Thank you very much to Professor Hoppe for the invitation and thank you very much for attending. It is an honor to be here. Today I want to discuss the link between time preference and money and in particular hard money and in particular looking at the example of what Bitcoin can teach us about this link. So to begin with the scarcity of time forces man to choose between alternatives at all points in his life and it means that every decision has an opportunity cost even with no restraint on the amount of resources available and individuals choice of how to spend their time results in the elimination of all other choices for which he could have used that time. Economizing time is unique because time passes and cannot be stopped or reversed. When he is born, man's life clock begins ticking. It continues ticking relentlessly and only stops when he dies. There is no knowing when that clock will stop and there is no restarting it after it stops. Man gets one uninterrupted shot at life and he never knows when it will end. So this means that time is not a normal market commodity like all the others. You can't just choose the quantity that you would like to have of time. There is no market choice between different quantities of time or different periods of time as Mises put it, appear in different perspective according to whether they are nearer or more remote from the instant of valuation of the individual. The neater the period of time from the present, the more valuable it will appear to an individual. The present is certain as it is already here, but the future is uncertain as it may never come. The future can only come through successfully securing survival in the present, which makes the needs of the present always more pressing and important than the needs of the future. The present is where all senses and experiences are felt. It's where humans experience life, its pleasures and its pains. Future pains and pleasures are hypothetical, but those of the present are real and visceral. Hunger felt in the present is far more pressing than hunger anticipated in the future, which makes food more valuable in the present than in the future. Danger in the present is far more pressing than future danger, and tools that secure safety today are thus more valuable than tools that secure safety in the future. Given a choice between obtaining a good in the present or in the future, man chooses the present. The higher valuation of present goods is a permanent fixture of human action. Time preference is the degree of preference of present goods over future goods. It is always positive, because humans always prefer present over future goods, but its magnitude varies from person to person, and for each person across their life. A high time preference indicates heavy discounting of the future in favor of the present and present orientation, while a low time preference implies a lower discounting of the future and more future orientation. Numerous social and institutional factors can affect an individual's time preference. Perhaps most important among them is the security of property, which would provide man a very effective way of providing for his future. Acquiring durable goods is arguably the initiation of the process of the decline of time preference for humanity. A man who commands a valuable good that can be used in the future reduces the uncertainty that surrounds his future and becomes less likely to discount it less. As the concept of property rights becomes more widely accepted in a society, it leads to widespread decline in time preference as individuals begin to increasingly value their increasingly secure future. As a property owner's certainty of their command of a good increases into the future, they are more likely to maintain the good in good shape and more likely to act with the future in mind. Now discussing specifically one type of property which I think is extremely important for a time preference is money. Providing for the future suffers from the problem of coincidence of once usually discussed in the context of trade. The future is unknowable and uncertain. You don't know what exactly you're going to want in the future. In the same way that money solves the problem of coincidence of once in trade, it solves it for future provision. By saving the most liquid good, or the most saleable good, and the generalized medium of exchange, the saver is able to exchange it in the future for the most valuable goods available for them in the future and to do so at the time of their choosing. Money is thus held precisely because of uncertainty. In a future that is perfectly predictable, individuals could arrange all their future financial inflows to go directly to the providers of the good they would need at the time they need them and would not need to hold any money. But in the real world, where the future is unpredictable, money is the best tool for providing for the future as its liquidity allows it to be converted to whatever goods are desired in the future. Money can be understood as the economic good likely to have the highest marginal utility in the future as it can be most easily converted into whatever good has the highest marginal utility for you in the future. As human society develops money as a good, humans find a very convenient and powerful tool for transferring value into the future and that allows them to lower their time preference and engage in more savings and future provision. As humans use money to conduct trade, the technology used for money improves and becomes more efficient at carrying out its task as a medium of exchange both in the present between individuals as well as between the present and the future. Money is a technology and the preponderance of users leads to a preponderance of choices competing against each other. Better ideas and technologies win out and drive out the inferior ones. A monetary medium which is easy to produce in excessive quantities and respond to demand increases will likely experience substantial increases in its supply and a reduction in the economic value stored in it over the long term. On the other hand, monetary media that are difficult to produce in increasing quantities in response to demand increases are likely to witness their supply expand to a limited extent and so they will be much better at preserving value. Those who store their wealth in the harder monies witness their wealth preserved and appreciate while those who store it in easy money witness it dissipate. They may learn this lesson before it is too late moving their wealth to the harder money or they may not but in both cases the end result is the same. The majority of wealth will accrue to the hardest money and it will be held in the hardest money. This process which I discuss in more detail in my book The Bitcoin Standard explains the demonetization of seashells, glass beads, iron, copper and other primitive monies in favor of gold and silver all over the world. It also explains the demonetization of silver in the 19th century and the precipitous decline in its value compared to gold, the undisputed winner of the global market for money at the end of the 19th century. As the vast majority of the planet converged on the one commodity which had the reliably lowest annual supply growth rate, secure savings into the future became ubiquitous, encouraging people all over the world to save for their future, lower their time preference, making plenty of savings available for capital investment, increasing