go ahead and start. Would someone be willing to open us a prayer please? Let's break. What about I come before your presence in the name of Jesus. We thank you for this brand new week and as we begin our session today we thank you for your grace that you have empowered our teacher Lord God bless your Lord God as she's recovering from her viral fever or I speak life I speak health over her body that Lord Jesus she will recover quickly from their viral fever in the mighty name of Jesus Lord God we cover her by the precious blood of Jesus Lord God and also Lord Jesus we thank you for each one of us who are in the class Lord I pray that you open the eyes of our understanding and you you bless us with the spirit of wisdom and revelation so that we can grasp what our teacher is teaching today Lord God bless her Lord God use her Lord God and prepare each one of our hearts and be ready for the class in Jesus name amen. Thank you so much Zalto Lee appreciate your prayer for healing again just mostly better just have a cough so if I get into one of those bouts in the middle of class please excuse me but otherwise I'm doing a lot better so we covered a lot last week I'll just do a quick review but before that I posted our assignments I'm not sure if all of you had a chance to look at that I posted two assignments on the classroom one is a reflection paper and the other is your final paper we will have one more quiz which I'll post probably the last week of the semester and I'll give you all a week to submit the quiz but have you all been able to look at those assignments should we go over them quickly just to answer any questions okay okay sure do you all have any questions do you want me to just go over the question a bit explain what you'll need to do or was it pretty clear it's clear but I think it will be nice to get an explanation to write little more better okay okay sure so the first assignment which is which is due this week is a very short one so I've given you all till Friday right 27th October yeah till Friday I think it'll be Friday evening in Indian time and Friday night or UTC I can see some people have already handed in that's great okay so the question is to pick any topic from 1st Corinthians chapter 1 to 12 and share something that you have learned personally from these chapters but not only to share it in theory but how how do you want to take that and apply that teaching or what you've learned to your life what kind of practical steps will you take to apply it to your life so I gave you just some questions just to help you think about what you can include in the paper so what topic impacted you or was there something that the Holy Spirit kind of highlighted to you in these chapters and then what about that impacted you like why was there something specific in those in that teaching that impacted you what new revelation did you receive how can you take that how does it apply to your life at present so we want to look at present not at some future thing that you're going to do with it but at present or how does what you learn to apply to you and and what are some practical steps you can take to apply it to your life at present so that was the those are the just some questions that you can think about so that in case you didn't know what exactly or how exactly to write the paper those were some questions I gave for the grading I do want all of you to use like to write from your own personal learning so not to copy from any website or anything outside so personal and original writing please also check your grammar check your spellings because this is also written paper so that's important if you need help you want to ask one of another student or somebody to just look through it and give you feedback that's a good way to get any errors corrected submission before deadline answering the questions or like I want to see that you've understood the question have you answered it properly and then keeping it within 250 to 300 words so it's a short paper but I did want us to not just do it as a or do this class or do the paper as something just that is academic but to be allowing what we're learning to be impacting us personally and so this paper is important for that reason linden no you can you can type out the paper linden I've so you have to submit it on google classroom and I've created the document there the google docs you can just go into the google doc put your name in in the title of the document I've given you a format for how I want your name to be put in your last name first name and all of that and then you can put in you can answer the question there and submit it on google classroom directly so similar to how you did your first paper and all of you should have got back your the first assignment that you turned in I think for some people I had some feedback and I'd ask you to resubmit so if if any of you have got that please also check that and resubmit I still have a doubt about the first assignment so it says it says to about any topic does it mean all it should be like one topic for all the questions or so many things that we learned we can put it together on the paper you can put many things only thing is it's a very short paper like 250 to 300 then you might end up just listing many points and not fully looking at how are you going to apply it so it won't be very you won't be able to go very deep into one thing so it may be better to choose one or two or three things that you've learned you decide you decide when you're writing if you feel like there's more things you'd like to include and you're able to include it and keep the paper shop then you can go ahead and do that yeah thank you no problem okay so that is the first assignment that's due this Friday and then you have a final paper now this final paper is going to be a good amount of work so I I also just want to suggest that you'll start soon start your work on it soon and feel free to send your work to me as you're doing it or if you have questions and I can keep giving you feedback through the process so on your final paper I've asked you to pick any topic from either first or second Corinthians and to look at that teaching on that topic throughout the book so if you pick a topic from second Corinthians then you look at what Paul has taught on that topic throughout the book of second Corinthians or if you're looking at first Corinthians eating food offered to idols what all does Paul teach about that in the whole book okay so while you're looking at Paul's teaching of what what has been said on that topic some things to look at is the historical context the cultural context the meaning of the original Greek language so look at the if if that is going to be relevant and it's going to help your study to look at what does the what are some words that he has used and what is the original language word that's used what is the meaning of that word and then also understand what is the context within which he's writing so food offered to idols why was he writing that to the Corinthians at this time so the context within the letters and context within scripture as a whole so we want to also take what does the rest of scripture say about food offered to idols so we'll take we'll understand Paul's teaching in context of first Corinthians and then back in the context of all of scripture and then you give your conclusion at the end of the paper of so like a small summary of so this is what is the teaching on this topic you can give like a paragraph summary at the end but through the paper I've given you some steps for what all you do select the topic read the whole book and list all the teaching on that topic then look outside of that book in the rest of scripture what all teaching is there on the same topic in the rest of scripture and here you can use outside sources when you're looking just to find out where else in scripture is this topic talked about and then step four is you can get outside help for just helping you understand what scripture teaches on this topic so this is where you can do your referencing of other websites other sources and all of that and then step five is to give your conclusion what is your learning about this topic from the study okay so your main source of understanding and inspiration is the Holy Spirit so keep praying and allowing God to reveal his truth as you're studying the scriptures you can reference outside content but whatever you're referencing from the outside I want you to mention it in the paper that this is you've used an outside source and definitely I don't I don't want to have like your whole paper copied and pasted from any website or outside you can reference I've mentioned where all you can use outside references so you can do that again check your grammar spellings check that you've answered the question thoroughly and submit your paper on time so you have until 18th November I think that's a week before the semester closes yeah 18th November is a Saturday um so you can submit that paper before then but in the process of researching like while you're selecting the topic feel free to reach out to me you can email me or post on Google Classroom yeah reach out to me and let me know once you've selected the topic then as you're doing your research if you have questions if you just want to check that you're doing the right thing feel free to reach out to me so yeah any questions are we on good no questions okay okay great so we'll go into our lesson for this week I was also I've been um trying to get the other video done but because of sickness have not been able to so I'm hoping tomorrow that I'll be able to record it yeah tomorrow I also have a class tomorrow and then after that so I'll just post it once it's done sorry about the delay okay so last week we covered from chapter 12 so I'll just do a quick review chapter 12 we looked at the spiritual gifts and where Paul is just kind of introducing the spiritual gifts what are the spiritual gifts what is the purpose of the gifts and who is the source of the gifts the Holy Spirit God gives these gifts to the church for the benefit of the church and and then he talks about all of the different ways these gifts can be utilized then we look at the fact that we are all one body so even though there are all these differences we all have these distinct functions and gifts within the body um all of these things come together uh so that we are able to serve one another and we are all united uh as one in Christ um so that is chapter 12 and then chapter 13 is the chapter on love where he says uh let whatever you're doing in the use of your spiritual gifts let love undergird all that you're doing and he goes into detail about what love looks like so the way love should be expressed as we gather as a church and then we went into chapter 14 um so chapter 14 he um having introduced the gifts then talked about love undergirding all that we do uh he then comes into the section in chapter 14 uh comparing tongues and prophecy use of tongues and prophecy uh within the church and um he's saying uh because our goal is to love one another when we come together as a church when we are using our gifts uh he's encouraging use of prophecy so that other people can understand what is being said or if tongues are being used then that there be interpretation