All right. It's time for off the press. What are those headlines that made it to the front pages of some national dailies you're about to find out? Ipunabwa Unkotaria is standing by to give us analysis on these headlines. So here we go. We begin with the Guardian Newspapers. The Guardian Newspapers starts with ministerial list five ex-governors, technocrats, leads to Nobu's 42-man cabinet. Details of that is on page six. And if you can see the picture there, you can clearly see former governor, Ghandu J. You can see former governor of river states, Newsome Wike. You can see former governor of Cardona states, Nasser Erofi. Well, the pictures are there for you to see yourself. Well, moving forward, you have Tunibu Emerges, ECOWAS chairman, commits to democracy in sub-region. Details of that is on page three of the Guardian Newspaper.  Mongol plateau state there is one state that's bleeding. It's been bleeding for some time. That beautiful home of peace and terrorism has been badly violated by bandits and terrorists. And it's just so heartbreaking to see these kind of headlines concerning plateau state.  ECMA hired to destabilize southeast for Strait Carnous release during itself says Ohanezi. Page seven is where you find details of that ECMA hired to destabilize southeast for Strait Carnous release during itself says Ohanezi. Well, that's it on the front page of the Guardian Newspaper. Okay, we will move to the leadership newspaper. And leadership leads with a double runs to Villa as national working community members alleged disloyalty. We also have a story that telecoms investment in Nigeria hits $75.6 billion. Tribunal APC closest case says no need flogging a dead horse. You can find that on page seven of the leadership newspaper. We also have cracks in APC over national assembly principal officers. Numbers Nigeria to redeem $500 million euro bond this month. And then IGP redeploys 35 police commissioners in major shakeup. And last but not the least that I'm willing to read now is a fake UTM East core lift ban on Mesoma's Mesoma reptiles jam. Okay, those are the headlines we're taking from the leadership this morning. Okay, from the leadership will go to nature news. Nature news leads with acute hunger. WHO raises concerns amid climate crisis details page three. Above the mast head, Niger State rice farmers implement early planting to mitigate flood risks. Subsidy, petrol consumption drops from 66.9 million liters to 48.83 million liters in June. That is according to N M D P R A page five is where details of that can be found and something that concerns legal specifically is on page five. We have details of we have a co bridge reopens after extensive rehabilitation. Legations are jubilating over this. The closure of that bridge has caused serious serious traffic and stress for many legations. So a code bridge reopens after extensive rehabilitation. Page five is where details of that can be found. And then you go on Lagos residents protest persistent power outage demand urgent action from E K E D C. E K E D C. Page six is where you find details of that account for Falcons. $960,000 from FIFA.  All right. That's the much to be taken from the front page of nature news. And eventually that will be the end of. Okay, the much headlines we will take this morning until we now join our guests who will be helping us make sense of all these headlines open up in court area. A political affairs analyst has just joined us. Good morning and welcome to the program. Good morning. Good morning. Good morning. Yeah. Okay. Now the reading thing is that some people are making a ministerial list. And I know we found out we've asked you. We'll ask you again. Did you make the list? By proxy. By proxy. Okay. By proxy. Okay. So. We will ask you by proxy. What is the constitutional matter? Anyway, every state must have been represented at the federal assembly council. But the background is a little bit cool. And there are a lot of control versus surrounding denomination of usage or which is because it is a big human. And so the whole case of things against the ABC during the elections, during the campaigns for that, but switched over. Very keen to cast the votes just shortly before the conduct of the election problem. They are the super injunction. What you call a super injunction is where you don't want the world to know that you give such an order. So you are the super injunction of the government and all the followers. That they should vote for Bonaparte to the vote. And have some surreptitious views to the vote. And I think a compromise was struck. And this is the outcome of the compromise. While it is rumored that the ABC was actually working for Antiqua Mubakar. Who actually was my candidate. And still my candidate. Anyway, the ABC worked for Antiqua Mubakar. So it was like this switched years. And the problem we did. Sorry, this is my problem. The problem I mentioned has been, or has been, yes or no. So when yes or no, we cannot decide to support Bonaparte. We all know that I've met it in person for Bonaparte. I'm the leader of the ABC News. There is this general rumor that he actually worked against Bonaparte. He was the president. And also he gave his own super injunction. That said they should vote for Antiqua Mubakar. But we did not say no, they should vote. We just said of course Antiqua is well known. It's not even the first secret. So he worked for Bonaparte in Bonaparte. In Antiqua, he would not just do anything for free. He must have reached an agreement. But why a lot of people are a little bit dazed is that if you recall, he was the same man who said that he was in a big blister. The vice presidential ticket is spent higher. Providing technology would be accepted such an office. Is it like the president of nothing? ABC is cancerous. Maybe that's just my leader that is treated well. So ABC that stage 4 cancer. So why are you now retracting that? That's why a lot of people are a little bit dazed. Bonaparte takes anyway. So I think he has his name on the list, right? Yes, looking at that picture. So looking at that, apart from the political sentiment that his name connotes, looking at also the fact that he just left office as governor of a state. Should he be on that list? I was a little bit into that idea of Sister Maury. The truth is, my concern has to do with recycling. Exactly. I mean, if today, I will tell people, you know, that's why I strongly disagree when to get a job in a particular place with a 5-year experience, 10-year experience. Yes, there should be some sort of opportunity to tell you. Don't doubt about that. But everybody waits for 5 or 10 years of experience and nobody's been employed. How do you get experience? Now, you say Mr. A performed, Mr. B performed. Mr. A performed simply because Mr. A was given the chance. Before they brought things from a who is at, is it African Development Bank? Addition. Addition, you know. Before they brought it, who knew how sound it was? Because you can have all your aids, and you can't perform. There's a clear distinction between academics and practice. There are two different things all together. Let's be honest with ourselves.  So you must give people the opportunity. And when you keep recycling, it stops me. Seriously. You have about five former governments there.  But if you go to a family, some of them, they're dissimilitarists. Some of them probably from one to two governments. So they're like, why? Then what happens to the younger ones? And that tells you the greed. Because all I expect most of this, some of what we have to do, is to not make a sense. To say, look, I can vouch for Mr. A. Let Mr. A. God represent us in the states. When everything you want to, because that is a greed in the system and that is a bane of our country, they keep on, they keep, they want to grab, they keep grabbing, they keep grabbing. They have various choices in nature. And some of them are so scared to be outside, out of office. They're not to them as scared. They still want to have that cloud. So that whenever they come out, people will still say, yes, I have a problem here. And at least the one is muted. In fact, for the former governments, most of them are even a pressure that I think to be challenging on. You're there for eight years maximum. And every month you're going with about $100 million. But you know what? Meanwhile, as a government, you feel to pay civil servants. You feel to pay pensioners. You don't even have the gratuities. But your own is constant. You pay yourself $100 million. And that's like a common fashion. Who rejected this? Even Benga Daniel. How is everything? Benga Daniel also recently wrote. Benga Daniel. You have a car in your state. You have a house in your state. A house in Abuja. Then every two years they provide you a car. I know the most of the fellow last year, they would never owe them the former governments. Unless you have a problem with the city one. Remember, a pensioner, who served the state for 35 years has not been paid for seven months. Seven years. A pensioner cannot afford it. But they are doing it. They have 80 years max. They are doing it also. And in your state. It's so ridiculous. Now tell me the kind of people you think you are. And you have the mentality. They don't want to live in office. They want to remain in a house to remain relevant. But you remain here. If you are not in office to be relevant. If you are well respected and loved. If you are not in office to be relevant. If you are well respected and loved. If you are not in office to be relevant. If you are well respected and loved. People who still come to you and listen to you. To pay whom it. And if you say I want this money. Because of your teachings. It's like a son and a father. After training your son. You cannot tell him who to marry. We have to sleep. We have to travel. But if there is a good relationship. You can always say that you want wine. It's no longer a must. Uncle Taria. Because of where you were brought from. Uncle Taria. I was just telling Nyamgo. It's on the front page of major newspapers. The Guardian is not. It's not something to play with. It's not one of those papers you easily dismiss. It's one of the most reputable. It has credibility. Yes, it has credibility. So Denia Lake had last week. Told us that. Whatever list we are seeing flying around. We are just mere fabrications. But this we have coming from the Guardian. Okay, so let's say. This is not yet a press release from the government. But if this were to be confirmed. Say this week. Would you surprise you. If these people made the list for President. Borlattino was government. You do not surprise me. I wouldn't like to be. You do not surprise me. Because it will ruin the air for quite some time now. Yes. I would suggest you say. It might not be your authentic list. But there is no smoke without fire. That's the truth. And. As personally. At least one or two persons confirmed to me. That. So anything might happen. Even on the day of the announcement. Even through some names. Anything can happen. Because one or two persons confirmed to me that. It confirmed these names to me. About four days ago. And I've seen it on the Guardian. So. I can tell you too. That most scientists would also be so sponsored. So that. You tie the hands of the President. It could be politics as well. Yes. Mr. President. Look at what is happening so far. All kinds of things. All kinds of things might come to play. But for now to speak. And let me just say. 60% sure. That these names. Will make the mysterious list. 60% let me put it that way. Even if my sources are right. That these names are going to make the list. They might be. There might be changes. I don't know. There might be changes. But for now. Because I got this information about four days ago. And from a very reliable source. Okay. In Quotaria. What do you personally feel about the fact that. The constitution. The constitution anyway has said