labor productivity, incentivizing investment in technological innovation and increased prosperity. As humanity progresses into using monetary media that are harder to produce, our ability to provide for our future increases. The efficiency of transacting with our future selves increases and the uncertainty of the future declines. The security of money as a medium of saving has allowed countless people to escape the ravages of war and disaster with wealth they could easily transport worldwide. As the uncertainty of the future declines and the expected wealth we are able to transfer to it increases, the discounting of the future decreases and time preference declines. As time preference can be understood as the driver of saving and investment or as professor Hoppe calls it, it initiates the process of civilization. Once an individual is capable of lowering their time preference to engage in activities that do not offer immediate rewards, they are choosing to sacrifice present time and present resources in exchange for the future. Once they decide to forgo consumption of present goods in order to save them for the future, they're lowering their time preference further initiating the process of saving. Conceptually and chronologically, saving can only be understood as a precedent of investment and it's necessary prerequisite. No matter the capital good, it can also be consumed or exchanged for goods that can be consumed in the present. Before one can invest capital, one must first defer its consumption by saving it. No matter how short the period between earning wealth and investing it, that period is a period of saving. This is the logic of grandmas and modern money managers worldwide to reduce your expenditures to be able to save a certain sum you need as a cash balance to protect you from a rainy day or an accident and once you have reached that amount you should start investing the excess savings you have in productive businesses. The lowering of time preferences what drives individuals to accumulate cash balances and to invest. And the lower the time preference the less they consume and the more the resources they will have to save and to invest. Each person keeps in cash a balance they would like to have with certainty and takes risk with the investment in search of return. Under a hard money standard such as gold, the hard money itself would be held as saving as its relative scarcity makes it appreciate slightly every year. In modern easy money economy cash is trash as every investment manager knows people instead hold the equivalent of their savings in government bonds or low risk investment stocks and take more risks with the rest of their portfolio. The more time preference declines the more individuals are likely to defer consumption, the more cash they have on hand, the more they are willing to lend. The abundance of loanable funds allows for the financing of an increasing number of productive enterprises and with it rise the income and living standard. The increase in income in turn allows for more capital accumulation and a virtuous cycle of improving material well-being which can be understood as the process of civilization. As individuals lower their time preference and accumulate more capital their productivity increases and as a result they are incentivized to lower their time preference further. In the history of interest rates Homer and Silla show a 5,000 year process of decline in interest rates intertwined with significant increases during periods of war diseases and catastrophes. The move toward harder monies with better salability across time can be viewed as a contributor as a contributor to the epical decline in time preference by allowing humans better saving technology making the future less uncertain for them and thus making them discounted less resulting in more savings and thus more capital available at lower interest rates. Now for as long as individuals are able to accumulate capital and reasonably expect it to remain theirs after they invest in it this process is likely to continue generating a higher stock of capital and a lower interest rate. This process however can be interrupted and reversed through various factors natural disasters destroy property and capital lower living standards and endanger survival leading to a higher discounting of the future and a need to consume more of the available resources in the present reducing capital accumulation and raising time preference. Violations of property rights are perhaps the most important social and institutional factor affecting time preference theft vandalism and other forms of crime have a similar effect to natural disaster in that they reduce the stock of capital and goods available to an individual forcing them to consume a larger fraction of their resources in the present and increasing their uncertainty about the future. The increase of occurrence of crime further leads to the expenditure of increasing resources on protection from crime taking resources away from other productive enterprises the more prevalent crime the more resources need to be dedicated to protection which produces no increase in wealth. Now far more significant than individual crime as professor Hoppe says is institutional or organized crime in the form of predatory government policies whereas it is possible to purchase protection from random individual criminals government violations of property rights are systemic recurring and inescapable because they are considered legitimate it is much more difficult to defend against government violations of property rights than individual crime and the devaluation of currency is one violation of property rights that is highly destructive of future orientation and the process of the lowering of time preference. Having money allows man to delay consumption in exchange for something that can hold value well and can be exchanged easily. Money naturally increases the expected future value of deferring consumption and so the better the money is at holding on to its value into the future the more reliably individuals can use this money to provide for their future selves and the less uncertain that they will have about their future selves. Historically we can see salt, cattle, glass beads, limestones, seashells, iron, copper and silver had all been used as money in various times and places by the end of the 19th century the entire globe was practically on a gold standard. The use of an easier monetary medium would lead to its overproduction and thus a decline in its value and the dissipation of its monetary premium. With the gold standard of the late 19th century the majority of the world had access to a form of money that could hold its value well into the future while also increasingly easy to transfer across space. Saving for the future became increasingly reliable for more and more of the world's population. With the ability to save in hard money everyone is constantly in time to save, lower their time preference and reap future rewards. They see the benefits around them every day in falling prices and in the increased wealth of savers. Economic reality is constantly teaching everyone the high opportunity cost of spending in terms of future happiness. The 20th century's shift to an easier monetary medium has reversed this millennium old process of progressively lowering time preference. Rather than a world in which almost everyone had access to a store of value whose supply could only be increased at around two