Hello, welcome back to metals in biology. Today, we will discuss electron transfer in living systems and the book to follow is Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry by Leapard and Burke. So, lot of schemes figures are taken from this book and also the lecture notes of Professor Leapard ok. So, as you know electron transfer is required to be happening in number of cases in our biological system. All over biological system one electron, two electrons, three electrons or even four electron processes are required. At a time only one electron transfer is usually preferred or without electron transfer certain catalytic cycle cannot be completed. So, therefore, electron the simplest reagent I would say plays a key role in many biological processes. Electron transfer as well as proton transfer usually they are coupled together and that is how they control the redox potential. Often we see that there are metals involved into these electron transfer processes. One of the major criteria that we will see today for the metal center containing electron transfer site is simply before and after electron transfer there should not be too much reorganizational energy. So, the energy of the system before electron transfer and after electron transfer will remain almost constant. So, therefore, metal binding sites are designed in such a way so that they can minimize structural changes upon electron transfer. As I mentioned one electron transfer processes often occurs. So, if let us say you need a multiple electron for a given system one electron at a time will be transferred not two electrons, three electrons or four electrons at a time will be transferred ok. So, it is going to be a step wise electron transfer processes for the multi electron processes. Well electron transfer can happen through bond or through space. In biological system often it is up to 11 to 13 angstrom distance can be covered for the for the electron transfer processes ok. Of course, larger electron transfer or longer electron transfer distance can be also possible we might will not be discussing those too much, but it is also possible to transfer electron over long distances much more than 11 to 13 angstrom. A number of parameters is controlling the electron transfer rate that includes the distance between the origin and the delivery site, the driving force reorganization energy and the path by which the electron transfer happening. So, once again the distance between the donor and acceptor, the driving force and the reorganization energy before and after electron transfer of course, the pathway by which it is going or it is happening that is also will also vary. Today mainly we try to keep it very brief on the electron transfer processes on the iron sulfur clusters, copper centers as well as the heme centers. So, we will see a number of iron sulfur clusters are present for the electron transfer site or as a electron transfer site. Similarly, copper centers can also participate in electron transfer of course, these are all going to be the redox active metal center and that is why they are participating in the electron transfer processes. We can also have heme iron center participating just as electron transfer processes. One of the common thing for these electron transfer centers is they are not directly participating into the main reaction or the main process. If it is a synthetic transformation, they are not actually involved into that except they just provide the electron. If it is just the electron transfer, then only these species come into the picture. Otherwise, they are not really involved too much of the synthetic chemistry or the chemical transformation that happens in the biological system. These are only electron transfer site. Let us look at some of the iron sulfur clusters. Well, these are the most popular one, these are include these includes mononuclear iron center, dinuclear iron center, three iron center and four iron center. So, these clusters can be named in different ways. This is rubridoxin, this is fredoxin which has two iron cluster between the it is bridged by sulphide. As you can see over here for rubridoxin one iron center, these are thiolate or cysteine bound iron center. And for these cases iron is getting oxidized to iron III and it is settling between iron II and III for the electron transfer processes. For these cases, these are two different iron centers and bridged by two sulphide. Of course, the terminal ligands are also sulfur containing cysteine residue of the protein backbone. If you look at this one, this is one of the age of the Cuban is missing. You have 1, 2, 3 iron center bridged by the four sulphide unit 1, 2, 3 and 4. Each of the iron center is also supported by the cysteine thiolate or S minus center. So, overall these are quite fascinating center as well. So, we have finally, 4 iron center bridged by the sulphide and also supported by the cysteine ok. So, these 4 iron cluster center also known as fredoxin, 3 iron cluster center also known as achonitis and these are different overall charges that can they can have during and after the electron transfer processes. Just one thing you must have noticed that these are very solid and bridged structure not too much is going wrong in this system. We will see that in a moment why these are so effective for the electron transfer processes. All before getting into that, let me discuss briefly on the rubredoxin which is a mono iron center. You have one iron and one one iron sulphur distance these are S coming from this cysteine moiety iron sulphur distance any of these we are looking at. The bond distance is usually 2.25 to 2.30 angstrom and we are looking for the oxidized and the reduced form these are the two form by which the electron transfers are happening. After electron transfer from this site it gets oxidized to iron III and once again it accepts one electron and re result in iron II plus formation. Reduction potential is in the range of minus 50 to 50 millivolt for these short of rubredoxin system. So, whenever these reduction potential matches and if these centers are available then these centers can actually provide one electron to the delivery center or the acceptor to the acceptor. As we were discussing there are two iron II sulphur center which are known as ferredoxin. Now these the reduced form of these ferredoxin will contain iron II plus and iron II plus this is fully reduced form and the fully oxidized form would be iron III plus and iron III plus. Obviously, there is a state in between these reduced and oxidized form where one of the iron is in plus II state and another is in plus III state. So, this is for ferredoxin reduction potential for these processes vary from minus 490 to minus 280 millivolt. In this reduction potential range these iron sulphur clusters are operative. We have seen another one this cube missing corner 3 iron IV sulphur ferredoxin you have 3 iron III plus centers 3 plus centers along with the S4, S4 unit as you can imagine that these center can be reduced further this is completely oxidized form and this can be reduced to iron III II and iron II S4. So, one of the iron is getting reduced to iron II plus reduction potential for this for this system varies from minus 700 to minus 100 millivolt. We have seen 4 iron IV sulphur also and that is over here that is also known as ferredoxin and these are also high potential iron proteins and these settles between the 2 sorry 3 iron II plus state and 1 iron III plus state it can be oxidized to 2 of them 2 of them being in iron II plus and 2 of them in iron III plus. Further oxidation of one of these iron II plus leads to only 1 iron II plus form being formed as well as iron III plus 3 of them is remaining ok. So, these are the iron sulphur clusters which are participating in the electron transfer processes and their reduction potential varies from minus 60 minus 650 to minus 280 millivolt region and this is the range where these 4 iron IV sulphur cluster occurs. But most importantly I think we must realize that why these sort of cluster