure at state 1 and then we are increasing to a higher pressure at state 2 and then we are increasing again let's draw more like this we are increasing again to p3 and then we are cooling off between 4 and 1 so we should drop just a little bit so our expansion should go from 3 all the way down to 4 and then I can draw state 1 state 2 state 3 and state 4 and then I know that movement to the left is going to represent our work in so work in from 1 to 2 is going to be this region this curve and then movement from left to right from 3 to 4 represents our work out this quantity here is work out so when I take a work out minus work in what I'm left with is this quantity inside which means that this represents our network out now let's do the same thing for our ts diagram movement to the left represents q out movement to the right represents q in I have one process that has a q in term I have one process that has a q out term and it goes no heat transfer from 1 to 2 and then heat transfer in from 2 to 3 no heat transfer from 3 to 4 and then heat transfer out from 4 to 1 so 1 and 2 should be over here 3 and 4 should be over here so I will call this s1 and s3 and we know that we are increasing our temperature when we compress we are increasing it when we add heat to our process we are trying to get as much energy as we can which means it's going to drop a lot then we have cooling between 4 and 1 so it should drop just a bit so I'm going to draw this as t1 and then t2 and then t3 and then t4 back down here so state 1 is going to be here state 2 is going to be here state 3 is going to be here and state 4 is going to be here and state 4 is going to be here and just like with our pb diagram we could take the area under the curve from 1 to 4 and recognize that this is our q out the area under the curve from 2 to 3 and recognize that this area represents our q in therefore q in minus q out will leave us with this region here which is the net q in which is also equal to network out so these are our approximate shape pb and ts diagrams for this example problem these graphs are a little bit crude perhaps but they illustrate what's happening in the process if you understand how a horizontal displacement represents what can heat transfer on the pb and ts diagrams and you can reason through what vertical displacement implies about temperature and pressure changing over processes you can interpret a graph and have a pretty good idea of what's happening in a cycle or you can draw out the graph for a cycle without even having specific numbers if we wanted a better graph and better numbers I would recommend completing this on a computer that doesn't have the same inability to keep track of decimal places that I do or inability to draw lines of constant specific volume on a ts diagram or lines of specific entropy on a pb diagram for that I will turn to my friendly neighborhood matlab that's the calculator friendly neighborhood matlab that's the matlab anti-calculator well done OBS so in this matlab code I'm performing the exact same calculations that we did by hand we looked up a heating value of octane of 44,790 we looked up a cvncp value from the back of our textbook we have our given information and then we are just calculating the process from one to two using isentropic ideal gas relations two to three using an isochoric process three to four using isentropic ideal gas relations taking cv dot the t for all the things calculating a network out and then calculating a thermal efficiency mean effective pressure and air fuel ratio and note that what we get is approximately the same as what we had for our properties we have 1733.73 instead of our temperature which was 1734.13 and we have 4389.93 instead of 4390.96 of a network out that's about three kilojoules per kilogram higher and a thermal efficiency that is off by about 0.15% now in this class you are going to be expected to complete the work by hand but I would encourage you to get proficient at completing them in matlab as well first of all it allows you to spend less time on the things themselves and more time on the engineering side of things thinking through processes coming up with relationships between properties and even things like plotting out the pb and ts diagram are much faster and more accurate in matlab note here that I'm plotting out the pb diagram with two lines of constant specific volume and two lines of constant entropy and this is all graphed to scale properly also note that the pb diagrams are generally given with a logarithmic scale on the x-axis that's one of the reasons I'm not particular about using our actual specific volumes to place their positions on the pb diagram that we draw by hand note on the ts diagram we have two lines of constant entropy and two lines of constant specific volumes but the general shape of the plots is the same we were able to think through how the properties are affected by the processes and therefore what the general shape should look like furthermore just to elaborate again you should be able to look at a pb and ts diagram and deduce hey there's going to be work in from one to two there's going to be heat addition probably isochorically from two to three there's going to be work out from three to four and then there's going to be heat reduction I know that I'm decreasing my pressure which probably implies a decrease in temperature at a constant specific volume for an ideal gas and then looking at the ts diagram you can confirm ah yes we have compression from one to two and then we are adding heat which we know because it's a horizontal displacement to the right from two to three and then we have an expansion process from three to four isochrophically because our entropy doesn't change and then we are going from four to back to one where they heat reduction they heat output from right to left to get back to our initial temperature I have posted this code on d2l so you can poke through it if you want another nice thing about this is that if you wanted to perform a parametric analysis say you wanted to change a thing and see how that affected your results you can do that very quickly on matlab like let's say that we were considering by hand how compression ratio affects the thermal efficiency of our auto cycle we jump back into our handwritten calculations I want to see how r affects thermal efficiency well to do that it's probably easiest to write out our thermal efficiency and look for ways that r can appear I have net workout divided by q in