percent per year, which was gold, the 20th century gave us a hodgepodge of government provided abominations of currencies growing at six or seven percent per year in only the best examples, usually achieving double-digit percentage growth and occasionally triple-digit. The numerical average for the growth of all national currencies broad supply during the period between 1960 and 2020 is 30 per year. Calculating the average weighed by currency size shows us roughly a 14 percent annual increase in the market supply of all fiat currencies, which can be viewed as the average money supply increase experienced by the average citizen of the fiat nations of the late 20th and early 21st century. So we moved from a world in which everybody had access to a money that appreciate that whose supply increased at two percent to a world in which everybody's money is increasing at an average of about 14 percent. Rather than expecting money to appreciate and thus have a reliable way to retain value into the future, fiat returned humans of the 20th century to a far more primitive time when retaining value into the future was far less certain and the value of their wealth was expected to be reduced in the future if it survived at all. The future is hazier with easy money and the inability to provide for the future makes it less certain. The increase uncertainty leads to a higher discounting of the future and thus a higher time preference. Fiat money effectively taxes future provision leading to a higher discounting of the future and an increase in basic present oriented behavior among individuals. Why delay consumption today when you are unsure what will happen to your property tomorrow? The extreme of this process can be seen when observing the effects of hyperinflation. Look at modern economies of Lebanon, Zimbabwe or Venezuela through their recent hyperinflationary episodes provides a good case study as do the dozens of examples of hyperinflation in the 20th century. In each of these hyperinflationary scenarios as the value of money was destroyed along with it went concerned for the future. Attention turns instead to the short-term quest for survival. Saving becomes unthinkable and people seek to spend whatever money they have as soon as they secure it. People begin to discount all things which have value for the long run and capital is used for immediate consumption. In hyperinflationary economies fruit bearing trees are chopped down for firewood in winter. Businesses are liquidated to finance the owner's personal expenditure and the proverbial seed corn is eaten. Human and physical capital leave the country to where savers can afford to maintain and operate them productively. With the future so heavily discounted there is less incentive to be civil, prudent or law abiding and more incentive to be reckless, criminal or dangerous. Crime and violence become exceedingly common as everyone feels robbed and seeks to take it out on whoever has anything. Families break down under financial strain. While more extreme in the cases of hyperinflation these trends are nonetheless ever present in milder forms under the yoke of the slow fiat inflationary bleed. The most immediate effect of the decline in the ability of money to maintain its value over time is an increase in consumption and a reduction in saving. Deferring consumption and delaying gratification requires one to give up immediate pleasure for future reward. The less reliable the medium of exchange, the lower the expected value of the future reward, the more expensive the initial sacrifice becomes and the less likely people are to defer consumption. If you look at the supermarket at a country that is witnessing hyperinflation you see at the beginning of the month everybody runs to the supermarket to try and spend all of the money that they have because they know but the end of the month the money is going to be worthless. We see the same thing happening all over the world but at a lower rate. The culture of conspicuous consumption that pervades our planet today cannot be understood except through the distorted incentives fiat creates around consumption. With the money constantly losing its value deferring consumption and saving will likely have a negative expected value. Finding the right investment is difficult. It requires active management and supervision and it entails risk. The path of least resistance, the path permeating the entire culture of fiat society is to consume all of your income living paycheck to paycheck. Now on the other hand when money is hard and can appreciate individuals are likely to be very discerning about what they spend it on as the opportunity cost appreciates over time. Why buy a shoddy table shirt or home when you can wait a little while and watch your savings appreciate to allow you to buy a better one? But with cash burning a hole in their pockets consumers are less spiky about the quality of what they buy. The shoddy table home or shirt becomes a reasonable proposition when the alternative is to hold money that depreciates over time even more allowing you to acquire an even lower quality product in the future. My favorite visual expression of the problem of time preference is in art. They say a picture is worth a thousand words so here's two thousand words on the effect of fiat money on civilization. Art under a gold standard we see my favorite example I'd like to contrast the Sistine Chapel which Michelangelo painted in four years and in my book I have a poem that Michelangelo wrote about how awful and horrible and difficult it was for him to paint the Sistine Chapel hanging for four years from the ceiling and painting every little meticulous detail. This is the kind of art that was funded on hard money and you had artists and patrons who had the time preference to want to create things that survived for many generations and centuries and that's why today hundreds of years later we're still talking about the Sistine Chapel by contrast we have this thing which was not contrary to popular belief painted by my five-year-old daughter it was painted by a supposedly professional artist but it could have been painted by my five-year-old daughter she could recreate it in 15 minutes if she's just given a bucket of yellow and red paint and this is art on easy money. Artists don't have the ability to spend the time and to think about producing something that is of such high quality as the Sistine Chapel. I think this is something that you see across all artistic discipline and the uncertainty of fiat also extends to all all property with government emboldened by its ability to create money from thin air it grows increasingly omnipotent over all citizens property able to decree how they can use it or to confiscate it altogether in the great fiction professor hoppa likens fiat property to a sword of democulus hanging over the head of all property owners who can have their property confiscated at any point in time increasing their future uncertainty and reducing their provision for the future. Another way to understand the destructive impact of inflation on capital accumulation is that the threat of inflation encourages savers to invest in anything they expect will offer a better return than holding cash when cash holds its value and appreciates an acceptable investment will return a positive nominal return which will also be a positive real return potential investors can be discerning holding on to their cash while they wait to find the best opportunity but