Ever wonder how to buy and sell expired domain names for a profit? Well, we're talking about it today on The Journey. Hey everyone, I'm Neely and I have a special guest today, Joe from GoDaddy. Why don't you go ahead and introduce yourself. Hi, how's it going? I've been working in GoDaddy's aftermarket for more than 10 years, having a lot of fun helping people buy and sell domains. Right on. And we're talking about how to buy and sell expired domain names today. So let's just jump right into it. So first question, how does a domain name get to that expired status? Well, you stop paying for it. That's the easy answer, right? Once you buy a domain name, you're actually just able to get it for a certain number of years. It depends on the name. Most is about 10 years is the most you can do it for. So when that time comes up that you've, you know, paid for, at the end of that, you get a chance to renew it. And if you don't renew it, then it's going to expire. Okay, so I can't just buy a domain name indefinitely after it's essentially keep renewing my lease? Yeah, that's exact. That's a great example. It is kind of like a lease. You have to keep paying for it. If you don't, then you're going to lose the rights to the name. All right. If I'm watching a domain name I wanted to buy and I see it's about to expire, do I get it right then and there? What does that process really look like? It depends on what the TLD is. So if it's a COM or if it's a COUK or an EU might have different timeframes. But by and large, it's about 30 days that you have as a grace period for most domain names when they expire for you to be able to renew it. So you forgot, you know, your credit card expired, whatever the case may be, you still have a grace period. After that grace period is over, then that name is going to be up for grabs for other people to purchase. Got it. So that's good, especially for most of the domain owners, our everyday entrepreneurs, they have their own domain names. If life happens and you forget to renew it, you at least have that grace period. But don't go any further because after that, then it's open to the public for anyone to buy? Yeah, pretty much. What's going to happen after that grace period is over in almost all cases is that name is going to wind up in an auction somewhere. Be it at Go-Day auctions or other third-party companies like Namejet. When those names expire, the registrars will send them to another auction site and then they're up for grabs for people to buy. Talk us through a little bit about once that domain hits that auction, what the process looks like. If I saw a domain name, I wanted, how can I go about actually acquiring it? Well, the best thing to do is to get to that auction house. So you can try and find out which name goes to which auction house. The two big ones that you want to look at are Go-Daddy auctions and Namejet. Those are pretty much where most of the names are going to wind up. And that's going to give you the first chance in line to get that name. So when a name expires, there's going to be other people that are interested in that name, especially if it has value. So if it has value to you, it's a good chance it has value to somebody else. You want to be first in line. The place to do that is the auction houses. After that, if nobody buys them, then they'll expire back and go to the registry where people can have a chance to get a back order on the name. And that's kind of like in basketball, they throw the ball up in the air and it's a jump ball and people try and grab it. Whoever grabs the name first gets that back order. Okay. It's kind of like Ticketmaster too. If you've ever tried to get tickets for a really popular concert and you're first, you click the button and then it puts you in some random line and it'll process through. It's the same thing with the back order. There's hundreds of different companies out there that may be trying to grab the name at the same time and you have one chance or a couple chances, depending on where you go, to grab that name. That's the back order process which comes after the expired name auction. So you want to be in front of that. You want to be at the auctions if you really want the name so it doesn't wind up there and you have a much better chance. If you win the auction, you wind up with the name. Now with the domain auctions, I mean, if I were to go buy a normal domain, it's somewhere from like $10 to $20 typically. Is that about the price range for those auctions or what's a typical price I can expect to kind of pay? Sure. Go to a starts its auctions at anywhere from $10 to $12 for the expired names and NameJet starts at $69. So that's going to be the baseline price that you're going to have to pay depending on how popular it is. The price can go up from there, but that's going to be the least amount that you have to pay. With the people that buy end up buying these domain names on the auctions, do they typically just try to flip them and sell them again or are these people that actually want the domain names for their business or their brand? There's a lot of mix of who buys the names. We have a lot of investors that come to the auction that are looking to get these names at a wholesale price. They expire saying, hey, if I can get this name for $12 or $70 and I know that it has value, I can resell that later on. But there's also a lot of end users that'll come. There's companies that are interested in names that maybe they weren't able to reach the person who owned the name for whatever reason and they can never buy the name directly from them. So they're watching it carefully when it expires or they just figure, we should watch out. There's companies like CSC that watch for corporate names and they say, oh, this would be a really great benefit for Coca-Cola. So let me get drink.com because that expired and I really want to buy that for my customer and let them know. So you don't have to wait for the name to actually expire. One way to do that is to use a back order. We have a back order and one thing that that does besides just try and catch the name after it goes through the auction is it includes a monitor and it'll tell you when there's changes on the who is, which is a public database, kind of like a white pages for your phone number. And that tells not only who owns the name, but when it's going to expire. And if there's any changes, so the name servers change or the person who owns the name changes, that monitor will kick in and send you an email and let you know, hey, somebody else owns this name now. Maybe you can reach out to them and try and buy it instead. And when it expires, it'll tell you, hey, this name went to the auction and it'll give you a free auction credit. It'll cover your renewal cost for the domain name and give you a $10 credit on go day. If you're using a site like Namejet, you can back order any name, even if it's, you know, not going to expire soon. And it'll tell you if it's going to hit the auction that they have. So a great way to get in front of that auction line is to put a back order in either with us or Namejet and then you'll get alerted when there's changes. So you know that name's going to expire. I hear a lot about people buying up different domain names and just parking them and putting up ads on it. Can you really just talk us through what that is? Yeah, that's a great option. If you have a name like videocameras.com, you can use a parking product, they have cash parking. There's a lot of other free ones that are out there. And what it does is it will put ads on the page. So ads are served when people go to videocameras.com. If they click those