within the church gathering so uh we must remember that here he's talking about the church gathering he's not um he's not uh talking about personal use of tongues he mentions it briefly in between he talks about how tongues uh is something that edifies a person uh spiritually but it edifies that individual uh whereas um if there is interpretation then others can also um can also gain understanding can also be edified spiritually if you're using tongues and also providing interpretation uh and so um so he's talking about these two specific gifts tongues and prophecy in this chapter so we went right up to verse 15 we'll continue let me just start a little behind because that is we'll be in the middle of something so okay so we'll just start from verse 13 uh therefore let him who speaks in a town pray that he may interpret for if I pray in a town my spirit prays but my understanding is unproven what is the conclusion then I will pray with the spirit and I will also pray with understanding I will sing with the spirit and I will also sing with understanding um so verse 13 he's saying so if you're speaking in a town then pray that you will interpret um because uh if if you don't interpret then uh your understanding will be unfruitful that is you won't be able to understand what you are praying and neither will the congregation that's gathered be able to understand but if you have the gift of interpretation then uh you will be able to benefit the congregation because you can pray and you can also interpret for them and you can sing and you can also uh sing in words that they understand um and this is yes in the uh context of gathering as a congregation so we'll go from then to verses 16 onwards can somebody read verse 16 to 20 for us please can you mention the chapter writing part uh chapter 14 16 to 18 right 28 just 16 to 20 and then we'll start yeah verse 16 to 20 otherwise if you bless with the spirit how will he who occupies the place of the uninformed say amen at your giving of tongues since he does not understand what you say for you indeed give thanks but the other is not edified i thank my god i speak with tongues more than you all yet in the church i would rather speak five words with my understanding that i might teach others also than 10 000 words in a town rather than do not be children in understanding however in madiz b bates but in understanding be mature thanks jeffina um so he says uh if you so if you are not doing that that if you are not interpreting uh and you if you are not giving understanding to the listeners uh then even if you bless them and you're uh blessing them uh speaking in tongues um they won't be able to receive that blessing they won't be able to say amen to what you have said because they don't know what you've said uh and so um they are not able to receive the blessing that you've spoken and they're not able to uh fully uh fully appreciate the blessing that has been given to them and so he talks about the place of the uninformed so people who have not understood uh what you said because you've spoken in tongues um and uh he says it for verse 17 so indeed you have you give thanks and that's uh that's a good thing but the other person is not edified right and so what he said clearly in chapter 12 is uh the gifts are for the benefit of all right so if they're not benefiting people then uh you're actually missing out on the point of why you're using the gift in the first place uh verse 18 so here we see that Paul is not saying don't speak in tongues right he's saying I speak in tongues more than you all and though I have this gift um in the church so that's the specific thing he's talked about in the church I would rather speak five words with my understanding so I would rather speak five intelligible words that other people will understand uh than speak 10 000 words so rather than speaking a lot in tongues that rather just speak a little bit and actually communicate something that will benefit the other person who is listening and then verse 20 do not be children in your understandings but be wise so he's saying be be children when it comes to evil but when it comes to understanding and maturity in spiritual things uh be uh you need to grow up so um there's a right place for being like a child and there's a right place for being a mature adult um so being like a child with regard to evil but be mature when it comes to spiritual things uh from there we go into verse 21 if someone can read verses 21 to 25 we'll just read that as one section verse kundian chapter 14 verse 21 to 25 in the law it is written with men of all their tongues and other lips I will speak to the speaker and yet for all that they will not hear me says the lord therefore tongues are for a sign not to those who believe but to unbelievers but prophesying is not for unbelievers but for those who believe therefore if the whole church comes together in one place and all speak with tongues and there come in those who are uninformed or unbelievers will they not say that you're out of your mind but if all prophesy and an unbeliever or an uninformed person comes in he is convinced by all he is convicted by all and thus the secrets of his heart are revealed and so falling down on his face he will worship God and report that God is truly among you thank you um so um he again continues and um and it comes to the end of the section on tongues and prophecy um he goes back to a quotation in Isaiah uh so it's Isaiah 28 11 and 12 and he talks about how um it's actually a verse of judgment uh that God speaks on the people of Israel so he's because they have not listened to the Lord when the Lord has corrected them he sent prophets to them he is going to send their enemies against them and so the enemies will go and with the other tongues through the lips of foreigners I will speak to these people so when their enemies capture them and they are hearing these people speak another language even then at that time they won't listen to the Lord um so that is the judgment that God speaks in Isaiah in this case uh why is this verse quoted here uh what he's saying is um that when when someone is speaking another language and someone hears it and doesn't understand it doesn't listen to it uh that is a sign that they are an unbeliever so just like in Isaiah it proved the hardness of the Israelites' hearts that uh they were even after they were given up to their enemies even after they were captured they still would not turn to the Lord um this this is talking about how when an unbeliever hears something in tongues um they will not recognize that it is a spiritual thing to them it will just sound like nonsense and so it will uh not only will it show that they are not a believer because they will not uh they will not recognize it as something that is coming from the Holy Spirit but also it will not make them a believer because they will uh not understand what is being said and they will not be able to respond to it in faith uh so that's what he goes on to say in verses 20 verse 23 this is what he explains if the whole church comes together and everyone speaks in tongues and inquirers or unbelievers coming will they not say that you are out of your mind right so um if the whole church comes together so everyone comes together in a church gathering and they're all speaking in tongues and someone comes from the outside someone who is is in a place where they want to know or they they don't know about Jesus but they are just coming to find out or they're just an unbeliever and they've come to this service if they hear everyone speaking in tongues or they hear many people speaking in tongues that is not going to have any impact on them they are just going to think that this place is a gathering of crazy people and so they will leave there uh still not believing and so that's why he says uh it is a sign for not for believers but for unbelievers what does that mean that uh it it is a sign means it shows that they are an unbeliever or proves that they are an unbeliever and with and they will remain an unbeliever even though they've heard you exercising that spiritual gift of tongues they will remain an unbeliever in this situation uh on the other hand if you are prophesying here he says prophecy is not for unbelievers but for believers um and then he explains he explains the opposite scenario in verse 24 so if an unbeliever or an inquirer comes in while everyone is prophesying they are convicted of sin and brought under judgment by all as the secrets of their hearts are laid bare so they will fall down and worship God exclaiming God is really among you uh so this is uh where he's saying this is a sign for uh not for unbelievers but for believers so when there is prophecy what happens is that an unbeliever can come in and because they can understand what is being said uh they they will see that God is moving in this place and they will um they will be convicted by the Holy Spirit because they will uh they will see that what is within their own hearts is being exposed as people are prophesying as people are speaking uh what the Spirit leads them to say and that is what will bring them uh to God's bring them to salvation and therefore they will become believers and so uh prophecy will lead them to belief uh so uh so this is what he's encouraging them to do he's saying uh instead of using tongues when you all gather without interpretation uh use prophecies so that uh if an unbeliever comes in they do are benefited and they may see that God is at work in this place um any questions on this I just want to a little more explanation on prophesying because in verse 22 it says it's not for unbelievers and in verse 24 we see that uh unbelievers are being convicted and convinced because of the prophecy so I believe both are in maybe different context or maybe it has difference in the meanings so I just want you to explain me a little for the prophecy even yeah in verse 22 and 24 I just want to know because it says prophesying is not for unbelievers and then we see in 24 uh they are prophesying so that uh the unbelievers will be convinced and convicted yeah so uh here when we say they are a sign um what we can understand from this context which what he's talking about is it's a sign meaning it proves the state of a person's heart right so in both examples that he gives 23 24 an unbeliever is coming into the gathering an unbeliever or an inquirer is coming into the church gathering now uh if there are tongues it exposes them as an unbeliever but they also remain an unbeliever so uh it's a sign for uh an unbeliever meaning that it exposes that they are an unbeliever and uh it also kind of seals the fact that they remain an unbeliever when you use tongues because they leave they're not being impacted whereas uh if an unbeliever comes in and he has prophecy it is a sign for them in the sense that it exposes them as an unbeliever because they are convicted of sin but they do not leave an unbeliever they leave a believer because they see that god is working there so it says when it says it's not for unbelievers but for believers it means that uh it it uh will help somebody become a believer so the prophecy will help somebody uh move from being an unbeliever to become a believer whereas um tongues will keep a person in a place of unbelief does