which is workout minus work in divided by q in which is q in minus q out divided by q in because remember the net workout and the net heat transfer in should be the same and then I'm going to write that as one minus q out over q in appears between four and one so I can write this as one minus cv times t4 minus t1 because it's an output that means there's a negative on the right hand side of the energy balance so it goes from end to beginning and then it's flipped so it's beginning to end and then in the denominator I have cv multiplied by t3 minus t2 because it's a q in term we are not having to deal with the negation of the delta u so it's just n minus beginning and then because of the cold air standard so I'm left with one minus t4 minus t1 divided by t3 minus t2 and I can factor out t1 from the numerator this is t1 multiplied by t4 over t1 minus 1 over t2 multiplied by t3 over t2 minus t over t would just be one again now to try to reduce this further I'm going to split this into two chunks first we'll consider the right then we'll consider the left on the right side we have t4 over t1 minus 1 divided by t3 over t2 minus 1 now to figure out how these are related or correlated I'm going to write out all of my processes in terms of temperatures and to do that I think I'm going to need a little bit more space so let's start a new page so the question for the moment is how are these related to one another are they directly proportional are they indirectly proportional are they can they be reduced to a function of r etc and I'm going to approach this by writing out how my pressures are all calculated because the pressures are going to be determined as a function of temperatures and if I make the substitutions I should be able to write p1 on one side and then all of the rest of the calculations in terms of temperatures on the other and with any lock I'll end up with p1 in the numerator on the right hand side and then I can reduce to just a function that has to equal 1 so let's try this out first of all I was given p1 then I know p2 was calculated by taking p1 raised to the r to the k value not to begin to use the k-1 in that totally on purpose mistake that we learned together from p3 was p2 multiplied by t3 over t2 and then p4 was p3 multiplied by the quantity 1 over r to the just k not k-1 and then lastly we got back to state 1 by taking p4 multiplied by t1 over p4 I think I'm pretty sure p1 over p4 equals t1 over t4 yeah that makes sense so if I start my substitution process by starting at the end and working backwards I should be able to write p1 is equal to p3 multiplied by 1 over r to the k that's this term here and then I multiply by t1 over t4 and I work backwards again I can say p3 is equal to p2 multiplied by t3 over t2 multiplied by 1 over r to the k multiplied by t over t okay and then p2 was p1 multiplied by r to the k and then all the rest of the things since p1 is equal to p1 times this quantity I can conclude that the entire quantity has to equal 1 so I can say r to the k times t3 over t2 times 1 over r to the k times t1 over t4 has to equal 1 because I know that I have to multiply something by p1 and get p1 so it has to be 1 then I know that if r is a positive quantity and I guess k is a positive quantity then I can say r to the k times 1 over r to the k must equal 1 I mean you could write that out as a series expansion if you wanted but honestly the way that I approach that kind of calculation is to recognize that I'm taking essentially x raised to a positive integer I could say like x squared for the purposes of this analysis multiplied by 1 over x squared and that's the equivalent of running x times x times 1 over x times 1 over x and if you rewrite that as x over x times x over x you just get 1 because x over x is 1 and x over x is 1 therefore 1 times 1 is 1 anyway if those terms multiplied together are 1 then that means t3 over t3 now t3 over t2 multiplied by t1 over t4 is equal to 1 now we are cooking with peanut oil so I can say t3 over t2 is equal to divide by t1 over t4 I'm gesturing at my iPad I realize that you guys can't see that so it's not helpful but I'm saying t3 over t2 is equal to t4 over t1 now if t3 over t2 is equal to t4 over t1 then that means t3 over t2 minus 1 must equal t4 over t1 minus 1 so back before we enter the algebra dimension if we are looking at this equation here I can say this entire block simplifies to just 1 so for the cold air standard the thermal efficiency of an auto cycle is going to be 1 minus t1 over t2 isn't that cool? I mean we could have calculated the thermal efficiency that's like part d of our question once we figured out t2 let's see if we can take that even further well I know t2 was calculated by taking t1 multiplied by r to the k minus 1 therefore t1 over t2 is going to be 1 over r to the k minus 1 neat so for the cold air standard only make sure that you write that in big bold letters only cold air standard because I had to assume constant specific heats to get this far way back over in this step I guess you could write that as only if you've assumed constant specific heats evaluated at the same temperature because I also need cv to cancel so any temperature would work potato potato thermal efficiency of an auto cycle could be reduced to 1 minus 1 over r to the k minus 1 that means that as I increase my compression ratio I am also going to be increasing my thermal efficiency furthermore I know that that line is going to look something like this I mean again forgive the very crude graph but as my compression ratio increases my thermal efficiency increases but we reach less and less improvement in thermal efficiency for each increase in compression ratio therefore increasing from say 7 to 8 is not going to be as much of an increase as increasing from 6 to 7 so we can confidently say increasing the compression ratio will improve the thermal efficiency of an auto cycle but the higher your compression ratio the less effective those gains are again going from 7 to 8 is not as much as going from 6 to 7 or going from 12 to 13 is going to improve it but not as much as going from 8 to 9 etc we got there again by entering the algebra dimension but we also could just look at our MATLAB code we could say change 8 to 9 how does that affect our thermal efficiency it goes from 56.45 to 58.45 that's pretty neat what if we keep going how do we go to 10 come on potato 60.16 no it went up 2% and then it went up 1 point like I'm not here to do math something less than 2 more