ads, you get a portion of that money. The thing that's really valuable for me, if I use parking, is to see the amount of traffic that comes to that name. So you can see how many visitors come and how many people click on ads. And if you have a lot of visitors coming, even if the ads don't pay that much money, you can say, wow, this is a very popular name. Maybe I should re-look at what I want to sell this for. Now that makes sense. If it's getting a ton of traffic, it just makes it more valuable to someone that's wanting to buy it. Right. If I'm selling videocameras as a store and I own videocameras.com and I know there's a lot of traffic coming, then I can say, wow, these are all potential customers for me. So it's going to make that more valuable. I mean, great segue, because my next question is, what makes a domain name valuable? Well, there's a couple of things high level that are good to keep in mind. The shorter the name, usually the more valuable it is because it's more memorable. Passively we call it a radio test where if I say it to somebody, it's easily spelled. So there's not a lot of different various spellings. So like color, it might be spelled one way in America, another way in Great Britain. So if it's got a short, easy to spell, memorable name, that's going to add value. Usually the older the name is, the more valuable it is because other people have seen value in that name for a long time and it's been registered over time. And also if there's not a lot of confusion, like we talked about, it's a different spelling. So if you add a hyphen in a name, there's numbers in a name. You don't know if that's a spelled out number or the actual number. So less, you know, things that can confuse people, the more valuable it will be. I'm sure many people watching are really interested in possibly buying and selling domain names. So what advice do you have for them for like, how to get started and get their feet wet with this? If you're just starting out, the number one thing you can do is take it slow, right? Watch videos like this, try and learn as much as you can, buy a couple of domain names and try and sell them. See what the process is like, start calling people that you know, think that might be interested in buying this name and see what the feedback is.  So if you have a skateboard business and you're buying and selling skateboards all the time, you can go and look at domain names that are related to skateboards and figure out, you know, with pretty good accuracy, what that would do for your business. What kind of customers would it bring in? What kind of profit would it potentially bring to you? And why would it be valuable for you to either own or keep out the hands of your competitor? And from there, you can gauge a good idea of what the actual value is. So stick with something you really know. Start with those names first, try and sell them and see what the feedback is like when you list them for sale. And once you get a good feel for how that works, then you can slowly expand to other markets. I know domain investing can almost become addictive, right? I think it's funny because that's a great way to put it. It can definitely get addictive, especially after you make a sale.  But you have to be very careful, especially when you start out to start out slow, to really understand what names you can actually sell. You don't want to just rush out and spend a lot of money on names that you might not ever make the money back on. You don't want to lose all your money. Yeah, because I know renewals can get costly, right? More and more you add those 10, $15 adds up when you have 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. And then you haven't sold any, it gets tough. Yeah. And that's another reason why I said that you should start slow. The carrying costs of a big domain portfolio can get pricey. Even if it's only $10, $11 a domain name, if you've got a thousand domain names, that can add up.  Well, thanks so much Joe for being on the show. Thanks for having me. Yeah. And if you've got some value out of this video, make sure you smash that like button. Add a comment below if you've ever bought an expired domain. And since you're there, subscribe to this channel and ring that bell so you get these episodes first. This is the journey. I'll see you next time.


This is stock number HA468A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used Jeep headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2018 Jeep Renegade Latitude. This vehicle has the 2.4 liter multi-air motor and from this HD video, you will be able to tell just how clean this vehicle is all the way around inside and out. Anvil clear coat is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is like you're right here looking at the vehicle with me and definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. If you want to check out more pictures of this vehicle in the upper right end part of the screen is a link to our website to this vehicle. Click that and check those out. Factory painted alloy rims, Dunlop signature 2, 21560R17 tires with I'd say 80 to 90 percent of the tread left on them. Like about the Renegades is that they got the four wheel disc brakes on them. That anvil clear coat it's kind of a mix between kind of like a slate blue and gray. Really good looking color. Passengers side fender no dents or dings on that and the passengers side rim no scuffs or scrapes. As you go down this side of the vehicle see just how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is. No dents or dings down this side. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the vehicle hear the vehicle and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here so that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and once again down this side no dents no dings no scuffs no scrapes very very nice. Back rim is an excellent condition as well and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. You can see it has the capitalist fuel fill you got the little spider there that says chow baby. One of the Easter eggs on this vehicle as we come around to the back of the vehicle very very clean rear gate is an excellent shape but going back to uh doing the videos we offer the summit auto fast pass option and you can actually go on our website if you click in the upper right hand part of your screen again goes right to our website and you can do the fast pass option where you can apply for financing get a payment quote and even check out the value of your trade if you have one has the tire inflator kit back here so that when you get here all you got to do is drive the vehicle love it and take it home got the Jeep symbol up here as well and you do have your Sasquatch climbing up the mountain back here too the rear shocks hold the gate up nicely that shuts nice and solidly as well that is a backup camera right underneath the Jeep logo as well no dents, dings, scuffs or scrapes all the way around the back here and this rear quarter is just as clean as the rest of the car four full disclosure this back rim no scuffs or scrapes and down the rest of this side of the vehicle absolutely perfect you get the entering ghost system right there so you just have to have the key in your pocket and it'll actually unlock the doors for you inside the latitude package gives you the black cloth interior driver seat height adjuster factory floor mats throughout this one has auto headlamps power windows power locks and power mirrors speakers in the shape of carabiners and as we hop inside the vehicle here this one is so clean because it only has 4,787 miles you get a digital speedometer as well as a compass