Good morning everybody. I am Ravas Govindaraju. I am the head of the School of Civil Engineering and it's my pleasure to welcome all of you to this panel discussion. The panel session is on climate change and human decisions and I'm looking forward to highly engaging and interactive discussion. To get us started, I want to introduce our moderator for today, Kendrick Hardaway, received a Bachelor's of Science in Biological Engineering from University of Arkansas in 2018. Following graduation, he spent time working for a small startup in Austin on neighborhood level urban sustainability. In fall 2019, he joined us as a graduate student in ESE and Tripoli. He was involved in the organization of produced climate strike alongside the global climate strike. His research interests include how engineered systems influence human decision making and how changes in those systems can improve human health, environmental well-being and societal resilience to climate change. So with that, Kendrick. Thank you so much. Good morning everyone and thank you for attending this panel discussion. I like like I was just introduced. I am a student in ESE in Tripoli and I'll be moderating today with Dr. Bond, Dr. Dukes, Dr. Philly and Dr. Marwade as our panelists. If you'd each like to take a couple minutes to introduce yourselves and your work and how it relates to our topic today, that would be beneficial for our audience. You want to start with me? Yes. Hello everyone and thank you very much for being here. I'm Tammy Bond. I'm currently at Colorado State University as Walter Scott, Presidential Chair in Energy, Environment and Health. My work started in mechanical engineering. I worked on combustion, air pollution, its connection to climate and most recently I've been interested in how human decisions are embedded in what we do with combustion and how that leads to the changes in the atmosphere and environment and then there are subsequent effects on well-being. Are you sure you don't want to come work for me? Perhaps, perhaps. Who knows? So my name is Jeff Dukes. I'm the Director of the Purdue Climate Change Research Center and a professor in Forestry and Natural Resources and Biological Sciences. I work on how ecosystems respond to environmental changes like climate change changes in the atmosphere and try to understand their responses both in terms of consequences for the ecosystems and for people and in turn for the atmosphere as well and how the responses of ecosystems might feedback to accelerator slow environmental changes like climate change. Hi everybody. I'm Tim Filly. I'm a professor in Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and Agronomy and I'm also the Director for Purdue Center for the Environment. My research really is also thinking about ecosystems but most of that below ground. I work on soil organic matter and how soil organic matter responds to environmental stress which includes land use change and also climate and I'm also very interested in how decisions that people make about how to use their land are impacted by those environmental stresses and how policy also intersects in that. Hi good morning everyone. My name is Venkatesh Merwade. I'm a faculty in civil engineering. My work mostly is associated with surface water hydrology and specifically I'm interested in flood modeling and flood processes and how we develop our land and how the climate is changing. How is that impacting the floods and flood occurrences and what can we do to mitigate impacts from floods. Thank you all. So as a reminder our panel topic today is climate change and human decisions and so as a format I've been given some questions that I'll be asking the panelists and then I've also developed some questions myself so about 15 minutes on each and then we'll close with questions from the audience but if at any moment there's just a burning desire to ask a question I'm sure we can we can answer that question itself. So to start Dr. Merwade what is the primary what is a primary challenge in your respective field with regards to the decisions humans are currently making. So as I mentioned I am mostly interested in flooding so there are two ways we can think about how human decisions are impacting floods. So one is again the climate is changing because of all the decisions and carbon emissions we are emitting so that's one way and I guess I'm sure other panel members will talk about that. The other aspect of that is how prepared we are. So what decisions humans are making in terms of how they are prepared to to face these floods and what they will do after the flooding has occurred. So a lot of people are moving to urban areas so that is impacting the impervious cover which means that more water is going to flow on the surface and will cause more flooding then at the same time more humans are directly impacted by all the flooding that is happening in urban areas. Once the flood takes place what decisions do we make after that. So a lot of people want to live close to water which means there are a lot of people who are directly living in flood plains and if you ask people do you live in flood plain only people who pay flood insurance they say yes and a lot of people say no but if you think about it all of us are living in flood plain in some way because at some point all of us are going to get impacted by flooding. So what we do now and what we do after the event I think both decisions again impact what will happen in the future. Right I think I recently read a paper where it said over 80 percent of humanity lives next to a river or a coast and so that falls right in the flood plains. Dr. Deuce what is another primary challenge that you face in your field with the way humans are making decisions right now. Well I think a lot of what I work on has to do with climate change and so there are maybe two primary ways that human decision making is affecting that and well there are a whole bunch of ways that human decision interfaces with that but if we if we think about the the causes of climate change there are decisions related to our societal fossil fuel use and and how much that gets promoted or suppressed by individual decisions but mainly by policies larger scale policies and then there's also decision making or the lack thereof related to deforestation and you know both of those are interesting and challenging problems that are intertwined with issues related to the status quo being difficult to change because of entrenched interests to some extent because of corruption particularly with the deforestation issue and in some tropical countries and you you rapidly get into just really thorny issues where it's sometimes it's easy to see some of the the first steps of how you get past this problem but but rapidly you start seeing challenges for for getting through the second third and fourth steps of of dealing with this. Sure so we've heard a little bit about like decisions of people living in flood plains and how that may not be the most resilient long-term decision but and and then as Dr. Duce just mentioned Dr. Philly what is technology potentially the solution or it could it be a problem for how it relates to your field? So from the perspective of soil perspective of carbon in general technology really has to be part of the solution but in the context of policy and how people adopt technologies you can have the best technology in the world and if humans don't want to adopt it or if there's too many barriers or if it's economically not feasible it just won't happen. I mean we know our things we have to do it we know that the population is growing rapidly and we know we're going to have to double our food production in the next 50 years but we have to do that without a negative impact on the carbon balance in the atmosphere we know that we can try agriculture that is actually more restorative. How do we get more carbon into the ground while also producing food but not cut down forests but not move into very fragile wetland areas and disrupt those as well. So we have a huge challenge and technology is really one of the ways we have to approach that with more precision agriculture thinking about different cultivars that actually have a wider range of climates which we can grow them on because climate is changing and so really technology is going to be and needs to be at the forefront but also with sound policy at the same time. Yes and a follow up to that I you teach a class science and society is that correct you teach a class called science and society correct. It's a great issues class in the college of science yes. So what are some things you mentioned policy and how it is integrated with any technology that we have or create. What are some things that maybe that you've learned or people that have come to your class and spoken said about this. Sure that class in particular thinks about natural hazards and how do we make societies resilient to existing threats and future threats and natural hazards but in terms of the context of I'll stick with my wheelhouse in terms of carbon and how policy intersects with that. One of the things we have to be careful about is basically enacting laws that might mandate let's say we accumulate a certain amount of organic matter and soil with a certain type of agricultural practice without having the ability to actually monitor and verify that. So that's one of the biggest challenges we have is being able to look into our soils and tell how much carbon is there at high spatial resolution and look to see how much of that carbon is vulnerable to climate change to land use change and then give the stakeholders the farmers the practitioners the tools to actually verify that for a mandate that might be passed down let's say in California about a certain type of community agriculture community has to increase carbon by x percentage per year if we don't have the technology to verify that and to do that then then we fall short and then there's a mismatch. Okay thank you Dr. Bond this is I feel like we've been moving slowly into what you've recently been researching and so what are your thoughts on how technology and human decisions play a role in addressing these environmental concerns maybe maybe first mention how much focus you feel like should be on how we're changing human decisions and how much of that focus should be on creating these new technologies or should there even be a split there? Right so I think your question is something like should we be developing new tech or should we be working on behavior change and I would say that one of the challenges that we have is that we've been doing those things separately we've been inventing technologies and hoping that they are a solution and sometimes they are but when they're not coupled with what people want to do then they are they cannot be a solution or they can even work against you sometimes we create technologies that worsen the problem like somebody made cars and now we have mobility but we also have a lot of CO2 emissions and so I think the problem is is not that we should work on one or the other but that we haven't taken a systematic view to how does that coupling of technology which amplifies our ability as humans with what humans do naturally and what they can be guided or suggested to do how does that then affect the environment which in turn comes back and impinges on humans I don't know if that's an answer to your question it's more of a it depends kind of answer which I hate but I think that the answer is that all these things connect together and we have not been looking at the connections as deeply as we could I feel like as researchers we can probably empathize with the it depends situation because there's so much nuance in these systems but maybe a follow-up question is how can we be proactive about making sure that when a new technology is coming on board that it's fitting within the system in a way that rather than exacerbating environmental impacts mitigates environmental impacts are there quick or ideas that you have in that area are there quick ideas nothing's quick right especially when you're talking about research so I think a couple of things can can help us there but I think there's still a lot of unknowns and one is the thing that a lot of earth system scientists work on and my colleagues here are in no exception which is that in trying to understand the science of