than 1 it went up by a smaller amount the second time than the first time I could actually just run this in a loop and have it calculate the thermal efficiency for a whole bunch of compression ratios and graph them and in fact I have this code again available on D2L if you want to poke through it is determining the thermal efficiency for all values of compression ratio between 2 and 15 for this problem by increments of 0.05 so let's let the potato do its work so I'm having it plot at each step so if improving the compression ratio always improves thermal efficiency then why don't we just drive around gasoline powered cars and have a compression ratio of like 25 well that gets into another conversation about how the fuel is ignited versus how it would be ignited if it had too high of a compression ratio the temperature of the fuel mixed in with the air increases the temperature of the air increases and at a certain point the temperature of the air increases past the flash point of the fuel when that happens the fuel burns before it's supposed to it combusts during the compression process which is not what we want some of you may have heard that especially if you have a high performance engine and you're burning fuel with too low of an octane the octane of the fuel that you buy from a gas station to how much you can compress it before it begins to auto ignite so a higher octane fuel is going to have a higher flash point which means you can have a higher compression ratio before you begin to auto ignite your fuel before it's supposed to but even that the high octane fuel can only be compressed a little bit more in order to have an engine that can have a very high compression ratio without concerning itself with auto igniting the fuel we need to inject the fuel after the compression process and for that we are going to be turning to the diesel cycle which we will get to after we talk about the auto cycle a little bit more I will also point out that the compression ratio for most gasoline engines somewhere between about 8 and 12 whereas diesel cycles are typically closer to 18 or 20 or 24 in really high compression ratio cases so you'll forgive a little bit of a tangent about octane and fuels that when we pull petroleum out of the ground when we have crude oil that comes up it is a mix of hydrocarbons that is molecules that are carbons surrounded by hydrogen and we have a combination of short hydrocarbons long hydrocarbons and when we go through the refining process we are allowing them to separate so that we can grab out exactly what we want the other thing that's interesting about that is as the hydrocarbon lengths get longer their flash point temperatures increase their boiling point increases their freezing point increases and what you get are substances that are generally vapors at room temperature for very short lengths I mean you have your propane and your butane, etc then as you start to get longer in the about 7 to 11 carbon atoms length chain that's liquid at room temperature but just barely I'll give you ever noticed how quickly gasoline evaporates when you spill it on the ground at a gas station that's because it's boiling point is relatively close to room temperature when you compare it to say water that octane measurement on the fuel pump at the gas station is an indication of how much of that mixture is a longer chain if what you get is all 7's then that's going to combust at a lower temperature than if what you get is all 8's it's called octane for a reason how many of your molecules are at 8 or higher in some cases or just 8 and as we keep going up we start to get into diesel or burning fuel oil where you have say 11 to 14 kerosene in that range go a little bit higher and you have liquids that are almost solid at room temperature and that's where you get into lubricating oils so up a little bit further you have solids at room temperature so say paraffin wax it's a solid but just barely because it's freezing point is so close to room temperature you keep going up you get asphalt which is a solid at room temperature and takes quite a bit of heat before it liquefies


You're welcome back. Well, 2023 elections present a unique situation for the average Nigerian voter to confront the issue of trust deficit among the political class. Nigerians have run out of patience in trusting their politicians and those who hold public office on their behalf. Nigerians hope that the 2023 general elections will herald a new dawn in electioneering campaigns dominated by issue-based debates while campaign promises are interrogated and situated within the current economic situations and realities locally and internationally. In the hope that the best candidates win the election to deliberate or to liberate Nigerians with or without the cash crunch, with or without the problems that we are facing in Nigeria, we need a leadership that will take the people seriously. Now we're being joined by our guests for today, Mr. Shagun Shokwiton, Chairman Accountability, Kanda and Transparency Network. Good morning and welcome to the program, Mr. Shokwiton. Thanks for having me. We also have comrade Aragbe Anselm, a do not 2023 senatorial candidate and national youth leader of Labour Party. Welcome to the program. Thank you, sir. Good morning for the Nigeria. A pleasure to be here. I like two things about politicians. First, the energy with which they take their campaigns to the grassroots when they are campaigning. And two, the faith with which they carry on these campaigns, believing that they are going to get to the apex and they are going to be successful. I like the fact that your faith shows that you still have that energy. You're not exhausted. First of all, how has the campaign been so far for you? Let me start with you comrade Aragbe. Well, thank you, our host. For me, it is what I'm used to. I am a grassroots politician. My style of politicking for those who have worked me closely is quite different. Most times, you don't find me running around cycles, but I engage virtually every day in the last 25 years. Now, what that means is I have been able to put in place over a long period of time in Nigeria, a very formidable structure of young men and women over the same course we are pursuing today in Nigeria, the rebirth of Nigeria, the pursuit of a new Nigeria that will work and function for us. So for me, it's all about structure and structures about people. So I've been able to connect with a lot of people over a long period of time who believe in a cause. So this is how it has been with me. Okay, well, when you mentioned the word structure and you belong to Labour Party, it comes to mind what people were saying before now. I don't know if that's still an issue now that Labour Party has no structure. But that's matter for another day or another time, maybe in the course of the program. But you have touched on the issue that we are going to be talking about now. You've been campaigning and that means that you've been giving a lot of promises.  