any of those clusters are very effective for the electron transfer process and that is precisely due to the fact that before and after electron transfer there is minimum reorganization energy involved during these process. So, before and after electron transfer things remain as much same as possible. For instant if you see this is Fe 4 S 4 S R 4 minus and in these cases as you can see this is overall 1 minus charge if you add one more electron to this system. So, overall you get 2 minus charge if you add one more electron to this system overall you get 3 minus charge. So, 1 minus 2 minus 3 minus effectively these centers remain same. So, one more electron addition to this leads to this compound one more electron addition to this compound leads to this compound, but irrespective of what electron transfer is happening you see these iron sulphur bond just to pick up one of them these are having crystal structure all 3 of them and this is this distance is iron sulphur distance is being noted as 2.233 angstrom. Whereas, after one electron reduction this distance become 2.267 angstrom which is essentially meaning that this iron sulphur distance really did not change at all or nothing you cannot really say that there is any change and from there on if you add within one more electron these 2.267 angstrom distance between iron and sulphur changes to only 2.354 angstrom. So, virtually these iron sulphur distance remain constant throughout the process and therefore, despite this electron transfer processing processes happening in here there is very little reorganization energy that is required from transforming one species into other. So, this is once again one of the key phenomenon for the electron transfer processes and electron transfer centers which are nothing, but metalloenzymes, but these metalloenzymes remain so solid and so well organized that electron transfer processes does not bother them too much. So, it remains a completely reversible process and they are able to do these chemistry effortlessly and that is what counts a lot ok. In often in nature the processes are so efficient and so simple that that synthetic chemist cannot even really think show so lightly about these processes ok. Well, we have other centers so far you have seen the iron sulphur clusters being the electron transfer site, but then it is not limited electron transfer is not limited to the iron sulphur cluster there are many other centers. For example, there is this copper A center just build up of copper no iron sulphur over here just copper and sulphur is as you can see each of the copper is having a 16 sulphur linkage and they are the bridging one these are the bridging one between the two copper center and one of the terminal is once again methionine which is a copper sulphur bond and the copper or glycine intermediate also over there as you can see each of them are also attached with histidine moiety. Overall it is a dimeric copper center which is which is bridged by this cysteine moiety to cysteine moiety and before once again before and after electron transfer this remains pretty much the same. So, the so the core of the structure did not change at all during and before and after the electron transfer processes ok. Not only these di copper containing copper A centers are responsible for the electron transfer processes there are other centers where also we can see that the major activity or the only activity they carry out is the is that of an electron transfer. Another this series of copper species or another type of copper species is called blue copper that you can see over here over here in the blue copper which is also known as type 1 copper center and the these are having 2 histidine and 1 methionine and 1 cysteine ligation at the copper center. So, this is tetra coordinated copper center and that is over here as you can see it is going to be tetrahedral in nature. So, this is blue copper center that is particularly because these complexes copper 2 complexes copper sulphur charge transfer absorption are quite strong and these charge transfer copper sulphur charge transfer is giving rise to the blue color of these species ok. This is a active site of ascorbate oxidase. Here not only one copper center you have other total 3 copper centers are involved 2 of them are the bridging one which are bridged by the hydroxo these 2 copper center each of them are having 3 histidine in them and they are exchanging or communicating the spin through the hydroxy. So, the EPR spectrum of these actually become EPR silent due to the super exchange right. Now, anti ferromagnetic coupling right these are these are coupled through coupled these 2 copper center are coupled through anti ferromagnetic exchange and therefore, the EPR become silent and in addition to the type 1. So, these are called type 3 copper center which are bridged with each other or bridge and communicated with communicating with each other there is yet another type of copper center which is known as the type 2 copper here you have 2 histidine and 1 OH coordination from the protein backbone. Like overall then it is a 3 different type of types of copper overall total 4 copper these 2 are same this is different this is different. So, ascorbate oxidase is quite an interesting enzyme where you see 3 different types of copper center and overall 4 copper centers are there it is also known as multi copper oxidase. So, these are capable of converting oxygen into water that is fascinating we will see in some classes later that oxygen to water is one of the most fascinating reaction known in the domain of biological and bio inorganic chemistry and these chemistry these oxygen to water transformation chemistry is quite complicated with these copper centers they are remain controversial in this area they are no no generalized mechanism and that tendency can be supported by this ascorbate oxidase so far. So, much more study is required to get the details about the process wherein oxygen is converted into water by utilizing this copper center. Obviously, there are other metal low enzymes which are also capable of converting oxygen into water. So, one such space is that is known so far or one such center that is known so far is methane monoxygenase we will discuss that later ok. Moving on so, as you have seen that these copper centers are distinct. So, this is EPR spectra for copper hexa aqua complex and there is this type 1 copper that is for plastocyanin this is type 2 copper center which are for copper zinc superoxide do you mean dismut as mainly observed the type 1 copper so far you have seen. So, these blue copper centers which are tetra coordinated as you have seen over there these are having very distinct copper EPR as you can see over here these 3 types of copper can be very easily distinguishable by the EPR spectroscopy as I was mentioning this is for the blue copper blue copper center that is the type 1 copper center over here and type 3 is EPR silent and type 2 is the one we have shown over here. Now, this blue copper species also are very active in the UV visible spectra where a strong absorption speak is observed and which gives rise to the blue color of these copper center and by these characteristics blue color one can easily pretty easily isolate these compound by simple column chromatographic technique ok. Moving on it is not only limited to the iron sulfur cluster the electron transfer processes I mean electron transfer processes as you have seen are predominantly controlled by the iron sulfur cluster, but there is also the copper center as you also have seen the copper A site and the blue copper site and again one of the fascinating center for electron transfer processes nothing else just the electron transfer processes in cytochrome C. Just to remind you this cytochrome C is completely different compared to cytochrome C oxidase which we will see later this cytochrome C oxidase is the enzyme which participates in converting oxygen to water also, but then that is the discussion for some other day. Cytochrome C this cytochrome C has only