it. But what do you feel about. Every state having to produce. As a must. A minister. In the federal republic of Nigeria. I don't have a problem with that. I don't have a problem with the minister of the states. I mean. I might be the first to say. Come out to condemn it. You know. You accepted it. And you are coming out to say something else. So wish you knew yourself cannot be trusted. There's a question mark on your integrity. That's what you did. But having said that. Every state is for a reason. The whole essence. Is to ensure. Unity and cohesion. In a world of federal character. So that no state will complain. Because if we didn't have such a team. We would have appointed all ministers. That's the truth. And he will tell you there is no law. Binding him to ensure that he goes wrong. And look at the. Look at the. Problem in the east. Where they feel marginalized. Just because. They have not been given. All under where specifically. There are certain. Sensitive. Military appointments. And look at the. Generated. So is on sentimental grounds. And to ensure. That there is sense of belonging. To strengthen unity. Let every state. No one state will be seen as more important. Than your destiny. Now where you don't even have the federal character. For example. In the MDAs and so on. You can imagine what went on under the world. They not took everything. And. These things are been evanesced. In the appointment. Of special advisors. Did use of. Where. It is not a constitutional provision. But most of them. Are from the areas. So. It is. That. It is made a constitutional. But. We have appointed. From the east. The east is like a drop of ocean. They are completely relevant. That's coming from the president. We said it. So you don't have to consider the east. In those who do the draft of the constitution. In the loftiness of the wisdom. And show that. They made it mandatory. For every state. To be presented. But the federal capital. Is. Decision of a good body. So let every state also be presented. To go and be the voice. For people from their state. The only problem is. Most people that are appointed. Are not appointed to represent the state. They are appointed on depotic grounds. So they are there to be. The opinion of the president. Are not there to actually represent the state. Including most of our national. Some people not. Because. All right. Let's move on now. It is. It is. What. Abused. By. As many things have been abused. From what we've seen. I mean subsidy for instance. Is not something that is bad. But because it's been abused. Nigerians are bearing the brunt for it. To pay so much. When they should be subsidized by their government. Because I mean. Is there any developed nation. The people. There is no country without government subsidy. None. Yeah. We're hearing. There is no country without government subsidy. No country. What. The problem in Nigeria is the corruption. And the presidents are all involved. I keep saying this to them. If you ask me how substantiated. Who is the minister for petroleum. The presidents. Who pays out the money. For time.  To turn around maintenance. The president. They turn around maintenance. Are they carried out. No. If the president is not aware. Who tells the world. That it's a cabal. A cocktail in church. Have they ever been mentioned. And told that the world. You know. The character of members. No. You say you know them. Police. Even if you know the members of the character. I might want to arrest them. Who is supposed to arrest. When they play this. The. What happened. What happened. They do it. Have you had anything to do with it. Where is the money. They pay. To meet up the pipelines. Here are the meetings. How many military men were arrested. In U.S. from Breba state. A debut. God former governor said. To all the serviced. We have to think about the consequences. That your men are involved. Talk to them. The problem is. What happened. The same. Who are we talking about. What did you do. You are done. In both the. The. The. Going on. Why did you do. You. The. Okay. I am saying. You see. You need to know. In how the. All right. You come and sit down. One. I will give you another thing. Let's move to another thing. And not just anger. We know that. A lot of things happen under the bridge. But. Let's leave that matter for another day. Now. We're looking at the. Maybe possible cracks in the APC Adam. Again. We remember even during the time of primaries. He. He anointed a candidate and brought forth and said. That's the. Consensus candidate. Now. Principal officers have a mention from the national assembly. He still has a problem that does just child's play. And. We hear now that the national working committee members. That he is disloyal. And he has gone to the. To Asu Rock. To the villa. Where we think one of his number one. I don't want to call using him. Enemy. Is residing right now. He wants to go cap in hand to the president. Now. What do you say about the. The character of Adam. The. The leader of APC. The. The possible cracks in the leading APC. Adam. Confirmation. Like that. He has a mind. He has a mind of his own. And he tries as much as he can. To ensure that. Imposes views on people. I don't know much about him. But I know that. We have to make it the chairman of the APC. A lot of people. I'm talking about the APC. A lot of who we are vast to. His images and his chairman. Because the side is not a team player. Of course. I mean. From what we see now is not a team player. Because. We are listening. That. Was the. Candidates. But I don't trust him. To vote and show the world. Which was initially was against him. But in order. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. To. filled in that day and time forgetting that in modern time the presidents and governors are now leaders of the party. They're the chairmen, they're leaders of the party. So he's still living in the past, most likely, and that got him the sense that the national assembly members will elect personal officers with our recourse to him. And as a matter of fact, we expect them to settle this internment. It's an internal matter, although the personal officers are going to preside over the national assembly which is not going to be an internal matter. Because once you get a national assembly, it becomes an open matter and a national issue. So he's angry and he saw the backlash. And he saw that a lot of people are voting for his move out. I can tell you that Adamu is almost out, because even the president will not forgive him. You saw the way this man fought letters and the president said, I hope I'm not correct, I don't want to step forward and attack the character of the president as a matter of fact. So anybody who attempted to stoutify, to stimulate that, the realization of that ambition will not be forgiven. And after that, the man has been, I mean, goose here and there. I mean, I'm talking about Daniel, in terms of the national assembly and all of Mustafa and the statement. But I think he's already out. I don't see Adamu staying there for another. Probably the president just wants to properly settle in, announce his cabinet members, and then face the party politics. So we're going to also know who would make no sense at all. Because it's not in the good goods of the president. It's not going to save him whatsoever. I would have just kept my integrity back. Or I would have just resigned. The main fact that you did appointments and so on, and I tell you without my knowledge, without my image, is already a vote of no confidence on me. And the president is a bit relaxed. And they said they worked hand in hand with the president. I'm talking about the senior president and the speaker. The president was in the know. So they worked hand in hand with the president. They got dismissed it. So what are you still doing there? That's the problem I'm talking about. I believe. I'm honest. One month does he want. Well, in Kothariah, you know Nigerians is not in a character to resign from anything. So we just wait for that to happen. I resigned. I resigned. My guess is I resigned. All right, let's move forward to the leadership newspaper. In this headline, Tinubu APC closes case says no need flogging a dead horse. Did you follow the tribunal in Kothariah? And what is your assessment of what has spread out so far? I am in quandary as Tinubu, a proper assessment of the tribunal. Lots of time, I mean, they give us the impression that yes, we're going to get justice. Justice does not necessarily mean your preferred candidate is going to win. And that's what we called for open court. We also open court. We know the court is open, but life covers. Justice does not necessarily mean your party must win. But you are convinced that sagacity prevails. That's exactly what we are calling for. But we also don't know.  I can tell you that they don't want to give you all the impression that they were fair. Already the judgment is written. But they don't want to see that as a case. They don't want to see it as a packed jury. So in the case of the APC saying there is no point flogging a dead horse. They think you can be interpreted in different ways. You can be interpreted maliciously. You can also be well. I mean, I don't need to call any further witness. They fast speak for themselves. I mean, everything. But you have the obvious in it for the good. That's probably what they mean. It will also mean that whether you like it or not, we are going to win. The tribunal is asked. So it all depends on how you interpret this. You know, you can be interpreted maliciously. You can also be given a genuine interpretation. It's subject to all interpretations. But I think that such a situation would have come from them. But that does not necessarily mean that what they meant was I say, thank you. Because the lawyer will come on tomorrow to tell you what you actually meant was the facts. We already presented the protocols. Or we did it for the proof that we won the election. That could be the argument. But many cases, the opposition can say, no, what you actually meant was that the tribunal is compromised. But it's subject to interpretation. But for now, if you look at the proceedings, you really have no doubts that the judges for now go upright. The panel is to upright. But let's wait. Because we should just say that they wait for the time that they are going to be. We will tell Nigerians, from these Nigerians, whether they were actually compromised or not. It's a couple words. Once you see the judgment and the judges advance at you, of course, you will know. You will know if they were compromised or not. You are definitely going to know. It's a little less of how many it is now. Yeah. We're counting. Yeah. In nature news, something really disturbing. WHO raises concern amid climate crisis. And that is our own acute hunger, which means there's a possibility that we will even be hungrier than we are right now. Because I can't say we will be hungry as if we are not hungry now. It looks like it's going to be acute hunger according to WHO. There is that concern. And the previous government had always prided itself as being a government that has invested so much in agriculture. And from the policy direction of this government, we don't know where we're going. So what does this report speak to you about? Do you think they might be right? Or do you think enough is being done? We may not face the acute hunger that they are projecting. No, no, no, no.   Apart from the climate, you have other issues such as the first. Are you not hungry? You should be healthy. You are doing well. Otherwise, everybody is hungry differently. So it's just not the climate. The climate changed my first study of hunger. So the day before, we were drinking curry and granates.   Because people are parkers. I think who said, you read it, that the NIPC otherwise complained that the food consumption has dropped from 80 something to 40 something. 