display has the leather wrap steering wheel no scuffs or scrapes or rips on that cruise controls on the right bluetooth and information center controls on the left and on the back of the steering wheel are audio controls speaking of audio you get the seven inch 4c radio which gives you am fmn serious xm radio capabilities this is also where your backup camera shows up you can do your climate controls here as well and the cool thing about this radio is it does have android auto and apple carplay capabilities so you can hook your cell phone up to it and project your maps and whatever you want on there dual climate controls down here if you like the more tactile buttons augs in a usb jack and radio controls for the volume and tune right there as well nine speed automatic transmission you get your electronic parking brake and stability control here is your key fob which has remote start on it and the enter and go system passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition as well no rips or tears on there this vehicle has never been smoked in the headliner is absolutely perfect and you do get map lights up there as well we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood this is a tilt and telescopic steering wheel so it goes up and down in and out and the back seats are just as clean as the front seats no rips or tears back here does have the latch child safety system for your child car seats we have factory formats throughout back here as well and you do get a usb powerpoint back here too these seats fold down for extra storage which is nice if you get a haul a bunch of extra stuff makes it easy to do so and finally you do get the child safety locks on the back door here so that's a nice feature if you do have children i would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this hd video you will have been able to tell just how clean this jeep is all the way around inside and out under the hood we have the 2.4 liter multi-air motor 180 horsepower engine bay is very clean runs very smooth this jeep has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and tapped off and this jeep is 100 ready to go to see more pictures of this jeep or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks scvs minivans wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it we got to go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more hd videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel on your left and the bottom right hand side that's been there the whole video on the right hand side a link to more used inventory videos like this one if you haven't been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this super clean like new 2018 jeep renegade latitude front wheel drive thanks again


So welcome everyone. We're going to start in just a minute and we're going to allow just a moment or two for some people to get connected. While we do that, we want to say hello and welcome to all our Amherst community members and we thank you for joining us today. We will be holding short live chats like this on Tuesdays and Thursdays at noon for the next couple of weeks. In this webinar, we ask you to from the Zoom application click the Q&A button to type in your question for us. Your questions will only be visible to the hosts of this meeting. Additionally, if you'd like to join the conversation and speak, please use the Zoom raise hand button or press star 9 from your telephone. We ask that you introduce yourself before asking your question and to maintain a civil discourse. As a reminder, this webinar is being recorded. So please refrain from asking any personally identifying health questions. So today joining your town manager, Paul Balkaman and I is Amherst health director Julie Fetterman. Good morning or good afternoon to you both. Welcome afternoon. Paul, before we launch into Q&A, do you have any updates for us? Sure. Well, first off, thanks Brianna for setting this up and also for this is the first we're broadcasting live on YouTube, which is really exciting. It's another new innovation for us. It's always every week. There's something new. It's really awesome. This morning, the town budget coordinating group met the budget coordinating group is a group that was established for many years, but it's also in the town charter includes representatives from the town council, including the town council finance committee, representatives from the board of library trustees and representatives from the school committee. And neither is the group. It's not a decision making group per se, and that it reaches it works by consensus. But it includes superintendent of schools, the library director and the town manager as well. So I called this meeting to or to together because of the obviously change reality of our budget situation for the current fiscal year, and for the next fiscal year. And that meeting was recorded and you can watch that independently. So I'm not going to detail what we went into, but we really talked about a schedule on how we were going to address the budget going forward. And the key things on this is that we will have a major presentation to the budget coordinating group, the full committees of this town council, the school committee, and the board of library trustees on Monday, May 11 at 630. And that's when we will be making our presentation on where we are financially as a community, where we think we're going and seeking some budget guidelines from the, from the town council. In short, what we're asking to do is to be able to have a one month budget that will be approved by the town council that will get us through the month of July, and that we will then work during the month of June and July to establish a budget for the rest of the month. We don't want to keep doing one month budgets, we want to keep them relatively short. We want to, we'd like to be able to do just one, just because of the economic uncertainty. So that's where that's, that's what you can expect to see the next key date is Monday is Monday, May 11. There is a finance committee meeting today if you're watching live at two or three o'clock today, in which we the finance committee of the council will be talking about a little bit about what we talked about at the budget coordinating group. And there'll be some discussion at Monday's council meeting. So we are, you know, while Julie is handling all the coven 19 health related things. Sonia Allridge and our finance team arm, our position to have been working to look at the budget thing so there's a lot of things happening at that simultaneously, and we're getting them all done. So that's sort of just the update I'm really happy that Julie's here today because this is really about health updates but we can answer any questions that anybody has. Thank you Paul. First I wanted to start with thanking everyone in Amherst for what an incredibly good job they're doing social distancing, staying home, cleaning of surfaces. It's a lot of work. It's a lot of work. And we really appreciate all that everyone is doing and we understand the stresses that you're under. We want to continue to invite you to go to our coven website where Brianna has listed a lot of resources for you and your family, because we know just how hard it is to be staying home. Now let me ask you, I believe there's also either an email or a phone number that people can put things forward to about either resources that they know of or resources that they don't know where to look for. Absolutely Julie so from, from the Amherst COVID-19.org website. You'll have links to both my email and the info at Amherst MA.gov and that's a general informational inbox or we encourage