one in heme iron center and the axial ligands are methionine and the histidine these two ligands are axially attached with this heme iron center as you can see over here. So, the porphyrin heme iron in the middle from one axial site it is the methionine and from the other axial site it is the histidine that is bound with it. This is coordinatively saturated and this is why perhaps why it cannot react with oxygen it does not react with anything it is just acting as a stationary center for the electron transfer processes. If the iron center gets oxidized and reduced that is it iron 2 plus and iron 3 plus for the electron transfer processes. So, in these centers all these centers we have discussed so far iron sulfur cluster copper di copper center and the di copper copper center known as the copper A as well as the blue copper centers all and the cytochrome C all of them are capable of transferring one electron at a time and that is what they do contribute towards the active chemistry or active site chemistry of a given metalloenzyme that these are linked with of course, these electron transfer sites are linked with a bigger transformation or bigger processes whenever or wherever that is happening. If you are looking at carefully these centers are going to be a low spin center ok. So, you have a heme iron center and two ligands are there. So, it is a hexacoordinated heme center if you once again notice that these are also designed in such a way so that so that the energy upon upon electron transfer remains called almost reorganization energy remain minimum or these minimum reorganization energy upon electron transfer essentially drives them for the desired electron transfer process ok. So, there is there is the drawing for the protopark for N9 for your heme iron centers as you can see these are also having two axial centers as we have seen in the last slide where we see that a methionine and histidine is linked. So, these methionine and histidine linked iron center will be nothing, but they are low spin. So, this is a very good ligand for firing itself is a very good ligand, but in addition there is methionine and histidine which are strong fin ligand all of them put together it would be a low spin iron complex low spin iron 2 plus complex it is a iron 2 plus is a D6 electronics configuration. So, T2G6 2 2 electron each if you are transferring an electron from these systems. So, iron 2 plus is getting oxidized to iron 3 plus that would be low spin ferric overall then it is going to be T2G5 it is a low spin and therefore, you see that that this electron remains in the T2G level there is no transfer or transfer of electron from the EG level and therefore, the change in the size or the overall reorganization energy is rather minimum for these short of centers. Once again these can only act as one electron transfer processes at a time or these can participate in one electron transfer processes at a time and the main key important things to remember that they have the they have been evolved in such a way so that they minimize the reorganization energy upon electron transfer ok. So, to sum up for this class today I hope you able to see that there are many different electron transfer side depending on the need and the reduction potential that is required for a given transformation. We have seen different various iron sulfur cluster let us say 4 at least 4 different type of iron sulfur cluster. You have seen which is participating in the electron transfer processes there are 1 iron sulfur center, 1 2 iron sulfur center and 3 iron sulfur center as well as the 4 iron sulfur centers. These structure as you have seen in the case of the Cuban structure for the 4 iron 4 sulfur cluster. The crystal structure clearly shows that before and after electron transfer there is essentially nothing changing for this for this cluster and therefore, these rock solid character of this side before and after electron transfer make the most suitable for these processes. There is no reorganization almost no reorganization energy reorganizational energy required for these processes and making them feasible making the electron transfer feasible without much hassle. Not only the iron sulfur cluster you have just seen the porphyrin iron center ligated with 2 ligand such as histidine and the methionine is also capable of transferring electron. This center is called cytochrome C in addition to that there is just copper or copper only system such as copper A and the blue copper center which are having characteristic UV visible and EPR spectra nonetheless these are capable of transferring 1 electron at a time and these are these are pretty good electron transfer side and they are very much valued in the active site chemistry that we will see in the subsequent classes. Keep studying and once again the main book to follow would be Lipper and Bug you can read from any other book of your choice Professor Keim's book is also great. Please do keep studying from different chapters of these books we will see you soon. Thank you very much.


Now all you guys may know SZA doesn't have the traditional grind she was basically found by TDE's punch she wasn't even thinking about doing music or a music as a career but she was discovered and next thing you know she was a part of TDE. With that being said it shouldn't be dismissed not only the control album itself but her artistic growth from the S mixtape all the way to the control album. That's what I believe is her biggest accomplishment and that's what I want to talk about right here so the first time that I discovered SZA well I was actually told about SZA and I listened to her honestly I wasn't crazy impressed with the music not because I didn't think she was talented but a lot of people thought as far as her being different I didn't necessarily see it as such musically because I was surrounded and drowned by those kind of abstract different type artists at the time that I was working with. What I was really attracted to SZA about was probably what attracted a lot of other people or at least strengthened her brain with them and that was her big red hair the brain that she was developing for herself as some might as not even necessarily a superstar and of course she had the freckles to go with it and I even thought that was interesting when I found that they were fake from just a whole bunch of girls telling me oh SZA has fake freckles but these were the things that made up her brain particularly at the time not to mention for me the perspective that she was starting to develop musically was really becoming interested. I asked for a SZA to 2017 and I saw this interview before the control album dropped. But I didn't know how to conjoin the two or like merge me into the way that I process music so me singing in falsetto and whispering and being hella metaphorical and dealing with reverb like I don't have any introduction to music so now learning about songs and like when you turn down all the reverb and all the plug-ins and all the stacks and all these things like you left just with your voice and your thoughts and then now you kind of have to say something you don't have to say anything but you have to meet it after watching this interview I went to her Instagram page and took a screenshot because I knew she was about to get a lot more followers after this control album dropped and I knew I was eventually gonna want to do a video about it but how did you know she was gonna get a lot more followers well of course you had dropped a project and you hope to get more followers anyway because you're gonna put a push behind it but even bigger than that it was clear from listening to that breakfast club interview that she had come a long way artistically and I knew that she was gonna be able to really touch a nerve of people and affect them I encourage everybody to watch that interview I'll put a link in the description below but it wasn't really just the fact that she was talking about the context of things that she was going through it over the years and her development in that