66.9 to 48. Exactly. So what are we talking about? Is that not a climate of hunger? That is just an ability to tell you that. You know how many people experience that already on sick bed, for fear of where to get money from people's prisons? Those that cannot afford their rents. And so many, so many other issues. So the climate change, the talk that must speak, let you do that, they're also working.  Back of rice, how much is it cost to do that? It's the price of the back of rice now.  We are growing rice in this country. You are producing rice now, isn't it? Producing rice, I mean? Is that how you call it? In this country. And rather than the price to come down with this skyrocketing, how do you relate that? Those were just criminal activities too. It's like a food program to the students who are at home. And yet, they can, I am what they said they spent. There was COVID, students who are at home, who are they giving the food to? Maybe your children, maybe they give you. Who? And they pocket their money. So you can imagine. Where is the pyramid? Oh, just like the money they gave to Urgura, Tai and Kup. Maybe their successors came out to say they are responding to justify the money that was received. I'm talking of their own successors. Including the international security advice, like I said, nothing to justify what the money they gave to the world. So it was a government-emissioned fraud that should pretend that they weren't. Because he gave out the others. My dear brother, it is not all about the climate change. Yes, the climate change is a global thing. But the difference is that in others, in large climes, they make provisions. They prepare well ahead. Here, we wait. We always react. But it's not just the climate change in Nigeria. We have a variety of problems we are facing. Man-made problems. So you can talk about that. We are starting to see doubt. Very soon, there will be no whole again. In fact, very soon there will be waste. But the leaders are ruining their doubts. Black leaders should be done very soon. If you don't understand because talent is, why they feed fat, these are niches. And they feed fat. And Nigerians are. The day it came back to Nigeria. I'm not going to be traveling with you. Nigeria. Why do you need the ministers? Why do you need the ministers for states? What are you going to do with the ministers for states? How many advice do you have there? What are you going to do with that? We have less than 36 ministries, I think. So we need ministers of states. So that some states will be represented. Every ministry should represent the states. So to speak. Why do you have ministers for states? Why do you have to listen to special advice? Why do you have many SUVs? And this goes across the three tiers of government. And Nigerians are already seeing. Every time you're traveling, you're traveling out because you've got to have got the national road. And in the government houses, you are not bothered. You drive the SUVs. People are selling their cars. People are not even buying their cars. Because there's no money. You drive how many SUVs? At the expense of the ministers. There is also tightening my belt. To become a skeleton. While you become an elephant. Are you not a niche? Uncle, Tara. I feel you fat on that.  Because very soon there won't be a new one. I just told you now, can you put the belt around the skeleton? Let's move forward. Still on Nature News. Still on Nature News. The green strip at the bottom of the the front page you have. Account for far comes $960,000 from FIFA. Waldrum is telling the NFF, I don't know how much of a sports sports enthusiast you are in Kotaria. What can you tell us about this? This is football. I don't know much about football. No, but you don't have to be. You don't have to be. I don't know much. I don't know much about football. The only much I know is my money. I have to count it. If you give me 10 times, I can't get out. If you tell me four times four, I don't know how much to pick. But now it's not about this. This is golf. I am working with golf. I'll just keep going. Uncle Tara plays the big man's game. The game for the big boys. It's okay, we understand. That was then. That was then. It came to East Asia. You still can work around that. I thought you'd come back. The climate change and the golf course. The golf history. Okay, well... I don't like that about football. I don't have interest. Apart from that, NFF is a body run by the government, so to speak. Not known to golf. No. The kind of... The kind of rots that is within the NFF in what world realm the coach for the Super Falcons is true. A lot of them have not been paid their allowances and they're trying to go to a World Cup and they're still being owed for things that they should have been paid. And you know what happened when players in 1994 or so were promised houses and then those houses were given whether last year or so. So it takes so long and there's so much rots within the system and all that. But whether you like sports or not, you will have a comment on why there's this consistent rots in the system. Whether it is NFF, whether it is in other areas of government and all that. Why is it like it's a free-for-all affair that anybody can do anything? They are staring at you in the face. Lack of leadership? Lack of leadership. Corruption. Everything stops at the table of the president. Now you talk of the minister for sports. If the president for him didn't like football that gets world attention. He said I don't play football. I don't develop it. For a game like football the president should be interested in a situation where because the minister could also be corrupt. The minister could also like in the past we had our first ministers took sides with certain businesses and so on. You find out that even the minister could corrupt. The problem with such decisions in control of funds starts with power thousands. Why do you talk of power? Why do you have the power thousands? Who's going to be in charge of the funds? And unfortunately the players are not beneficiaries rather they are victims. Because no matter how much you pump into that place the monies don't get to these players and most of the day they have played their monies. They have left the country and have probably protested. How do you expect such persons to put in their best? So in the case of this young man I call him a young man because I think he might have killed him. I forgot his name. He just left he just left the office I think the year ago. When the young man was there I think when he was there I think they went to courts until it was settled out of court I can settle that of course but you see the problem has to do but it's not just even the money they made from the country the money they are the foreign they get from outside if you don't have money you will be fined in Germany classes are very different. So there are certain things if you don't have money just people make you will be shot. I am talking about the headship who is going to be in charge of these budgets not just everybody players only get compensated all the money they took when it is time for the game and so there is even lack of preparation for the game. Online they make sure that their players are well taken care of. So from day one that is where you get compensated by the state now back to the person you are a person of the country there is point of life football there is we can have one system which I commend we can have one man that will tell you Maureen go and find out the price of that thing to send another person go and find out the price of that same thing about three to four persons so you can have the first hand information these are the kind of things the president should do that is the only thing the president is not aware of when the president can be everywhere if you know he cannot be everywhere don't contest if you are not coming don't contest you can be everywhere but you don't sit back and allow one individual to align to one a ground and pay money and when one man sees that he got into the community and makes all the whole money in the world the next person will go ahead and do it so it's not about the players because most of the leaders come to without being paid most of them protest to be paid before traveling out if you have an organization that is working well you don't need to protest you are due to come to your country so the president is also to be played because the minister could compromise like in the last case that matter close me the minister was obviously compromise look who sees so it's all about the president the top of the commander look at the president and say yes you can be everywhere you can be everywhere if you cannot be everywhere then you get out of this office you can be everywhere when they say you can be everywhere you have to sit and go because it doesn't mean thank you so much always a pleasure having you on Oscar press my pleasure good morning how are you doing sweets thank you just like you we are trying to be like you ok and as much we can take from the press we will take a break now when we return we will go to our first hot topic as we call it stay with us


By 1300, the Chinese had developed the counting board method to solving polynomial equations of any degree to any desired accuracy. To do this, each coefficient is set down on its own row on the counting board, and multiple passes are required. So to solve this cubic, first we'll set down the coefficients, the number on the top row, the sides, 18, the x coefficient on the next row, the squares, 13, the x squared coefficient, and then the cubes, 1, the x cubed coefficient. And we'll shift. The sides move one place, the squares move two places, and the cubes move three places. And as with the square root procedure, we shift until we go past the leading digit of the number. And so we'll guess a digit. As with the square root procedure, the guess is the largest value that allows the first pass to work. So let's guess 3. And we'll conduct our first pass. The guess 3 times cubes, 1, and add to squares. Then guess 3 times squares, 43, and add to sides. Guess 3 times sides, 1308, and now subtract from the number. And at this point we have to make multiple passes, and the important idea here is that each pass stops one place earlier than the preceding pass. So our first pass went all the way up to the number, so our second pass will have guess times cubes, and add to squares. Then guess times squares, and add to sides. And since our next product would take us up to the number, we stop. But we will take a third pass, our guess times cubes, and add to squares, and stop. And now we'll shift our numbers. Our sides move one place, squares move two, and cubes move three places. And we'll guess the next agent. We guess 4, and we make the first pass. Guess times cubes, and add to squares. Guess times squares, and add to sides. Guess times sides, and subtract from our number. And again we'll make additional passes with each pass stopping one place short of the previous one. So our second pass, guess times cubes, and add to squares. Guess times squares, and add to sides, and stop. Then our third pass, guess times cubes, and add to squares, and stop. And shift. Sides move one place, squares move two places, cubes move three places. And note that we've shifted past the original unit's place, so the next digit will be the first digit after the decimal point. And we guess 3. And we go through our first pass, guess times cubes, and add to squares. Guess times squares, and add to sides. Guess times sides, and subtract from the number. Our second pass, guess times cubes, and add to squares. Then guess times squares, and add to sides, and stop. And our third pass, guess times cubes, and add to squares, and stop. And shift. Sides move one place, squares move two places, cubes move three places. And we can lather, rinse, repeat to find additional digits of the root.