the earth we're working toward a predictive capability of what the earth will do and if we're able to couple how technology fits in and how it would be taken up in that there's a lot of not just human but societal decision-making there if we're able to couple those into that predictive capability then we have some ability to to look ahead at what might happen now there are always unintended consequences and I don't think we should be afraid of that those just happen but I think that one area where we could improve both as as scientists and as members of society is learning to deal with those rather than saying you had a terrible unintended consequence and we are going to stop all that stuff completely and you did a bad job and your research will be discontinued I think we need to to bring that in as a moment of failure and learning and so it's also our our response to technology and and failure and learning that that we need to work on. Dr. Dueser doctor or any of the the panels panels do you feel like within your field there are proactive things we can do so that the way humans are interacting with your systems it's a positive impact when a new technology comes on board or or a new advancement is made. I think it's it's critical for government to function well to deal with that I mean I think this is a in a way a question about government you need something that's going to be thinking broadly about how to incentivize or mandate the the future you want or at least avoiding the future that you don't want and so I mean I can think of examples right now that might relate to that with something like solar panels so we've now dropped the price of energy generation from solar below that of everything else and we can expect that solar energy is going to proliferate across the landscape like crazy over the next few decades. Those panels don't last forever right and right now people are already bringing that up it's like what well what do we do with all these panels down the down the road and I think in a way often this comes into the conversation because people want to avoid the transition into solar panels rapidly right now but it is a real question that we need to think about is well what are we going to do how are we going to repurpose those how are we going to is there a way to recycle those and so you know government can be thinking long term about what is the future going to look like can we incentivize programs or technologies that will help us avoid future problems from the technologies that are about to be exploding today. Okay perfect do you two have comments? Well I just want to again go back to your question about technology so we are talking about technologies for mitigate climate change but there is also role of information technology so we are using a lot of data also in our work and information technology to provide so right now there is a lot of data but people don't have access to it in the in the form that they can understand so there is also a role of information technology to get all that data and provide information to public so they can understand and that may help them to be proactive. And we need to think about the broadest tool kits out there that we have if a goal is to remove carbon from the atmosphere and to slowly draw down what we've already put up but in all future activities either make them carbon neutral or carbon negative we need to be thinking broadly and innovative and so there's been a lot of papers out there thinking about you know what do we need to do in forestry what do we need to do in agriculture what do we need to do in industry for carbon drawdown and so there's technologies like direct air capture right that are popping up and the technologies right now are extremely expensive particularly with the cost of carbon per ton and they're not necessarily economically feasible and so government incentivization now thinking about how many of the department of energy could seed this research for direct air carbon capture from the air but then also industry thinking about well how what do we do with these monitors what we get them what can we make from them that will then ultimately produce high value products is very important so we need to be thinking downstream we need to be thinking upstream and in terms of policy in terms of industry but also in terms of modeling our climate modeling our environment that they're all intertwined but we need good government and good policy to actually do that we need incentivization of the research and closer public private partnerships and some of these things to make that happen thank you and so I think we've we've discussed a little bit about like okay we've got these systems we've got technology developing we need to be thinking about these things but then for just the the typical person I know this is a question that I've gotten from a lot of people what are things that Dr. Bond will start with you what what are things that the typical person can do right now to be more conscientious of their human decision making as it relates to technology or just in general trying to decrease their environmental impact so the number one thing you can do as a private citizen to make it possible to address climate impact is vote for people who will select good people in good programs so this does not mean that personal responsibility has no role I'll talk about that next but but we need people who can help our society do what it needs to do because the actions that you can take on your own are not enough and so we need to bring people along I find it useful to do the things that people are supposed to do in quotes you're supposed to use a cloth bag rather than a plastic bag if you think a little bit bigger you should think about your carbon footprint and how to offset it and I do those things not because I think they're going to save the planet because they won't but because they turn me into a consumer and they make me aware of where things come from and how difficult it is and that gives me a greater appreciation for the the big things that people have to do Dr. Philly your thoughts yeah so I have to agree voting is probably the actual best thing the average person can do to actually help with climate change be knowledgeable I mean be invested in the system and understand the struggle and make sure that you avail yourself of the resources that are out there if you want to know about climate change there is no excuse there are resources out there that can tell you everything that science knows and do so in a lay fashion our own government has the websites that are out there our universities teach in it try to take a class on climate change or try to restructure or demand that your university include climate change in basically all freshman classes so there's no excuse not to know about the impacts the the potential solutions and and your personal and collective responsibility so I think that a lot of it is your personal investment in the system in the political system but even in just the ecosystem that you're in now let's say as a student right you should demand that climate change is a fundamental part of how Purdue operates to follow I think a lot of the people here probably are environmentally they are aware of climate change environment but where so you mentioned some sources where some places maybe they could send their friends to or if they run into someone on the street that's picketing for not taking down a coal plant what where could they send them and and what could they also if the students are think that they are initiated and they're knowledgeable and they know about climate change go talk to your parents all right go talk to your cousins don't be afraid of thanksgiving to bring up climate change and talk about it and and talk about what you know because everyone at that table is a voter so bring that message home that's one big thing you could do Dr. Marwade do you do you have any sources that you yourself recommend as they pertain to climate change that people could access or use to educate themselves and educate their friends and family these days I I watch a lot of documentaries on Netflix there are a lot of good documentaries and maybe that's not the answer you're looking for but that's an easy accessible place that that you can get information on yeah and with regards to your earlier question on personal decision what can we do so again learning from those and my personal experience even if we reduce meat consumption just by one meal I think we can reduce more than 10% of carbon emissions so food consumption is a big plays a big role in in all these discussions absolutely and and if you are curious there there are a couple of resources that I know of one of them is called project drawdown it's a global modeling case study where they looked at what are the 100 solutions that are here today we don't have to wait on any technology these solutions are here today that we could what they call drawdown carbon from the atmosphere I recommend checking that out it's called project drawdown and they mention one in the in the top five there are two related to food and that's reducing food waste and reducing meat consumption can anyone guess the the number one thing that humans can collectively do to mitigate climate change yes refrigeration is the number one thing they decided that human society could do to reduce climate change impact um Dr. Dukes what with all of this we've talked about voting is important we've talked about individual actions we can do but when we're when we're voting what what should we be looking for in a in a platform or or in in policies that are realistic in addressing climate change what are some examples some enforceable examples for what we should look for in terms of policy related to climate change so I want to just back up for a second on that refrigeration point and just be just clarify that that's because some refrigerants are incredibly powerful greenhouse gases that are very long lived in the atmosphere and so managing those instead of just somehow letting them be released into the atmosphere at the end of the life cycle of refrigerants or during the production cycle is is particularly critical but I would say that it you know the the main thing that I would look at with a candidate who's if you're thinking about climate change is whether they talk about climate change a lot and seriously I mean there are many different there are many different proposals out there for how to tackle climate change but the political system means that many of the wild ideas won't actually get enacted but if someone is really serious about the issue and is pushing for the issue there are many possible steps forward that we could take that that have a chance for for succeeding and and you know I want to know that the politician that I'm voting for is going to push for many of those solutions and for them being implemented quickly you know it's it's one thing to say that you're going to ban fracking tomorrow that's you know you can make that statement but whether you can actually accomplish that is a another question and with any policy there's that same thing you want you're going to put in place a carbon tax so I think you know one thing is you can evaluate whether you think those policies are realistic excuse me but I think the other thing is just is the person really passionate about the issue and if they're passionate about the issue then you're going to hope that they're actually going to get something done whatever mechanism it is you know whether it's the exact thing that they're proposing or something else so I think you know right now honestly there are huge differences among politicians in how they're talking about climate change and and how I would perceive their motivations for for dealing with it and and I think that it's I wouldn't worry too much about the specifics of policies among the people who are who seem to be very serious about tackling it and are talking about it a lot I I would just want to choose one of those people who's at least talking about seriously doing things about this and dr bond what are your thoughts on when you're looking at politicians or representatives what are you looking for in okay that we want to vote but then who are we voting for what what are you looking for in terms of policy or positions so I'd have to agree with dr dukes