way there was actually one huge thing that was greatly important in my opinion and it's actually the small portion that I played SZA alluded to basically taking all the fluff out of her lyrics from going from this abstract artsy trying to be extra eloquent and complex to being straightforward and when artists do that that's a major step in their development because what a lot of people don't realize especially a lot of young artists is yes complexity is cool and it's a skill to develop and to be able to have all these metaphors and analogies integrated throughout an entire piece that is a beautiful piece of art in itself but from a language standpoint the way language works the most impact is made from being straightforward if you think of two of the most impactful artists from a lyric standpoint of all time you're gonna think about Kanye West and Tupac Shakur neither one of them were hyper lyrical super technical rappers or anything like that they didn't get crazy complex with their latinologies or metaphors they were straightforward in things that they said and because of that and the fact that they said it was passion and they were saying something that was just so real it struck a huge core with the listeners when Kanye West said something like we're all self-conscious I'm just the first to admit it that line is super simple when Tupac said I'm not a killer but don't push me revisions like the sweetest joy next to getting pussy that line is straightforward but it's impactful even when you think about Marla the King I had a dream speech he didn't say I had a dream that these mocha complex skin no he say all that he simply said that I have a dream that right there in Alabama one day little black boys and little black girls will be able to join hands with little white girls and little white boys as sisters and brothers a lot of words in that case but simple at the same time I want to move on to mention a couple other things but it's really important for artists to realize that it's not necessarily about how many things you can say well in however many weird ways you want to say it again it's a great thing but even when you think about language and the most effective language in terms of sales marketing all those things there is a profession called copyrighting where you are supposed to a roofly edit and have the most effective words in the smallest fewest amount of words to affect the reader and drive them into action French writer Antoine de Saint-Experie stated this so perfectly when he said perfection is not achieved when there's nothing more to add perfection is achieved when there's nothing left to take away so when I heard Cesar allude to taking away some complexity and being more straightforward in her delivery I knew that she had been through some growth where you could listen to this project and be moved by it more than the projects that she had done before and on top of that you can see that additional growth or at least evolution and rebranding in her visual she's now going with the black hair it's still the big hair though so she still has that symbol and now is she not only not using the freckles as much but she's now using something that's God given to her to create her brand and her legs there was no way you could tell she had the legs that she has backed in but down there is definitely a centerpiece for her brand and rightly so so it really seems like overall this is not only become more comfortable with herself but more comfortable with herself as an artist and us as consumers we get the great benefit of that 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My name is Dan Havens, I'm the Senior Vice President of Sales for Ormucco and today my partner in crime is Jason Krilich. We will be doing an overview of the company and we'll do a bit of a demo. I want to thank the people that came yesterday. We got a huge turnout. Our booth happens to be about 17 paces to your left over here and we were able to create a couple of strategic relationships out of the conversations yesterday. So whoever said the OpenSec Summit couldn't provide immediate ROI was mistaken. So appreciate that. We're hoping for similar traction today so feel free to come on out. The agenda today is going to look a little bit, we're going to go history challenges, economics and a demo. Now I know I sound a little bit like an infomercial and yesterday I got some feedback on that. I'm not doing the chamois here but I do typically speak at about 400 words a minute so I apologize in advance but we are very excited about what we have. I do feel a little bit like we have lightning in a bottle. Yes I do have sales in my title so I'll apologize for all of that but there's actually real code behind this. This does prove a real solution out in the field and again we're incredibly excited about it. Some history on the company. We've been around for a while so 2008 we actually started out as a telco. In 2011 we transitioned into a managed service provider with our specialty being gaming. So anybody in the crowd that has kids with an Xbox or you play an Xbox it's a very good chance that you're in one of our data centers playing. This cut our teeth in a space with a hugely demanding customer base. In 2013 we decided to go into the actual operating system we were using and make that our product so we don't think of ourselves now as a managed service provider we are a software company. Our goal here is to go to manage service providers or enterprises. Anybody that is trying to address this cloud problem and give them a solution they can turn on this year and a matter of fact give them a solution they can turn on next month and either make money or try to reel back in some of the loss of control that we've seen the public clouds cause today. We have a premier turnkey solution and I'm going to use the word hybrid. I'll define the cloud as we see it because I think if you went to every booth here you'd get a slightly different taste. The perspective that I'm coming from is cloud is not a destination it is a delivery model. People do not put their data in Amazon because they want it to sit in Seattle. They go to Amazon because it's easy because it's right now it's elastic I can pay as I go when my project's done I can turn it off. That's the concept of cloud it sounds glorious but it's not easy to do. The challenge is most of the workloads in enterprise today cannot go to the public cloud. So we cut our teeth we've made a great living by going around to the countries around the world and selling to territories that are underserved by the bigs. Here in America the money is made on the enterprise side where it can't leave and go to that public cloud. That's where everybody in this room comes in trying to build a foundation. We've spent four million man hours building our product on top of OpenStack to make a truly turnkey easy to use as your stack like AWS stack like whatever metaphor you want to use solution that you can turn on either monetize capturing your customers or give your employees a glorious experience. The current challenge is hybrid now this too is an abuse term in our space the company that probably has done the best job of capturing this message I dare I say in this building is Microsoft. Microsoft has this a sure thing it's not cheap but it's certainly a public cloud they have also had the concept coming of Azure stack which is code for I have to address inside the data center what can't leave the cage what can't leave in some cases what can't leave the country now you might say as a sales guy why on earth would you bring up a competitor in your slide in our space competition helps actually we get a lot of mileage off of just that Azure stack like message I will always argue that without a competitor you don't really have a space I use the term yesterday but I'll use it again there is no Luke Skywalker without a Darth Vader without Darth Vader Luke Skywalker would be nothing more than a hot shot rocket ship jockey and white jammies who is working his sister so I also would argue that there