that make sense so when he's saying um tongues is not for believers but for unbelievers he's saying they will remain unbelievers when you're using tongues but if you reuse prophecy not it's not for unbelievers but for believers is because through prophecy they will become a believer does that answer your question okay okay yeah so that is yeah it is a little bit confusing because he's saying it's a sign and how we understand what he means by sign uh it's it's not used in the typical way the word sign is used but because he explains it further in verses 23 24 and 25 we understand what he's talking about and using that quotation from Isaiah before this uh where when the tongue where even though tongues are used uh the people don't respond they don't listen to what god is saying um and so through that context you can understand what he's talking about okay so uh from there let's move on to the next section so in your notes we also look at uh tongues uh being used so there's a reference to in the book of acts when uh tongues was used and people came to faith now that is a different use of tongues uh where the Holy Spirit came and people were speaking in uh the languages of the people uh that had gathered there it was not in the context of a local church gathering um where you're gathered to worship so understanding that difference so in the context in acts is where tongues was used um and other people could understand right so there were um people who were gathered in Jerusalem who heard uh the disciples speaking in tongues and they could understand what was being said uh so that is a different use of tongues in that case um 26 to 33 can somebody read that for us please 26 to uh 33 okay first kandia chapter 14 verse 26 to 33 how is it then brethren whenever you come together each of you has a psalm has a teaching has a tongue has a revelation has an interpretation that all things be done for edification if anyone speaks in a tongue let there be two or at the most three each in turn and let one interpret but if there is no interpreter let him keep silent in church and let him speak to himself and the god let two or three prophets speak and let the others judge but if anything is revealed to another who sits by let the first keep silent for you all you can all prophesy one by one that all may learn and all may be encouraged and the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets for god is now the author of confusion but of peace as in all the churches of the saints thank you so um we've seen in in all of the previous chapters paul is um giving them instructions about how they should gather as a church um so what we've covered in the previous weeks as well with the uh lord supper with the head covering so he's continuing that teaching right even what he's we just covered now and what he's continuing to cover so he wants that to be proper order in these gatherings because everyone's using their spiritual gifts everyone wants to play in tongues everyone wants to prophesy but if it's all happening simultaneously there's a lot of confusion no one's listening to the other person so there's no real uh engagement that's happening with one another we are they're not actually able to minister to one other everyone's just doing anything whenever they feel like doing if they have something they want to say they just stand up and say it uh and then someone may be saying something simultaneously so all of those things so he's just trying to give it order so that when they come together that whatever is being done is being done in a way that is beneficial to people there isn't any confusion everyone's given a chance to share what they have been inspired to share by the holy spirit to be able to present that to the congregation and the whole church benefits in that process so verse 26 he's saying how is it then brethren so that is um he he's not asking how is it that you have these gifts he's saying um what shall we say or when we come together how should we behave um then he says each of you has a psalm or teaching a tongue revelation so each of them was coming with these things and they were so eager to use their gifts that they were all doing it in any order in any way they wanted so this is an amazing thing when we gather as a church for people to come with this kind of um desire to bless one another and to come with that revelation with those spiritual gifts uh that they want to impart what they have been blessed with through the rest of the church right so this is something that we could be praying for for our church gatherings for a small group gatherings or if if our churches have small groups or life groups that gather to encourage views of gifts in these settings where each person comes having something to share to contribute to the gathering um it allows people to exercise their spiritual gifts it allows people to do it in a safe environment where we can correct one another um and it also then enables everyone to be fulfilling their role within the body of Christ there isn't anyone who's just coming and just becoming a spectator or just receiving and going away but everyone is coming bringing their gifts bringing their contribution uh and building the rest of the body up um so it's a beautiful thing to work towards so each one has a sum a teaching a tongue a revelation an interpretation and let all things be done for edification so he constantly is reminding them what is the purpose of the gifts the gifts are for edifying the church um it is uh it should come out of a place of love so there's no place for boasting there's no place for spiritual pride um it's all for the benefit of the body uh all by the grace of God all uh given to us by the will of the Holy Spirit um and should all be done in love and that's why that importance of having interpretation all of those things is there uh verse 27 um so if anyone speaks in the tongue let there be two so he's saying okay now suppose right now someone has something that they want to say in tongues don't like 10 people stand up and all want to talk at the same time let two or three people at the most stand up and each of them take turns say what they have to say and let one person interpret okay so once all of them finish then if there are more people who want to speak in tongues then the next two or three people stand up they share and then it's interpreted and then verse 28 again the reminder if there's no interpreter let him keep silent in church and let him speak to himself and to God um then verse 29 let two or three prophets speak and let the others judge so just as he said uh with tongues let two or three of them stand up speak let one interpret and then you move on you can have more people speak in tongues or if there is someone who wants to prophesy let two or three prophets speak and let the others judge so um here as well the importance of when there is a prophecy being given that uh we don't blindly receive it but we judge for ourselves is this coming from the Holy Spirit um now uh this doesn't mean that if someone has prophesied and um there is something incorrect about what they've said or something that is not in line with uh the word of God something that uh is not in line with the character of God um that doesn't mean that they are they are evil or shouldn't be in the church or shouldn't be allowed to speak uh we're all in a place of learning and growing in maturity so there is place for error which is why there is this importance of judging so someone can share it could be an error and uh as a church you can correct them um whether how you choose to correct in what kind of setting is a different question but um we give space to people to share what they are led by the spirit to share what they feel led to share and you judge whether this is uh from the Holy Spirit whether this is right uh whether this is true whether it's in accordance with God's word God's character God's way of doing things um um and then verse 31 you can all prophesy one by one that all may learn and all may be encouraged right so everyone will get a chance to prophesy right you can all prophesy one by one so that all may learn and all may be encouraged so uh the importance of uh everyone being blessed in this process both the people who are uh prophesying people are using the gifts as well as the people who are there uh to hear what is being shared and the spirit of the prophets are subject to prophets so that is also an important thing that God doesn't uh overtake our own will right we have the will to keep quiet we have a will to direct whatever God is giving us to say to be able to say that when when to say it when to keep silent all of those things and so he says uh you have that power that ability to control that um we'll just wear that 950 so we'll take a 10 minute break um and then we'll come back and continue from here thank you


Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is Role of State in Constructing Socialism. Dear students, in the 19th century, the philosophy of state socialism was first explicitly expounded by the German political philosopher Ferdinand Lassel. Dear students, in contrast to Karl Marx's perspective of the state, Lassel rejected the concept of the state as a class-based power structure whose main function was to preserve existing class structure. Dear students, Lassel, the philosopher also rejected the Marxist view that the state was destined to wither away. Dear students, Lassel considered the state to be an entity independent of class allegiances and an instrument of justice that would therefore be essential for achieving socialism. Now, question arises what is meant by the term wither away. It means to cause to fade and the word allegiance means commitment or adherence. Dear students, preceding the Bolshevik-led revolution in Russia, many socialists including reformist, orthodox, Marxist, such as consul, communism, anarchist and Librarian socialists criticized the idea of using the state to conduct central planning and own the means of production as a way to establish socialism. Dear students, following the victory of Lenin in Russia, the idea of state socialism spread rapidly throughout the socialist movement and eventually state socialism came to be identified with the Soviet economic model. Now, question arises what is meant by the term orthodox. It means following or conforming to the traditional or generally accepted rules or beliefs of a religion, philosophy or practice. Dear students, another philosopher, Joseph Schumpeter, rejected the association of socialism and social ownership with state ownership over the means of production because the state as it exists in its current form is a product of capitalistic society and cannot be transplanted to a different institutional framework. The philosopher Schumpeter also argued that there would be different institutions within socialism than those that exist within modern capitalism just as feudalism had its own distinct and unique institutional forms. The state along with concepts like property and taxation were concepts exclusive to commercial society and attempting to place them within the context of a future socialist society would amount to a distortion of these concepts by using them out of context. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.