if I was great at picking policies I would be running for office I'm not and it I am not able to predict what is going to worm its way through the political system it's going to take some pretty smart heads who understand the science and who understand policy to put something together that's acceptable and then moves forward a couple of things that I would look for then are not specific politics policies but who are they choosing to advise them are they thinking about not just policies now which are very important but long-term investments the the price of solar cells that we have now which is enabling people to to get solar energy at a reasonable cost came after years of research and development into solar cells and so in addition to needing to move quickly we also need to to think big and long because the things that will enable us to have lower impact in the future are just glimmers in somebody's eye right now and so I'm looking for smart choice of people willingness to move quickly but also not so quickly that you're not looking for long-term investments because some of what we would like is big infrastructure big programs things that help us do what's right thank you so and and I think a lot of climate change because it's a global problem but then every location is a little bit different with what issues they're facing or what what maybe they're contributing to climate change it doesn't need to start maybe at a local level and then and then work toward the top in terms of what we can do and how we're involved in our community so maybe Dr. Philly what's something that as people here at Purdue we could do to help the institution of Purdue reduce its environmental impact well sure I mean Purdue has the opportunity to make overt climate mitigation or climate adaptation statements and introduce those into its master plan we have large capital campaigns that are going on to increase 400 acres on the south side of campus and Discovery Park District and part of that is going to be heavily sensing the whole system to think about water use water recycling energy use and the conversations are about how to actually talk about carbon use with that as well and so getting involved in that process and knowing about what Purdue University is doing in its plans and then asking you know overtly well how is that going to either enhance or you know detract from a solution to climate change those are very fair things to ask of all the administrators of all center directors on campus how are you engaged in that process are you educating Purdue's facilities about climate change we have a sustainability program on campus in facilities and they actively talk about climate change and energy as well but the students can actually ask well what are you actually doing tell us about it and we should be able to answer Dr. Marwade do you have thoughts on something that faculty or students could do to help do as an institution reducing its climate change impact so I I agree with everything that Dr. Philly said but as an institution and again this is something simple I have seen over the years and I find this on every campus whenever there is a conference during the summer you go to that conference and you sit in that room and you're freezing cold and I see that even on Purdue sometimes I come in the summer when it's too hot I come in my office and I feel like I have to wear a sweater so maybe somebody has done some studies can you just raise that temperature by one or two degrees and see how much carbon you will reduce so one of things I also think about if I was back in the last question a little bit is that because of our entrenchment of our political parties talking about climate change across the aisle is often difficult but sometimes they're talking about the same solutions and if they're talking about efficiencies in industry or if they're talking about how to basically capture CO2 out of a coal fire plant with technologies that are also the same technologies of direct air capture and they work actually together sometimes but more also behind the scenes but talking about the same solutions that can be applied and so that's also something to look for because our system is such right now that again climate change is a very difficult thing for one of our political parties to talk about but they do talk about actually things that actually can improve our ability to mitigate climate change right and it hasn't always been that case I think it was the 70s and 80s that it was both parties were very on board with climate change and energy efficiency and even now if it's framed in energy independence energy security way reducing energy use and finding renewable ways to produce energy here in the US crosses the aisle potentially for Dr. Dukes and Dr. Bond what are the ways that a publicly held company that that is bound to their shareholders what are things that we can reasonably expect them to do as it pertains to climate change while answering to their shareholders I can start I guess it depends on the company and what their mission is but let's let's take the case that people like to think about which is oil companies and some of them are investing in moving toward being energy providing company and I would say that that that's not 100% true some of them are still reaping the benefits of course of the fossil fuels that are that are in the ground but nobody here is goes out in the morning thinking I really want to burn oil I really want to turn it into CO2 and put it into the atmosphere they just want what comes out of that combustion and so if you recast yourself as somebody who's providing a service and you reframe the support of that service which usually needs energy to something that is more secure that you can get from the sun and not have to rely on digging things out of the ground then you're doing well for your company not just for the people of the earth which is not a bad thing either so I would say that on the financial side companies should be disclosing their climate risks to shareholders they should be really honest about and like legally I think they must be very honest about what are the implications of climate change for the value of the resources they hold for the value of the services they provide what are the unexpected changes that could be coming down the road and that would include what happens if there's a price put or some sort of penalty essentially put on on releasing carbon into the atmosphere that's you know these are really important risks and I think this is going to be happening more and more in the near future and then another thing is just they should be releasing some sort of transparent sustainability plan that that's going to make it clear to their employees and their shareholders what they're trying to do to solve solve these environmental problems as opposed to create them right yeah I really appreciate that answer I think one of the the first organizations to be aware of climate change and its impacts were insurance companies because they they always want to know about your risk as a company or as a as a person and then one thing before switching topics a little I wanted to touch base with you all both from a produced situation publicly held company situation there's a currently a divestment movement occurring at a lot of universities or large institutions to divest from fossil fuels or divest from banking establishments that are giving loans to fossil fuels what is the role of boycotting or divesting from people that maybe aren't or companies or or organizations that aren't transparent about their environmental impacts doctor marwade do you have thoughts on the role of boycotting groups I would pass that question to my colleagues were more qualified I think okay yeah I actually haven't given that a whole lot of thought to be honest and but the role of of public pressure on a company to do what is socially responsible is the right of every consumer and so if they if they want to speak with not actually buying that product that's that's their right and if a company looks at how it operates and decides that enough of the society will think that what they're doing is not in the regional national or global interest and people will not buy their products I think that then they will respond but but I haven't actually given the thought about actually active boycotting too much thought and I maybe Jeff has I have a bit I mean I think that the the boycotting the stock is something that for the most part starts out as being symbolic unless it snowballs if it does snowball then that that can have a real effect on the the company but it also having that symbolic pressure out there that suggests that people want you to stop doing something you're doing I mean the case that's brought up is typically the case of apartheid where that you know boycott of South South African stocks and companies really did start to put pressure on a on a country to change but I I think that the you know initially there are it's mostly symbolic but it can build over time and then you can see companies like BlackRock saying we're not gonna we're not gonna be engaged in these businesses going forward and that has a that has a real potential impact so so I think that you don't know where it can lead typically one university's holdings within an industry like coal or fossil fuels in general is if you're talking about university boycotts that's a tiny slice of the overall pie but it is a an important symbolic gesture and it says something to the whole student community the whole university community and and to some extent to the larger investment community Dr. Bond one thing that a student had asked previously was what do you feel like the way the media is currently portraying climate change so I'm pivoting a little bit from from governance into maybe less in governance and more of a media do you feel like the media is accurately portraying what the reality is surrounding climate change well you're kind of asking the wrong person because I don't really watch television or get my news from those sources and and if I want to read about climate change I don't go to the media so I'm a bad test case I would say that we're not really present to the reality of climate change we either we either hear about it as a political event it's talked about when there are extreme events in the weather and then people don't know how to relate those to climate change and what I would like and I'll just tell you on my secret longings here is that we'd have movies that were set in realistic climate change settings and you would know as an audience member that this was the year 2050 and it was in the business as usual scenario so people kept burning fossil fuels so the kind of climate change movies we have now are like the day after tomorrow which is pretty old now but it's also pretty extreme but I think that people know a fair bit more about weird alternate realities and then they actually do about our realities so I don't know what the media is doing but I I think it would be great if the if the arts and entertainment community got on board with sharing with the public what climate change was going to be like so quick question uh thank you how many of you have been uh seeing news about the coronavirus recently sure see so would it be fair this will be the last question before I open it to the audience would it be fair Dr. Deuce to expect media to provide maybe uh almost like updates like they're doing for the coronavirus for climate change uh well I would say that it would be nice to have regular updates on climate change or at least regular discussions about climate change in the media even I don't want to hear about climate change every 20 minutes that's fair that's fair a little depressing but but yeah I think I mean what did the the number just came out that I think and I'm going to get this completely wrong but there was something like four hours of total coverage on the networks on climate change the last year I think uh maybe somebody else saw this news story and can give me the exact number but it was something around around that so a whole year across the networks four hours of coverage on climate change this issue deserves a lot more time than that yeah and and I think that's that's where I'm getting at is uh climate change part of what makes it this insidious problem is the fact that it's