is there is no Popeye without a Brutus without Brutus Popeye be nothing more than a vegetarian sailor who likes anorexic chicks but anyway I digress we all need our competition and we have we have Azure stack for that four five one the research now I can go through all the words on this slide but 66 64 57 no matter who you use we've had some McKinsey studies to no matter who you use there is a large number of enterprise class workloads that have to go somewhere and be I'm treated in the new service model and that is private clouds sometimes I can be even considered a poisonous word but delivered in that model you'll see a coming now many of these companies are going to stand it up themselves or they're going to look to you whether you're managed service provider here's what we have found out in the field if you're a reseller and you are selling boxes and software oftentimes your customers raising their hand and saying I don't want a box this time I want this workload taking care of I want it to go somewhere resellers are finding very quickly that they can resell this appliance that we have so that that customer can stand up the cloud of their own now the importance is our economics and I'll talk about that in a second first off the economics of doing this many people have tried to write this this is not an easy lift it's big capex it's a lot of time unless this is going to be your core business I would urge against it most often people figure out sooner than later be really good at what you do and partner the difference if you're a really good host or stay hosted if you're really good at software stand software if you try to do both most companies don't do quite so well in that space we are that software vendor we do not host this I do not want to host this and compete with you if you're in the enterprise I want to provide this turnkey my models are set up in a cloud model I don't get paid my teams don't get paid until you're using it and getting full value or making money on the system now many hosters even some internal IT departments are rifling workloads out to amateur and Azure and AWS if you're a managed service provider and you're sending those out you have to do that because your customers are saying hey I'm going to need this and if you say no to it you may lose some of the workloads that you're managing old-school some of the old VMware workloads and so forth the problem is you're sending your customer down the street now I'm not saying that there aren't going to be customers of years that are going to say I must have this go to AWS but if you have an alternative tomorrow morning with your brand on it that is half the price and in the privacy of your own cage and it also has the sex appeal because a lot of executives want to hear these words runs with containers and on OpenStack that's a ringer so you get to check a very large box there the fun part is below VMware is everywhere we see it everywhere when you have this running and it becomes a safe place we normally come in under the guys of cloud people want the facelift and they want cloud but once we're there the pure economics of our platform being chosen on OpenStack we start to see company start to migrate those VM workloads and we can actually see 35% capture meaning 35% discount so that either goes in a managed service providers pocket or it becomes more value back to the customer but bottom line is that's very compelling why do those migrations not happen quicker because OpenStack is a little scary I've heard bad things it's a little wobbly it's a little when it's running live in the data center and you've moved your second workload over greed takes over the entire enterprise takes them by the way our managed hoster all of a sudden goes into a migration practice and they've created it yet another revenue stream from that again once it appears safe those savings become overwhelming or Moco turnkey fully managed we manage it up to the operation layer the savings it's automated again I'm just going to use the Azure like or AWS like if you've used either one it is the same type of experience except from the privacy of a cage you know by the way just because we pitch private we love private because we're the only ones that do that well but that does not mean you can't go public it does not mean you can't go hybrid we have many companies that are bursting into a public version of this exact same control here are the economics straight out of the gate quantity one OpenStack gives us an enormous advantage but right out of the gate quantity one I can be nearly 50% cheaper than an AWS or an Azure and again if you're just doing a public and there are countries that can stand up a public cloud and they're making a killing at this I would argue if you're in the United States that game has probably been one but going after the private workloads that is the next decade that's what we're challenged with when you can come in with those economics and say the words privacy of your own cage you have a story that is very difficult to resist now I've been all words most sales guys are I want to show you the product anybody that's interested would love to talk to you and more detail over at the booth and we can point you to any one of our public customers where you can actually go use this system live and don't have to take a word for it last note hoping to get a couple of you to come over anybody whose feet are being put to sleep by your current employer we're hiring we're growing leaps and bounds we're actually hiring worldwide and we love open stackers so at a minimum come by shake our hand introduce yourself thank you. Thanks down my name is Jason Krilich and I'm going to walk you through our UI here what you're seeing is our partners and what we've built and basically what we build is a single sign on multi-cloud solution this is my data center in London multi-language this solution is allowing me to switch between data centers with a single UI that's what I'm doing right here I'm going to switch from London to jump to another cloud and now I'm a jumped in another cloud here up in Montreal so the important thing here to understand is that our challenges is always with billing the partners that we come to they have a challenge with their public cloud billing we create a private cloud billing solution that we build by project. You think about projects in a way that are showing you here I take these projects and I can manage them. I can manage these projects and I can assign users with different admin privileges along with all of the nodes I have that you see here are putting me in a place where I can build this particular project right now. So I dive in here. I want to manage this project. I can invite people to it and then of course I can take the personas and the privileges and assign them to a team. So once that team has that project I can get to a point where I can start to manage it and manage its billing cycle or metering. So if you're a service provider that's going to be a bill that you provide or if you're an enterprise company that's metering. So what you're seeing here is all the software defined network routers security all the things that we do including object storage that you're going to see here which is powered by Seth. We can create block storage and object storage. And right now I'm in the middle of making one right now. So when you think about the services that you want to provide as a service provider you start thinking about the templates that you want to make with this platform or if you think about as an enterprise company have a team of developers you build projects you also build applications those applications that you can build via OpenStack can run in our cloud. We support the popular applications that you can run bill and provision. When I get to a point of actually diving into a VM we get down and we get very granular right now this is some metering that we can see with this particular VM its IO its performance. I can get to the point where I can actually resize this image while it's paused. There's