It's the breakfast and plus CV Africa. It's time where we turn our attention to the papers bringing you great analysis and inside right here with Tunde Kola Wali who joins the conversation via phone. Tunde is good to have you join us this morning. Good morning. Thank you. Hope you have a great night. Thank you for asking. I did. We set off with we set off with the leadership newspaper on the leadership newspaper letter to Nigeria Democracy Day season by the president. I mean that letter has been published. It might just be dominating some of the papers this morning. Rodney Mates APC defies to Tunubu. We came to emerge as Attico's vice president presidential candidate. And then some quarters are saying that you know Wikia has probably turned that down but I don't know how true that is. Governors want to influence Tunubu's running mate who's a dimmer. Interesting. Part is in rush to meet Friday deadline. And Malibu, Nigeria loses 1.7 billion dollar JP Morgan Chase case. Very sad. 2023 polls. Army wants commanders offices to stay clear of politics and carries co-defendants get to your jail time. I take that again carries co-defendant gets to your jail time. That's on the leadership this morning. All right. Let's move on from the leadership to the punch doesn't have any letter from the president. But it has some information that will be of interest to Nigeria. It's a big story there with the kicker Muslim Muslim ticket the headline can that's the Christian associate of Nigeria. Others warn parties as Buhari meets governors PDP names Attico's VP on Thursday. I know a lot of fake news has been making the rounds on social media as to who Attico picked asses running mate. Indeed some news outlets had already put out the information and then if you read the story you'd see that they're saying reports have it you know I don't know who the underprobability who have been rushing to impress why not just wait let the man name it and then you I mean I mean I got calls yesterday posting someone had been picked as Attico's VP and I say hey see don't allow yourself being saved. Anyway the following writers to that headline Muslim Muslim ticket dangerous declaration of war can warns parties vows stay for resistance. What matters is responsive responsible government hunger knows no religion Tinibu's group constitution doesn't stipulate religion as criterion for choosing VP says governor Uzodemma more from V-Punch. AQT INEC IG promise credible governorship poll tinibu 14 governors campaign for APC. At the top of that front page fuel subsidy surpasses health education welfare budgets World Bank warns Nigeria page 20 or what massacre southwest governors to reject security lawmakers demand attackers arrest. The writer to that story southwest won't tolerate another tax has occurred a loop three governors in eight seventy five million narrow will put security agencies on the fire until the arrest killers reps that's page 30 probably adopting a different approach from the governor of Bennu estates someone Tom who always would tell the citizens that they are on their own and they should defend themselves. Dollar rises by 21 percent effects shortage persists after party primaries there's a link well you can read more for that FG 10 states plan 2000 megawatts of great power right when you hear plan you know I wonder what to look at what I would say about this when you hear plan 1.04 trillion narrow lost to 2021 aircraft repairs in foreign countries FG all right I think what they are telling us that 31 policemen dismissed others sanctioned over 14,976 complaints government abducted two in Ogun church 14 in Katsina and Bayosa as well diesel price may hit 1,500 naira per letter 75 percent of filling stations closed according to marketers and we've been hearing that they've been queues in Abuja wasn't news yesterday the papers recovered it before now during the primaries so some of my friends in Abuja posting online that why are we having queues I mean traffic traffic jam in Abuja when there is no fuel and that's like but we have fuel in Lagos today we see you saw it small small you know when it's about to come it's a little queues popping up I don't know if it's panic by no but I reject every situation of us getting legal is this you praying saying the prayer we can't we can't get into that again no because I saw that as well and I said I asking myself it's possible that probably you might just be having another few scars we'll get the thoughts of tunicola when we're done with that but those are stories coming on the front page headlights come on the front page of the punch away from the punch let's take a look at the daily independent newspaper Buhari rejects pressure to impose running mate on tunicola I mean who are these peasants imposing trying to pressure the president he's the president it takes decision without cabal interesting that's what the president's is quoted to say a lot of peasants will not agree with that large turnover of reps a big loss to democracy but abhi amila is quoted and underneath lawan console senators who lost out in primaries assure senate will address the loopholes in electoral acts again you find Nigeria lost 2.5 billion to aircraft maintenance abroad in 2021 moving away from that caption you find jeppie mogan wins 1.7 billion against Nigeria or massacre southwest governors to hold security meeting abhi adum is quoted or gun legers choir governors donate 75 million naira kidnappers of zamfara wedding guests demand 145 million naira ransom that's a lot of money niger to lose five trillion naira in 2022 over fuel subsidy the world bank is saying and says inflation likely to increase further additional one million Nigerians going into poverty by the end of 2022 uh alleged cocaine deal abaccaris co-defendant backs two years imprisonment and pdp committee recommends wiki as a tico's running mate i mean this is how the daily independence reports and also petal b visits egypt to understand the country's power education and finance sector these are some of the headlines this morning on the daily independence newspaper all right at this point let's bring in to the color with a legal practitioner who's a guest this morning and of course uh we'll be analyzing he'll be analyzing the headlines to the color well good morning to you yeah good morning to you out well thank you very much for telling me yes and let's start with the last one that messi talked about this is coming on the front page uh of the daily independent newspaper and he has received some stake from his fellow uh president shella sparrant uh talking about amoele shawry i saw his tweet yesterday but um petal b is off to egypt the picture shared on his twitter account to go and in his words on the study egypt's power of education and finance sector is this um necessary for a presidential candidate to make some noise about amoele shawry says uh you know petal b is not prepared to be president because he had uh eight years as governor of an amber state had um a run during an election cycle as a running major presidential candidate he was on a presidential ticket and that by now should have had all these things figured out what do you say sorry i didn't quite get that all right um petal b has visited egypt is on a trip to under study the country's power education and finance sectors and uh he put out a statement yeah a tweet and some pictures showing him at the airport uh boarding a commercial flight to egypt uh one of his yes yes you know one of his uh fellow aspirants of amoele shawry of aac is saying that petal b should have figured all these things a long time ago that what we he learned about egypt's power education and um health sector in three days in three days that he had eight years as governor and uh a full election cycle as a running major presidential candidate he should have got all these things figured out that's all let's let's begin i i do my initial work one one would have expected as it used to be drawn in the past that before you even told you had to to the link you would have done your own work you have done a lot of research you have mapped out your strategy and package and also where the funds will come from to run some of the programs and manifestos you intend to deliver to the people that was what used to happen in the past you really collect when chief of staff in the aula world when nanga is equal when they were contested they assembled a team of experts who advise them on the programs that their party should adopt that can take the nation forward how the programs are to be executed and where the money will come from you will also recollect that here in lego before legislative back and then back on the program the blueprint for that program would have been done by experts from various fields look at the housing projects that legislative back and then built would you believe it that the use of pillars so the first building today instead of using blocks all around and manipulated from some of the advices and research that people get a lot of back and the people engineers people like iodelia which was here and cool then look to minimize the cost of building you can put in pillars in in there and then use little blocks and other materials and that thing has became the aim thing today those are the sorts of things that you want to see with serious minded political experiments and not all these journeymen ambitious people who have no program whatsoever for the people i also would say that pizza will be with all the noises they're making all over the place shouldn't be exhibiting this kind of naivety on the eve of the presidential election all right to the color well last quickly also let's also look at move away from that and look at the daily independent newspaper where you have the report saying that boharie rejects pressure to impose running mate on tunable what are your thoughts and according to the presidency the presidency is saying that he takes his decision without cabal and prior to this time even though we haven't been able to see a proof to whether there's a cabal or not there's a constant um thoughts and feelers saying that uh you probably just have the cabal taken the shorts and deciding on behalf of the president i think since the president decided he wasn't going to impose a presidency or a presidential aspirant on this party and that he also jettisoned at the end of the day the consensus candidacy it should be expected that he wouldn't be too eager too to impose the running mate on the flag bearer of his party again that is the way it should be done they ought to do a level playing ground however they want to lobby to become the vice president for the running mate of the apc there is nothing wrong and i'm not saying this for the president to have his preference either for who becomes the president or becomes his running mate what will be wrong is for him not to allow the delegates or the rank and pile of the party so decide who flies the flag of the apc as president and also whom the presidential candidate chooses as his running mate it is natural to have preference but it should be wrong so now you show good offices to impose a candidate of the party either as the flag bearer or the president or as the running mate so i think the president is in good stead to have stood aloof in who became the president and who became his running mate also the kava let me say this all over the world there is usually a kava behind most governments behind most presidencies look at russia for example you hear of the oligarchy and you are the oligarchy they are the ones who are in charge of the apex of the russian economy they are the ones who deal in gas, who deal in petroleum products and who deal in massive importations and answer in ammunition manufacturing which is also the army in america too you have the oligarchy you have the going manufacturing people the people manufacture weapons most times when the republicans are in power the arms and ammunition manufacturers always stand in good stead from here to realize in the society the problem with our own kava is that they don't come from the background of an enlightened servant trust they come from the background of wanting to use power or wanting to use the presidency or wanting to manipulate whoever is in power to him and reach them so could give them plump jobs to give them plump contacts to employ their worlds and relations into juicy jobs in power startups