so easy to put out of mind and so if if there's a way that we as a society can put it in front of ourselves more often to help our human decision making uh perhaps that would I think one of the things that also makes it hard sometimes to talk about is differentiating the things people feel locally with what climate change reality is and and often it's even hard for the scientists to say what is the effect of land use change let's say climate change and urbanization on the local community and so again I think the impulse is to say it's one or the other but but they're intertwined for sure and so to to basically not talk about it because well it's a little complicated because we have a complex system where we actually influence it and and and then climate change is trying to influence us we'll basically want to wait for something that's a big splash that says climate change um but talking about it as this is an evolving complex system I think has to be started too thank you so now I want to open it up to the audience any questions that you all might have about two for our panelists or yes we have a microphone for you harsh furs and heaps I have a question for Tammy I know you've been involved with promoting distributed energy systems such as solar cookers and lamps and so on and so forth my question basically is if we sorry oh did I get that one if you promote these distributed systems and poor societies hunt me just committing these societies to perpetual poverty wouldn't it be better to invest in centralized renewable sources and have a grid and so on and so forth okay let me summarize your question and perhaps give a little context for the for the rest of the audience who doesn't have as much familiarity as this with this issue as you and I do and so one of the things that I have been involved in is not necessarily distributing devices to poor communities but I've been involved in assessment of delivery of technological solutions to to people who don't have a lot of resources particularly abroad and solar cookers were mentioned that's that's actually not a thing I've been involved in but I can talk about your question which is aren't we just condemning these people to poverty by saying here's a solar cooker rather than giving them electricity that is a really good question and I think a couple of things there first I think that anything that we get involved in should be about enabling people whether it means that they want something to cook more conveniently or they want something so they can create a livelihood I think that that should be the question are we enabling people um the second question is how did we decide that they should have that how did we decide what's best for a community and so I think that's that's something that we should all think about whether we're engineers or not as we think about changes that we would like to make technologically we might think about climate change as something that we're acting against but are we also enabling the people who are using these technologies whatever it might be whether it's a solar cooker or a grid connection there are communities here in the United States that that also don't have resources where we might take action and and bring in something like a new a new program or a you know low-carbon technology and so this is something that's kind of at the core of what I'm looking at in research now is yes we need energy solutions but we also need enabling solutions and I didn't really answer your question I fully acknowledge but thank you but if I could add a little bit I mean there are so we have a large team across Purdue that is working in Peru and a number of these teams are working with small indigenous communities up in the high Andes that were very stable productive great agricultural output with with indigenous grains but in the last 40 years have felt basically their system move out of equilibrium the rains have changed the type of rain is more intense deeper freezes more frost and so their lifestyle which was stable and productive and they enjoyed for millennia basically has shifted and they live on such severe climate natural climate and geographic gradients that there's no place for them to move really unless they want to emigrate to a completely different region of the country and so they are those communities are asking for how do we basically adapt we want to stay where we are how do we adapt can we use micro grid technology to have a combined solar wind to power our system so we can so we can dry our grains because they get wet so we can heat our animal buildings basically for agriculture so they don't freeze the llama don't freeze at night and so I think part of that adaptation is also thinking about what the communities want as well I think we have a question over here so a larger chunk of human population lives in developing and developed underdeveloped countries but most of the technologies that we have are developed in the developing countries and in the present world with so many climate change treaties say the Paris agreement put a lot of stringent actions or carbon emission limitations on these developing countries but the developed countries are a lot reluctant on sharing new technologies with those areas so how important do you think is sharing new technologies for our shared environment because when the technology reaches a larger chunk that's when it will be more efficient as compared to discussing about smaller companies in the bigger countries so maybe if two of you want to take that question it's what what responsibility do potentially industrialized countries have toward countries that may not have as much research and technology well I can say something but it's going to be a terrible answer because that is the thing that we as a society have not figured out and we need to grapple with earlier on the panel somebody asked what can we do proactively the question that you raised about the responsibility of people to develop technology who developed technology to deploy it for the benefit of mankind is and womankind is a question that we should grapple with as engineers and as as world citizens and we don't know how to do that yet because it sounds great in the context here of talking about global change to say that we should benefit everyone but I can guarantee you that if we were in a panel with industry members they would say I am not doing anything that is not going to deliver a profit for my company and that is where that division comes from technology is a solution only if it is broadly applied and this is true again not just of so-called developed versus developing but also within our own country that the technologies that are helping us with climate change electric cars are available to the wealthier citizens and yet it's the poorer ones who tend to be impacted more that notion of division and benefit is something that we should take head on as engineers if one of you want to comment for the next question I could turn it a little bit and talk about the role of developing nations or in middle income nations and how they're actually thinking of they need to transform within to actually generate those those solutions homegrown all right so I go back to the project we have have in Peru one of the reasons why Purdue has been contracted by public universities in Peru is because the nation of Peru itself has actually mandated that the public university system transform itself into research one like universities so they basically gave them a mandate and in 2014 that said you have these eight milestones and the goal really is to transform from a simple teaching universities where you collect knowledge and redistribute it to be ecosystems for innovation but but Peruvian innovation and Peru's economy 70% of it is really just exporting its national basically wealth in terms of or not transforming it not turning it to high value goods not actually applying it to its own country's innovation it's sending it to America to China to other places and so Purdue University as being contracted to help transform the universities to become research universities to solve their own problems and so it's not just that new companies outside the world should be giving their tech it's that a lot of countries need to develop their own tech for their own solutions and the research universities are one of the ways to do it so I just want to add that many of these innovations start at universities so coming back to your questions on what can students do so we have global engineering program on campus and that program is dedicated to developing technologies and solutions for developing countries so for students who are interested and want to do something maybe you can get involved in the programs is that i2d i2d yes i2d do we have maybe one last question he had his hand up all right hi so when talking about climate change a lot of the talk is around climate change mitigation but a big effect of climate change is uh i guess how will affect people and you need to think about how are we going to make people resilient to climate change and in the coming years and even now we're already seeing these effects of climate change so when making decisions about how we should best support people uh what kind of things should we think about when determining whether our technology should be working towards climate change mitigation versus climate change resiliency and especially in areas where things like you can have heat waves where you would actually want to use fossil fuels in a sense to create air air conditioned spaces so that people don't die during these extreme heat waves sure good question so we need to be doing both now um the the the actions we take now on adaptation are going to be important and in use and uh relevant very soon you know right away essentially there's the there's a whole bunch of climate change baked into the system and over the next three decades we're going to see a lot of that change and and so we need to be preparing for that immediately at the same time um you know the carbon dioxide that we're putting into the atmosphere today a reasonable fraction of it is still going to be in the atmosphere in thousands of years um assuming we don't suddenly start sucking out carbon really cheaply from the atmosphere somehow but but basically it has a really long residence time in the atmosphere and it's going to be warming the planet that whole time and so the actions that we take for mitigation today are really important for what the climate's like later this century and and so I think the answer to your question has to be both we have to be working on both as aggressively as we can um you know starting decades ago and and going into the future and um and I I think there are um there are going to be occasional trade-offs perhaps as you as you implied but um but I think that's a much smaller part of the issue than just finding the political mechanisms and political will to be doing um both adaptation and mitigation full bore um from here through the end of the century and I think that we are at time so I want to thank you all for coming and and encourage you to attend Dr. Bond's lecture right after this uh thank you for everyone that also helps set this up Evan, Joe, Steve, Maria, Marsha, Doc and all everyone that's been involved um thank you for coming and thank you for helping set this up Dr. Robinson uh and if you have questions I'm sure you can come up and and potentially have a conversation with the panelists before they run on to helping solve climate change