when money is losing its value savers have a strong impetus to avoid the devaluation of savings by investing and so they become frantic to preserve their wealth and are less discriminating investments that offer a positive nominal return could nonetheless yield a negative real return business activities that destroy economic value and consume capital appear economical when measured against the debasing monetary unit and can continue to subsist find investors and destroy capital because they're better than holding on to cash that is being destroyed at a faster pace. The destruction of wealth and savings does not magically create more productive opportunities in society as Keynesian fantasists want us to believe it simply reallocates the wealth into destructive and failed business opportunities related to the general rise in time preference and heavy discounting of the future is the rise of interpersonal conflict between individuals and the degradation of the manners and mores that make human society possible trade social cooperation and the ability of humans to live in close contact with one another in permanent settlements are dependent upon them learning to control their basic hostile animal instincts and responses and substitute them with reason and long-term orientation religion civic and social norms all encourage people to moderate their immediate impulses in exchange for the long-term benefits of living in a society and cooperating with others when these long-term benefits seem far away the incentive to sacrifice for them becomes weaker when individuals witness their wealth dissipate they rightly feel robbed and they question the utility of living in a society and respecting its mores rather than a way to ensure more prosperity for all society appears as a mechanism for an elite few to rob the majority under inflation crime rates soar and more conflict emerges those who feel robbed by the wealthy elite of society will find it relatively easier to justify aggressing against others property diminished hope for the future weakens the incentive to be civil and respectful of clients employers and acquaintances as the ability to provide for the future is compromised the desire to account for it declines the less certain the future appears the more likely they are to engage in reckless behavior that could reward them in the short term while endangering them in the long term the long-term downright downside risk of these activities such as imprisonment death or mutilation are discounted more heavily compared to the immediate reward of securing life's basic necessities now enter bitcoin the emergence of bitcoin represents a fascinating opportunity to understand the role of money on time preference as well as to reverse the global trend of rising time preference caused by fiat money bitcoin has appeared to peer software for operating a payment network with its own native currency the two most important features of bitcoin in my opinion are that its native currency has a strictly fixed supply that is completely irresponsible to demand making it thus the hardest money ever invented also bitcoin allows for cross-border payments without needing any political authority to supervise the transaction these two properties arguably give bitcoin the best salability across time and space its scarcity means that its supply cannot be diluted unexpectedly ensuring it is likely to hold on to its value into the future and it's automated the processing of payments means it can travel worldwide without having any single authority able to censor it or confiscate it we can see this chart shows us bitcoin's monetary policy the black line is the total supply of bitcoin across time currently it stands at around 18.9 million bitcoins that's all the total number of bitcoins that are in circulation today it's gone it started at zero in 2009 and it's been increasing at a decreasing rate currently the annual rate of increase in the supply of bitcoin is around 1.8 to 2% per year for the next three years but then after that it drops by half it's going to be around 1% for four years and then it'll drop by another half to drop to 0.5% the four years after that and it'll continue to drop by half roughly every four years until it goes to zero and the supply stops increasing and we settle at a total supply of bitcoin of 21 million bitcoins we've never had a monetary asset like this where the supply is completely independent of demand so if five people in the world are using bitcoin today there will only be 18.9 million bitcoins today if five billion people are using bitcoin today there will only be 18.9 million bitcoin for circulation so the operation of bitcoin is completely orthogonal to the demand because of something called the difficulty adjustment so the supply cannot be affected by the demand there's no mechanism for anybody to make more bitcoin and on top of this bitcoin also has no single point of failure it has no single piece of critical infrastructure or hardware it has no single critical individual or organization for its operation it's a software protocol open to anyone anywhere who has a device that can receive around one or two megabytes of data every 10 minutes and there are tens of billions of these devices worldwide all bitcoin does is that approximately every 10 minutes it produces a new record of ownership reflecting around 3 000 transactions reallocation of existing coins this has never failed and has never produced a fraudulent transaction so bitcoin is purely voluntary monetary phenomena that does not require regulation enforcement or a judicial system to function it fits into the Austrian definition of sound money because it is chosen on the market and its value cannot be dictated by any authority but of all the money is chosen on the market or imposed by government bitcoin is the only one whose supply is fixed and cannot expand in response to increasing demand now analysts and experts have made many spectacular claims about what bitcoin and digital currencies can do but most of that to be honest with you is meaningless hype bitcoin is pretty basic and it simply allows you to hold and transfer ownership of currency units it's it's a very boring game if you want to think about bitcoin it's a game where you just collect units and you can move them around that's it that's all that it does in practice the most prevalent use case for bitcoin has been its use as a store of value or as a saving account millions of people worldwide have used bitcoin as a savings account and they have profited from this immensely bitcoin's price because of the limit on its supply has appreciated a compound annual growth rate of 215 percent per year in its first 10 full years of trading over a four-year time frame the bitcoin price has never been down and it has been up under five time five fold for only one day in all of its history there was only one day on which bitcoin was worth less than five times higher than what it was worth four years ago and it was only up under 10 fold for only 100 days so generally holding on to bitcoin for more than four years implies a return of more than 10 fold over the past five years the average return on holding bitcoin for four years was around 22 fold so this is very different from your government's money it just goes up in value and as we can see it works wonderfully as a saving account you know this is becoming increasingly popular around the world where people use bitcoin for what is called dollar cost averaging