been some customers that come to us and said that would be a great feature to have. We built that early on. This is part of the work that we've done. One of the things when we're managing all these images we can get to a point where we understand that we're at a place where I can start seeing all my images here on the right. I'm confirming my resized image right now. And of course I'm going to take a snapshot of it because I'm working on a project and create a snapshot. I can use it at another time. To redeploy it. I can also get to a position here. I believe yet I can get to my console view what we all actually do our work our day to day work and dive into my machine here. Load the console view SSH into it and have the ability to work in any environment. Whether I'm in any location in any data center in any stack that throughout the globe or a Moco has a presence and of course I can take all my VMs I can delete them all I can restart them. It's simple. That's what we've done here is to take all the feedback from developers and IT departments and make how do we make a simple solution. We're able to do that very efficiently with a lot of hard work with our development team. And to kind of wrap things up here that's what makes open stack so much fun for us. We've taken the core foundation of all this code and added 13 core services that's proprietary to us. That's what makes this so special. So we're really excited about that. You may want to talk about sure. Sure. One of our partners if I like so. So important that normally our initial conversation are the table stakes people want compute and they want storage. But what's important is we can see from the advanced class there are a number of enterprises are well down this path and they're running applications of all different sorts through this. We have a mechanism for applications third party ISV is even customized fees to be able to self customize bill to put themselves to be consumable by this platform. Now HPE was an early on strategic partner of ours and they created or at least beach headed this concept of cloud 28. It started in Europe is become its own standalone consortium but it is basically ISV's partners third parties hosters. It originally came together to address data sovereignty but now it has become this giant beast of companies where you would go and try to find what are the applications for my needs and how do I run them. We have to be one of the charter members and the platform for that but it's an important to note that the applications are constantly coming into that ecosystem because those applications want to be consumed by you the enterprise or you the service provider. The fact that you have a platform that can actually provision and build those and run those what that means the simple value prop to that is if you start with this even if you just start with simple compute and storage for your employees or for your customers. You still have that insurance policy of all these other values when you're ready to add them because I assure you if you're managed service provider you're going to want to start creating bundles that give you competitive advantage addressing different applications and so forth you're going to have clients who are going to say this is specific app that I want put in this system this is all set up for that and again that's just kind of a sneak peek into some of the advanced class folks that are using this system but it's important as you evaluate strategies to deal with this so we're coming up on two minutes to go I appreciate you giving us your attention and again I would welcome you all were right here around the corner would welcome you all to come by we can do something more in depth or at a minimum we can set up a time with you and again if you're if you're interested in seeing it from a career standpoint we would love to have that conversation too so thank you very much I appreciate your time and attention.


What is this? Hey everybody and welcome to show and tell it's me Lady Aida with me Mr. Lady Aida We're here at the 8th Factory in downtown Manhattan and for the next 25 minutes or so We're going to check in with people from around the maker hacker engineering community See what they're up to what are they crafting and 3d printing and soldering and coating and more It's gonna be super fun I got a whole bunch of a different peeps are gonna give us an update on what kind of creative stuff They're doing also. Yeah. Oh, so a yeah, well, that didn't work. Yeah. No, it'll it'll work. Okay, and Just wanted to welcome everybody here if you've probably seen here at Aida for in our community We're a bunch of interesting inclusive diverse folks So happy pride month welcome to the show and tell and we'll have more on ask an engineer on our blog June so first let's start with Scott How you doing? Hello I'm doing pretty good here. It's been pretty nice weather this week in Seattle. So it's nice one thing I was playing around with yesterday is In in circuit Python if we have a display on a board What we'll do is we'll show the serial output on the display by default The goal of that being to show error messages and stuff However, I was curious and thinking about adding support to that for emojis Specifically so that we can tweak the way that the terminal works So I was playing around with that and then I also started thinking about whether it works in Like one of our more popular languages is Japanese And so it doesn't work currently in circuit Python, but I I made some tweaks and I did get it working This won't go in immediately, but I thought it would be cool to show off anyway You can see here That we have the translated Japanese messages Kind of mixed in with the US the English Messages that haven't been translated yet. So this is just me experimenting like finding a bitmap font that worked and Showing it here. And obviously there's some spacing things to fix But that was kind of a neat It's always neat to support other languages and see that people are using circuit Python around the world And also ideally support them well too. So playing around with that not coming immediately, but it is something that's like stewing in my brain and Cam alright, well, thanks so much Scott and maybe as Tim from guy does deep dive as you get further on and maybe you can hand off a bit of that to Tim and Tim can show Some of how that works. Yeah Yeah, I've been meaning to To guest appear on Tim show I don't think it makes sense for me to take it back over because I'm gonna take another set of leave Yeah, yeah be a guest and and we might have to switch days and stuff depending on like when I'm watching the baby and not but Yeah, I Intend to do that. It's just like stuff comes up and oh, yeah So I'll talk with Tim about it and I'll try to get on there at least once before I take leave in August again All right. Well, thanks so much Scott and see you around. Thank you. All right, Liz What you got going on this week? Hey, how's it going? I've been working with Microsoft Azure and certain pythons. So I've got this feather ESP 32 s2 tft And it's Connected to a BME 688 sensor that takes in temperature humidity and pressure So I've got that displayed live on the screen and that refreshes every like 30 seconds Then every 15 minutes I'm sending the data up to Azure and this is dashboard. I've made with some line graphs I'm also tracking battery life. So you can see this little battery icon on the screen and then as it goes down The green rectangle shrinks down in display. Oh So that can be a little visual and also shows you the last time the data was sent with the date and time using the NTP So this will be a guide soon show people how to use Azure with circuit right on right on Yeah, what we've heard and seen is like It if right a different IO is meant to be something easy We took a lot of the complexity way fast get your hardware up and running But we certainly don't want people to run their entire businesses And more off of it and that's where a lot of folks go from a different IO to Azure We