Ladies and gentlemen, the manager of the Recruit Training Unit, Inspector Darren Karnes, will now take command at the parade. The parade will now receive the parade host, Ms Tracy Cashman, Acting Executive Manager, Education Training. She will be met by the commander, Recruit and Policing Skills, Superintendent Andy Morrow, Deputy Commissioner, Specialist Operations, Mr Ross Barnett. Mr Barnett is representing the Queensland Police Commissioner, Ms Ian Stewart. He will be greeted by the parade host, escorted to the guys and received by the parade with a general salute. He will now receive our principal official guest, the Honourable Mr Jack Dempsey MP, Minister for Police, Fire and Emergency Services. He will be met by Deputy Commissioner Barnett, escorted to the guys and accorded a general salute by the parade. Ladies and gentlemen, please stand for the Australian National Anthem to be sung by Recruit Christopher Trudeau. Police officers in uniform and other uniformed personnel are requested to salute. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, please be seated. Deputy Commissioner Barnett will now formalise the graduation of six police dogs into the service. The police dogs and the hanglers have undertaken a 14-week training course at the Queensland Police Dogs Squad, where they have been trained in general purpose duties and will be deployed within metropolitan and regional locations. The course is completed in Brisbane under the guidance of the State Coordinator, Senior Sergeant Frank Lenaro. Police dog Caleb and his handler, Sergeant Trevor O'Neill, are stationed at the Tuumber Dog Squad. Caleb and Trevor will perform duties as general purpose police dog team. Police dog Hiko and his handler, Senior Constable Dan Hayward, are stationed at the Sunshine Coast Dog Squad. Hiko and Dan will perform duties as a general purpose police dog team. Police dog Jero and his handler, Senior Constable David Gray, are stationed at the Logan Dog Squad. Jero and David will perform duties as a general purpose police dog team. Police dog Claude and his handler, Senior Constable James Griffith, are stationed at the Brisbane Dog Squad. Claude and James will perform duties as a general purpose police dog team. Police dog Hondo and his handler, Senior Constable Nick Donnell, are stationed at the Gold Coast Dog Squad. Hondo and Nick will perform duties as a general purpose police dog team. Police dog Jai and his handler, Senior Constable Daniel Kennedy, are stationed at the Logan Dog Squad. Jai and Dan will perform duties as a general purpose police dog team. Ladies and gentlemen, this includes the induction of six new police dogs. They will now commence their role of tracking and searching with their experienced police handlers. Please join me now in congratulating our newest operational police dog team. Undoubtedly today, the highlight of our program is the imminent induction into the Queensland Police Service of the recruits on parade today. I know that many of you have covered long distances to be here for this very special day. Before a police recruit begins to perform their duties as a constable of police, there is a formal process to be applied in accordance with the Police Service Administration Regulation. This practice requires the individual recruit to pledge their loyalty to our sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II. The member then signs the oath or affirmation of office in the presence of a commissioned police officer. This segment, referred to as an induction, is a transition from the learning environment to being a sworn officer in the Queensland Police Service. As part of the process, each member is presented with a wallet containing their identity card and official police badge. Today, the swearing in tables will be used for the first time and will become an integral part of future graduation parades. Table officers, please fall in. Ladies and gentlemen, please stand for the administration of the oath and affirmation of office. By reciting oath or affirmation of office in unison with the recruits on parade, prefaced by the word I, states your given names and surname in four, you are to repeat your oath or affirmation of office after me. I swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve my sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, the heirs and successors. According to law in the office of Constable, all are in such capacity as I may be appointed, promoted or reduced with our favour, affection, malice or ill will from this state until I am discharged. That I will cause her majesty's peace to be kept and preserved. That I will prevent to the best of my power all offences against the same. And that, while I am a member of the Queensland Police Service, I will to the best of my skill and knowledge discharge all duties legally imposed upon me. Faithfully and according to law, so help me God. Thank you, Mr Barnett. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you. Please be seated. Table officers, please be seated. Today we are inducting 93 recruits into the service. Their training included instruction in the areas of driver training, physical skills education, computer training and firearms and officer safety. The parade started for today's parade is Senior Sergeant Peter Hobein. Senior Sergeant Hobein commenced his career in policing in 1994. During his career he has performed duties as a general duties officer and investigated with the criminal investigation branch and juvenile aid bureau. He has also performed duties with the tactical crime squad and his operations coordinator tactician for Brisbane West. Senior Sergeant Hobein has been involved in training, in training as an operational skills, firearm and TASI instructor over the last 10 years and is currently on succumb to the police academy as an intake coordinator. Today's banner parade is composed of facilitators from the Recruit Training Unit. The privilege of carrying today's banner is given to Acting Sergeant Colin Flaherty. The escort for the banner are Acting Senior Sergeant Derrick Hartridge and Acting Sergeant Graham Stager. The facilitators involved in the training of the graduating groups are comprised of sworn police officers with years of operational police experience and staff members who come from an academic and instructional background. All facilitators possess the skills required to teach in accordance with the high educational requirements or this training establishment. We would like to acknowledge and congratulate our world recipients on their achievements during the Recruit program. These recruits are Wade Walden, Norrell Pierce-Lundell, Ryan Lahey, Michelle White, Nathan Bond, Tim Salau, Kate Sherritt and David Inhol. Congratulations to all our world recipients. Today the graduating constables are also being presented with the Queensland Police Service 150 years citation. The citation is born on the right chest of their former police uniform shirt. The citation is blue and white denoting the colours for police worldwide and is inscribed with the words Queensland Police above the colour and the numerals 1864 to 2014 written below. It will take place on the 24th of July 2014 here at the Tom Malau Parade. On that parade we expect to have 45 recruits inducted into the service. Ladies and gentlemen, today you are witnessing the first intake subscribed to the Office of Constable on the new ceremonial graduation tables. Again we take this opportunity to thank the 12 students and their instructional staff. Mr. John O'Bushby, Mr. Ruben Schmidt, Mr. Alan Craven and Mr. Tim Tapskott for their professionalism in the design and manufacture of these tables. In addition we acknowledge the enthusiastic support offered by the Head Department Trade Training, John O'Bushby and Marcus for overseeing the project. We also thank the St. Philip St. High School Principal, Mr. Peter Grant for his school's participation in this project to present to the Queensland Police Service Academy this selected set of ceremonial tables. These tables will be used for future graduation parades both here in Oxley and out of North Queensland Campus in Townsville. Thank you table officers, please fall out. Ladies and gentlemen, Deputy Commissioner Barnett will now present the Commissioner's Executive Award. This honour is given to the individual who has achieved excellence, competency and professionalism in the recruit program. Assessment is accredited on individual conduct, leadership qualities, skills performance, academic results and commitment to the ideal principles of service to the community. The Commissioner's Award for Intake 9 of 2013 is Constable Wade Wilder. Ladies and gentlemen, please offer your congratulations to Constable Wilder. The Queensland Police Service Statement of Ethics supports our vision and purpose, the priorities and qualities of the KPS, namely courage, fairness and pride and to deliver quality policing services to the people of Queensland. It is a commitment that every member of the service undertakes in accordance with the standards of practice, the code of conduct and the functions of the service under the Police Service Administration Act. The Statement of Ethics is a standard expected by the Commissioner, his colleagues and the greater community and an acceptance by the individual officer to practice high standards of conduct in behaviour. As a police officer, both on and off duty. I now invite Constable Wilder to adopt the Statement of Ethics on behalf of the Constables on Parade. Constables, I am pleased to adopt the Statement of Ethics. As a member of the Queensland Police Service I have a duty to protect life and property, preserve the peace, prevent offenses, protect and apprehend offenders and help those in need of assistance. At all times I will carry out my duties without fear or favour, malice or ill will. I will act honestly and with utmost integrity. I will make every effort to respect and uphold the rights of all people in the community regardless of race, social status or religion. I will strive for excellence and endeavor to improve my knowledge and professionalism. I will keep confidential all matters which are in my learning more efficient capacity except as necessary in course of my duties. I will practice self discipline in word and deed both on and off duty. I will resist the temptation to participate in any activity which is improper as being improper. I will not mislead my office to personal gain. I will accept responsibility in my own actions and for acts which I may order. I accept the desirability of these ethics as integral part