where you buy a specific quantity of bitcoin recurrently so to illustrate here's what would have happened if you had bought ten dollars of bitcoin every week for the last five years ten dollars of bitcoin every week means two thousand and six hundred dollars invested which is a small sum but over that time that two thousand and six hundred dollars would have turned into thirty thousand and five hundred dollars now pretty much everybody has ten dollars to well not everybody but a lot of people have ten dollars that they spend and waste on all kinds of meaningless nonsense not a lot of people have thirty thousand dollars in cash lying around that they could use for anything and bitcoin offers you the possibility to get this amount of cash this amount of saving with small amounts of recurring purchases and this is becoming increasingly popular as more and more people begin to take advantage of it and it offers us a very interesting insight into the importance of money to time preference democracy inflation government predation wars the canesian managerial state and the vast majority of modern factors causing a rise in time preference are still there and are usually getting worse but for a small growing minority of people around the world bitcoin represents an escape hatch from at least monetary inflation unlike the vast majority of humans in the past century bitcoiners today are able to save for the future and expect with relatively low uncertainty to have their savings available in the future and to have their purchasing power increase if money is important for time preference we would expect to see these people differentiate themselves from their fiat peers my personal experience from years in the bitcoin space provides several compelling pieces of evidence to support this claim recently i ran a poll for my followers on twitter who have held bitcoin for more than a year asking them of the percentages of their income they saved or invested before getting into bitcoin and what percentage they save or invest today after at least one year of holding on to bitcoin the results are absolutely amazing 48 percent of people used to save less than 10 percent of their income before bitcoin after bitcoin only 11 percent of people saved less than 10 percent of their income the ratio of people saving 10 to 25 percent stayed the same the number of people saving from 25 to 50 percent went up from 12 percent to 23 percent so it's almost double and then the number of people saving over 50 percent of their income has gone up from 15 percent to 40 percent it's a huge increase 40 percent of people who have held on to bitcoin for more than a year and obviously this is a sample that's um you know it isn't representative of the general population these are people who are following on twitter so they've come across these ideas they've likely come across the concept of saving and um and seeing this connection but still this is a very stark change you know we've gone from a majority of people you know the average savings rate and that uh in the before bitcoin was probably around 10 percent after bitcoin it would be somewhere around 20 or 30 perhaps as the average saving rate in 2018 i published the bitcoin standard an academic book which had a whole chapter on time preference and money now i did not expect discussion of time preference to be popular with people who have no background in australian economics but it was three years later the book has become the best-selling book on bitcoin and it's been translated to 25 languages worldwide i've been told personally by thousands of people thank you guys i've been told personally by thousands of people how it helped them explain the changes in their life after moving to bitcoin the very common story i heard from bitcoin is is i used to spend all my money on every month on all kinds of stupid frivolous nonsense but when i learned about bitcoin i cut down on my expenses drastically and started saving everything in bitcoin along with that came a market change and future orientation across all manners of personal behavior some decided to start a family some got over depression and found meaning to life some quit dead-end careers and took up challenging and engaging work and many quit bad habits one of the most common stories is of people quitting alcohol and drugs my personal favorite was when somebody told me that they introduced their drug dealer to bitcoin they started saving in bitcoin made a lot of money on bitcoin decided that holding bitcoin was a better use of their time than dealing drugs forcing the person who introduced him to bitcoin to quit drugs because he no longer had a drug dealer and this is actually quite common i just a quick search of twitter just bitcoin and drugs will turn up all these stories of people who quit drugs in order to do bitcoin instead and specifically you know in its early days bitcoin was used for buying drugs online so a lot of people who were in to got into bitcoin because of the drugs they used it to buy drugs online but as the comma saying goes come for the drugs and stay for the hard money these people find a much better drug when they realize that you know you can just make your future better instead of just getting high today and so these are there's many examples i quit meth because now bitcoin is going up i can't stop smiling and i don't want my teeth ruined bitcoin is my anti-drug and these are extremely common stories and i think they are they're quite telling so the story of saving is a common one before bitcoin most people alive today simply had no conception of saving in delayed gratification everywhere in the world people have recollections of stories of people who have saved and worked hard and had their wealth destroyed by inflation and this demotivates people the uncertainty of saving in fiat heavily discounts the future payoff reducing the incentive to invest the opportunity cost of spending today is relatively low tomorrow because of the absence of a mechanism for transferring wealth from today to tomorrow you spent all the money you earned and when you had major expenses you got into debt to pay it you continue to work and pay off the debts indefinitely to the extent most people invest they do so through their work retirement funds those who do invest are mostly those who spend considerable amounts of time studying the markets and trading making it basically a job the notion of saving passively while earning money from a job is very rare in the fiat economy but after bitcoin it becomes extremely common people from all over the world are now obsessed with stacking sats where sat is refers to the satoshi which is the smallest unit of bitcoin 100 million satoshis make one bitcoin millions of people worldwide now work their day job spend as little as they can and stack as much sats as possible once someone is introduced to the magic of bitcoin's rapidly increasing value and because of its limited supply it is inevitable that they start calculating how much wealth they could have had if they had spent on bitcoin the money that they spent on other things particularly frivolous spending so bitcoin is the free market solution to the problem of rising time preference it is the technological solution that allows anyone to rejoin the process of lowering time preference saving capital accumulation and civilization it requires no political permission it obviates politics and monetary policy it is unstoppable and it is hugely reward rewarding for anyone who adopts it as it is expected to lose its value over time easy money is not a reliable way of providing for the future which increases the uncertainty of the future encouraging heavier discounting of the future or a higher time preference as observed in the 20th century under the fiat standard because it can be expected to hold on to its value into the future hard money increases the potential payoff from savings and delaying gratification reducing the uncertainty of the future and encouraging more saving and more future-oriented behavior as was the case under the gold standard and as we can see in the nascent bitcoin standard thank you very much you can learn more about this topics in my book the bitcoin standard and coming in the next couple months is the fiat standard the sequel to it and early 22 i have a textbook introductory textbook on economics called principles of economics coming as well and you can learn more about all of this on my website safewithdeen.com thank you very much