people to ask their questions, even when they have follow up questions from from these chats that we're having to send their information there and we'll get them more answers or provide those resources that they're looking for. Great. Thank you Brianna. The other thing I wanted to point out to people and I think it may have been only a week ago when we talked about this phone number, but Cooley Dickinson has a COVID-19 phone number and that number is available seven days a week. And it is<PHONE_NUMBER>. I'll repeat the number again, but the reason this number is important is because if you don't have a healthcare provider, you can call this number and be linked to how to get one. If you need health insurance, you can also find out how to get that through this phone number. Also, if you have questions about COVID-19 about whether you're having symptoms or how you should access possibly getting testing, you can call this phone number. So I really want everyone to know about it. It's<PHONE_NUMBER>. I don't have any other particular updates. I think we're all in this pattern of just having to stick with the social distancing and the cleaning. And this is where it gets really hard because as we know, Massachusetts is at that point where we're seeing a surge in cases. We also do feel that in Western Mass, some of that surge is going to come a little bit later. So the next two weeks continue to be times where it would be really, really great for people to just keep hanging in there and staying home as much as possible. So I think now we'll open it up to questions. Great. Thank you for the update, Julie. We have some questions here that were submitted, and I can launch right into those. We have someone asking or telling us that they've been making face coverings and they want to know how and who they can give them to to be most helpful to our community. That's great. We've got two staff members at Town Hall, Jen Moisten and Angela Mills, who will be collecting face masks and distributing them. I'm not sure where the physical collection point is yet. Paul, do you know if we have that established or should we have people just contact the info line for now? I think just contacting the info line or town manager at AmherstMA.gov. Either one will get you to the right place. The program is being initiated by the community participation officers and there'll be some information on the COVID-19.org website. And the idea on it is to have people both donate material to create masks and then to distribute masks to the underserved population who might not have access to cloth masks otherwise. So it's a really interesting initiative, ambitious goal of thousands of masks. So we're going to need a lot of help and need a lot of donations. So hoping that people will step up and help us with with other members in our community who might not have access to selling materials or selling machines and things like that. And I imagine we'll be releasing more details about how that can how that will all transpire shortly. So again, we'll put that out on our social media channels, but also on our website in the Amherst COVID-19.org site. Okay, so I have another question here. From a parent, I believe they don't understand why their kids can't play baseball with other kids. You know they're more than six feet apart when they're playing most of the time. Any advice on that or any sort of recommendations on outlets for these, these kids. One of the things about all ball games and games that use equipment is then you're going to be sharing the equipment. So again, it surfaces that are being touched. You know, in baseball that ball is going around and around to a lot of different people. So are the bats. So in order again to really stick with the strict rules around social distancing, we really don't want people playing games with balls, frisbees, that kind of thing. Great outlets are bike riding with your family and going for long walks. We're seeing there was an article in the paper the other day about a neighborhood where folks are going to see how many miles they can log in the whole neighborhood. I think they've already hit 5000 miles. So I think even if you come up with little games like that within your own family that involves some physical fitness and outdoor activities, especially with the good weather coming. You know, calisthenics, we used to make our kids run around the outside of the house and we would count the laps while we just sat and relaxed.  And just throw it and jump in on that because it sounds like oh you're 90 feet away or 60 feet away, but you're really not. You're standing next to each other all the time. You're the catchers next to the batter. Kids are sitting on the bench together. It's just, you know, it's too much opportunity and too much attraction for kids to not do that. What our family is doing is push-up. How many push-ups can you do in the course of a day?  They're doing like 300 push-ups a day. They're doing it 10 at a time, but like 30 times a day they get down, do 10 push-ups and they check it off and then they is competition with all his friends in their own homes to count how many push-ups they can do. Well, take a couple zeros off of that for me and then that's where I am basically. I like that. So we have another question here and before I ask it, I just want to remind those who are in attendance, if you would like to ask a question, use the Q&A button or raise your hand from Zoom, star nine from your phone. The question I'm about to ask, I'm going to share my screen so while you're answering it, I can have some resources for folks. The question is, this person saw a jump in cases in Amherst and they're wondering if you could talk a little bit more about that, what that means. Yes, that was probably today. Yesterday at the Center for Extended Care, they had someone who was ill in the middle of the night and they were tested rapidly and came back positive for COVID-19. The Center for Extended Care has now tested 42 people, or should say 48 people, 42 have come back negative and four have come back positive. And anyone who has a pending test, along with the folks who've come back positive are in their own special wing at Center for Extended Care. All the families have been contacted before the testing began, and then afterwards with the results, they've got excellent communication going with families. And we've been in close communication with the Center for Extended Care over the past five to six weeks, and they have been taking excellent care of their residents and had really great infection control guidelines in place. They are also, a few weeks ago, they really had to stop having visitors and they have what they call glass door visits, so they arrange for residents to be able to meet with folks with their families through a door. A staff person is there to help assist with using a telephone at the same time. So they're taking really excellent care of their residents and we are in constant communication with them around the resources they may need to continue to serve their residents. We were very heartened to hear that already 42 people have come back negative from their residents. But that is why you've seen a jump in the numbers basically within about 36 hours in Amherst. So, feedback. So, the, you would expect that to happen. Yes, yes, we have been, as I say, very pleased with all the controls put in place in all of our congregate settings in Amherst. By definition, a congregate setting is going to have some people coming in from the outside, and no matter how good screening techniques are and, and all of that, as we know, especially with asymptomatic