of my personal and professional life. Thank you Constable Walden. Senior Police Captain Reverend Graham Ramson will now offer the blessings. We know that through establishing processes for justice, peace and good order for the caring community it is safe for those who are vulnerable and innocent. For this reason, the answer of blessing upon these newly graduated Constables has become a small member of the Queensland Police Service. We thank you for the willingness to serve the community in this way and we are thankful for the hard work and personal application they have given of a caring soul for the duties of being a police officer. We pray they may always exercise the powers of their office and may be aware of the influence they are entrusted with as police officers. For I empower these new officers courage and they are confronted by danger give them integrity and confront with epidemic choices. I empower them with compassion and assisting those suffering and victimised give them impartiality when enforcing the law a blessing that will embrace the sense of self-assistance when needed. We present to these officers the challenges of their new profession that at the end of every shift they may, their consciousness might know that they have served the line. Thank you Reverend Rangston. Ladies and gentlemen, Deputy Commissioner Barnett will now address the parade. Good evening everyone, from this beginning by expressing a apology from Commissioner Stewart who was unavoidably detained at the last minute. I say to everyone we are extremely privileged it is that I am able to undertake his responsibilities at this most important ceremony this afternoon. But I begin with some acknowledgments please for our minister to the minister for police, fire and emergency services the Honourable Deputy Commissioner Minister, thank you for your opinion this afternoon. I also acknowledge the attendance of the consul of Japan Mr Yoshihiro Dishima and acknowledge that when he is not succumbed to consular duties the consul is sustainably in a particular respect to the Japanese National Police thank you consul for being here. I acknowledge also the Chief Executive Officer of the PSPA Mr Calvin Anderson I acknowledge we have a number of senior representatives of the Defence Forces here this afternoon but I particularly acknowledge representing the Navy Commander Peter Teddon DSM who is the senior Naval Officer in South Queensland I just acknowledge that in the Queen's Birthday Honest List Public Class Monday Commander Teddon was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia so our congratulations on that. I also acknowledge my fellow Deputy, Deputy Commissioner Brett Pointy, Acting Deputy Commissioner Peter Barron and Bob G the Acting Executive Manager of Education Training Command Ms Tracy Cashman there are a number of commission officers of the Queensland Police who are acknowledged collectively, distinguished guests other police officers and staff members of the Queensland Police Service Ladies and gentlemen most appropriately and most importantly the 93 newest Constable of the Queensland Police Service Your Honor. It is a great pride and pleasure that I extend a warm welcome to the family and friends of our graduated officers as they are appointed first year Constables during the ceremony today. Over the last six months these recruits have undertaken an extensive course designed to introduce them to various aspects of operations policing in Queensland. These Constables have been inspired with high ideals and encouraged to achieve their very best in this Honourful Career. Their sense of duty, loyalty and service to all Queenslanders has been enhanced and strengthened during the course. As Queenslanders newest Constables you are well prepared for the challenges that might heavy your career as a police officer. From experience I know the job is commanded not only on the serving member but the family and friends. Family and friends thank you for supporting these recruits over the last six months and I ask you to continue to do this during their careers as they serve the locations across this great state. There aren't many expectations placed on the officer Constable and my expectation is that all of our people work together every day to support each other to stop crying make the community safer and build strong relationships. Delivering on these important objectives requires people of the highest caliber and commitment with the unique combination of qualities such as those people we see before you today. As our newest Constables you should remember that you are now the public face of the Queensland Police Service and we expect all of our people to have the courage, fairness and firm. You should always have the courage to honour your oath of office and the state and the benefits of your behalf by Constable Wayne Walden who was the City of the Commissioners Award. You should display fairness and be professional at all times acting objectively and without bias remembering that every member of the public is to be treated with dignity and respect. Every interaction is an opportunity to build relations and achieve a positive outcome. You should take pride and place a high value on teamwork people, our performance and our partnership with the community. Polices can be a gauge of struggle. You need to accept that there is always an element of risk in police work. You will need to remain vigilant to minimise that risk avoid complacency stay alert and be aware. You will see the good and bad sides of thinking. You will encounter some of the worst kinds of human behaviour but I ask you to remain positive. Stay focused and ensure your actions are always just and fair. At various points in your career you will all be physically morally and intellectually challenged. Have no doubt that if you are not up to that challenge you will not be graduating today. I am extremely confident that the future of policing is in good hands with the Constables that are here in front of us today. Constables, you are entitled to feel very proud of your achievement as today marks the end of your training and the beginning of so much more. Every police officer retired and serving who is here today remembers their swear and engraved life it was yesterday that cherished this name. Let me conclude today by sincerely congratulating you all on your graduation. You follow in the footsteps of great officers who have set standards to courage, fairness and pride. I have no doubt you will add to this rich history. Be confident that you are well prepared for your future. Enjoy the challenges and opportunities in having one of the best careers in the world. Well done you all. Congratulations. Thank you Deputy Commissioner. Our principal official guest the Honourable Mr Jack Dempsey and Pair First of all I'd like to acknowledge Deputy Commissioner Ross Barnett Consul of Japan and Detective Inspector of the Japanese Police Mr Yoshiro Tashima Deputy Commissioners Brett Pointing Peter Barron Acting Deputy Commissioner Bob G CEO of the Public Safety Business Agency Calvin Anderson Deputy Commissioner Mark Roche Representative of the Australian Defence Force Commissioned Officers Yes other police officers are the ladies and gentlemen that are here not just as families and friends but that are here just to support these officers on their journey ahead. Particularly the family and friends are most importantly the 93 the new police officers that we have here in Queensland. I'd also like to acknowledge Peter Flexman in the pipes and drums representatives from the Queensland Police Union the Commissioned Officers Union the Police Traffic Union the Retired Police Association public members who come here on every occasion to witness this great spectacle and the families and friends that they've come. The young children the young and future generations that we see up here from the Stanclaw State High School why I want to mention everyone everybody is here because they trust you and they believe in you the 93 new police officers that are going to obviously go out and pound the beat right across this great state of Queensland. You see here today on the sacred acre and I have a privilege of being sworn in on this acre many of the years ago and it's great to see these traditions back. You see the 150th year banner celebrating the past police officers and the amazing effort that they have contributed not just the police service but to the community and society that we have here in Queensland. You see the colour flag party here wearing them alone and bringing that tradition back into the Queensland Police Service. These traditions obviously come with a great deal of sacrifice and a great deal of determination so in advance I'd like to thank the families and friends so I'd like to thank the police chaplains and I suggest that you use them from time to time for your confidence because these are the your rock and as the Deputy Commissioner just said you will see the best of the best but you'll see the worst of the worst and to get through that we'll need the support of family and friends but you also need all that expertise that you got from the great instructors that we have here and the teamwork which you will work together in your future years in the Queensland Police Service. While I'm talking about sign symbols and traditions I particularly want to acknowledge again and thank the Principal Peter Grant Deputy Commissioner Joe Marcus that we have here and the students of the Stanthorff Stokesville students from Stanthorff and Tentafield and out as far as Texas who actually built these tables that we have before us for the next 150 years of police officers to sign. Now it is great, six months of work put into that and they're great skills but particularly as I spoke to them earlier in the day about the privilege of officers coming here and when they swear that out to serve the people of Queensland without failure, affection, malice it is a swearing in that comes with a great deal of responsibility and that responsibility is on your fine shoulders, because when you leave the parade ground today comes with you the same authority as the Commissioner of Police to take the rights and liberties away from other Queenslanders and there certainly is a great deal of professionalism, ethics and standards that go with that job. I know that most of these words that I say here today and I look particularly at the book that I have here before us and it's very symbolic of what we have here in Queensland people coming from all areas all different careers nationalities different