and ministries in the bank and then in the presidency furthermore most times some people pretend to be members of the kava in nigeria or in the presidency whereas they are nothing they nearly go looking for ambitious politicians who want to be governor who want to be president who want to be minister and they try to draw me to them that they are the year of the president of the vice president of this also goblin and that if he makes this amount of money available mostly in billions and in dollars and funds they will be able to get for him whatever post he aspires or is interested in we used to have a man if you remember when he comes from goodness state his name starts with telling and do you used to tell people that all you needed to do is to consult him and whatever you want in the society or in government or in the business sector is able to get for you these are in friends settling a night who use their so-called in friends to make money to enrich themselves to corrupt the system so a good government who have a way a mechanism and ways are mean to discipline to rein in to ensure that it is not just a few people but it is not the kava that the state or its government whatever it does its power whatever programs it executes and now it's delivered on the dividends and leverages of democracy it is been naive for anybody to say that you can run any society or any government without some influence badly and like behind it all right thank you very much to the color only for that let's move on to look at the papers and the attention they give into the tussle for who becomes a vice president or the running meet rather of the political parties their attention is mostly on the two leading political parties in Nigeria the all progressives congress and the people's democratic party now the nation is repress says that a pdb panel has okayed yes so we can as articles running meet we haven't seen anything from it article to indicate that there were rumors yesterday indeed the word we k and confirmed we're training on twitter last night search the internet didn't see no information to that effect what are your thoughts on this apart from that other papers have also you know given attention to that of course as messy said earlier buhari rejects a pressure to impose running meet on team with one from the daily independent so let's look at what is going on the pdb first before you talk about the other one okay for wiki is a very ambitious person it is not impossible that is the one flying the kite i'm putting fillers in the media that will be the that we should be chosen as a running meet for the pdb flag data that is a large article you know he did very well in the presidential primary of the pdb he also spent a fortune of the river state money to get the president of the pdb but at the end of the day i think a large article overspending i also think that the years of experience and the influence that article has accumulated at the end of the day shown the pendulum of victory to the side of the article i am not too sure that any presidential aspirant would like to choose a weekend as a running meet he is rancorous very loud he feels like a bull in a china workshop that is is loyalty to so his principal is all the suspects he will recollect he used to be the chief of staff so oh former minister of transport at rote maya meeting look at the way he did his principal and teamed up with a mrs. Jonathan and eventually a nine forces which represent good luck on a time to rest power from governor of the meeting of former governor in a meeting in river state ever since he got that power he has not allowed what he may make it to have their own base when you have a person as ambitious as we can and sometimes as powerful as we can and sometimes who are that kind of a resource that is his purpose most people will not want them as their deputy because they might be feeling it is difficult to control to manage them and you and i do know a vice president a deputy governor and like spare tire to their principal no mangeran politician who wants a similar powerful and ambitious person as a deputy for the apc i have very strong suspicion that with the role that the governor's place in the images of ashua june as the flag as the presenter flag of the apc they will have a very decisive say and it becomes their only means to ashua jubola met in a book it is not impossible that one of the governor will already be jocelyn for that position and loving his colleagues to help him get it it is also not impossible that people like shatima who also play the very crucial that is trying to talk to shatima and former governor for an estate might also want that their position and you know there's also the speculation that the vice presidential plot of the apc should be zone to the notice where shatima comes from the other controversial issue regarding the running means to all the presidential candidates is whether to choose a christian or a muslim for certain people like eluphi and for certain people like me i really don't care whether the president and the vice president are both muslims or whether the president and vice president are both christians what i'm interested in is competence ability to get to nigeria out of this wild wind of insecurity ability to put food on the table of the average nigerian person ability to reduce the statutory pretend unemployment that we now have in the society if a muslim muslim ticket if a christian christian ticket will provide or give solutions to all this problem and really don't care thank you so much remember we have to let you go now so this will be just issues such that it may not be advisable for the two parties to choose muslims in our president and vice president because we appreciate your thought and perspective on the papers this morning thank you so much for being part of the breakfast thanks for all the men that's because we're at a time we look forward to sharing more of your thoughts as we proceed in the course of the show within the week hopefully or next week we'll take a break now but just before then let's let you know what happened today in history when we return we'll be looking at the first major conversation i neck deadline to stay with us


Hi, I'm Diana Ibrahim with the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. This week, Cal OES continues to remind all Californians to take precautions during summer months like preparing for high heat and conserving energy, such as limiting outdoor activity during high temperatures, staying hydrated, conserving energy during peak hours, keeping portable devices charged, and seeking cooling centers as needed. Also, at Cal OES's request, the federal government has now included Alameda, Imperial, San Bernardino, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Ventura counties as part of the February and March Storms Presidential Major Disaster Declaration, providing public assistance to state, tribal, and local governments. Public assistance applies to emergency work, repair, and or the replacement of disaster-damaged public facilities and infrastructures. And finally, good news for those impacted by the February and March Storms. The federal government has extended the deadline to apply for direct disaster aid to September 1. To apply, either go to disasterassistance.gov or by downloading the FEMA app or by calling 1-800-621-3362. To see more from us, go to news.calos.ca.gov and follow us on all of our social media platforms.


My name is John Sutherland. I am the Phasenfeld Head of Environmental and Ecological Engineering. And I would like to welcome you all to the inaugural College of Engineering Distinguished Lecturer. At this point, I would like to introduce Meng Chang, who is, in turn, going to introduce our speaker for today. Dr. Chang is the John A. Edwardsen Dean of the College of Engineering and the Roscoe H. George Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The dean has impacted over 250,000 students via his courses and textbooks, has co-founded several startups and a nonprofit consortium, and is also a recipient of the prestigious NSF Waterman Award, Dean Chang. Thank you, John. Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the inaugural Purdue Engineering Distinguished Lecture Series. Today is the day that we start this series, and we have been planning this for a while. We know that Purdue Engineering has a proud heritage, a strong momentum, and even brighter future with outstanding talents, faculty, students, staff, and our partners. And we can and we will aim at the pinnacle of excellence at scale. And as one of the initiatives to invite some of the best and brightest minds around the world to Purdue Engineering, we started this series. And we're delighted and excited that we have such an outstanding speaker to kick off the brand new series. And this is being streamed live on Facebook right now. I just tweeted about this important event on this important day. If you don't follow me, it's Purdue and Dean. And the room turns out to be too small. It is too small indeed for today's subject, perhaps, and we are so honored to have one of the leading figures in this field and the very person who coined the term green chemistry to be with us today. Our distinguished lecture professor, Paul Anastas, is the Teresa and H. John Heinz-Third Chair in Chemistry for the Environment at Yale University. And he is appointed across five schools at Yale. And I hope that Professor Anastas also receives five times the salary and benefits, including the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Department of Chemistry, the School of Engineering, Applied Sciences, School of Management, and School of Medicine at Yale. When we speak about interdisciplinary teams, I guess we have one whole team in our speaker here today. Professor Anastas also serves as the founding director of the Yale Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering. He has co-founded four companies and serves as a science advisor to several venture capital and private equity firms. Professor Anastas has served in multiple federal administrations, including the Clinton, Bush, and Obama administration. And most recently, as the Senate-confirmed assistant administrator for research and development at the United States Environmental Protection Agency. His research focuses on molecular design, chemical synthesis, catalysis, biofeedstocks, and transformations. He has also published 13 books. And it has been recognized with many awards, including the Heinz Award, the Rachel Carson Prize, the E.O. Wilson Award, and the John J. S. Meadow. And I can keep on going with the credentials. But then again, we're all eager to learn more about green chemistry, the future, and the necessary journey that lies ahead. A big round of applause for our speaker, Professor Anastas. Thank you. Thank you, Paul. Appreciate that. I'm hoping I don't need this. I'll be happy to. First of all, let me say thank you for that very kind introduction and the kind invitation. It always astounds me when I get invited to talk about green chemistry. Because I talk about it all the time, and restaurants, and movies, and people say, will you please stop talking about green chemistry? So to be invited. And it's a special honor to have the invitation from John Sutherland, somebody who I believe is one of the true pioneers who has and continues to redefine what environmental engineering really is. So thank you, John. It's a real pleasure and a real honor. My goodness, it's going to be fun. This is going to be fun. Hold on. This is a five-ticket ride. Now, I could go on and on. And I was asking some guidance as to how long should I speak? And I was told, well, remember Socrates. And I said, ah, yes, Socrates. What about Socrates? And he said, well, he could wax on philosophically for hours and days, and they killed him. So I'll be brief in that remark. But it is a topic that I think is important. It's going to be a pleasure to talk with you. But I'm going to start. I'm going to start by telling you what I'm actually not going to talk to you about this afternoon. Because one of the things that I would love to have conversations with each of you about is some of the things that we have going on in my center and the work that we have going on about Yale.  