Mostly as an attacker, your main focus is attacking and scoring goals.  If you don't know about me, I used to be a huge underachiever. But through obsessive self-improvement, I found my success. Earned a college scholarship, played for my national football team, a YouTube channel with over 100 million views. I've helped players worldwide, and I'd love to help you improve faster and achieve more. Start defending from the front and start enjoying it. Enjoy chasing down players and doubling up in the midfield and winning back possession for your team. Enjoy rushing at defenders, forcing them into panic, forcing them to make mistakes and give up possession in good areas. Many strikers have a poor work rate and poor work ethic. And for that reason, they don't create as many chances as they can. Think about it for a second. Wouldn't you love to steal the ball in this position and have an easy tap in for a goal? You can and you will if you start defending from the front. Now, I don't want you to make the mistake of chasing the ball all over the field because you want to defend from the front and you want to be a two-way player. That's a great attitude to have, but you need to learn to pick your spots. Now, if you're close to this player and you know that you can get there because you're quicker, you're anticipating is going to have a bad touch. Absolutely go after it. Be ambitious and win that ball. However, if you are the only player who's going to press, you really need to pick your spots because if you're going to go here and you're the only player that's going to press, then you're not likely to get the ball.  So pick your spots. Now, if you are the closest player to the ball and you're going to press, ideally your teammates are recognizing that and they are going to press the next possible pass. Pressing really only works if everyone on the team does it together. But unfortunately, you can't always control your teammates. So go for the press and realize that if your teammates aren't coming, then OK, maybe I need to step off and I need to pick my spot at a different time. Now, if you aren't the player closest to the ball, let's say you're one of these forwards or this winger over here and you can see that your teammate is going to press, he's going after the ball. You need to anticipate that and you need to start going to the next possible pass. So anticipate that your teammate is going to press. That's your trigger to go and press as well. Now, as you can see, we put them into a very dangerous position. They either have to play somewhere they don't really want to play and we can win the ball there or they're forced to kick the ball up the field and we will gain possession.  Now let's talk about your movement off the ball because what you do as a forward when you don't have the ball is extremely important. You can expect to get the ball if you're always just standing there being marked. So here are a few examples of runs you can make to get more involved in the play and encourage your teammates to pass you the ball. Number one, you can show into feet and try to get that ball. And if you can, whenever possible, you want to get turned and you want to try to go forward. Now you can do that by just coming off the defender right in front of them. If you're going to do that, you want to try to create a little bit of space for yourself by either pushing them off, obviously not fouling, but a little nudge and creating some space for yourself or sprinting quickly into this space rather than jogging. Because if you're just going to jog into the space, he's just going to stay with you and you're going to make his life easy. Now you can also come off the back of defenders. So let's say you want to get the ball into feet here. Well, you can go around the defender like this and he'll start thinking about where you are and he'll think you're trying to make a forward run and then you can show into feet like that or you can hide behind him and then come into feet trying to play behind him. So he doesn't really know where you are until the last second where you get on the ball and then he has to react. So the first thing you can do is start showing into feet. Now, you don't want to get in the habit of coming too deep into the midfield. If you're always receiving the ball in here, this isn't the best because you're a forward and you want to be receiving the ball in these areas rather than these areas whenever possible. So another thing you want to think about is playing on that last defender.  You want to start thinking about making runs in behind. If we can receive passes into these areas here, so making a run across the defender or peeling off of the defender, creating space for yourself and receiving it into here, something like that. Or you could show for the ball and if it doesn't work, you could spin and try to get that ball directly over the top. Now, you need to be aware of where the last defender is and where that offensive line is. Yes, it's the responsibility of this player to play the ball at the right time, but you need to be responsible as the forward to not go off side whenever possible. Timing is so important with your runs.  If you like this content, check out the soccer success planner. You can download it for free. There's a link in the description below and for advanced training, check out the online soccer. Showing him with your eye contact, making eye contact, pointing with your finger, even verbally shouting for the ball, telling him where you want it. You need to initiate the run. But as you're making that run, realize that the timing is so important and you want to receive that pass right as or you want him to play that pass right as you're going past that last defender. So be aware of the line, always be looking over your shoulder. Maybe you can get a little further because this guy is keeping you on side, but always be aware of the line and take responsibility for your runs as a striker. Your movement in the box is extremely important as a forward. Now, when you're in the box and your teammate is getting into a good position, first of all, obviously you have to get yourself in the box. If you're lazy and you're tired and you're not getting there when you should be and your teammates in this position and there's no one to pass to, that's your fault for not being there. So make sure you have the work ethic and the desire to get there when you need to be there. Now, if your teammate is in a good position to put in a cross, you want to think about encouraging him to give you the ball by making a great run.  You can make a run across the defender to the front post and try to nick that ball in with a quick touch. You can peel off to the back post. Let's say someone made a run and they're carrying the defenders with them. You can peel off to the back post and wait for a ball over the top. Or you can make a run directly in the middle.  Just make sure that when you are you're trying to find space, you're not hiding behind defenders.  Now, you can also wait for a cutback if you're around the top of the box or something like that. So let's say everyone's getting drawn towards the ball. Sometimes the best thing to do is just wait for the ball at the top of the box. So yes, you want to make positive runs, but you want to focus on finding the space. And sometimes the best thing to do is just wait for the ball around the six yard box. So number one, get yourself into the box. Then you want to think about encouraging your teammate to give you passes by making positive runs, whether that's to the front post, peeling off to the back post, making a strong run in front of the box or just finding space in the box where you're so open that he has to give you the ball because you're in the best position to score a goal. Finally, we have to talk about what you want to do when you're actually on the ball. Now, as a forward, it's extremely important that you take care of the ball because if every time you get the ball, you turn into trouble, you dribble when you shouldn't be dribbling or you try to take shots when there's three guys on you and the better option is the pass. Everyone's going to get frustrated with you and they're not going to want to pass you the ball. So you need to take care of the ball and learn to do the right things at the right time. Now, obviously, as a forward, yes, you do want to be positive. You do want to be greedy. You want to get your shots off and you want to attack, but you need to learn when to do that and when to not do that. So first of all, let's talk about hold up play. When that ball comes into you and you have players on your back, you need to hold that ball up and you need to bring other players into play. Don't be turning into trouble when you have a teammate showing for the ball. Lay that ball off and then spin and you can make those runs that we talked about. If around the box, someone's trying to combine with you, let's say you're around the box here and someone is trying to combine with you, OK, you need to realize that they played the pass and they made a positive run. So reward them by playing a little give and go. However, if they play that ball and then they make a run that isn't positive because it's going into trouble, realize that and don't give them that ball in that situation. You have to be aware and you have to realize that maybe the better option is playing someone else or maybe the better option is trying to take this on myself. Now, when you are around the box and whenever you can receive the ball, you want to be trying to go forward. Even if you receive the ball, say, in your middle third and you have space to attack, attack that space. So let's say you receive the ball on a counter attack, something like this. If you can dribble forward, go for that. Don't wait for anyone. But if you get closed down, you need to realize, OK, I'm probably going to lose possession here. So I have to turn, I have to play the ball back and now I'll find new space. But whenever you can, let's set this defense up again. Whenever you can receive the ball in areas around the box, your first instinct as a striker is to get this ball out of my feet and try to get my shot off or try to drive into the box so I can get a better angle to get my shot off. Your mentality is all about scoring goals. Now, most players receive the ball and then they'll decide like, oh, I'm actually in a good position here, but you took too long to make your decision.  Yes, you want to be greedy. You want to go at defenders. You want to try to get your goals whenever possible. But you need to realize if three guys are coming to me, then in this situation, someone else is open. And this is probably the best option by playing a pass. However, if you play that pass, don't stop there and get yourself forward and you will be able to get yourself more goals. Now, saying that whenever possible, you want to try to take your shots, but be aware of what's going on around you. Don't only have your eye on goal. Yes, you're number one priority as a striker as a forward is scoring goals, but you have to realize that this situation I'm covered by four guys. That means I need to play the ball. I need to get my teammates involved and I need to get myself in the box after I play. If you like this content, check out the soccer success planner. You can download it for free. There's a link in the description below and for advanced training, check out the Online Soccer Academy.


Democratic transparency is a key principle of the European project, at least in theory. In practice, things are often very different. European ombudsman Emilio Reilly put it bluntly when she said, It is virtually impossible for a citizen to know how a European law came into being and what the position of his or her country's government was on that law. Much of the secrecy stems from the Council of the EU. The Council is Europe's most powerful legislative body, yet it convenes mostly behind doors that remain firmly shut. This creates a bizarre of influence, where states of big and small trade favours. Meanwhile the public can only guess at the deals being struck out of sight. This is why Investigate Europe has launched the project Sequence of the Council. Over the coming months, Investigate Europe's reporters will seek to reveal the inner workings of the institution that is Europe's most powerful and its most secretive.