cultures but when we are here today you are here together one as part of the Queensland Police Family so I say thank you to you thank you to your families and I wish you all the best in the future and please through hard work comes great opportunities but I say please stay safe and look after each other just that in conclusion I've never seen a group of recruits sigh with a sense of relief more so than I've seen here today and that relief just goes to show the excitement that you have for the future years ahead I've never seen a recruit sign it to sign the oath so quick as well so that certainly was a great pleasure and as the Deputy Commissioner alluded to you will remember this but also your families will remember this as one of the most important days of your life and I certainly thank them and thank you for your courage determination obviously perfectionism as you go forward all the best and thank you very much Thank you Mr Dentsy the parade will now retire and re-form in preparation to complete the final segment of the ceremony in the final manoeuvre of the ceremony the parade will advance in review order this movement involves the Constables marching forward in line including with a general salute this is performed with no offensive spirit and is given as a mark of respect to the principal official guests and members of the senior leadership team the parade commander Inspector Darren Karnes and the commander of the parade will now call for the parade sergeant and hand over command Ladies and gentlemen the band party accompanied by the Queensland police cops and drums will now march off parade to TPS 150 Ladies and gentlemen will you please stand and please be seated the Constables started as a recruit intake in December of 2013 and were trained in four individual groups they are now formed a united intake in preparation to serve the community of Queensland the parade sergeant will now call for a member of the graduating intake to assume command of the new Constable this final gesture recognises the individual will display leadership throughout the training program Ladies and gentlemen Mara presents you the new Constables of the Queensland Police Service before the Constables are dismissed Mara thank you once again for being here with us this afternoon at the conclusion of the parade please feel free to move on to the parade ground and congratulate the men and women who will now join their colleagues serving the people of Queensland the parade hosts will then invite you for later refreshments to be served in the academy dining room on behalf of the members of the Queensland Police Service Senior Executive Mara thank you for your attendance I wish you a very good evening and a safe journey home the Honour of Mr Dempsey has asked the two officers who are being posted to Harvey Bay Station please come up up to the parade and introduce yourself to them Custle Pierce-Londel will now lead the new members in thanking you in their own special way the event dismissed the parade


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Nezor Education. Today we will talk about lasers, so about what kind of device this is, how it was made, etc. Well, obviously not in all details because it's kind of complicated issue and a few physicists have received a Nobel Prize for basically making this particular device. However, certain general ideas about what's inside we will talk about. Now, this lecture is part of the course called Physics 14 presented on Unisor.com. I suggest you to go to this website Unisor.com to watch this lecture. If you found it somewhere else, you will have only this particular lecture video, let's say on YouTube. The website contains the whole course, which means the resume menu logically related to each other, different parts of the course, chapters and individual lectures.  There are exams and there are certain other functionalities which you might find very helpful over there. And some other courses, like for instance, there is a prerequisite course, Mass 14s. You can do physics without mass, so basically that's one of the important components of the website, plus something else. And the website is completely free. There are no advertisement, no financial strings attached. You don't even have to sign in if you don't want to. And there are certain pieces of functionalities which require sign-in. Like for instance, you would like to do a supervised study with your parents or teachers or something else. Back to lasers. Well, I'm sure you know a lot about lasers.  There are pointers, like a small little tube and it points like green or red light very, very far away. Laser printers. There are some developments in the military industry, like a weapon, laser as a weapon, to hit the drone, for instance, if it's not far away. So there are many different applications which you might or might not be familiar with it. And obviously, everybody knows that lasers are the favorite weapon in all the science fiction movies, starting from the Star Wars. So, we will talk about lasers in this lecture. And again, it's not about all the technical details, but rather about ideas which are at the foundation of this device. Now, let's start with something which you might be familiar with from other lectures of this course. I'll just remind it to you. So, the first thing which I would like to talk about is structure of the atom and how photons and electrons are acting with each other. There is a special lecture about this, but if you did not watch that lecture, I'll just very, very briefly repeat it. So, the contemporary view onto atom is that, first of all, there is obviously a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons. And there are electrons which are around it. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. That's the atomic number of every element, like hydrogen has atomic element one. There is one proton and one electron. The number of neutrons can be different, but anyway, helium is two. So, there are two protons, two electrons. Now, in case of hydrogen and helium, one or correspondingly two electrons are on the same orbit around the atom, the first one, the first orbit. Now, what's very important, and this is the contemporary view onto structure of the atom, that every element has more than one orbit. And there is certain maximum number of electrons per orbit. For instance, there is two on the first layer, eight on the second layer as a maximum, 18 on the third one, etc. And different elements have different elements of different number of electrons in different layers. Now, every layer has certain number of electrons for whatever element we are talking about. And all the electrons on the same orbit, or the same shell, as we are now more appropriately, I think, call it, because we are talking about three-dimensional things, so it's a shell basically. So, all electrons in the same shell, whether it's the first shell or the second shell, etc., they share exactly the same amount of energy, because they are on the same distance from the nucleus, so the same forces between nucleus and electrons are working and keep them on this shell. So, all electrons on any particular shell of any element have the same energy. Now, what's very important is that for each element, the radiuses of these shells, and you could consider them as concentric spheres, just as a model. So, the radiuses cannot take any value. There are specific distinct value for every element. So, this is, let's say, the radius and what's important energy level of the first shell around the nucleus. This is an energy level for the second, the third, etc., etc. So, again, every element has distinct values for energies on every shell. Now, can this electron jump to the shell, which is at a further distance from the nucleus? Yes, it can, but this shell has a different energy level. So, just by itself, it's unlikely that it will jump there. We need certain push. So, if there is certain exchange of energy, and in particular case radiation, electromagnetic oscillation, between something from outside and electrons, these can actually give a push to the electron to jump from one shell to another. Now, there are certain positions of electrons which we call stable, or ground positions, or ground level of energy. Now, this is the stable element. If a particular electron jumps from a shell where it's stable, but supposed to be, so to speak, in a neutral environment, without any kind of interaction with outside energy. So, if it jumps to a different shell, let's say we supply some energy and push it to the outside. Well, energy is supposed to be conserved, right? So, if this particular electron is pushed, there is certain conservation of energy law, which says that it will supposed to have more energy, excited, as we speak right now. So, it moves to a higher orbit, a higher shell from the nucleus. Now, by the way, the potential energy is negative of all these electrons, and we talked about the reason why. So, when it moves further, it decreases the absolute value of this potential energy. But since it's negative, it's an increase. It's closer to zero, and where is zero, zero is on infinity. Infinity is zero potential energy. And the closer we are, since this is positive and this is negative, it's the field itself which pulls it. It's not we who spend energy. So, that's why the potential energy is considered to be negative. We don't spend energy. The field actually attracts it. So, it decreases absolute value, but since it's negative, it's increasing the potential energy. And it's possible only if we supply certain amount of positive energy to this, and since the energy is supposed to be conserved, whatever it has right now, plus our positive, will give it a less negative, so to speak. But that's an increase in energy of this particular electron. Now, when it moves to another orbit, to another shell, this electron becomes less stable, and it has a tendency to jump down by itself, or maybe with certain push from outside, again, some energy may be supplied. But in any case, when it just by itself, let's consider by itself, when it goes from this level more energetic level to this level, which is less energetic, the piece of energy is supposed to be going somewhere. So, that's usually electromagnetic oscillation. It's a quantum of energy, which we call photon. So, whenever an electron jumps from here to here, it actually gives away certain amount of energy as a photon. Well, it can be any kind of electromagnetic oscillation. It can be in a visible spectrum, and then you will see the light. Okay, so this is basically a preamble about