This center is actually founded across the university, across arts and sciences, across engineering, across the environment school, but perhaps at least as importantly, the work that we do with the law schools, school of medicine management, architecture, and yes, even divinity. And why? Because if you're going to truly make a difference at scale on sustainability and changing the trajectory we're on, you're going to need all of the different disciplines, skill sets, and that's what we try to do. I'm not going to talk to you about how we divide our work up into not only just simply advancing the science through fundamental research, but also how you prepare for the next generation, catalyze implementation by working with industry, some of the largest companies, some of the largest manufacturers, and raising awareness by getting out there, getting the message out there, getting it into policies. I'm certainly not going to be talking to you about our research areas of materials, energy, and water systems. I'm not going to spend any time at all, any time at all talking with you about our work on the integrated bio refinery, where we do things like transform lignin and other bio-based feedstocks. The one thing that I will say is I'm guessing in this room there's an understanding, a general recognition, that petroleum didn't conquer the world. Oil didn't conquer the world by saying, oh, we have this black goo. Let's burn it for energy and just do nothing with the rest, but rather by squeezing value out of absolutely every distillation fraction. And yet what we've seen when we talk about the bio-based economy is, well, we'll make biofuels and count on government subsidies to make the value proposition. That transition to a true bio refinery, a true bio-based economy, will require the same kind of technological elegance. Yes, technological elegance that we see in the petroleum past century or more. Biomaterials from that, a wide range of biomaterials, including, as I mentioned, pretty much the only viable source of aromatic chemicals is lignin. And yet we burn 98% of it for its fuel value. We do a lot at low temperatures, low pressures for specific chemicals. Now, I'm not going to talk to you about nanomaterial design except to say it's not all about the size. The toxicity of nanomaterials can be designed to give you all of the function without so many of the hazards. And this is certainly true of molecules in general. And we have established something called the Molecular Design Research Network with a number of other universities to say from basic fundamental chemical principles using quantum modeling, like density functional theory, how do we understand how to design molecules so that they're intrinsically safer from the beginning. OK, last thing I'm not going to talk about is our educational outreach and our work to build these things into policy at the state, federal, and international level in our work with the United Nations or how we spin out companies. Right now we have about four companies that we've spun out of the center because, as we all know, nothing is going to change the world if it doesn't do it at scale. All right. So that's why I'm not going to talk to you about all of that stuff. And why did I spend that time? Because I want almost every one of you, not the faculty, I want almost every one of you to apply to come to the center and work for my lab. That's why. But what we're going to be talking about today is this great grand challenge of sustainability and how it relates to our late supreme chemistry. We're going to be talking about the future. Now, some of us are old enough to remember when we were growing up, the views of the future were utopian. The views of the future was like Star Trek. You were just sitting there waiting on Saturday morning to say, this is the day that my jet pack is going to come in the mail. It was a genuinely utopian of plenty and harmony and things like that. I'm going to suggest that now views of the future, utopia as much as Yogi Berrell likes to say, the future ain't what it used to be. Yeah, because the views of the future, pretty dystopic. Pretty ugly. I mean, you can't look at a projection of the future and movies and culture on TV without saying, oh, it's all a great horrible abyss that we're staring into. Well, I have to tell you, that's not something that I think any of us should be accepting. As much as it's difficult to predict the future, as Niels Bohr always reminds us, the nice thing about giving a lecture on the future is I don't know what neither do you. So we'll all just stop projecting what can happen, what should happen, what needs to happen. But the future I genuinely believe is going to look largely what we design it to look like. The influence that we have over society, civilization, in terms of especially what I'll be focusing on as the material and energy flows of our society and our civilization is going to be affected by design. The 21-word definition of green chemistry, the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances, if that one sentence definition is going to have launched a worldwide community that where companies around the world are using that for their R&D portfolios, then that definition has to have some meaning. The most important word in that definition is the word design, because the important thing is that you can't do design by accident. Everyone in this room knows that design is a statement of human intention. And so when I hear folks say, oh, well, we were doing green engineering and green chemistry back in the 70s because I seem to remember a process where we eliminated cyanide. Can't do design by accident unless you have thoughtful statements of intention. You understand your methods. You have systems under control. Design is going to be the single most important motivator, factor, framework that we're going to have if we're going to get off the unsustainability trajectory that we're on. So I'm going to suggest that tomorrow is going to be measured and we'll look like whether we succeed or fail in our design challenge to move to a sustainable world. What do I mean by that? How do we frame what the design challenge is for 100 years into the future? Well, if we take a look back, let's take a look century or so ago. Let's go back about 100 years or so. In order for us to have realized what today looks like, the imputed design challenge must have been maximize near-term economic gain for a small percentage of the population while destroying the very resources that allowed you to realize that economic gain. Because that is certainly what we have succeeded at doing. That is what we have succeeded at doing. We have been able to realize tremendous economic gains. And anybody who ignores the fact of the productivity of the planet being magnified isn't paying attention. But anybody who ignores the damage to the essential resources necessary to have realized that also isn't paying attention. So that's why I say the imputed design challenge had to have looked something like this. So how are we going to change what our explicit design challenge needs to be in order to effectively make tomorrow look different than today? Now, as we look back, I could reel on and on about the various, not just environmental, but much broader measures of sustainability and talk about all of the things that have been done wrong over the past 100 years. But quite frankly, that's not particularly interesting. Downright depressing. You all know it already. And quite frankly, it's really not useful. Because if we look back and pass judgment on those that came before us, even when we're right, even when our condemnation is 100% justified, it kind of just makes us feel good or feel superior and or anything but superior. What's more important, perhaps, is to look 50 or 100 years into the future and start saying, all right, what are they going to look back on us and correctly judge us on our absurdities? And when I say absurdities, I mean the things that we do believe value today and pursue today that are so demonstrably false and flawed that it will tax our imagination to see why these things are considered acceptable, socially acceptable, intellectually acceptable, legally acceptable. So I do say that today is somewhere between an absurdity and an obscenity. When we talk about the status of the world, the inequity, the situation we are with running an experiment on the only planet that we're ever going to get. So I'm going to talk about the status quo a little bit, not as some kind of nebulous, undefined system, but the way that it really impacts the decisions we make. Definition of status quo, cognitive bias, an irrational preference for the current state of affairs, a body of evidence that shows an irrational preference for the status quo bias frequently affects decision making. So the status quo, the way things are, the way things have been and are continuing to be in so many ways, it's the job of the status quo to preserve itself. When we talk about the need for discovery, for invention, for innovation, which is something that drives all of us as scientists and engineers, we have to recognize that it's important to know that there are forces there to make sure that those changes are being, there's an attempt to make them fit into the status quo box. So we like to think, no, we want to bring about change. And change is necessary. If we are actually in agreement that the current situation of the world in terms of resources and sustainability is on an unsustainable trajectory, then change is the only option. Delta is the only key. So we need to understand those forces opposed to change. I like this New Yorker cartoon. Never ever think outside the box. People want something. But every time a company rejects a superior, perhaps transformative technology because it would disrupt the existing supply chain, that is the status quo defending itself, preserving itself. When a venture capital firm says, well, that doesn't fit into our investment buckets, our models for ROI, that is the status quo defending itself. When a government funding agency that funds basic research says, well, that didn't really fall into the grant solicitation that we wrote. And quite frankly, we don't have reviewers on our panel capable of understanding or judging these proposals. That is the status quo preserving itself. Now, when the status quo does its job, it has impacts. So as much as we'd like to think with scientists and engineers and we believe in innovation and transformation and invention, simply stated, it's also very true that people have a version to change. Lord Kelvin. Lord Kelvin, the inventor of the temperature together we were talking about at lunch, refused to believe that the earth was more than 24 million years old after Rutherford, the great Rutherford, showed him the data, radioisotope data, proving it to be false. Mendeleev, the inventor of the periodic table of elements, refused to believe in the existence of radiation or even the electron after J.J. Thompson showed him the evidence of the electron's existence. J.J. Thompson, the inventor of the electron, would refuse to believe that the ether was anything other than essential to our lives as the air we breathe after, long after it was disproven. And of course, Einstein's criticism of quantum mechanics that God does not play dice with the universe is legendary. So what am I doing? Just picking on the giants? Picking on our scientific giants? That's not very nice. That's rather uncouth. No, I'm not picking on the giants. What I am suggesting is that even scientific giants who have led us to new levels of knowledge, new understandings, new conceptual frameworks that did not exist before them does not mean that they're going to be able to realize, understand much less advance and adopt the next levels of understanding. Einstein says problems can't be solved at the same level of awareness that created them. So what we're talking about is a new level of awareness. And there is no, quote, better than Isaac Newton's. How many folks are familiar with Isaac Newton's famous quote of, if I can see the horizon, it's because I stand on the shoulders of giants. Everybody knows? Everyone takes that saying to say, look at that Isaac Newton. He was given a lot of credit to those giants. Well, there's another reading to that, isn't there? And that is implicitly. That means Newton was saying the giants cannot see the horizon, right? So who's going to be seeing that horizon? That would be you standing on the shoulders