Hello, OscillatorSync here and welcome to a brand new series on the channel and a brand new piece of gear for the channel as well. This is the wonderful Korg Volca FM. Now what the series is going to be all about is patch creation and sound design on this wonderful little box. So we're going to be taking a look over the course of a number of videos at the different parameters that we have to work with when we're doing sound design on the Volca FM and come to understand sonically what effect they're going to have on our sounds with the ultimate goal essentially being that we end up being better at getting from the sound in our heads to the sound in the synth itself. Now the method of synthesis that the Volca FM uses is frequency modulation. That's what the FM stands for in Volca FM you'll be surprised to hear. And there is this legacy of fear and certainty doubt this belief that frequency modulation is somehow different and difficult and complicated. Part of that probably comes from the fact that the iconic FM synths back in the day, the Yamaha DX series of synths, which all sounded wonderful but they had a very difficult unused or friendly interface when it came to programming new sounds. I think that's probably fair to say. Now Korg have done a lot on the Volca FM to streamline that. There's still some menu diving to be sure but the menus are much more rational and easy to navigate. The other reason that I think frequency modulation is considered to be difficult is that it's seen as being fundamentally different from analog subtractive synthesis which is what I think a lot of us who understand synthesizers, that's the kind of synthesis that we understand. And scientifically, mathematically, yes, they are very different methods of synthesis but there are some concepts that are basically the same. And in this first video that's what I want to talk about philosophically, the similarities and the differences and the reference point around frequency modulation synthesis that we have if we come from a background of analog subtractive synthesis. So in subtractive synthesis, usually the way that we work is we start with a complex harmonically rich waveform, something like a sawtooth wave, so it's the monologue. And that's a sawtooth wave, it's buzzy, it's rich and that's because it's full of harmonics. Now what we usually do when we have a buzzy rich harmonically interesting waveform is that we do something to it, we apply something to it to change how many harmonics there are. What we do on subtractive synthesis is we apply a filter. So depending on how we have our filter set we can adjust the harmonic content of the sound. Now if we want to have that sound change over a period of time we might apply, say, an envelope generator to control that frequency cutoff for us, so something like this. Or we might apply an LFO to do a similar sort of job. So we're starting with something rich, we're doing something to it to alter the richness and then we're using envelope generators and LFOs so that we can have that richness change over time to create time rule change. Now when it comes to frequency modulation, basically we're turning the idea on its head, so whereas in the subtractive analog synth world we start with something rich and make it less rich, in FM we start with something that is not rich at all, a sine wave usually. Now sine waves are boring because they have only one frequency in them, so there's no harmonic richness to speak of at all. So in FM what we do is we start with something boring and non-rich and then we do something to it to make it richer and what we do is we apply a modulator to it. So as we apply a modulator to it we make the waveform richer and just like when we're talking about subtractive synthesis we can have that richness be changed over time by applying an envelope for example, or we could do a similar sort of thing with an LFO. So as you can see a lot of the ideas that we're familiar with in subtractive synthesis still stand here, the idea that we are adjusting something in a waveform and varying that adjustment over time, that same idea still stands in frequency modulation, it's still the bedrock of everything that we do, it's just that it's turned on its head, the thing that we apply is increasing the complexity rather than decreasing the complexity. And actually because of the way that FM synthesis works and because of the fact that in the case of the Volcro FM and the DX7 that it's inspired by, we have something called six operators we'll get on to operators in the next video, the possibilities that we have for creating evolving complex sounds that have different kind of tonal and atonal complexities to them are just huge, we can create sounds with FM that we can't dream of creating with analog subtractive synthesis. And that's what I want to demonstrate over the course of these videos, by going through these different parameters that we can use to shape and mold our sounds, the incredible sound design potentials that this tiny little inexpensive box holds for us. So I hope you'll join me on this journey, make sure that you hit the like button and especially make sure that you subscribe so that you don't miss any of the upcoming videos on the wonderful Volcro FM and lots of other stuff on synthesis as well. See you soon guys, thank you so much for watching.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasmine's CaseBreaks.com, coming at you with a box of Luminance. One box of 2023 Panini Luminance football, random team break number six. The last filler we got to do to unlock that hip-rate dual-case break that's coming up in the next video. Big thanks to this group for making it happen. There are the teams right there, so let's do the break first and then we'll re-randomize everybody's names. Next we'll have the NC who wins those spots. One and a four or five times, one, two, three, four, five, Jalen down at John, and then one and a four or five times for the teams, one, two, three, four, and five. It went well, Duncan. It was a long day and I ended up working the, I ended up working the full shift on Fnatic's live yesterday as well, so a little, I got a good night of sleep but a little low energy today. All right, there's the first half of the list right there. But it went well. A lot of, a lot of saying the same lines over and over again and then doing them in different ways over and over again. But I had a lot of fun. The crew was really cool and there's a second half list right there, no traits. The crew was really cool and so it was, it was a good time. All right, so there's the whole team list right there. Now let's alphabetize by team print and rip. I have been losing some LBSs over the last year or so, Gilo. Might be, might be, might be in the ESPN body issue next. I don't know, one commercial does not make, I don't even, I don't even get like a, a sad car for this. All right, so there's the final printout right there. And again, those are the spots that we're chasing at the end, but let's do this break first. Oh, Jinx, yeah.  Yeah, thanks Gilo. It's been working on it. It's been working on it. That might, got a, got a family history of the, the diabetes and family and while that might be inevitable considering my medical history, I figure one of the easiest ways to stave off that is, is to get, to get my weight at a man at a better level. I think I've been working on that. I still could lose another five, but I'm kind of happy with where I'm at. Cleo Herbert, 93 out of 250. And there's my guy right there, Aiden O'Connell, 235 out of 350. May we never see him on the field again this season. If he does, that means we've, the semi-grappler has gotten the inevitable injury, but that nice one for the Raiders, Jalen with that one. And then Hooker. Yeah, your family the same way? Yeah. I still, I could, I could cut down on the, the adult beverage consumption. That's something I still got to work on. I also quit smoking a few weeks, sort of in the middle of the pandemic. Eric's got to lose about 85. Hey, it just starts with the, with the first five. Another Aiden O'Connell to 150 and a Bijan Robinson Rookie Auto. Nice. I mean, Falcons, Natalie, I'll risk the points, you know, if there are nice hits like this. The secret, I mean, there's, there's really no secret. It's the boring stuff, Chilo, diet and exercise. Portioning I think is kind of a key thing, you can kind of eat, I suppose you can still eat what you want, but, but portioning is a big thing. You know, whatever you're eating, just eat less of it. Mixing a salad every once in a while and it's a little Mallory and then, yeah, just try to eat healthier, you know, a lot of, just making a lot of food at home.  It's also expensive, spending way too much money on food, but just kind of blend all, a lot of that together, a lot of moderation stuff.  And there's Jarron Hall, rookie autograph for the Vikings, that's going to be for Jarrod. So yeah, I mean, yeah, I think maybe around there, Duncan, same with me, when did I quit smoking, 20, 20, I don't really, didn't really smoke that many cigarettes in the first five friends were like multiple, like pack a day smokers, I don't even know how I could squeeze in at the pack in a day. I was like a pack a week smoker. And then I dropped down to like one or two a day. And so at that point, I was just like, well, what's the point? I will, I will enjoy a cigar every once in a while, though. So that's where I'll get my fix. All right. Not a bad break. Let's see who's going to get into hip rage. So that's going to be the top nine after top nine after 11, six and a five, 11 times. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10 and 11. So after 11 times, top nine, who's it going to be? Well, from 10 on down, it's going to be sad times. Mark with last ball mojo, sorry, man. 10 through 32, thanks everybody for giving it a shot. But only the top nine can get in and that's going to be John Ivan. Eugene, Bennett, Lee, Bennett, Ivan, Jalen and Brian. So congrats guys. I'll see you in the next video for the break itself. You're asking me at casebreaks.com. Bye-bye.


A Float with Henry Morgan. A float with Henry Morgan written for radio by Warren Barry and a George Edwards production. Jeffrey Hunter and the Negro hero plan to escape from the swamp and hide in the forgotten stone hut which is over the top of the hill. While out bringing in provisions, hero and Jeffrey slip away to see the hut. There, to Jeffrey's amazement, he finds Kitty being kept to prisoner. She briefly tells him what has transpired. But before he can release her, Dolores is seen returning and he has to leave. However, he promises to return and rescue her. Reaching hero, he tells him that they must escape that night. Release Kitty, kept to Dolores and return to Port Royal before Henry Morgan sails on his expedition. In the swamps, hero and Jeffrey listen to the storm and when the others have fallen into an exhausted sleep, they remove their fetters and quietly creep to the door. There, Jeffrey complains of dizziness and weakness and hero realizes that Jeffrey is in the grip of the dreaded fever. I can't take another step, hero. I didn't want to. I think I must have strained myself today. You ain't strained yourself at all, Mr. Jeffrey.  What you've got is the fever. Then you go on, hero. Don't wait for me if, if I have the fever I'm as good as dead. I ain't going without you, Mr. Jeffrey. Do you know what they do to you if they find you with your fetters gone? They flog you night to death and then they throw you to the alligators alive. I'm not leaving you to that fate. No, sir. You'll have to put your best foot forward.  You must come with me. No, you go, hero. Go before you're, you're talking with the others and, and they, they, they give the alarm. Chlorate the bee. It goes and falls like that at my feet. You've been my big and heavy man, but, hero, he's strong.  No, six if he ain't hot. Now, good Lord, please send us a flash of lightning. That's right. Thank you, Lord. You showed me the way to run. Me and my burden will find the way. Maybe the rain will cool Massif Jeffries' brow. Pulls it to his face. The ground is wet and slushy cold around his ankles. His great muscles strain beneath the velvet blackness of his skin with the added weight of the restless burning hot unconscious form that he carries in his arms. Anxiously, hero looks towards another stone hut, distinguishable in the darkness only by the lights which stream from its windows. A burst of laughter comes from there. Hero grins with satisfaction.  The storm deters any from venturing out to inquire into the condition of their charges. Waiting for another flash of lightning, hero takes note of his surroundings and direction. Then the storm merges his black body a night into one. The track runs steeply up the hill, his feet wade through the miniature torrent which the rain has made. But the wetness has made his heart happy. It will wash away that telltale odor which the bloodhounds in the bottle will seek in vain. Except for the thunder, the rain on the leaves, the wind in the branches, there is stillness in the jungle. All shapes and forms are swallowed up in the inky blackness to be occasionally revealed for an instant stark and white fearsome in heaven's moment light. Up the jungle path, hero struggles. The added burden together with a deeply buried superstitious fear of storms inherited from a race born deep in an African jungle, causes his foot to falter. A stumble is recovered from, but human limbs are tired. A heart is pounding beneath a black breast.  