transmission. It, it's, it's almost inevitable that there will be some cases. And so the key to that is, is limiting the number of cases is identifying them early using very strict isolation and quarantine protocols. And so while this is not unexpected that it might happen, we are feeling very confident about the protocols in place, the care being taken, all of the protective equipment that is necessary to do the work is present and on site. We are in constant contact with them in to help in any way with any pieces of this process that they might need support with. And they are also in very close communication with the State Department of Public Health. There is an online system called MassMap where that is activated during emergencies. Once the coronavirus began hitting the United States, all the nursing homes in Massachusetts started using this system to be checking in daily with the Department of Public Health. And as soon as anything happens, all that information gets put through an electronic system into the Department of Public Health. It communicates with the same system that, that local boards of health use. But of course we're all in contact anyway, these are just sort of the overlapping electronic systems that keep us linked with the data. But we still use all the old fashioned communication techniques also. Thank you Julie. Oh, I've got a little bit of feedback too. Hopefully you can hear me. I'm going to quickly just share my screen so that you can see. What's that? It is, I don't know what's going on. I don't think I have it. I'm going to just share my screen quickly so you can see where every day the Amherst count is updated. There's a lot of places where you can check the Hampshire County and Massachusetts count and right now you should be seeing our Amherst COVID 19.org website. This is updated Monday through Friday usually in the mornings with the Amherst case count Hampshire County case count in Massachusetts, as well as linking to the daily MIMA briefing which has a wealth of information. If people really want to dig deep and see charts and data. We update this as well daily in the morning. And just for someone who's on our regular website. There's a bar across every single web page if you click where it says COVID 19 it's going to have that updated information as well with case counts so if you're looking for local case counts that's those are two places where you can find those with relative use. Julie, can you just jump in, Julie, what constitutes a case and that number will only go up, right? Correct, that number will only go up. So that's a really good question, Paul, because we've all heard a lot, maybe more than we want to hear about testing capabilities. So a case is determined. If someone has had a positive test for COVID 19. So it means that they had to contact a healthcare provider who then screams them in for testing they got the test, they got the results back. So that's a positive case. So those are the ones that are being used for contact tracing which you've heard about also so when we get someone who actually has a positive lab test. They become a case, and then all of their contacts are found to see who needs to be going into quarantine for two weeks to see if they may develop disease. So what has been happening a lot and which will change with more availability of testing throughout Massachusetts and the country is more people will be getting tested. So that will also also cause the numbers to go up. What we know now is two things. One is that many people are just getting clinically diagnosed by their healthcare provider because there aren't enough tests. If they're contacting their provider and they're mildly ill and they meet a certain criteria, the healthcare provider will tell them to isolate at home for a certain period of time. And they will then also tell them to let their close contacts know family members work, work associates that they've been a contact and they will quarantine and that's all done just through the healthcare provider. Because when we're tracking diseases, we always go by a confirmed lab value. Now that's why you hear so much discussion about the fact that it's critical to test because when we're not testing, we're not seeing the numbers. So when you see that we have 22 cases in Amherst, that represents those who are able to get tested.  And then very likely as we've heard more and more recently, there are people who are mildly ill or asymptomatically are positive for COVID-19 and don't know it, don't feel it and have not been tested. So these numbers are not currently are not particularly representative of disease in Amherst. You still have to think that it's quite possible that there's a lot of disease around us that could be communicated to others.  That number just is cumulative. It doesn't deduct anybody who's been here. Yes, for now we're just putting up a cumulative number because that feels useful because it was the public really wanted to know how many people have gotten it. Now over time we may look at well should we break down those numbers in different ways, but at this point, especially because they're small numbers, it seems to make sense to just have how many people have gotten COVID-19 during this period of time. And if we if we change the breakdown of the numbers that will be well explained on the website. Great. Thank you. We have a question here about face coverings and this person wants to know that they often see people without them out and about. And who do they call is this required in Amherst to have a face covering and maybe speak a little bit more about where we are with that. Sure. So face coverings have been strongly recommended by the Center for Disease Control Department of Public Health. And so in accordance with their guidance, we strongly recommend that if you are going to be out somewhere and you're not going to be able to keep six foot social distance that you have a face covering. And that can be a mask. It can be your turtle neck pulled up a bandana. It's just really important that the fabric be very thick and then you not be able to see light through it because otherwise the virus can get through the porousness of that fabric. So we're not taking complaints about people not wearing masks. It is a choice, especially because it's truly the social distancing the more than six feet that we really want people to be doing. Excuse me. We know that especially if people are going into a business that it's probably going to be useful for them to wear a mask. And what they're doing is they're protecting others from what they might possibly be transmitting. So that mask is holding in anything that or not anything, but the hope is that there's some efficacy, some value to the cloth holding in some virus, but we know that cloth does not completely hold in a virus. So that's why the six foot social distancing is much more crucial. Great. Thank you. And kind of along a similar lines. We have someone saying you know that with the weather getting nicer we see people more and more out on trails. And now that school is school buildings will be closed for for the rest of the year. Is it is still safe to walk on trails and conservation land given this increased usage. It is we just really want to see people being super courteous of others. So if you're in a family group or if you're alone, and there are people ahead of you on a trail or behind you that you're really keeping more than six foot distance. And that if someone needs to stop and rest on a trail or something like that. It's going to be a little while that maybe they indicate that to people behind them, and that they're well off the trail