You've listened Mr. Shockbeton to all, especially the presidential candidates in the forthcoming election. And by the way, that is just less than two weeks away. Next week, we will be doing the run up for the last time before election. And then the week after that, it will be something else that we will be, okay, well, the week after that, we'll be doing the run up till Friday. And then there is something special coming up on Saturday. This is for the benefit of everybody else. We call it Ballot 2023. On the election day, everybody will be here and will try to accelerate what is going on, try to bring to the people whatever is happening anywhere in Nigeria. And there will be analysts in the house also that will be talking with us. So everybody needs to tune in on that election day wherever you are because we are online and on site if you want to watch us. Okay, now Mr. Shockbeton, you've listened to the presidential candidates as they go about promising the people. What are your takeaways, especially as it concerns the fact that we've been hearing all these promises before now? What gives you, or otherwise, a confidence that maybe this time around, the promises of the candidates might just come to pass? Okay, thanks. Thanks again for having me. I think that I like the approach that you asked this question from because really this is probably one of the most central issues to this election cycle. It's the fact that it will appear to be a battle between the old establishment, if you like, and the new inputs because that is visible. Now, the experience of Nigerians has been and that's why there's such a huge trust deficit between Nigerians and the leadership of the country is that politicians come every four years and make promises, different promises, some extremely outlandish and some maybe not so much. And the experience we have had over the years is that those promises never get fulfilled or get fulfilled in very minimal measure. And it will appear as though for a change this time we have at least one candidate who appears to have a good chance of winning, slogging it out with the old order or the oldest establishment. So one will wonder how this will play out with regards to the fulfillment of promises. So for me, what this means is that Nigerians have to interrogate the character, the antecedents of the candidates on the ballot for the presidential seats. In terms of their character in the past, how have they done with fulfilling past promises? How have they done with performing in their public service publications? How have they acquitted themselves when it comes to the issue of the public trust? How have they acquitted themselves of the issue of safe corruption? Because these are the issues we're dealing with. I always say that we do not have a capacity problem in Nigeria. I have always said this.  And I've always argued that I have a lot of friends, people that I've known for years who are ministers, who are commissioners in different parts of the country and have known these people to be extremely cerebral and erudite, but they get into office and things change. So you wonder that, look, this is not a character issue. Pardon me, this is not a capacity or competence issue. This perhaps is a character issue and a systems issue. So it's important Nigerians look at this ballot as an opportunity perhaps to pick up that old order against the new. Let's we've heard the promises and the failed promises of some of these candidates in the past. Is it perhaps a time to look in another direction and see whether, if you give that other direction a chance, perhaps they will do better with fulfilling these promises. And for example, if you look at the manifestos of the three major parties, you find that the difference is perhaps not really significant. A lot of them are speaking to the key issues that we have and the basic issues that we have and have solutions that are not really significantly different. So one of the candidates has continued to say that look, it's not about the manifesto. It's about who will fulfill the promises that they made in those manifestos. So talking about promises, for example, the APC spoke very glowingly about the issue of restructuring in the manifesto in 2014. You know, it was very inspiring and then they got into office and well, you know, this is eight years later and we all know we cannot see where we are with restructuring under this administration. So that's just to give an example of when it comes to the issue of fulfilling campaign promises and the performance of some of these politicians that are, you know, just lean for our votes today. So I would advise Nigerians to be, you know, in local balance, shine OK, well, you touched on an issue that we might need to come back to, you know, the APC promises and what they have done so far later on in the program will have the opportunity to answer that. But let me go to Comrade Anselam. You have gone around making, by the way, my colleague is also waiting to also come in, but just take this one. You've gone around also campaigning and making promises. Why should the people trust you now more than they had trusted the people in the past? What do you think is the key thing in your own campaigning and your promises that will give the people confidence that you really might fulfill these promises? OK, thank you, Comrade Anselam again. Over time, we have seen politicians making promises to our people, promises not fulfilled. Now, again, for me, there could be one. The first thing is trust. People do not trust their own words. That is one. Then two, the good will to deploy the resources of nation in the interests of the people. Basically, I'm running for the Senate. Now, the task, our duty of the senator is to make enabling legislations for the good governance and otherness of the country. But we have seen a situation where the legislators make laws to amass for themselves a lot of work. Like we all know. But that said, the primary duty, I will make laws