Up and up the slushy path, his tusk becomes a labor. Arms and legs are growing numb with fatigue. A stagger comes to his gait and jeftly murmurs restlessly in his arms. Oh Lord, give me light and show me soon my journey's end. As though in answer the deadly white of lightning flashes from the sky showing the hilltop near at hand. I thank you Lord. Now hero leaves the track and breaks through the undergrowth towards where he knows the hut must lie. His simple soul offering prayers that he may be near his journey's end. Then a thought returns from that part of his mind which slumbers. Ah, remembers now. There's someone in that hut. Someone who's a friend of NASA Jeffrey. But I can't take him there. No sir. Didn't he say he had an enemy there too? I'd better not risk it. I'd better find some other place. Bewildered by this change of plan, hero blunders off in another direction. His eye is trying to pierce the gloom, looking for a place of safety to hide his friend who is in such need of aid. Till that linked limbs will go no further and he sinks with his burdened for ground. Quietly he lies there while the wind dies away at his ebbing strength. Slowly returns to his fatigue body and Jeffrey beside him mumbles and mumbles in his delirium. The urgent need for safety and security echoes in his mind. Oh Lord, show me place to hide. His eyes tear out into the blackness and the rain eases into a fine misty drizzle. While he stares, something seems to merge from the blackness and take shape. It is a tree, a giant centuries old whose very limbs seem to droop with age. I thank you, Lord. With strength born of hope, hero is on his feet, Jeffrey across his shoulders at his six of footing on the thick knoll trunk. Up he climbs, passing the lower limbs until he comes to a broad one hidden beneath the forest of leaves. And at sea, out in the bay at Port Royal, Morgan ships swing gently in the quietening swell and the lights of Port Royal flicker mystically through the thin soft rain. Now the wind has gone, all that is heard is the faint slap of the swell and the murmuring creaking of ships cradled in the now benign sea, their lights bobbing like will of the wisps of an Irish fog. Come in. Yes, what is it, the odds? What's wrong? Isn't everything all right? Oh yeah, everything seems to be in order. The ships are riding well at anger and the messages that have been flashed to me by Landon say everything is in readiness for sailing aboard the other ships. Well, you sail at daybreak. The storm didn't last as long as I thought. Now that is all the odds. You'd better have an early night. There plenty of work for you to do in the next few days. Yes, Captain. Well, what are you standing there for? Get about your business. There's just something, Captain, I wish to discuss. Well, what is it? Don't you see I'm busy working out details of the expedition? I'm away from Port Royal now. Time for I will chatter it over. My mind is occupied with serious business. Possibly, yes, the garden, Captain. But late this evening before we left Port Royal, you told me about your certain saving orders. Yes, I remember. You seemed reluctant to carry them out. Oh, it was that I was reluctant. It was only that I was thinking of your welfare, Captain. The men who had been left on shore, they didn't know about the new sailing time. These men are still ashore. I told you they had to stay ashore. You're concerned with the ship now, Captain. But, Captain, it was a rain that I should go back in a long book and round them up. You know, there's quite a serious loss of men which you can't afford. The seas are too heavy. Oh, no. But now the wind has died away. There's not even a sigh in the rigging, the sea. He's like a love long mother. And these men, they are in Port Royal. You're sailing away until you know not what danger and you'll need every man you can lay your hands upon. They'll be fighting. Yes, the arch. I like not to leave these men behind. All right, the arch. Go back to Port Royal with a squad of men and as many long boats as you can need and bring those stragglers back to the ship. That is all. Like a man reprieved at the last moment, Diaz bustles about organizing crews for the long boats. The lopsided smile lurks in his mouth, twisting one corner of his thin lips. An article hangs heavy in his pocket, the Aztec necklace, his passport to Cuba and fortune, and the satisfaction of his base and evil designs. The poem of pride sings in his heart as he thinks of his cleverness adduping Henry Morgan. Excitement makes his heart pound. The vision of Kitty, when he held her helpless and frightened as before him, a surge of domineering power rushes through him. Soon so soon she'll be completely at the mercy of his will, powerless against him, friendless in a strange land with none to turn to for aid. But Kitty at this moment is strangely at peace, lost in dreams of her own. For the first time since the nightmare which happened in the Dolphin Tavern, her heart is smiling. But Jeffrey Hunter has been. He has forgiven her. He knows the falseness of the woman with whom she has forced to share this hut. And he is going to save her from a life which is worse than a death. Her confidence in her rescue is like the faith of a child. And as she listened to the storm which howled outside, she knew and believed that tonight, Jeffrey would escape and carry her away. Soon at any moment he would come bursting in, release her from her bonds, and she would have his lips crushed in hers, feel the muscles beneath his thin shirt as her arms slid about him. Know that joyous pain which would rise from her heart till a choke in her throat and blind at her eyes in a rose pink haze. Have the feeling of a limb's grow weak and distant while in his arms. Such as her faith in her dreams.  I knew you are not asleep. What is it you are thinking about? Surely my thoughts can be my own. Surely that much is left to me. You are different. I noticed that when I came back to the hut earlier today, and once or twice before darkness fell, I actually saw a faint suspicion of a smile. Why are you different? I told you my thoughts came home. Did anything happen while I was away? Anything which could have brought about this change happened? And exactly what could have happened? Didn't you find me as you left me? No, that is right. Nothing good happens in this place. But while I was out walking in the jungle, I saw a gang of convicts working on the hilltop, but they could not have come here. If they had come and found you here, you would not be smiling. No, you are right. Nothing could happen here, and soon we will be away. And the darkness returns both women to their thoughts and the rain drizzles down outside. The lorries dreams once more of the Aztec necklace, and Kitty returns to her exciting visions which are filled with Jeffrey. While far away, high up in an old knoll tree, on a broad limb, screams so carefully from without by a thick curtain of leaves. A white man murmurs incoherently and tries to toss his hot feverish body to and fro, but the tight vines tied by the watchful hero hold him firmly to the tree.  His hands as soft and gentle as he feels the fevered brow. It's all a mistake. I couldn't wear it. I'll start and switch it. It's our Kitty. Advert, I love you. Yes, I do.  It sure am bad. Poor message, Jeffrey.


Live from San Diego, California. It's theCUBE, covering Cisco Live US 2019. Brought to you by Cisco and its ecosystem partners. Welcome back to San Diego, everybody. This is Dave Vellante in Stu Miniman, and you're watching theCUBE, the leader in live tech coverage. Lisa Martin is also here. Stu, I actually did see Ron Burgundy on the street last night. He was out, he was shaking hands with all the CCIEs. This is day three of Cisco Live 2019, theCUBE's coverage. Joe Malenfonte is here, he's the director of IoT marketing at Cisco. Joe, great to see you in from Colorado Springs. Thank you very much. First time in theCUBE, welcome. It is my first time in theCUBE. Thankfully it's not actually just a box because I have a little claustrophobia going on. So, IoT, it's got all the momentum. Liz Santoni was up on stage this week addressing 28,000 plus people. What's driving all this momentum other than the great marketing? What's really happening in the field? IoT has been a very nebulous thing for the last few years and we're finally starting to see some solidification and convergence around what it means. And really for Cisco, we started on this path a few years ago but Liz took over last year, we've established a new strategy because customers, organizations, and especially organizations that run operational technology. Think of refineries in the oil and gas industry, in the electric utilities industry. They run a whole separate network called industrial control systems and that OT side of the house has traditionally been very siloed. Well, as the economy moves forward, as we digitize, they're trying to connect back with their enterprise side of the house. Well, if you're going to connect your network with the IT side, why not use the incumbent leader in enterprise networking? We know who they are. We're all sitting here right now with Cisco. So they look back to the IT side to say, hey, please help us connect. That's really what's driving the market. How should we think about the difference between OT networks and IT networks? Are there any things we can learn from Telco, which also had some unique attributes to it? But share with us what you guys have learned there. So the OT network is very different, right? It's very time sensitive. Latency is just something that they can't have. When you think of email going down, what's the worst thing that happens, right? You might get a nasty gram eventually. Well, when the power grid falls over, lives are at stake. So those networks are very critical. They're very sensitive, and they've always been kept separate. So as they start to make that interconnection, we need to bring together networking technologies that are for that environment. As they make that connection though, there is a very number one concern for them is wait a second, if we're going to connect this stuff, we need to make sure it's secure. If you're a chemical processor, for example, and you've got a secret recipe, you don't publish that.  So they don't want to have this side of the house get connected with that side of the house and expose the secret sauce. So security becomes very top of mind for them. Connect it, but do it securely. All right, so Joe, I've actually been happy with how I've seen the solutions maturing from Cisco because when I first heard IoT, it was like, well, we're the leader in networking, we're going to network everything. And I'm like, okay, but at the device edge, one of the challenges is, often I have limited or no connectivity. So sometimes I'm going to need to do the processing there. There's lots of different protocol issues that I have there. So talk about some of those new solutions that Cisco's been doing at the edge that are more than just sending bits back and forth. That's a great question too. So of course everything has to do with networking, but networking is merely the vehicle for connectivity. And so we realized very quickly is if we're going to create new routers and switches for this environment, there's an opportunity to do a little bit more. So back in February, we did something at DevNet Create called a hackathon. We have a new router, it's a ruggedized router called the IR1101, but I think Liz showed it on stage the other day. And this has a specific module inside of it. So there's a module that can be swapped out. Well, at the DevNet Create hackathon, one of the teams actually created a machine learning module. Why machine learning at the edge, right? If you have 700 substations, you don't want to deploy machine learning on each and every one of them. You want to get all that data back into a central place so you have more data to actually train your algorithms on. Why would you put ML at the edge? Because not everything needs to come back. There's stuff that you can do at the edge, number one, with that machine learning on traffic that doesn't have to go back. When you don't backhaul traffic, that means you don't have to pay costs over to your LTE carrier for more data. Other times as well though, they're looking at compliance as another reason. So in terms, that's one use case, right? Let's look at the other one, which really comes down to, okay, if I'm connecting things and you can actually do some computing at the edge, how are we going to do it? On all of our new switches and routers that have edge compute capability, they're using native Docker containers. So now you can actually deploy your applications at the edge. Again, do the work at the edge as close to where it has to be as possible.  