like with Microsoft and Microsoft is one of the the folks who have something we think it's pretty good for makers So they expect more types of projects like that where if you're kind of familiar with Adafruit IO There might be something that you can migrate to with Azure and with our stuff our hardware works with everything And that's one of the cool things and you can keep going back and forth all you want Okay. Well, thank you so much. It was a cool project. Thank you Have a good one knowing Pedro what you got cooking this week Hey folks. Hey, so this week we wanted to show off There's really cute little displays that we got in store. It's the one point nine and the one four seven and the one point nine looks just like that little ornament that we saw earlier in the year where it was a Steam deck, so I wanted to make like a little Nintendo switch version of that and the one four seven looks like one that the what was it that retro Simpsons TV that everybody was showing off for a while So that one with the nice little cool rounded corners thought that would make an excellent little TV So of course you have the little VCR with the antenna on there So it's gonna be excellent for like a little diorama or you know, what is miniature? Miniature like furniture and stuff. Yeah, so really cool for that and all snap fit together So if you don't like the TV like the shape of it You can take the face off and completely change it to something else The same thing would switch if you want like that steam deck you have like a switchable faces So like lots of options Like a wearable So, yeah, I just like the little ornament. I was like, oh, that's cute and we've only got the Super wide screens as like that would be perfect because it's just like that. You know the wide the ultra wide switch screen Yeah, and shout out that to you a marker at Fixing the GIF code player on this. So this is running on the RP 2040. So Nice Cranked on it and then Liz of course helped out as well. It was a collaboration Yeah, so we're using circuit Python for the USB mass storage and then Arduino to actually run these chips And then we have a JP in there playing a be in the doom guy Love it. It does it does in fact play doom On the project in the project Exactly and then Noah has a prototype of some really yeah, just real quick I got a lot of cutoff scrap wood pieces and I was like, what can I do with them? I got a CNC mill. I like working with wood. It's a really nice material. It's echo friendly and all that So I figured okay. Well, we can turn these into Lego Compatible building bricks. So these are all Thank you Compatible Yes, they are compatible with real Lego bricks. I had to make sure it was perfect heights and perfect clearances So the the fun thing though that I learned was how to do You know two-sided milling because you have to flip it to do the studs and then you're gonna do it, right? So what I figured was like, okay It would be kind of cool if you could use the base plate as the Yes, you do the bottom first. Okay, you can snap this in That stays in place. So now it's got this good, you know It's not gonna pop off when you start drilling into this to do all those studs So I can just fill this whole base plate now with all of these things and then just run a Kind of a pattern operation. You can just like mill all of these at the same time Yeah, I don't have to kind of waste time and tape having to kind of glue each one of these to the to the bed And then just add this, you know to the bed Because you could do individual like artisanal Lego compatible bricks out of wood You could carve them Exotic wood like purple heart. It's such a fun look, right? And I'm sure folks got those scraps of wood don't throw about you can make it a little bit You almost did and I also want to experiment with like, you know, different shapes So kind of want to be like maybe like a heart. This is a 3d printed one Of course you get 3d prints of this, you know, this is plastic it throw this away And it's gonna take a couple a couple years to compose. So Wood's all nice. So that's gonna be a project that we're working on. We do a learning guide in a video Yeah, yeah, real careful with the naming building bricks would yeah Yeah You know, we know All right, well, thanks so much and tune into three hangouts every Wednesday where you can watch all the stuff Come to life before you're at about minifig. We've got the STLs for that, too All right, thank you then Pedro always good stuff. All right JP what you got going on this week Well, first of all, I think I got to learn those grunts that the dune guy does so I can get like Yeah Did you did you do that gift or who made that gift up? You must have grabbed those video. I don't remember doing that. You guys grabbed it, didn't you? That's hilarious. That was like a couple frames from me on my show looking That's right Our team will we use all parts of the video? I love it. Yeah I'm very happy. You're just you're just kind of a standard issue. Like I got a photoshop somebody in it, but JP Yeah, better you have that. It's us. It's a stamper No, I always use JP. Don't use don't use me. I don't want to So something I've been working on and I want to show a little progress on is this idea of using the feather rp 2040 with our multi trellis So these are ford neo trellis driver boards soldered together They each have their own i squared c address Uh, we can plug in over stemma qt to stemma, which is pretty nice. I love that and uh Now I am working on doing a bidirectional MIDI control the idea here is that when you use software particularly for synthesizers and sequencers And you use a hardware device to control them Both things your software and your hardware need to kind of stay in sync as far as what's lit up So in An effort to do this what I've got is midi commands going over one channel from here to the host device And then when the host device has to turn on a light It sends a midi command on a different channel this way and those those are interpreted as a hey Let's light up one of the trellis buttons. Um, this is just a little mini partial demo here where you'll just see So i'm able to light stuff up or not on On the neo trellis and then when I play back midi and sound is going to come out of this but midi is going to light up different LEDs on the neo trellis based on the midi notes that are playing currently That's the sound of the lego police by the way It's a danish siren, um, so This is just a visualizer right now for for midi notes playing which is cool You could also add color based on other parameters like velocity, which is a thing in in midi messages But i'm just excited right now to be able to have Something where both me and the uh software on the other side the synth on the other side are both able to To control the leds. So that's something i've been working on that's uh loads and loads of fun to play with And you'd never get bored of just playing stomp out the midi note, too Yeah, fun fact, you know, um, just because uh, you know, if folks have been noticing we're doing a lot more projects with the rp 2040 feather Um, I do love the feather m4. Uh, it's it is a near and dear to my heart, but the fact is there's a Here's a chip shortage And so it's very challenging to get samdy 51s And I want to one of the things that's so cool is that because we use arduino and circuit python in the feather format We can take projects that normally would use the feather m4 Use the rp 2040 and with circuit python it just works exactly the same or whether we know it's definitely the same and the size of the same and um That way people can do their projects and they're not stuck I feel like you know, there's definitely a lot of people who are like Hey, I have this project that uses, you know, like a teensy or uses a raspberry pi and it's like Yeah, you might want to find another project Yeah, but we're gonna keep we're gonna keep the projects going so you know folks are gonna see A lot more rp 2040 it's uh, it's only because that's a chip that we can definitely get Actually, that reminds