of giants, that you have right here at Purdue. So what are we doing to preserve the status quo and academia and the research enterprise and business and industry? I think that's something that needs to be reflected on. Because this is going to affect what research we do, what companies we launch, and whether or not the tapestry of society is going to move towards sustainable or away from it. Progress is a nice word, but changes its motivator and change has its enemies. So one of the things that I just want to spend a minute on is efficiency. Because so much of the discussion around sustainability, so much of the discussion around invention, innovation is around improved efficiency, energy efficiency, material efficiency, et cetera, et cetera. Is it possible that efficiency will help you do the thing you're doing better, but it won't help you do a better thing? Is it possible that just making unsustainable products, processes, systems a little bit less bad, a little bit more efficient, a little bit more material and energy productive is not going to get us off the sustainable trajectory? Is it possible that what we need to be thinking about is the inherent nature, the qualitative nature of the material and energy that we use? What would a genuine transformation like that look like? What do we mean when we talk about inherent nature? Could we move from a society that is reliant on a material basis and transformed from helpful rather than toxic, renewable rather than depleting, and enhancing rather than degrading? Because right now, the material basis of our society and our economy is toxic. When I say toxic, I mean not conducive to life. Directly in the opposite of life, species thriving, ecosystems existing, habitats thriving, renewable rather than depleting, everyone in this room recognizes that whether it's our energy sources, our reliance on fossil fuels, our reliance on rare earth metals, et cetera, et cetera, that we are depleting the basic seed corn, if you will, at a rate that does not allow for the continuation, much less the growth of our current, whether it's economic or societal goals.  We started 40,000 feet and we go up, all right? Because let's talk about the big picture. If we're saying that there needs to be a transformation on a civilization-wide level in order to have a sustainable society, then we need to understand what is it that brings about transformation at this level, even historically. And I'm going to suggest that this has happened a number of times throughout history. I just throw up the emergence of civilization in the Pyrtle Crescent, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution. There have been times when there have been transformations on a civilization-wide level. And what that extremely complicated transformation involves is often that are the companies a shift in thinking. That shift in thinking is often in the form of how we answer questions. What is noble versus unknowable? What is possible versus impossible? What is our place and purpose in the universe or vis-a-vis a supreme being? When you see these shifts in thinking, they are often let's call it coincident with these civilization types of changes. So here's what I'm going to suggest. I'm going to suggest that there are forces in play right now, even if we limit it to technological forces, that shift the way that we answer these questions. They can shift one or more of the way that we answer these questions. So for instance, and this is even just limiting it to technological forces, big data analytics and synthetics. So there's a lot of folks in this room that know the absolute explosion of data, the exabytes of data that are produced every year where we have shifted from simply looking at data in a reductionist way in order to get our learnings, to get our transform, our data into knowledge, and our data information, information into knowledge, that now we are starting to be able to look at the trends and flows and get the learnings and the knowledge and the insights from those data flows. This capability of big data analytics allows us to have insights on everything from pandemics, to social mores, to predicting markets. This can influence and is influencing how we answer the question, what's knowable versus unknowable? And this is just some of the investments that are being made in different sectors. When we think about ubiquitous integrated sensors, the fact that over the past, shall we call it, 10 or 15 years, the sensor revolution where we can so often now go to, what's the phrase in my friends like to say, smart dust, where we can have sensors that are so cheap, so ubiquitous, integrated, real time, that if I want to know if my dog has run away and that it's, oh, 50 yards from my neighbor's house, so that I call, because he has a sensor on it, that happens all the time. It's such a pain, I can't tell you. But my wife has to chase him, because I'm on West Lafayette, so it's OK. If I want to know what the average heart rate, or the heart rate of the winner of the Beijing Marathon, or the average heart rate of all of the runners in the Beijing Marathon, I can do that in real time and on and on and on. To the point where, again, what is knowable versus unknowable is dramatically impacted. And these sensors are being integrated, well, let's just say everywhere. 3D printing and 3D scanning. I'm guessing there's not a person in this room that hasn't touched and played with 3D printers and 3D scanners, but I have to tell you, being a little older than some of you, just a couple years older than some of you. The first time I did see one of these 3D printers for inexpensive, under $1,000, a 3D printer, and looking at it and recognizing that I had the same feeling that I had when I saw my first PC back in 1984 in as much as I knew that I could never imagine all of the ways that it could change life. So everyone in this room knows that these 3D printers aren't about gadget or missing chess pieces or missing button, but rather how do you, out of MIT and perhaps here at Purdue, printing out functioning kidneys or functioning livers or not big enough for you, how about the house that was built in the Netherlands using 3D printing and 3D printed cars, et cetera, et cetera. Coupling 3D printing with 3D scanning, again, it changes so many of our paradigms about what's possible versus impossible. This is clearly an old slide. Synthetic biology. All right, so how many biologists in the room? Please raise your hand. Biologists, a few. OK, how many folks in this room think that we have created new life, new life forms? Not tweaked, old ones are not cloned, not genetically engineered. How many people believe that we have created new life forms? Anyone who believes that, raise their hand.  So yes, we have created new life forms. Craig Ventner of the Ventner Institute, really the first one through the minimal genome. Yeah, the minimum genome has done it on a number of occasions out of the Ventner Institute. And about a year ago, I had the opportunity to be in a conversation where I was talking about how he was digitizing the minimum genome necessary for viable life, so not replicating existing life, but new base pair sequences. And beaming that digitized sequence to his lab and the Mojave Desert in order to assemble. So I said, why the Mojave Desert? He said, well, this particular organism consumes CO2 and it generates oxygen, and the Mojave Desert is Mars. So that was interesting. I'm going to suggest that, again, this comes down to our role in the universe, what we see as possible versus impossible. And finally, artificial intelligence. I happen to be good friends with Dave Ferrucci, the inventor of Watson or the person that led the team that invented Watson for IBM. And he said, most folks seem to be thinking, he's since left IBM, but it says most folks in AI seem to be thinking that within the next decade or so, we'll have an entity with an IQ of 100. And if you have something with an IQ of 100, what's the barrier to 500 and 5,000? And can any of us imagine what an IQ of 5,000 even is? So let's pause and just think about over the past 10 or 15 years. The price of computer memory, price of memory, plunged to almost zero. Memory was essentially free. Information was essentially free. Knowledge is three clicks away on the internet. Now, we could have a really good debate over what the effect of that has been. Has the quality of knowledge gone up? Has the quality of information and awareness gone up? Or are we so flooded with information and knowledge and data, certainly? That our biggest challenge is curation and have humans shown themselves up to the task of adequate curation of all of that information. Now, pause and say, what if thought becomes dirt cheap? What if thought becomes free so that I can hand you any book, any song, any poem, any idea, any invention? You have no way of knowing whether or not it is invented by a human or a machine. So when we pause and think about artificial intelligence, and I will say that Elon Musk believes artificial intelligence may be the end of the world. I don't know if he's right or wrong. But what I will say is any one of these areas, artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, 3D printing, scanning, ubiquitous integrated sensors, any one of them can affect the way that we answer those questions about what's knowable, what's possible, and what our role is. Together, in an interplay, I'm going to suggest that perhaps none of us in this room can begin to understand how those are going to affect the future. Because those can lead us in tremendously powerful new directions in cascading positive sequences or not. And the difference between whether or not it's going to be a positive cascade or not is going to be the frameworks in which we do that. So in other words, great transformations come when we have new perspectives and new awareness, that new level of awareness that Einstein talked about. I will suggest that green chemistry is a new perspective and a new awareness on the material basis of the character and the inherent nature of our society and our economy. For many years, green chemistry, green engineering has been perhaps thought of as a way of making things less bad, less toxic, less wasteful, more efficient, useless energy. What we're seeing is a new understanding that this is not about doing things less bad, making something a little more regulatory compliant or something like that. It's about how do you invent things that haven't existed before with performance and function that we haven't thought about in the way that we've thought it before? So yes, the journals are filled to the brim with new inventions, new science, new perspectives. But is business adopting green chemistry this new model? Yeah, these are just some of the ones that have green chemistry built into their business DNA, their business plans. Now if I want to stand up here in front of you and say, green chemistry has the potential to affect all these different industry sectors, defense and aerospace, pharmaceuticals, electronics, agriculture, and on and on, that would be a bold statement, and I'm not saying that. I'm saying it already has affected all of these industry sectors with award-winning technologies represented by the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. Why? Because at the molecular level, the molecules don't care at all whether or not they're going to be a glue or a circuit or a paint or a medicine or a pesticide. They just have their basic physical chemical properties ready to be transformed or manipulated for good or evil. And if you have a conceptual framework from getting new function, new performance, and oh, yeah, it just happens to be more sustainable, well, all to the good. So at the end of the day, it all comes through down to the breakthroughs, down to the science. And some of the science is everything from biobase materials, new solvent systems, ionic liquids, biofuels, reactor designs, supercritical fluids, and on and on and on. And every one of these has been a building block toward making a more sustainable material framework. However, I'm going to suggest that while all of this work is nice, and I'm just happy to be part of this worldwide community that's done this work, it's scratching the surface. It's time for act two. What we're talking about is introducing new approaches. So some of the questions that I'm just going to wrap up and answering, well, not answering, asking is some of the challenges that we're looking at. So when we look at the fact that somewhere around 95% or so of all of the synthetic materials that are made, are petroleum based, asking the question, what is going to be the way that we think about our biobase feedstocks? Will it be that we will rely on renewables and only save those precious fossil feedstocks for those things where renewables are not possible or not optimal? I'd love to go on and on talking about this because there is so much elegance and complexity to take advantage of in these biobase feedstocks. And because we have 150 years of petroleum based infrastructure, industrial infrastructure, that what comes to mind to people's idea? Oh, let's take the biobase feedstocks, strip off all of the elegance and complexity so that it looks like oil. Why? Because it's drop-in. Drop-in's great, right? Drop-in means that you don't have to have capital investment. You don't have to put more pipe in the garbage. Is that what elegance looks like? Is that what real transformative innovation looks like? Or is that what the status quo looks like when it's preserving itself? Synthetic methodologies. Right now, we think about how we transform molecules, whether it be biobased or petroleum based. And we transform them. And now this is a room where folks, I don't know this, of the material that goes into a manufacturing scheme, process, across all of manufacturing, you can't answer this John, what percentage of all of that material winds up immediately as waste? I'll take, let's see, I'd like a guess from you. Sir, yeah? 70%. 