how the atom is structured and how it interacts with energy. The question is, can we use it to create something like laser? Well, by the way, laser is an abbreviation. It's a light amplification by stimulating emission radiation. Emission radiation. Emission radiation is basically the light which goes out. But we have to amplify it somehow. To have something like a Star Wars laser guns, you need to amplify this. So, that's why it's a light amplification. Now, what S stands for is stimulating. So, by itself, whenever, let's say, we are supplying some electric energy to the gas. And I will talk about particular kind of lasers which are based on the gas, like helium and neon, for instance, mixture. If you put two electrodes, then the gas, at certain moment, if the voltage is sufficient and the voltage is supposed to be really sufficient because the gas, generally speaking, is isolating substance. But if sufficient amount of energy is supplied, high voltage. Then the electrons will move from cathode to anode. And meanwhile, they will hit electrons of the gas itself and excite them. They will bump to another level. After a while, when this other level becomes overpopulated, it will jump down by itself because it cannot really hold anymore so much energy. And the whole gas becomes, actually, like emitting certain light. This is not the laser, but light will be emitted because the energy which is supplied through these two electrodes which are going into the gas. And since the energy is actually supplied to the whole gas, which means into electrons of the atoms, it should go somewhere. It cannot infinitely consume this amount of energy, basically doing nothing. Because, yes, after certain amount of time, accumulated on the outer shells, electrons in a non-stable condition will start jumping back and emitting light. That's how it goes. Alright. However, as I said, this is not a laser yet because it's not like a one coherent ray of light. Coherent means it's the same frequency or the wavelength and the same phase. That's what makes it amplification. That's what makes amplification. You have to really have all these rays of light emitted by all the electrons to have the same phase and the same frequency. Only then they will increase each other. So if you have one oscillation and another oscillation exactly the same, then the result will be the oscillation of higher amplitude. So that's what makes it stronger. So the question is how to do this type of synchronization between electrons jumping from here to here. That's what's very important. And here comes the idea. Here is the idea. How to stimulate, and what happens if you do, how to stimulate electron jumping on our command. Not by itself. God knows when and God knows how. But on our command how to make it jump from here to here and emit light of a specific frequency and specific phase. And here is the idea. Again, this is idea. It's not implementation yet. Let's say you have supplied a certain amount of energy and this electron jumps to a higher energy shell. It's less stable, but it's still there. And then another one and another is set. Now what happens if there is one particular photon which hits this particular electron and amount of energy which is carried by this photon is exactly equal to the amount of energy which is different between the ground level, the normal, the stable level where this electron lives and the energy where it is right now on a higher level shell. So what happens? That's very interesting and there were a lot of experiments actually about it. What happens is the following. This becomes even more excited. And it does not really consume this energy which is carried by this photon. Now it actually forces this particular electron to jump back to whatever its ground shell is, the stable. And since it emits certain amount of energy, its energy will be from the higher to the lower level, right? So it's supposed to emit certain amount of energy. But it does not consume this one. This is just like in certain chemical reaction you have to add something to force this chemical reaction but it's not really participating in this chemical reaction. Same thing here. This photon is just giving it a stimulus. That's what stimulating S is. It gives a stimulus to jump back. But then it just goes away further. So I don't know. You can say that if it's two balls for example and this ball hits it at some angle, well this will continue working, moving further and this one will go this way, right? But this particular thing is exactly the same. So this photon goes further but since it moves this electron or it stimulates this electron to move from higher energy level to lower energy level and it actually emits certain amount of energy as radiation, as a photon, as electromagnetic oscillation it actually emits the second photon. So now we have two photons and what's very important is, and again that was kind of experimentally discovered, proved, I don't know how to say it, that these two photons have exactly the same frequency and phase. Now the fact that they have exactly the same frequency is obvious because as you remember the amount of energy which is photon is Planck constant times frequency. This is a quant of energy. This is a photon. It depends on the frequency. And as I said, the amount of energy this photon carries which means its frequency is exactly the same as the amount of energy between these two shells which means that amount of energy of this photon which is emitted when the electron moves down the orbit again is the same as amount of energy here which means its frequency is exactly the same because frequency and amount of energy are related only by a factor in Planck's constant. So these are exactly the same frequency. That's obvious by design because again we have stimulated with this particular amount of energy carried by this photon. About phase, well, I don't know. Maybe it just happens. I don't know why it happens, but maybe there are certain theoretical foundation why the phase of this particular photon emitted by the electron is exactly the same as incident photon. But whatever it is, it is the same phase. Now we have two photons. So what happens? For one photon, we have two now. What do we need for this? All we need is one excited electron. And we have to make sure that the energy of this photon corresponds to the difference between energy levels of these two shells. Okay, great. So this is idea. How can we amplify, so to speak? Because these two photons will meet another atom. Will meet another atom. And it has two electrons on a higher, on a non-stable energy level. Each one of them will do exactly the same as this one. So this one will produce two and this one will produce two. Now we have four. So we have a chain reaction, actually. This is a chain reaction and we can maintain this chain reaction if number of electrons on the outer orbits, the high energy orbits, will be supplied constantly. And we can do it if, for instance, if this is a gas and we have two electrons with high voltage, it's constantly moving electrons to higher orbits. Because energy is supposed to be electric energy, which we are supplying from the battery, will be converted into excited electrons. So we will have a flow of high energy electrons. Okay, great. Now these photons, let's say we just hit one photon, but one photon will produce two and two produce four, etc. So we will have a chain reaction and that's how all the energy supplied by the batteries will be converted into light. Number of photons will be greater and greater. And it's important that all of them will repeat exactly what this particular photon has, the frequency and phase. And that's what makes it actually, already this idea kind of closer. Now my question is only how to direct all these photons to the same place, because they all emphasize each other, they amplify each other, and they are the same frequency, the same phase, so that would be a blast, so to speak, right? And now the last part of this lecture is a very, very primitive schematic description of how this might, for instance, work in case of gas as a medium. As I was saying, something like helium and neon mix is used in certain lasers and what they do, they put it, let's say, in a tube, they put a reflector here and they put a partial reflector here. Now what is reflector and partial reflector? Reflector reflects all the light. Partial reflector reflects only the big light, but the strong light will break through. Now if you have two electrodes here connected to a battery, and this is the gas, so with high voltage it becomes actually a conductor and the electric current will be established between these two electrodes and as it goes it excites all the electrons here and now all we need is this. Well, we don't really have to have it as externally supplied in this particular case because every once in a while electrons are just jumping down by themselves and they emit exactly the photon, let's start with one photon, so we don't have an external photon, we have one spontaneously emitted photon when this electron jumps here and this one spontaneous now stimulates already two, four, etc. So that's how we have the whole avalanche of photons. But now how do they move? Well, those who are moving randomly in these directions are basically disappear or maybe we can put some reflection here as well, but those who move here will be reflected here and while it's still weak signal it will be reflected back so all these photons which are going along this direction will amplify each other greater and greater until they will break through. Now, again this is extremely primitive picture of how the lasers, gas lasers are arranged but nevertheless looks like it works. There are lasers based on solid body medium like ruby for example. There are liquid based lasers. There are many kind of lasers by now but initially the whole idea and that's exactly what I wanted to talk about today the idea of the laser that hit by a photon of a specific energy which corresponds to the energy needed for this particular electron to jump from higher orbit to lower orbit will generate the chain reaction and now we just force these photons which are exactly the same frequency and phase to go to our direction and amplify each other. Well, that's basically it about lasers. Read the notes for this particular lecture it might actually be a little bit better explained even I was trying to be very specific in these notes and there are a couple of pictures much better than these ones. Well, that's it. Other than that, thank you very much and good luck.