Hey everybody, I'm Lance Coykey. Today we are going to discuss the close grip chin-up. And the reason we're doing that is because today is actually, the day that this comes out is actually my birthday. And this exercise is awesome for getting big arms. And that sounds like the most fun video to put out on my birthday. So the pulling, the execution of the movement is exactly the same as the pull-up and as the chin-up, I'm just scooting my hands in a little bit more here. So I don't wanna run through actually doing a pull-up if you, or chin-up, if you've done a chin-up, it's the same thing, you just move your hands in a little bit. What you have to consider is I'm stealing some of my motion when I bring my hands in like that, right? So I pinch my sides in, or I pinch my elbows into my sides a little bit more and it steals some of the motion that I have available because now when I get to my pull-up, I am squeezing into my torso. So you have to consider that. I wouldn't take the blanket internet information that you might get that says, if you don't do a full range of motion, you're not doing this effectively, I don't think that rule really applies here. I think the purpose of the exercise should be very clearly stated. If you wanna get really strong at your close grip pull-up or close grip chin-up, then yeah, sure, you can do that. And maybe you start to stress the amount of weight that you maybe hang from your waist or getting away from maybe some sorts of assistance if you have an assistance machine or maybe you're using a band to help pull you up and unweight your body. But generally, if I'm using a close grip chin-up, I'm doing it because I wanna get big.  I don't have to be in any particular rep range, I don't have to use particular weights, I just need to make sure that I'm pushing myself, I'm pushing into levels of fatigue that I'm not normally at, and I am trying to eventually progress myself in the amounts of weights and challenge, overall challenge that I present upon my body. So as long as you're getting those muscles to really fatigue and as long as you're pushing yourself a little bit harder than you were last time you did this, I think you're probably getting what you need to get out of the close grip chin-up. So please take this advice, go find anything that you can hang from, maybe not just a door frame, though I have been known to do it, I don't want you to ruin anything, but find a pull-up bar and knock out as many of those as you can for me, because it's my birthday.


The third architecture we looked at is sequence-to-sequence models, where both the input and the outputs are sequences. The input was a set of words of a sentence, and the output at each step was to predict the next word in a sequence. With sufficient training, this word-level language model can generate its own sentences.


I don't think a lot of people think about managing pasture that you can make a lot of money off just managing your grass. You don't have to do anything. You don't have to fire up a tractor. I probably didn't fire up a tractor to do anything with cattle for 10 months last year. There's lots of ways that you can manage your cattle and not have to put grain into them. I don't give my cows grain at all. They get grass and then they graze corn stalks. There's a lot of economical ways to make the grass even more profitable with the cows you select for.


So guys, it's me. It's Jacob. We're back for another wonderlip test. This one I'm gonna tell you I haven't prepared but I've prepared probably a little bit better than the other one. I'm not gonna say anything. I'm just gonna use my brain. I'm gonna work my way through it. It's 50 questions in 12 minutes. Now 12 minutes went extremely quick in the last one so I know it's gonna go quick this time. If I'm spending too long on a question I do want to skip it. I want to get to the end of 50 questions if nothing else but that probably won't happen. Anyways, we're on a different test this time. It's called beatthewunderlip.com. Pre-employment exam but we're gonna use it specifically for this NFL related video. I want to get the best score I possibly can. This is a free sample wonderlip test that looks just like the one you will take during your job interview. This quiz mimics the full 50 question 12 minute wonderlip test known as the wonderlip personnel test. You will not be allowed to use a calculated dictionary or any outside resources on the real exam. So we recommend practicing without these as well. Many people do not finish the exam in the 12 minutes but do your best. Try not to spend too much time on any one question. You should gather some pencils and scrap paper before you begin. Okay, I wasn't told that last time. Maybe I, maybe I should. Okay, are we ready? Do I want to do this again? Do I want to risk, you know, not beating my previous score? Do I want to risk that? If I was at the Olympics right now and I'd already clocked a score of 30, you know, it's got me in the top, the top 10 but not the top three. I'm not on the podium. I don't have a medal secured yet. Do I just take the top 10, be happy with that? Or do I back myself and try and get on that podium? I reckon I'm gonna go for the podium. So in the previous test I got 30. In this one I can only hope for more. Let's, let's go. No talking. Let's talk more action. Question one. Brian's first, okay, Ray's friend is Marvin, Marvin is friends with Damon. Photograph is to blurry as knife is to dull. One word below is underlined. What is the opposite? Ambiguous lectures. I'm gonna have to go that other way. I don't know. I'm gonna go opaque. Okay. See, $5,000 worth of sunglasses store made $9,000 making a profit of $20 per pair of sunglasses. So they made $4,000 profit. 20 times 200 is 4,000. Which of the following is the earliest date? 2146 is gonna have to be one of those. And it's gonna be June 15th 2146. I'll see you then guys. Total of 84 hours spent training six new employees. Okay, six. Six, 12, 614, 613. Actually, 14 by five is 70. Six months the year is June. Two minutes, 30 seconds, 78 days. How many seconds are lost per day?  All right. 156 seconds over 78 days is two per day. Pack of paper costs $1.97. How much will four packs cost? 788 extinguish. Believe, trust, beer, bring, deliver. Two of the following problems, similar meanings. Where they smoke this fire? Company has two buildings, hold 30,000. Headquarters called 28,000. Steve's utility bill was 25 in March. It was $32 more in April than in March. Well, that was okay. So we've got 25, 57, 38. 