me make is doing their board guide and we just submitted a bunch of uh Boards I think I'm gonna send an email to them right when I Get over to my computer and say hey, you know one thing that might be needed is to have actually available For people who are thinking of which board to pick right like which ones you can make a risk Which one is your uh code gonna be portable with? Because I think that if you're selecting a board for a project or projects now Um being able to get it and then also being able to get more later is probably uh a big consideration Yeah, I see this a lot right now and there are certain synth diy projects that use a teensy 3.2 And you kind of want to tell people hey don't go and get your pcb and and all your bomb for that and think that you're Gonna easily grab a 3.2 because I think actually that the 3.2 is a particularly tough one the four is available We have some in stock and we have some 4.1s um, but the 3.2 it's one of those things where um Ironically if a chip is slightly old, it's like there's this there's this like Um unhappy valley of like if it's really old nobody uses it as you can get it Yeah, that's good You know they put it into the market so they want to make sure it's available, but if it's just a couple years Um, it's really hard to get so the rp 24 is great. It's new and so like Um, you know raspberry pi said like we have like two billion You know dies ready to be packaged because we ordered them and we still have them in stock and I will say also I too love the m4 feather, but This one has usb c And I love usb c on the rp port and we've got the stem of qt on there So there are a couple of advantages there. Um, so if your project can use it It's a it's a pretty happy board. There might be a feather m4 coming out with usb c by the way There might be a new a little bit of a re-spin all right and uh tomorrow folks can tune into your Yeah, okay. Thanks so much. Okay. All right. Thank you. Bill be paint your dragon. What is going on? Oh my god Um, well speaking they'll be designed the case for that near trellis. I did that was like a thousand years ago It was a thousand years ago A thousand year old birthday to you It was like grown like a crystal Anyway, speaking of uh m4 samd 51 being in short supply um, I've been working on the led matrix code and I got it working on the um esp 32 s3 Feather And that might seem like hey, you know big deal because that's not a big deal phil. It's just like the s2 Right. Yeah, what why why why you even here? Yeah, so we've got this library that works Like the same on like six or more different chips same code and a weird thing happened when we got to some of the newer esp 32s um It was really slow and it turns out like you have this super fast cpu but then the the gpio toggling is Like there's this bottleneck there and it ended up being very flickery and so everyone's well like Doi the esp 32 has this i2 s parallel peripheral thing just use that And I keep trying to tell people on the s3. It is it's not there. It's gone. It's gone like all the wrong so The peripheral it is a dedicated lcd controller that kind of does the same thing, but it's a new peripheral and there's no examples for it and Yeah, I've been like asking around like anybody. Can you like walk me through this new like no nobody has info on this peripheral so I figured it out on my own and now when people go around asking. How do you use this new peripheral? They can look at this code and say, okay.  Yeah, that's me with this lcd peripheral on the esp s3 It's like everyone's like no phil you're you're crazy. That doesn't exist. I'm like, oh, it's an lcd peripheral. I've seen it Hey, at least it's not like the the guy who warns you about the pet cemetery. Like I don't go up without that pet cemetery and then like, you know, the I don't want to run the movie But uh, it doesn't work out. They go to That's cool. Um, I do I have a related story to your efforts I remember uh a while ago and I'll leave out the the chip the board the the companies and all that But someone said I want to buy the following board But I'm not going to until I see it in the Adafruit store because I know that you'll do code and tutorials for it And and they were waiting because they're like, I don't want to do all of that work So I'll wait until you're stocking in and if you never stock it, I know it's probably not narrator We never stopped So, um, was the chip wasn't worth the effort. So so that's so I do just as a A bit of thanks. Thank you everyone who supports buying hardware from us because we spent a lot of time on on doing this And this is and and you can see Where it goes and and uh, who's working on it. Do you know any pizzas fill me have to eat to write this code? I mean, yeah, two two you put pizza in and you get cut out It's not a lot, but it's more than one I don't mean to actually sound bitter about that. I'm kidding around I'm actually like really excited to have this working and I hope people do learn from it because It is a very tricky new peripheral and it can do some cool stuff In future phil v will be like googling around for something. You'll be like, oh, this is a cool example. Oh wait, just one Yeah, it's interesting because there's a lot of there's a lot of like spi dma and there's like, you know I2s is basically spi really um With that with one with one clock alternate, but what I think is neat is this has a latching you can control the latch as well Which is This code, but it is there. Yeah. Yeah, shout out to the expressive folks. We just met with them recently We've been corresponding and been very helpful. All right. Thanks for the glowy update. All right Light up your dragon.  How's it going? Don, what you doing? Good. How are you guys doing? Good. Okay. So this is my second time on show and tell so Nice to meet you guys Yeah So I just wanted to show uh A kind of a fun idea I had just uh last week Um a while back I bought the these uh geo boards for my kids. I don't know if you remember these Yeah, with the pegs and the rubber bands and stuff. That's cool Uh, so I had a random idea, you know, take eel wire Kind of loop around them make like glowy shapes Yeah But but uh, I couldn't the the bend radius on these is horrible, right? So yeah To be tight on the on the pegs So my new idea that I came up with was um Make a bigger one Use a peg board, right? Ah, funny. That's a good idea. So, uh Yeah, let me just turn off the lights. That's really cool. I made like a little robot here. Yeah Yeah, that's awesome That's neat because kids can it's constrained at the same time. Um, you can make Interesting shapes out of it and you can play a game like what is this? What is this shape? What is this thing? Yeah, this is cool? Yeah, so I I I showed this to my kids Probably last week I just just went at it to start to make it all the kinds of random stuff It was a blast. Yeah, so I just wanted to show that off and since I have it on two separate, uh I can be cool stuff like, uh, oh, yeah, you can have some of them can blank some of them can do things So most like making your own little neon sign without the The problems. Yep. Yeah Yep, so It looks it looks pretty. I like it's like a smooth, but it looks a little bit of character to it Yeah, good work done if you if you happen to take a photo or if you post this anywhere Uh, you can drop me know ptdatafruit.com. This is a neat one because folks can just pick up some meal wire And they probably have that peg boat for it somewhere. We could do a blog post or something So other folks can uh could do this good for kids and adults. Oh, yeah So anyways, just want to share that. All right. Good. Thank you. Thank you. Yeah All right, that's our show and tell this week right on time. Thank you so much everyone for joining us here This is our favorite half an hour of the week every single week We're here 7 30 p.m. Eastern time every single wednesday or one of the 8 of 14 members Um, have a happy rest of your week. We'll see you on show and tell and just a couple minutes five minutes All right. See you in a couple