You don't have to worry about any sort of violation of compliance with local laws, sovereignty clouds. You don't have to worry about costs of backhauling traffic. And then if anything's time sensitive, it stays as close to the edge as possible. All right, so one of the keys here to your strategy, it's clear, is to allow developers to build new applications at the edge. You're not OT experts, that's not your roots. And those developers at your ultimate clients are. They're the domain experts. They know what's going on. They know these specialized areas. So talk about the importance of having programmable infrastructure at the edge. And specifically what your strategy is, where does Cisco leave off? And where does, you're not a pass vendor. You're going to bring that in through partnerships, but help us understand that strategy a little bit better. Our ecosystem is incredibly important to us, right? So we've got, DevNet is incredibly important to Cisco because as you heard probably on yesterday, Susie announced new certifications for IoT. Those certifications allow engineers, whether it's a control systems engineer, whether it's a network engineer, to actually get certified, be a specialist, be a professional in writing their applications for the edge, for those specific environments. But more importantly, because let's go back to the environment that we're working, right? Time sensitive, very critical, low latency networks. You don't want to go and push out something where you're not 100% certain. So IoT certifications that DevNet has created give those engineers a repository, a sandbox, and all of the Cisco solutions to actually test with before they do the deployment and ensure, almost guarantee themselves, success by pushing to production. Yeah, and one of the key things there, Stu, is the ability to test things quickly and fail fast. Yeah, well, one of the things I was a little bit concerned about when we saw this wave of IoT is, every customer's going to have different requirements. So it feels like we at least get some level of maturity and commonality if we can have certification. Exactly. What does somebody come out of? What skill set do they have? And right, because you said as if I'm a manufacturing or healthcare, everybody's going to use IoT, but how we're going to use it, where we're going to use it's going to be very different. So what's that base layer that we're learning about? So ultimately, the engineer who's actually coding these things, kind of what you said, right? They're all going to be very vertical specific use cases. There's not a lot of horizontal stuff going on. So we're creating a baseline for the engineer to understand their environments better. They honestly know it better than we do, but we want to make sure that as they go deploy these things that we give them the infrastructure to do it on, the application and framework within which to do it, and the tools to be able to do it. And so that's the docker, the modules of being able to do edge compute, and then lastly having that certification within IoT to how do I code this thing?  Joe, what's the organizational dynamic like? You always hear the stories, OT is not talking to IT. They're different animals. You got some hardcore engineers that have hardened their infrastructure, and you got IT guys that are trying to build applications and support applications for the business. Those two constituencies don't talk. What can Cisco do? What's the strategy with regard to bringing those constituents together? Do you have to? Or is it sort of divide and conquer? I think the number one thing that we want to do is enable the collaboration between the IT and OT. It's not that people don't want to. They're just trying to figure out how to do it better. So if we can help them, number one, connect their networks together safely and securely, that's number one, reliable and secure networking, what we're known for. But number two, from the OT side, back to what I said originally was around the security side. So I don't know if you guys heard, we announced last week our intent to acquire a company called Centrio. Now why is this important? Because they do passive network detection, whether it's anomaly detection, but they do asset discovery as well. Now a big thing when you're connecting those OT networks into the IT world is what assets do I even have? Those assets are vastly different from anything IT actually knows. So this acquisition will allow us to passively discover and tell them, here's your list of assets that you're going to be connecting, here's what we need to secure, so they know in scope as they walk into this project, they've got a really good blueprint for what needs to be done and not surprises. And the reason that's important is about only 40% of all IoT projects make it from pilot to production. I mean that's kind of staggeringly low. I actually had an analyst tell me yesterday, I'm shocked you guys said 40% because I only hear about 30%. And when you're doing it in a lab, you know all the variables, but when you go out to a brownfield environment where you've got 20 year old systems that honestly was probably a system hidden underneath some guy's desk that nobody's actually known about, if it ain't broke don't fix it. We're actually able to discover all those assets now. That's why we did the acquisition. So it's really from an asset visibility and a security standpoint. And you're saying Joe that those, that discovery is specific to edge assets versus like a stealth watch. We heard a lot about stealth watch this week which is, they do discovery, but you're saying that's predominantly for IT assets. Servers, storage, networking, searches, et cetera. Yeah, I mean listen, so stealth watch is awesome and I think eventually there's going to be a little bit of a merger between some of these things, but the operational technology environment is very different. They don't, they're not native IP. They don't talk the same protocols. There's thousands of different protocols that exist in an operational technology environment. DNP3, Modbus, ProfiNet, Profibus, just very few right there. Those, IT has never ever talked them. They don't even know what they mean for the most part. Tell an IT guy, hey can you detect this DNP3 traffic? The answer is no. However, when we move into that environment, our networks need to be able to understand that traffic and that's where Centrio comes in with that operational technology expertise to help the IT and the OT really come together. Business outcomes at the end of the day. So Joe, give us a little spin around the show from an IOP standpoint. We've got the IOT takeover happening here in the DevNet zone. All the classrooms seem pack jammed as they've been all week for all the takeovers but give us a little spin around. It's been amazing actually so far this year. Having been at Cisco for a few years now, I walked into this and say, wow, we are definitely in the IOT world. We've got IOT plastered outside, we've got it inside. People are very interested in IOT. They're not just in what we're doing but how they can take the knowledge and what they're going to learn here and really bring it back into a practical use case at their own organizations. So from an IOT perspective, the world of solutions downstairs is jam packed. I mean, we've got a massive presence down there. We've connected the buses that are outside. We've given, if you look at the app, we've actually connected those buses to the app for real-time data to say, this is when the next bus is actually coming.  We can tell you where the shuttle bus is. We can tell you when it's coming and how long you're going to have to wait. And yes, don't worry, you've got time to go get another coffee. Yeah, just follow the line. You'll find the bus. You'll find the bus, but how long is it going to take to get you there? Okay, you were mentioning about some of the reasons for apps at the edge. I want to come back and explore that a little bit. You said compliance, I think it's true in cost. There's physics involved as well. So the cloud guys would say, hey, we know there's a lot of stuff going to the edge, but ultimately the heavy work is going to be done in the cloud and all the modeling. You've got others who're saying, hey, here's a box, we're going to put it at the edge. You know, it's kind of a top-down approach. Why, what's your scenario in terms of data at the edge? Why does data need to stay at the edge? You mentioned real-time before, but let's double-click on that a little bit. So I think there's really three key reasons that data and applications are going to be processed at the edge. Number one, compliance, right? So there's certain data that's going to come in that cannot be shipped back to a public cloud. That's part of the rules. You cannot do it. No public cloud storage for certain private data. Number two is cost, honestly. And this is a really big one. If you can reduce your overall cost instead of backhauling all that traffic to HQ, to your data center, and you just keep it at the edge, you don't have to backhaul it. LTE traffic, not the cheapest, and I can only imagine with 5G how much that's going to increase the cost. They're going to want to just backhaul everything, right? We can do that really quickly. We can take everything and put it back. Yes, but your bill every month is going to be monumentally more expensive. And then lastly, as you mentioned, was the time-sensitive one. That's really going to be one of the bigger ones from a business standpoint. The engineers are now going to be able to write applications for processing data at the edge so that they don't lose, in this environment, three seconds is the difference between life and death. I'm kind of exaggerating, but kind of not. If you're missing an alert in a couple seconds where you can't shut down a valve, a gas leak valve, where there's potential for an explosion, those seconds are the difference between boom or we're all good guys, it was just an alert. The other classic example you hear is autonomous vehicles as well. You can't run that from the cloud, right? You've got to do that locally. Last question, Joe, is Cisco differentiation? Obviously you come at it from a position of networking strength. You mentioned that in your opening comments, but give us the bumper sticker on why Cisco. I think that the big reason why Cisco is unique in the IoT world is, number one, we're not trying to be everything to everybody, right? We're trying to create a safe and secure and reliable network. Number two, though, is our ecosystem. So we have a large partner ecosystem. We're expanding it into the OT world. We've got specific products for those OT partners where they can embed our networking technology into their solutions and systems that they're putting together. Lastly is honestly what we're doing here with DevNet. Nobody in this world other than Cisco has DevNet with the network, with the ecosystem. When you put that trifecta together, it's unstoppable. And so being able to bring together IT and OT, only we can do that with those three things. So yeah, I think Susie said yesterday, Stu, 600,000 engineers sort of trained on coding, Cisco infrastructure. It's going to be interesting to see how the OT folks pick up on that and what the adoption is there. Joe Malinfoot, thanks so much for coming on theCUBE. It was great to have you. Thank you, gentlemen, I appreciate it. Really a pleasure. Okay, Stu and I will be right back. Lisa Martin is also in the house. You're watching theCUBE. We're live from Cisco Live in San Diego. We'll be right back.