so if someone needs to pass them. They'll be sure to be able to have more than six feet. So it's really everything we're doing is really about that six foot or more social distancing. So that's what you want to be creating whenever you're out and about whether you're on a sidewalk a street on a trail on the bike trail, for example. So it's great for people to be out and in the beautiful weather hopefully that's going to help us with with all the social distancing we have to do we just want people to be really conscious and courteous of everyone else. Great, great, great advice. So we are coming up to our 30 minutes but I had another question here or that I thought was really important. So we have a community member saying, asking if there's a way that they can show appreciation to our first responders to our public safety teams that have been working to keep Amher safe. They really appreciate how much we're all doing. That's a wonderful question. I mean, I, everyone has been working really hard and Paul I want you to chime in here if you have some thoughts about this. I think even just expressing how much it's appreciated is is really welcome to hear because we've got people who've been working really hard and and long hours. And we so appreciate their availability, especially all of our first responders who are just on call 24 seven. Yeah, I think you know I think a lot about our first responders I also think about a lot about the people working in the hospital and our house housing where seniors are living where the congregate housing. People who are cleaning every day people heard her helping our seniors. They're there in them, you know, especially at the hospital working in really adverse conditions. One thing that all people always appreciate is food. And if you could call the institution up and say hey I'd like to buy lunch for some people how do I do that. They very welcome that I know that that's something that's always really appreciated. I think Julie you're right that just saying thank you to folks I think about our dispatchers too. You may not know that but they're on the very top floor of our police station they're there 24 seven. There's always three or four or five, sometimes six of them depending on the day answering calls ready to respond dispatching services. So, so all those kinds of little, little expressions of being thanked by the people, especially the people who aren't on the front lines but the second line. It's really appreciated because they're just as important as the people you see in the cruisers in the fire trucks. There's also always a group of people behind them who are making sure everything is clean and they can come back to a station and it's been clean so that's what that's what I think about mostly. Great. Thank you. That is all the time we have for today for questions. I want to remind folks that if you have questions, please email us at info at Amherst MA.gov to call the town manager's office at<PHONE_NUMBER>. We will be back here on Tuesday, April 28 at noon with Fire Chief and Emergency Management Director Chief Nelson. So please join us or send questions in advance if you can't join us live. It'll be the same link and the same phone number as today and future sessions. So that that's all I have to say any parting words from either of you. Thank you Brianna for setting that all this up. You're welcome. Thank you guys for joining us. Thank you.


Well, this is supposed to be a model of the brainstem with the cranial nerves. Some people say it looks like a voluptuous dancing girl.  However, the pharmaceutical companies maintain that this is how neurologists can learn their cranial nerves. There are 12 cranial nerves and it takes about 12 years to learn all 12 of them until it's automatic. I don't know why 12 nerves can be so complicated. But what we're going to try to do is to take some of the mystery out of this model and help you associate three things. The level of the brainstem, the cranial nerves that supply it, and its blood supply, and reflexes to be tested. So we have a medulla, we have a pons, we have a midbrain, and all of this can be ignored because this is part of the thalamus. So midbrain on the ventral surface by the cerebral peduncles, which we'll come to in another time, the pons on the ventral surface where the basilar artery was running, and the medulla where the vertebral artery was running. So here's the first little piece that you need to memorize. There are 12 cranial nerves. There are two cranial nerves associated with the short little midbrain, cranial nerves three and four. There are four cranial nerves associated with the pons, cranial nerves five, six, seven, and eight. And there are four cranial nerves associated with the medulla, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve. Blood supply to the medulla is the vertebral, blood supply to the pons is the basilar, and the blood supply to the midbrain is variable from the posterior cerebral to the superior cerebellar. If we turn it over, it gets more complicated than we need, so let's now look at the real brain. Cranial nerves one, the olfactory nerve, and two, the optic nerve, are not true cranial nerves. They are actually, embryologically, outgrowths of the brain. Their central nervous tissue, they will not regenerate, and while they are called cranial nerves one and two, they have their own system of connections and are not usually discussed when we talk about cranial nerves of the brain stem. So let's start with the midbrain. What you're looking at here is the midbrain. Cut. Before what we could see were these two bands of fibers on either side, the cerebral peduncles, they can be seen here and here. These cerebral peduncles, according to Dr. Renner, look like Mickey Mouse ears when seen in this position, but the midbrain with the ventricular aqueduct here and the substantial nigra and the cerebral peduncles, these is a classic appearance of the midbrain. Sometimes we look at it this way anatomically and sometimes we look at it this way radiologically. So the trick is eventually to be able to turn things around in your mind, but we're not going to worry about the day. We're just going to look at the cranial nerves associated with the midbrain. And the first one is the third cranial nerve. It's missing on the other side. It emerges between two vessels, the posterior cerebral artery at the top of the basilar and the superior cerebellar artery. It's very important. The third or ocular motor nerve for visual reflexes, pupillary constriction and the curvature of the lens of the eye for sharp accommodated vision. The other cranial nerve associated with this level, the midbrain is this fine, small, tenuous nerve called the trochlear nerve. This is the fourth cranial nerve. It's the only cranial nerve to come out on the dorsal surface of the midbrain. Inside the main brain it crosses, but we don't need to worry about that. And it supplies one rinky dink muscle called the superior oblique muscle. So this right trochlear nerve goes to the right superior oblique muscle. And clinically it's not particularly important. Whereas the third nerve, the ocular motor nerve, supplies all but two of the eye muscles and the eyelid. And it's important clinically because it's easy to recognize deficits associated with this cranial nerve. So cranial nerves three and four, ocular motor and trochlear, midbrain. Next we go to the pons. We've taken the vessels off so you can more clearly see the cranial nerves five, six, seven and eight. Let's start with five. Five is the trigeminal nerve. It's the largest of all the cranial nerves, has the most axons in it because our