38, 57 and 25. What's the average of those? 85, 110. No, that's 95. 120. So it's 40. Cost 150 feet of wire in 1920. How much would 45 feet be? Okay. Yep. Well, let's divide 1920 by three and then reduce it by a little bit. That would be 616. It's either 616 or 576. And I'm going to go 120 tables. 30% are reserved. That's 36. That means it's 84. vehement is the opposite of, I've got no idea. Choose the last letter of the last word as your answer. Okay. Which three of the following words have similar meanings? D-value, diminished, downplay, derive, determine. Carly has dual citizenship. Carly has Canadian citizenship. Carly is American. Uncertain. Car travel to 11.5 miles and 15 minutes. How many miles per hour was it traveling? 46. And Archimus, 60% of his shots. How many shots must he make before he gets 100 hits? Fuck, that's a good question. I'm going to say 60% of his shots. Oh, God. Why can't I get this? 240? Or is it 250? That's 40% 250. Yeah. Complete and complicate. Contradictory. Which three of the following words have similar meanings? Humid, barren, foggy, hazy, arid. Humid. Foggy, hazy, barren, arid. No, not barren, foggy, hazy, arid. Foggy, hazy, barren. A gym has 60 feet by 60 feet wall covered with a 60 feet by 20 feet mirror. The mirror covers 33% of the wall. The word adopt and adapt. Adapt, adapt. Adapt to it. Contradictory. Two of the following problems have similar meanings. Which ones are they? An eight-year-old boy is half a sister's age. Okay. When the boy is 12, how old will the sister be? 20. Four individuals invest in real estate. 12,000, 6,000, 25, and 7. Why receives how much less than if the profits were divided in proportion to how much they invested? Oh, they agree to split the profits equally. Okay. So he gets 30,000, but he would have got 18, 38, 43, 50. So he invests half. He would have got 60, but he only got 30. So that's 30,000 less. And the following set of words, which is 37 seconds. Which is different from the others? Piccolo, oboe, viola, Jesus Christ. 18 seconds. Which is next in series? 102, 196, 83, 70. So that's 13. 13 different. So that's 57, 288, double, 144. Tickets to a play at 29.  I reckon 30 is my score. I reckon 30 is my score. And I reckon all you guys should try it too. I'm not going to say let me know down below what score you got. Cause we're going to get a fair few fifties, but, um, hey, this is all fun, all fun and games. Had to do it. Had to do it a second time. I had to. I did. And we've got 29, 30, 29. It's all the same. Guys, thank you for watching. Hopefully I've entertained you. That's really what this video was for. And now if I do see anyone get, you know, 35, 40, 45 on that Wonderlich test, respect.


Today, I have the pleasure of speaking with Tom Drives from Romeo's Gold. How are you today, Tom? Great, Tracy. Well, I just want to start by congratulating. Romeo's has now been approved for trading on the OTCQB market. Is it just me or are you the most exceptional surprise undervalued stock in the entire market? Tracy, we think Romeo's is my personal opinion is Romeo's is way undervalued. But, you know, this is the market and you know, we think there's lots of upside for investors. Well, I couldn't agree with you more just in reviewing some of the articles that we've written. Of course, your news release says that you've just closed the sale of 80% interest in five claim blocks in the Thunder Bay Silver District. Would you mind telling us a little bit more about this deal? Tracy, the Romeo's last year's take the property of about 87 flames around the Thunder Bay area. Thunder Bay, there was exclusive, there's a lot of high-grade silver of past producers in the Thunder Bay area and because Romeo's has a number of other properties in major mining jurisdictions, we decided to do a deal with Honey Budger and other company where we sold 80% of the claims for a million, 100 shares, about $150,000. And this they have to, they take us to the pre-disability and then we got a 20% interest on the claims. So they're going to spend all the money through pre-disability and then Romeo's has the right to participate through the tune of 20%. So for those of you out there that may not be familiar with Romeo's Gold and honestly, this is a great company to look at because you've kind of been ahead of the curve and that you've been doing a lot of M&A work and accumulating projects here for some time. Would you like to give us a bit of an overview on how your M&A strategy has actually worked? Because I see copper, gold, silver, Tracy, as you know, I'm all I've got a real estate background. So for the last 26 years, I've been accumulating properties in very good locations for Romeo's. So we do have quite a few properties in the Golden Triangle in Northwestern BC. We've got properties next to the muscle-wide mine, you know, Northwestern Ontario. We've got properties in Nevada. We've got a couple of mines in the vicinity of a couple of producers there. And so we have been accumulating good real estate over the years and you know, we're still almost in a very good position right now that the market has turned. Okay, for those of you out there, for instance, again, we're new to Romeo's Gold and I'm looking at your five major mining districts that you're currently located in. Just for the sake of ongoing discussions with investor intel, what would be your favorite? I know I'm putting you on the spot today at this very moment, other than I'm guessing the project you just sold. Tracy, I asked the same question to our VP of exploration, John Bixam, which is our favorite property. And he says, you know what? We've got two or three properties like Golden Triangle, Trek property is a favorite one. It's a drill ready. We've drilled 32 holes. We've got, we normally have a four free copper drill deposit there. The Northwestern Ontario property next to the muscle-wide, the Landmarker Cowellet property. We've, a couple of years ago, we've drilled there and we actually discovered the most high-grade gold and copper since the muscle-wide mine, which was 20, 30 years ago, on the whole belt. So we have plans to go back and drill. We did some exploration just a couple of months ago in the area. And now we're working on the Trek and the Golden Triangle properties. We've finished some exploration in Nevada. We're expecting results from all of those. And, you know, to answer your question, the next, our favorite would be the one that we're going to drill those to the Trek and the Landmarker Cowellet and Nevada. And then we'll see which one brings us the best results. And that's our favorite. Okay. So when should we call you next to get those results? We, we're just basically from Nevada, the, the samples are in the labs. So we're just waiting for that. And the Northwestern Ontario property samples again are in the labs. And, and we're currently working on the Trek and the other properties in the Golden Triangle. So we think, you know, within the next few weeks, we should be getting some results. Okay. So I'm not going to let you off that easily, Tom. We're going to schedule a follow-up interview with you and John, your, your geologist. And also we're going to have Chris Thompson and Mario Jorley, both do two separate interviews with you here in the next month. We really want to stay on top of understanding where you're taking Romeo's Gold. So thank you so much for joining us today. Thank you, Gracie. I'm happy to participate in this interview.