would be to oversight the executive to ensure that the laws they make are effectively implemented. Now, if you have made a law for the good governance of the country, for instance, education, for instance, road infrastructure, job creation, and there are votes for all of these issues. What they needed to do by way of promises made to their people, like for instance, now, I've identified the need of my people, often they do not senatorial district. My constituency went out to the extent we have land mass, fertile arable land, where there is a body of solid mineral deposits. Like in my constituency for instance, which is in east where I come from, it's where you have the Dan Gute and the Boas Semen factories, about the biggest in the country. So it just goes to say and to tell us the enormity of the endowment of the natural resources we have within my own enclave. We have iron ore, we have so many solid minerals, our deposition. Now, I'm saying a lot of this because I know the burden and the pains of my people today. There's massive unemployment amongst the youth of my people. Very massive. My people earlier educated to the point where we have a lot of graduates who cannot find jobs. So and this applies to the same, I mean all over the country. So for me, I have to say this several and I'll keep saying this. I'm the national organizing secretary of the academic staff union of research institutions in Nigeria, Asuri, over the last 13 years. Now in the course of engaging, we went as far as funding for the research sector in Nigeria to develop key sectors of our national economy. Like I said, I let the team that secured the 150 billion euros for which we brought in the first 40.2 million euro 2021 that are stuck in Zenit Bank. So what I'm saying all of this and I'll keep saying is to say these funds are meant for the economic development of this nation and to advance education. So reverse engineering is the sure way to replicate technologies and to develop the space. So for me, this is what I've told my people. I will not just be coming as a legislator, a senator who is going to sit in the senate to wait for salaries, but I'll be coming as one who has sourced adequate funding for the entire nation for the rapid development and industrialization of this nation. So a day north senatorial district is one of the one hundred and nine senatorial districts for which these funds are going to be deployed. Again, like we are all aware the federal government of Nigeria's account is in the red. So you need the good will of people to come and solve this situation. For instance, God willing, by the time our presidential candidate wins because that's what we are believing God for now. We have worked tirelessly for that. The labor movement working with us and the youth of this country constitute the greater number of the voting population. So we are quite confident we will win this election and the next few days, but then our people are sufficiently mobilized in a do not senatorial district. So from this way going forward, I'll be engaging the strategy we have designed for the deployment of the vote on the election day, which is the situation room of the labor party. Just a moment comrade. Now let me let me rephrase this question using movie scenarios. I watch movies a lot. For instance someone who has the interest of his family and the community at heart gets beaten by a vampire. Say if you watch vampire movies and he knows that one day he's going to turn and then he gives a silver bullet to a friend that if should I turn use this and kill me so that I do not get to the stage where I get to destroy the community. I don't know if you get my drift. Now they say power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. So bio and I were just talking the other time. Not not not bio now. Mr. Shokweton just said something about having a lot of friends who are who have the capacity and they do well but when they get into office things change. Now what is that silver bullet that you're giving to your people so that when you get there and you are beaten by this bog that destroys capacity destroys the goodwill that politicians have for the people before they enter into office they can shoot you with. What is the mechanism in other words for accountability that you are presented to your people so that they can hold you back when you're getting the excesses that office holders in Nigeria a lot of them get. Basically I agree with you my desire is to dedicate even my own salaries to education of our people. That is my first commitment to them. Again that we go to show that I won't be going to the Senate because I want to go and amass the wealth of the people. Then too the people have a duty and a burden for the call. Now like I said for me I will educate my people to this extent. I'm already doing that and I'll do that even while on the seat. The people always need to exercise their own rights and their powers to recall any of us who is not doing well. Of course there are procedures but we ensure that our promises the expectation of the people are made like I said for me my own salary should be dedicated to the education of my people. That is the first commitment. Then too to ensure that I keep focus on why I go to the Senate because to make enabling laws for the good governance of Nigeria you know you talked about restructuring earlier maybe in the course of these discussions I will say more things. So our people first and foremost need to be aware they already are aware of the state of the economy the state of things and the very popular and pathetic situation. So we should not come in our gravity situation but rather to ameliorate it in such a way that there will be there will be dividends for democracy with governance education job creation for instance I'm already working on creating the first ten thousand set of jobs. I'm working with a team of consultant with the CPN to deploy a program as it affects the the cashless policy. So we'll start from the known to the unknown. All right you sound like a teacher known to the unknown. It's a phrase we like to use in the teaching profession. Okay well ladies and gentlemen we're talking with Mr Shagun Shokwiton Chairman Accountability, Candor and Transparency Network and also comrade Eragbe Anselm a do not 2023 senatorial candidate and national youth leader of the Labour Party. We're looking at election promises whether there's something there's something there for us to hope for or not. We'll take a short