face, our lips, our nasal cavities, the inside of our mouth, highly innervated by the trigeminal nerve. It comes in right in the middle of the pons. So it's sensory from the face and other structures in the head. And it is motor to the muscles of mastication. You have four muscles for chewing the masseter, the temporalis and the teragoids. We don't need to remember that except that you can test those muscles. And if they're not working, you suspect this trigeminal nerve, nerve number five. Nerve number six has a lot in common with the trochlear nerve number four in that it goes to only one muscle, the lateral rectus muscle for moving your eye laterally. All right. And the seventh and eighth nerves come out here in this region here. See, there's quite a bit of space here called the cerebellopontine angle. All right. The cerebellopontine angle. There's a lot of cerebral spinal fluid in there. There's a fair amount of space. And in there are two very important cranial nerves. This is the fifth. Let me pull that aside. The more medial one is the seventh nerve. It's called the facial nerve. And it goes along with the eighth nerve or the auditory and vestibular nerve, the vestibulococlear nerve. The two of them travel together into the temporal bone, into the internal auditory or myotis, the seventh nerve goes to the muscles of facial expression. You're smiling muscles. You're wrinkling the forehead muscles.  You're whistling muscles. And the eighth nerve goes to the semicircular canals and to the cochlea for balance and for hearing. They can be seen very nicely. So we have five, six, seven and eight. Those are the cranial nerves associated with the pons. Next, we have the medulla. The medulla, you can see stretching from here to here. And it has cranial nerves, nine and 10. You can see all these little fascicles here. If I kind of separate them and pull them apart, these are cranial nerves, nine and 10, the glossopharyngeal and the vagus. I can't tell you which branches are going to which. The glossopharyngeal is sensory for taste. It's also motor to one muscle. And the vagus is also sensory and motor to the autonomic nervous system. I might mention that the seventh nerve also carries taste. So taste is carried in seven and in nine and a little bit of 10. But clinically, taste is not nearly as important as hearing and vestibular function and facial expression and sensory from the face and muscles, amastocation or eye muscles or the control of eye muscles. So that's nine and 10. What happens to 11? 11 is torn off of every single brain I have because it has a unique trajectory that comes up through the pharyngeal magnum. And it's called the spinal accessory because it has part of its origin in roots from the upper cervical spinal cord and others from the medulla. And then it takes a crazy course after coming up into the cranial vault. It goes back out and all that can best be seen in the following diagram, but this cranial nerve is not particularly critical and is easily diagnosed by a slumping shoulder because it supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. The 12th cranial nerve cannot be seen either. But it emerges in a groove in the medulla between the band of fibers here, which I'll call the pyramid, and this bulge here, which I'll call the olive. And in this groove along here, outcome the multiple little roots of the 12th cranial nerve or the hypoglossal nerve. And that too can best be seen on a diagram.


Welcome, aspirants. I have an interesting announcement for you. Shankar A.S. Academy has launched two initiatives to aid you in your mains preparation journey. You all are aware about the mains booster 2023, under which you will be provided 40 mains-oriented tests in 90 days. The booster is a quick plan drafted for you to boost your mains score. It starts on October 31st and it will include sectional tests, half papers and civil service examination emulators. It is available in both online and offline modes for just 4500 rupees. On top of that, we are launching a new initiative called SA Augmentor 2023. Under this initiative, you will be provided with four tests to enhance your essays. It is also available in both online and offline modes. You will get a different approach towards essay rating along with pre-SA and post-SA discussions. To further enhance the content of essays, you will be provided with a summarized material combined with mentorship. All these are for just 6000 rupees. Grab these chances to kickstart your mains exam preparation and improve the mains score. With this good news, I want to welcome you all again to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar A.S. Academy for the date 26th of October 2022. Displayed here are the list of news articles we will be going through today. Now, without wasting much time, let us get into the discussion. Let us start today's discussion with this editorial article. It talks about a newly constructed CPG plant which converts paddy straws into compressed biogas in the district of Sangroor in Punjab. This plant becomes important because of its ability to convert waste into usable energy source. This editorial also reports that this initiative is an ideal example of wealth from waste approach and circular economy. Now, you may wonder why this compressed biogas plant is situated in Punjab. See, you all know about the issue of stubble burning, right? The issue of stubble burning is mainly concentrated in the Punjab-Haryana Belt. So, this CPG plant, since it is located in Punjab, can help alleviate the problem of stubble burning. So, in this context, in our discussion today, we will see about stubble burning, the effects of stubble burning, steps taken by the government to stop stubble burning, and also about compressed biogas plants. With this information, now let us start by looking at what is stubble burning and the issues associated with it. Stubble burning refers to burning of crop leftovers, particularly the crop residue of paddy crop. But what is a stubble? See, stubble is a stock of the paddy crop. It has become a common practice among the farmers in Punjab-Haryana and western UP to dispose of the paddy stubble and biomass by setting it on fire. We know that after harvesting, both the rice stalk and the rice straw becomes crop residue. The farmers clear the leftover crop residue by burning the field, as it is the cheapest way to clear the field of crop residue. Here also, you may have a doubt. See, the issue of stubble burning has been in use for the past decade or so. Why didn't the farmers involve themselves in stubble burning before 10-15 years? See, it was because of two things. Earlier, the farms were not mechanized. So, this crop residue, that is the paddy straw and the paddy stalk, was used to feed the livestock, mainly the oxens and the cows. But now, due to mechanization, the role paid by oxens have reduced. So, there is the excess production of crop residue. The other reason is, earlier due to lack of irrigation, farmers in Punjab and Hariyana, they did not involve themselves in the cultivation of paddy. But now, due to irrigation, there are paddy cultivation in Punjab, Hariyana and in western UP has increased. So, this is also the second reason why the issue of stubble burning has arisen in the last decade. See, this is the basic about stubble burning. Now, let us see the effects of stubble burning. See, stubble burning generally occurs in the month of October and November, after the cariff crop cultivation. See, this period coincides with the winter months of North India. Due to cold conditions, the air becomes heavier. What happens when the air becomes heavier? It does not rise up