Display sound and video. It's easy in Moodle to display sound files like MP3s, video files like MP4 or externally hosted files such as on YouTube. With the multimedia filter enabled, these files display in their own player as we can see in this history course where the teacher has uploaded an MP3 file of the course objectives and if we scroll down, we see she's embedded a YouTube video directly on the course page. If you have media files of your own, the easiest way to embed them is by drag and drop. Our teacher here turns on the editing, scrolls to where she wants the file and drags it from her desktop. She can either display it as a clickable link or add it directly in a text and media area. Let's go back to our Teacher Sam's course to explore this more. You can display sound and video files anywhere there is a text editor, so for example we could do it in a section summary or in a page resource, but first we're going to use a text and media area. So we enable edit mode, then in the section we want our media file, we click add an activity or resource and choose text and media area. Remember, if it's a short file, you can simply record directly into the Ato editor, but we're going to upload an MP3 sound file of the course objectives. When we've added our text, we click the media icon, choose audio and then browse repositories to find or upload the MP3 sound file. Note that other options are available too, but we'll look at those in a moment. When we click insert media, the file doesn't yet display in its player. We'll only see it once we click save and return to course. And here it is. In this course about celebrating cultures, the teacher has uploaded an MP4 video file they made. Let's click edit settings and then the media icon and look at the other options. You can specify the size and upload a thumbnail. Decide how this video will play and add subtitles and captions in various languages. But what if you haven't created your own sound or video files? Let's explore two ways of adding YouTube videos. Again, we go to add an activity or resource and choose text and media area. If we know the URL of our YouTube video and multimedia filters are enabled, we simply need to paste and link to the YouTube URL and it will display embedded once we save it. However, if you have several videos, it's better to display them in a page resource where students can click to go to the videos rather than having a number of videos directly on your course page. In this page, in the content section, we click the media icon, choose video, browse repositories and then YouTube, which our administrator has enabled. There are various criteria we can use to search. We type in a key term, let's use French alphabet wrap and then when we click the search button, YouTube presents us with some possible videos to choose from and we simply click the one we want and select it. Again, when we click insert media, we don't yet see the embedded YouTube video until we save and return to course. Learners click the link and can see the video embedded in the page.


Hi and how are you all today? I'm Priyanka and let us discuss this question. It says find the middle term in the expansion of x by 3 plus 9y the whole raise to the power 10. But before proceeding on with the solution, we should be well versed that if the n given to us is even, then we can find the number of terms by adding 1 to n and since n is even n plus 1 will be odd and therefore the middle term is obtained by dividing n by 2 and adding 1 to it and it will become n by 2 plus 1th term which will be the middle term if n is even. The knowledge about the middle terms are the key ideas to these questions. Let us proceed on with our solution. Now here the expression given to us is x by 3 plus 9y the whole raise to the power 10. Here n is equal to 10 that is even, right? So middle term can be found out by dividing 10 by 2 and then adding 1 to it. That will be the 6th term. So let us first find out the 6th term that will be t6 that can be written as t5 plus 1 where r will become 5. Now let us substitute. Now here x by 3 is our a and b is 9y and n is 10. So we have 10c5 a that is x by 3 raise to the power 10 minus 5 b that is 9y raise to the power 5. On simplifying we have 10 factorial divided by 5 factorial multiplied by 5 factorial multiplied by x raise to the power 5 divided by 3 raise to the power 5 multiplied by 9 raise to the power 5 multiplied by y raise to the power 5. Further 10 factorial can be written as 10 into 9 into 8 into 7 into 6 into 5 factorial divided by 5 factorial and the other 5 factorial can be written as 5 into 4 into 3 into 2 into 1. Further x raise to the power 5 divided by 3 raise to the power 5 means 3 times 5 5 times 3 multiplied by 9 raise to the power 5 multiplied by y raise to the power 5. Further simplifying we have left with 9 into 4 into 7 into 81 into 3 into x raise to the power 5 y raise to the power 5 which can further be written as 61236 x raise to the power 5 y raise to the power 5 which is the answer that is the sixth term as well as the middle term of x by 3 plus 9y raise to the power 10. 61236 x raise to the power 5 y raise to the power 5 is the required answer. This ends the session. Bye for now.