break. When we return I'll just hand them over like that to my colleague Bayo who is standing by to ask a few questions there. So let's take this break and Bayo when we return they're all yours. Stay with us. You're welcome back we're still talking with Shagun Shokwiton Chairman Accountability, Candor and Transparency Network and comrade Eragbe Anselm a do not 2023 senatorial candidate and national youth leader Labour Party. We're looking at election promises whether there is hope or no hope and Bayo I did say that when we return I'm handing them over to you until I can chip in. I have a few questions myself but I think they're all yours now. Thank you Eragun and I was enjoying the conversation you know and the exchanges as as it were. I would like to start with Mr Shokwiton. If you look at the rates at which political parties in recent time try to sell their manifestos you get the impression that those manifestos where they exist are probably too complicated for the ordinary person. If you allow me and I quickly go back to the Second Republic the late Jifo Bafemi Awolowo they manifesto of this party anybody will tell you what they were anybody they are the four cardinal principles free education free health integrated rural development and the fourth one that I can't remember now. They so made it so simple but now with the with the at least the four main presidential candidates it's difficult to put a finger just off the cuff on what exactly they are selling do you think they've sufficiently marketed what they plan to do and the the voters easily understand what they stand for. Okay thanks Mr Oluwake. So it's a very very interesting question and it's deep and one has to think about it carefully. So I suspect that one of the challenges that we have now is that there is a there is a disconnect between the manifestos and the intentions of the people that are putting those manifestos out and I suspect that that might be why there is no very deliberate effort to simplify you know the messaging in those manifestos. So I agree with you and this this this point you make I have actually thought about it I wondered why we don't have from the major candidates even even some of them the ones that we consider not to be major candidates the ones that are not foreigners. We haven't in a clear deliberate effort to simplify the manifesto and push it out to the public in a manner that can be understood by even you know the illiterate market women selling tomatoes you know maybe the illiterate balkanizer the effort for example to translate those manifestos into local languages you know the the major color is you know spread them across I have had cost to raise this question with some of our political actors you know in the recent times and I find that perhaps the reason for this is the manifesto is has become unfortunately has become an academic exercise. I give an example for you you know the APC for example and the some of the things that they said in the manifesto you know in 2014 I read that document and it was really beautiful you know but what we have seen happen there has been a far departure from the content of that document you know so I think that we as the people may need to begin to deliberately push the politicians in the direction of documenting their promises to us. What we now have as a political process it beats different from that time that you described you know looking back into our history you know the 70s the second republic. I think what we now have is a situation where the engagement platforms between the politicians and the people have shifted from the cerebral places where you know the content of their promises can be interrogated rigorously so places where it's just a jamboree and all they do is just to say a few things to find out the wins and the interest of their audience in those places so we see more more more the dominance of rallies you know the rallies happen all and what happens at those rallies they just dance they abuse their opinions they say a couple of things they make a few tokenistic promises and they dance some more and they go home and after that they share pictures of the crowds that they were able to put together you know so I've had engagements for example online where people have been you know disparaging each other over the crowd that they've been able to attract or otherwise and the question that I've been asking the people that are talking about these crowds is in those crowds vote at the end of the day crowds don't vote it's individuals that go to polling units in their various localities so you know um shouting about the the volume of people that you've been able to gather and put to playgrounds should not be the basis of determining who is going to win it should be um you know who is connecting more with the people and this connection I'm afraid you know has not been happening and maybe that's a half to explain why we see this lack of lack of simplicity in the in the messaging as far as manifestos are concerned and I think it's important that people you know especially Nigerians ordinary Nigerians watching us now understand the value and the importance of those documents those documents are the contracts it's the only thing that you have that you can present three years into the into into the journey or two years or one year and that you yourself can review because we forget human beings will forget it's just our nature we're not computers right so that document is what you pick up halfway into the term and say look what did this guy promise us at the beginning and then you tick off against each promise and see how far they've gone so that you can then remind them hold them to account demand that they fulfill those promises if we do not get those documents in simplified forms then I'm afraid that the the likelihood is that the people putting them out perhaps did not intend to fulfill those promises in the first place thank you very much uh Conrad I was quite impressed with your with your involvement in research and but then when you explained you know why you want to go to the Senate I was actually looking out to see if you were going to say something about how we could use our lawmaking process to empower our research institutes we have several research institutes in this country I'm not even sure if they are operating as they used to you have like Nyhot you have cream uh in in I think I do state there's one on rubber okay and the one that you are engaged with we have so many research institutes