70%, you? 75, sir. 90. Ding, ding, ding, ding, ding. 90 plus percent immediately as waste. And of course, because of so many. Now, at the molecular level, what we do is we put together our molecules so that the vast majority of it goes immediately into waste, yet the whole concept of atom economy, making sure that every atom that enters into a synthetic methodology winds up in your product, that's something that we need to have as a definition of synthetic elegance. Because that can, not always will, can cascade throughout the manufacturing processes. Right now, we have catalysts. Catalysts were maybe the first green chemistry because in addition to the fact that it uses less energy, uses less material, does it more efficiently, it generates less waste. And oh yeah, by the way, there isn't a chemical or petrochemical or specialty chemical company in the world that would be existing, economically viable without catalysis. And yet, we don't really invent catalysts from first theoretical principles. We kind of find, oh, that metal work kind of good. Maybe we'll stick some decorations on it. Maybe we'll tweak it. Maybe we'll, yeah, getting a better level, first level understanding of catalysis is something that I'd love to get into a long discussion about. Will we be multifunctional and designed to separate from the product? Solvents, everyone in this room appreciates solvents. But how can we get our solvents systems in 2018? I mean, one of the companies I own is a solvents company. How do we get our solvents in 2018 to not merely facilitate energy and mass transfer, but also to genuinely catalyze and facilitate self-separations? Don't get me started on separations. OK, get me started on separations, and I'll go all day. And will we be able to, rather than just selecting from a couple dozen solvents, will we actually be able to design our solvents to respond to imparted stimulus? Have obedient solvents? We tweak and design almost everything about our manufacturing processes. And then when it comes to one of the crucial elements of solvents, we say, well, here's a list of a couple of dozen to choose from. Sanity, biomimicry. So we have a century and a half of recognizing that we want to make our feedstocks and our reagents more and more reactive. Because if you make them more and more reactive, your reactions are going to go faster. Maybe you can save some energy. All the only problem with that is reactivity is extremely closely linked to toxicity. And when you start looking at how nature does it, nature, which can be deadly when it chooses to, it just does it more elegantly. It doesn't just have clouds of phosgene and chlorine and lakes of cyanide. No, it imparts reactivity at the time and the place that it wants it, using geometric contortion in order to create strain. And we need to learn some of these lessons and impart them and have it be the rule rather than the elegant exception. And weak force interactions. I gotta tell you, as a chemist, I can be critical, but for a couple hundred years, we flex our muscles and say, oh, we are masters of the covalent bond. We know how to make anything that you can draw. And yet at the same time, we all have to recognize that when you look at nature, so much of performance, so much of the character of the properties derived from weak force interactions, not covalent bonds. So many of the synthetic pathways are driven by weak force directions. Now, we know how to describe things about weak force interactions, but can we design them? Do we have the same mastery of weak force interactions as we do with the covalent bond so that we can use it as a design tool? And I'm going to suggest that no, we don't. There's, again, a sliver of brilliant folks working on this area. I can say that because I don't work on this area. The molecular basis of hazard. Do we have a fundamental first principle understanding of the molecular basis of hazard, of toxicity? The short answer is no, and that's what our molecular design research network is all about, and will we be able to design our molecules? So when we design our molecules to be a great adhesive, a great conductor, a good glue, a good plasticizer, all this different functionality, yet do we have the design guidebook about how to design things to not be toxic? No, why? Because the people that make the molecules don't talk to the people that assess their toxicity. Quick rant. So this astounds me. Here we are. It's 2018. If I was standing up here and I said, I'm a chef, I make the most delicious meals that people travel from far and wide to eat at my restaurant. Yes, people get poisoned and die from my meals, but there are other people working on sustainable cooking. You would think I was insane. I'm a car designer. I make luxurious and fastest cars in the world. Yes, the tires fall off and they explode unexpectedly, but there are other people working on sustainable cars. You would think I was insane. But if I stand here and I say, I'm a synthetic chemist, I make molecules and synthetic transformations that are elegant and efficient. Yes, people are dying from the products of the molecules that I make, but there are other people working on green chemistry. The same reason those first two things are absurd, the last one's absurd. And yet for too long, that's been the case. Complex systems. I'm just going to say we need to be at least as comfortable with complexity as we are with reductionism. We are profoundly uncomfortable with complex systems. And this cascades through our metrics in the way that we measure success. I'll take that as a question if need be. Without transdisciplinarity, we're going to pretty much get what we always got. We are not going to solve the complex problems that we're facing by individual disciplines. All of us. All of us as scientists. And engineers and technically competent people are suffering today by our lack of ability to communicate and communication does not mean publishing a journal paper. Okay, we're going to press on with the most pressing problems listed here. But what we really need to do is work in fusion with all of the disciplines coming together because systems thinking is essential. Nobody's talking about replacing reductionism, but coupling it with integrative systems thinking is essential because you can't make a structure that stands with just bricks or just mortar in order for it to last. Can't beat this quote. When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it's hitched to everything else in the universe. John Muir, it's all hitched. And the more that we think that our piece of the puzzle and pursuing absolute truth is the only piece and we don't see the puzzle, we're not going to get on the sustainable trajectory. Do I think we can? I think we can. I think we will because we must. Thank you for the opportunity to speak with you today. Thank you, sir. Thank you. We have time for perhaps one or two questions. If you do have class, please leave quietly, but we do have time for a couple of questions. Hello, professor. You talked about how status quo can slow down change and prevent us from making changes that we want to make. But then you also talked about how the industrial revolution was also a transformative event which didn't quite, which caused a lot of negative effects with positive effects as well. So how can we ensure that if we undergo a transformation right now, how do we ensure that it will not have any negative effects? So we have to understand the fundamental framework of sustainability.  I wonder what it will do. That's probably not a good one. So this reason we're talking about complexity and understanding how systems are linked, that's going to be tremendously important. Those three points of renewable rather than depleting, helpful rather than toxic and enhancing rather than degrading, we need to have a framework where that is actually how we define performance. We have so narrowly defined performance that we talk about functional performance. Oh, is this a good red dye? Is this a good plastic? Well, we don't want just a good red dye. We want a good red dye that doesn't cause cancer. We want to have a good plastic and plasticizer that doesn't result in endocrine disruption and birth defects. So understanding the fundamental basis and goals and building that into our design protocols coming back to the beginning of the talk, how you define that sustainability challenge, that design challenge, that will be how we avoid doing the same things over and over. And it's not easy. All right, before we get to you, I want to remind everyone we have a panel session tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock. We're going to continue this kind of great discussion. It's in 3-1-3-8 in the active learning center. All right, speak up. So you were talking about how our infrastructure is dependent on fossil fuels, electricity infrastructure. So when it comes to integrating it with renewable infrastructure, there are a lot of problems, like supply and demand problems. And then whenever we are trying to integrate, there are a lot of policy makers issues. And then there are a lot of incubators. And then there are a lot of Whenever we are trying to integrate, there are a lot of policy makers issues. And then there are a lot of incubate firms that don't want new entrants, no competition. So how to get around that to make a more sustainable choice when it comes to energy? Yeah, and this is not, this is not in any way a critique. It's just, that is what the status quo looks like when it's preserving itself, right? And so when we start thinking about the various energy sources, and we say, well, we have an energy grid, and we have an energy grid. Everybody's red flags are to be going on. What do you mean, an energy grid? The energy grid. Sorry, last I checked, we're swimming in energy, right? Everything about us, every atom in our body, we're swimming in energy. And what we're talking about is how you access, convey, and realize, and utilize this energy. So, is the purpose to get energy and the performance of energy, or is the purpose to be compatible with the energy grid? Clearly, I'm going to, guess that you don't believe that we need to be, you know, beholden to the energy grid. So what does that mean? It means, well, for one thing, that, you know, in gross terms, distributed energy, for instance. It means a whole lot of different types of energy, energy harvesting technologies, rather than, you know, we talk about generating our energy. I understand we're running low on time and I'll be happy to talk a lot more. But most of all, what it means is not taking the status quo, including the status quo infrastructure, as unchangeable. Let's thank Dr. Ernest's one last time. Thank you.


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