Hello and welcome back here to the channel. I mean we're at it We're back here on Forza Horizon 5 We have an S15 here that we're gonna be doing a build on and then we're gonna be hitting up some FD tracks We're gonna be doing a build on it very similar to my ESTA pro car from last season So let's get into building it make sure you guys follow me on all social media dollars found in the description box below Like I said, we're going to build this close to To my car that I was using in ESTA of course with that big said we immediately have to go and Do an engine change? Because we need to throw a V8 in here So we need to put in a V8 if we can There it is 6.2 liter V8 We're gonna throw in there and we did have a turbo on it So we're gonna put twins on it because well we don't have Singles so we're gonna go twin, but now we need to up the power and everything. We gotta make this car sound decent I mean I'll take that go racing I need to find out exactly how much power I'm actually at because I want to get it close To the power that I was in on my pro car. So where are we at right now on power? Of course, it won't tell me right away But let's put all the other parts that we need and know we need on the car We need drift suspension and we're gonna do full sways front and rear full cage Make this thing as light as possible And we got to go drivetrain We got to install all the goodies. I think we're gonna do a race transmission in it Carb and drive shaft And of course we got to find the drift diff and Then styling aspect, I'm not sure if we're gonna be able to get anything really super close to the SuperDoof That we did have But we'll cool pull. I think we'll throw the top secret one on We were running No wing on that car. So we're not gonna put a wing on it I think we're just gonna run the full top secret kit for right now And now we need to put I think we're actually gonna put the semi-slick or the tires on just because of the sheer fact of Think we're running to you know, we're gonna put 275 on sheer fact of grip and now we're going to find some Wheels that were close to what we were rocking. We were rocking five spoke splits I don't think we're actually gonna find you're not gonna believe this They want a gift drop from another driver Makes you feel all warm and fuzzy inside doesn't it? I got a gift drop me down there, and we'll have a look I mean, we're gonna take a look at that Before we continue this episode. We're actually gonna just throw Trying to find rims that were similar Like I said, I don't think we're gonna find anything super close But I do want to find something that is halfway decent looking We'll throw those on those are those are pretty close We're going to increase them to 18s 18s and we're going to go as wide as we can in the front. We're gonna have to Poke out the rear a little bit and that's that's close to fender. We're gonna have to raise that ride height for sure so We're going to install this setup where we at 702 all right, so we need to add some more power. We need to get up to about a thousand so that'd be a 700 No, we're near a thousand yet I want some displacement Throw that on there, and I think we're gonna just bump up one set of turbo now. We're just gonna go to Two twins We're gonna see what a full horsepower aspect is on this car because we were over a thousand in our ESTA Install setup a thousand seventeen. That's actually close. I think we're at a thousand and twelve on our actual pro car So that is very close. So we're gonna install that then we're gonna go into tuning of it All right, so before we go full send on this car We're gonna do a base tune and like I said, we're gonna try and tune this close To how we have the car tuned in a set out and we're gonna see if this actually works Gearing I'm not gonna mess with too much.  I want to see how this actually works and here in horizon and see if this actually Works with us or against us So we're gonna go tune this this way and we're gonna Go 8080 And we're gonna do all that we're gonna save this setting. Yes We're gonna save that and then we are gonna go check out the map and go find that gift car Ever it is found it You've received a new gift So we're gonna take this car on its first maiden voyage To find this gift when it is safe to do so and then we will go check out some FD tracks in this car Well, I wonder how this is actually gonna feel with the positive Camber in the back are so much power. Oh It's only missed that But we parked very far the Christmas tree So quick to down this car and we're gonna go get to this gift and see what we got From somebody here in horizon my first actual gift car in this game so far so overall the feel of The tune is actually not terrible You need to mess with the braking a little bit better It's very loose when you're at full lock and I think that just has to do with the suspension possibly But it actually doesn't feel too bad. I thought it was gonna feel very weird running positive camber but it actually Think just is lighting these semi-slicks up though Probably do this in six ready. Oh Man I'm not turning around we going on the highway Go across the bridge So definitely been enjoying we're topping out in it 197 definitely enjoyed horizon like that first gift car have been on here in a minute. So now we got a new gift car We're gonna lose it Car gets really squarely. It's fine six gear hundred and fifty miles an hour sideways to the tunnel We can see how this works coming through here. We're gonna you know, we're gonna go full said over in the trees Save it So we're gonna go take a look at this gift car and then we're gonna go take a look at some FD tracks because well That's what we're gonna do with this car and see how this car reacts 200 yards Oh, I thought we're gonna smirk our car Like somebody else may have gotten a gift car can lose somebody else parked over here So you guys got in gift cars. Let me know down in the comments of what you guys have gotten for gift cars They said this is my first gift car. So I'm very curious what it's gonna be first Give car here in horizon five F-15 looks pretty dope Well, yeah, I'm gonna send a thank you, but we're gonna find out what's in here first. Oh, it's an Evo. Well You know, we're gonna be doing a drift build like we had in horizon with one of the easy ebos and Definitely send a nice thank you message for that for the first car given to me on this one So now let's go take a look Enjoy that ride So we're gonna enter that share code in right down there and it's going to be FD, Texas Now you guys know I've been checking FD, Texas out or a lot of these FD tracks out It's by same creator. So we're gonna go full cent on this in solo And we're gonna take the S-15 out And we're going to see what happens with this S-15 In this current setup and then we will see If we need to do a different tweaking. So FD, Texas definitely a fun track. So this is a 2019 layout We have our twin turbo V8 S-15 And we're gonna go See if we could tackle Texas I'm assuming it's inside For most of them are I've had a lot of great tracks that I've tested before so I can expect this one to be just as good I feel like this car could drift this whole outer bank section without a problem the way this power is Oh, I like it I see what he's got going on there. He's got the wall and everything. So let's go drift That's talky Try and get to the start line here Just probably over there Yep, that was Should have just worked our way in from where we were the first spot A little wall tap. We're good So FD, Texas 2019 layout here in a set of quartz, uh D, Texas 2019 here in horizon five in the V8 S-15. Let's go. All right Did not expect it to cut back that hard Yep, this car setup is not Right, so that tune is not going to work Unless we just need to actually like Get it checked a little bit better Yeah, this tune is not going to work the greatest We may have to come back to this with an actual FD car Because we may have to retune this car Just gear kick All right, that's better All right, we got it now Oh, we would have been in the tire barrier We would have been in the tire barrier with this now. I wish we could actually like Tune the car But unfortunately they will not let you tune it and we can't change cars. So we're going to Quit the event After we would run one more time. We'll switch to that D car We're gonna take a look at a couple more tracks for today's episode And see if we can find any other hidden gems here on the event labs Oh taking out the clips So I don't think a positive camber is the right choice here in horizon So we're gonna go try a different car. So let's quit event. We're gonna do this simply as going Event labs Ben blueprints We're gonna search And we're just gonna search title of FD And we'll see what we find With that and see what we got we got FD long beach with a huge Huge a lot of people like in that one FD Irwindale, which we haven't driven on an Irwindale yet. So We're gonna go take a look at Irwindale because we drove over SW We didn't get chance to drive an Irwindale track.  We're gonna be taking on Irwindale We're gonna see what this Irwindale track is like To be guys like this you guys want to keep seeing more? Let me know go down in the comment section down below Let me know in the comments as well as Like and subscribe. I would appreciate support. I see a big Big thing. So don't go through those Go through those People end the race Don't do that We did that once but we got to go around them Get into here so we don't want to go through them though. That's where we want to be. Okay I like how they got that giant wall like Around it. So FD Irwindale here on horizon. Let's see what it's all about If we don't stall the car the line It's a very basic pattern. I do like where the concept is I really wish it was a little more Polished with some more better lines and stuff like that, but we had to take a look at it We're gonna be trying a bunch of these random ones If you guys have any good Tracks here on fd that you guys want to see on horizon five good fd tracks Let me know down in the comments or any good tracks in general Let me know down in the comment section down below. Give me that share code I'll take a look at them So that's gonna do it for this episode here on forza horizon five I hope you guys enjoyed this episode as always. I think you guys should come back watching. I mean we'll have it I'll see you guys on the track


Welcome to Toffy TV. It is the Everton News Daily. Well, there are multiple reports tonight from a lot of well-sourced journalists that Rafa Benitez has signed a contract with Everton, a three-year deal to become the new Everton manager. It is set to be announced over the next 24-48 hours, depending on who you listen to, but the deal apparently is done and the paperwork is in. He will be announced as the Everton manager, which is huge. A lot of fans have been hoping that it wouldn't happen, some hoping that it would happen, but a lot of fans just wanting to know what is going on. Well, it does seem now that Rafa Benitez has already signed the paperwork and he will become the Everton manager. A lot of people thought it would be announced maybe tonight due to the England win, and that's taken a lot of the spotlight away from him, but it maybe hasn't. I want to put a big spotlight on it and want to showcase what this means to Everton Football Club by announcing such a controversial figure as the Everton manager. Big news tonight. It looks like it will be done either tomorrow or Thursday at the latest, depending on everything being done, everything behind the scenes being done. Whenever there's the right time for Everton to announce it, we'll certainly be ready when that happens on Toffee TV with all the latest news and reaction from wherever we can find it, to be honest. On the pitch England played today, Jordan Pickford played in goal and kept another clean sheet, the fourth clean sheet of the tournament as England beat Germany 2-0 at Wembury to progress to the quarterfinals of Europa 2020, Europe 2020. Big performance by Jordan Pickford, making a couple of really key saves, put Thomas Muller off as well at 1-0 to keep the score at 1-0 just before Harry Kane got England's second goal after Raheem Stael and scored their first goal. Big, big match for Jordan Pickford. He's had a lot of doubters, he's even keeping clean sheets ahead of this game, three clean sheets, but I think he may have got a lot of people on his side tonight with a couple of really important saves at 0-0. He was a dominant performance, everything we've seen from Everton's number one for this half of the year, this year, 2021, he was a really big commander and his kicking was good, gave a lot of confidence to his defenders and showed what he's been doing for the last six months as an Everton player, so well done to him. Surprisingly, there was no Dominic Alun on the bench, he did not make the 23. Of course, it is a 26-man squad for the Euros, but he did not make the 23. Strange, very strange decision with Harry Kane. Not a full pel team, strange that there was another centre forward on the bench. There's a lot of attacking players, wide attacking players, but very strange that there was another centre forward on the bench just in case there was a problem with Harry Kane. There you go, England the through, they'll play on Saturday, I think it's in Rome in the quarterfinals after waiting to see where the Dominic Alun is put back on the bench for that game. Maybe there's an underlying problem that hasn't been disclosed, I don't know, we'll have to wait and see. So there you go, big day for Everton regarding the manager, big day for Jordan Pickford and a big day for England, there you go.