working to either improve the species of agricultural yields or do some you know really good things but then we have not seen the impact of these institutes like they used to to be so I thought you might want to look at these and say to us what exactly you would use especially given your experience you will use your position as a senator to to do for this research it is for the benefit of the country if you want to be elected yeah thank you very much sir my first priority I'm a researcher but I'm an engineer with the national agency for science and engineering infrastructure nursing basically our mandate is to replicate technology by way of reverse engineering we have all the facilities except for issues now again if you are aware the secretary general of the academic staff union of research institution professor T. C. M. Duvall who might assist us the national organizing secretary now we have been on this in the last 13 years now we have been in pursuit of the national research and innovation council bill in pursuit of it to an act now the essence of that is to once that bill becomes an act because you are aware the president federal republic inaugurated the science and technology innovation council when it came into office because he believed in the attention of revamping the research sector but somewhere along the line his aides have not been able to make do with the bills that were passed at the point for correction for an act so we are in that struggle as I speak right now there was even a demonstration to the head of service last week but what the union is saying is getting fellow Nigerians legislators high-place Nigerians research sector to make impute so that we could have this bill become an act so god willing when I come into the senate that will be the first engagement I believe go to engage so that this bill becomes an act within the shortest possible time now you know I said something earlier to see in the last 13 years I led the team of departure over the last 10 years before now and we secured for the research sector in Nigeria a hundred and fifty billion euro to fund the research sector because it is only through the research that Nigeria as a nation which is endowment and human resources can advance so we know this but we realize that without enabling law there is little or nothing we can do so this is my first priority ideally we have about 250 research institutions in Nigeria the claim you mentioned the frame all of them all of them you see the research sector in Nigeria is well composed taking care of all facets of our national life except for funding talking about funding sorry if I interject talking of funding and thanks for the information about the external source funding that you were able to attract but we also know that within the country we have seen evidence that we can actually also generate tech fund for example tech fund is a very buoyant a source of funding you know why is something like that not being contemplated for research institutes and what why is it that we are also not seen a synergy between our universities existing research institutes and the users of the product of the research you know I feel you could perhaps also look at this in your response what piece of legislation can create this nexus you know between all of these facets for the betterment of the country thank you very brilliant questions sir you have put together very powerful questions now Naricom Naricom is what we call the national research innovation commission Naricom now that is meant to be like tech fund you know tech fund is tertiary social funding but the challenge there is that fund is meant for blue sky research that's the university's kind of research you know there are two kinds of research the academic research and the practical research to industrialization which is where we come in now they theorize in the university but this tech fund is meant to fund the tertiary institution universities and the rest and unfortunately the research sector in Nigeria has not benefited and this is the misnomer in that tech fund because those who created that policy deliberately estranged the research sector so there will have been a combination of this sector the university the tertiary institutions and the research institution sector so that by the time we have the sky blue research there will go to the practical approach to solving issues which is the concrete research and development now that is why the research sector those of us in the research sector came up with this the the bill I talked about the national research institution bill for an act now when that act when that bill becomes an act and body in that act is Naricom which will be at par with tech fund so Naricom becomes the commission to implement the policy but the research sector for development of research in Nigeria so we have had this battle front and back with tech fund and the administrators so they they explained to us that it is not supposed to be so so in order for us not to continue in the unending fight was the reason we have to do what we are doing now so I'm believing God just like I say here casually I'm a deeply committed man to this course I bother to give an ally to say we have figured it out long ago we have made all the propositions we are in pursuit of that to the point of getting an act and its implementation but the issues are funding which is always an issue even for the nation now so these are whole lot of things we put together over the last 10 years to 13 years now and we were able to achieve this solution okay Konri if I just have one more question from Mr. Ashok Ito at the top of the program Yamgo made an admission to the fact that when political parties win elections and get to office there is always a disconnect between promises that they made and fulfilment of those promises and I begin to wonder actually is it that our political parties do not undertake research you know the word research coming up again now as to the actual state of the finances of the finances available to government capacity to implement and so on and so forth you know to the extent that when they are now elected where they even have an honest intention of executing they find that there's a complete disconnect between what they have been anticipating do you think there's enough research being done you know vis a vis the capability to implement what they are being whatever they are promising given the resource base of the country a call came in and interjected us but are we make do with the question to the best of my ability no sorry comrade this is for Mr Shopiton if we have some time we'll come back to you also for your own answer just for Mr Shopiton's response okay thank you sir so basically I think about there are a couple of visions at play you know with regards to this point that you have raised for me first and foremost um I I would not be you know disposed of predisposed to excusing the execution failures of our politicians on the basis of perhaps their lack of access to information and their lack of access to you know the realistic picture of the status quo and what what they are going to meet on ground I know that each issue is is real it's on ground I know this because as you and you know everybody listening would know transparency is not exactly one of the strong points of our of our governments you know over the years gaining access to information getting status updates with regards to what's happening in government within the governor's space that's very difficult even with the enactment of the freedom of information acts we for example in my organization accountability condo and transparency network we have made repeated several engagements and interventions with different MDAs over the years looking for information about specific projects looking for information about you know processes that governments have been through in executing some projects and we find that the response has always been a pushback and we find ourselves confronted with a situation where if you really want access to that information you'd have to go to court to try and enforce the provisions of the FOA so I recognize that access to information is a problem however having said that I think it's important for us to acknowledge and recognize that also that governance is serious business and seeking to to govern a country as big as Nigeria 200 million plus people a GDP hovering around 500 billion dollars you know it's no joke it's the biggest economy in Africa every out of every four black people that you meet anywhere in the world one of them will be in Nigeria statistically you know to step forward and say you want to govern you know a country this big must mean that you you are serious it must mean that you are well resourced it must mean that you are experienced it must mean it must mean that you are connected you know in the governance space and that's where the usual experience comes up you know so you have to do your homework you know you have to have gone you know whatever connection whatever means you are going to use to try and determine for example what is the state of the treasure or the state that you want to govern you know how much money do they have what is their revenue stream what is their IGR you know so at the federal level have have our candidates that are currently seeking our votes done an extensive study of the revenue profile of the federal government aside from you know what happens at the federal level but of the federal government where what are the key revenue sources what are the key expenditure expenditure heads how you know how how is the fund flow happening because if you haven't done that homework then like you said you will get into office you find yourself overwhelmed with situations that you didn't anticipate and you find yourself hampered by an ability or otherwise to deliver on those promises so for me you know personally and from my organization speaking from agonization as well I know I speak for us we will not take that as an excuse we do not we always say that people should go into this venture be prepared prepared to deliver armed with the required information and ensuring that they can deliver when when they do arrive arrive on board so okay yeah okay thanks and thank you comrade now your turn you want to give a perspective on this why is it when politicians get to office there's a big disconnect between what they promised and what they are able to deliver is it a product of not driving down their homework yeah comrade just just very briefly because we're running out of time very briefly please muted it's muted we can't hear you comrade sorry about that I was muted sorry most times briefly please politicians don't even get to read what is written so even most times again when they make promises to the people they just say these things offhand somebody come to the people I will do this first and foremost they don't even look at the policy document first they are manifesto party manifesto what does he say how many people have read their party manifesto in the first instance so first and foremost politicians must learn to read haven't read they need to understand now they go towards the policy direction of the party and work towards its realization through implementation so for instance the ideology of the labor party social democracy what does he mean really now this is welfare social welfare state the way it is education as it were in Nigeria basically should be free should be qualitative should be compulsory now the ideology of labor party is towards productivity it then means we must be able to engage the mass of our people through productive engagement agricultural mechanization solid mineral mining then build their capacity for productivity through education so as a party we must engage the education of our people we must provide health care services to our people we must be able to engage the mass of our people productively so these are the policy direction of the party by way of the manifesto so and for some of us fortunately by God's grace I'm a researcher I'm an engineer I'm a research engineer I'm a metallurgical materials engineer so I'm trying to know the weight of nation and how to put the weight of nation to use okay comrade thank you thank you for that perspective yam go back to you yes yes well we I just I just wish we hadn't run out of time but this is how much we can take from our gentlemen so that we can go for the news break and when we return it's you and I by all so I'd like to use this time to thank you Mr. Shegun Shopeton chairman accountability candor and transparency network thank you so much for coming on the program thank you and comrade Arabe and Salem a do not 2023 senatorial candidate national youth leader labor party thank you so much for coming on the program and good luck at the polls thank you sir okay thank you sir we'll take this break now and get the news after the news we'll continue with the run-up say with us