and the air settles down. Due to this, the gas and the dust produced by stubble burning settles down and does not move elsewhere. So, this is why stubble burning and smog formation over deli coincides. This is the first effect of stubble burning. Apart from this, burning of stubble will also result in increased soil temperature, which in turn results in killing of microbes that are present in the soil. See, these two are the main effects of stubble burning. Both these effects are negative in nature. So, to address these effects of stubble burning, government has taken variety of steps. These steps taken by the government can be placed under two hits. One is inside two and another one is exit two. Here, the inside two initiative includes efforts which are concentrated around and inside the fields where the stubble burning takes place. Initiative initiatives include the introduction of Pusa decomposer and short duration rice varieties. Now, let us see about these two initiatives briefly. See, Pusa decomposer is a liquid like compound which when sprayed on stubble will lead to relatively immediate decomposition of the stubble. So, when the stubble decomposes very soon, there is no need for the farmer to burn the stubble which causes air pollution. The second is introduction of short duration rice varieties. See, short duration rice varieties helps in increasing the time period between cariff and rabi cultivation. See, at present, the time period between the cariff and the rabi cultivation is just three weeks. In these three weeks, the farmers find it difficult to move the stubble from their farms to outside. This is why they find it very cheaper to burn the stubble. But with short duration rice varieties, this period can be increased. So, it will be commercially viable for the farmer to move the stubble from their farms to a place like compressed biocast plant without burning the stubble. The types of short duration rice varieties include PR-121, PR-130 and PR-131. With increasing window between the cultivation and sowing of the next crop, the need for burning of stubble comes down. These are the two insider initiatives taken by the government. Now, coming to the excited initiative. Here, the most important thing is rice bioparks. Rice bioparks are nothing but processing plants that convert rice residue into products like paper and cardboard. The concept of rice bioparks was mooted by M.S. Swaminathan, who is the man behind green revolution. See, Mr. Swaminathan states that when farmers are incentivized to provide the stubble to these rice bioparks at a price, they will not burn their crop residue. Because when they burn their crop residue, it will result in loss of revenue. So, establishing rice bioparks will help mitigate the problem of stubble burning. The next important excited initiative is compressed biogas plants. See, an assessment done by Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN shows that it is cost effective to use rice straw and rice crop residue for the production of compressed biogas. But what is a compressed biogas? To understand this, let us compare it with compressed natural gas. See, both compressed natural gas and compressed biogas are methane based gases. The CNG comes from the underground and it is a form of fossil fuel, whereas the CBG that is the compressed biogas is made from fermented waste or other biological material, so making it CO2 neutral fuel. See, from this we can say that CBG is a form of recycled fuel. Here, note that CBG is a component which forms a part of circular economy. But what is circular economy? Circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which focuses mainly on reusing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. Now, coming back, let us see the components of CBG. CBG has methane content of more than 90 percent, while CO2 content of less than 10 percent. This is similar to the commercially available compressed natural gas in composition and energy potential. So, CBG can easily run in engines that use compressed natural gas. See, the production of CBG is through anaerobic decomposition of biomass. The biomass normally used in the production of CBG includes agricultural residue like crop stubble, cattle dung, sugarcane and municipal waste. Having seen the components and the production method used for the production of CBG, now let us see the advantages associated with CBG. See, we already know that of the available fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, CNG is considered the cleanest. And we also saw that the chemical composition of CBG and CNG are almost similar. So, CBG has two advantages. One, it is already the cleanest fuel. The other thing is it is CO2 neutral because it is a recycled fuel. So, CBG helps in checking the CO2 in the atmosphere at check and it also is one of the cleanest fuel available. The next thing is when CBG production is amplified we can address the issue of landfills in the city. See, management of solid waste is one of the important problem associated with urban areas. What happens when we leave the landfills unattended? It leads to the formation of methane which is one of the important greenhouse gases. So, if the forward and backward linkages of a CBG plant is properly planned and implemented the formation of landfills can be reduced and in addition to this the waste in the landfill can be converted into useful compressed biogas which can be used in the production of electricity, household heating, cooking and the residue from the CBG plant can also be used as natural fertilizers. So, this is the main advantage of compressed biogas. Finally, before concluding this discussion let us see about sustainable alternative towards affordable transportation scheme that is SA-TAT scheme. But why are we discussing this scheme here? Because this scheme is related to CBG production. See, SA-TAT is an initiative by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is a scheme which has a primary objective of increasing the production of compressed biogas by encouraging entrepreneurs to set up CBG plants. This scheme is mooted by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas one to increase the production of CBG so as reducing the solid waste production. The other thing is when the CBG production is amplified import dependence of India on foreign fuel is reduced. So, due to these two advantages this scheme is proposed by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. So, that is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we started by seeing what is stubble burning. Then we saw the effects of stubble burning. After that we saw the initiatives taken by the government to address stubble burning. Finally, we saw about the sustainable alternative towards affordable transportation scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. That's all regarding this discussion. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. See this article here. It says that the Tamil Nadu Crime Ministry Department ideal wing has traced two Chola era bronze idols that was stolen about 50 years ago from the Vishwanatha Swami Temple in Thiruvaru district and they were smuggled to the United States. Now the ideal wing has sent legal documents establishing the Tamil Nadu government's ownership of the antiquities. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us learn about the Chola era bronze sculptures. See the medieval Cholas ruled between the 9th century CE and 13th century CE. At their peak they ruled most of South India, Sri Lanka, Maldives Islands and even parts of Malaya and Indonesia. See the Cholas are not only known for their administrative and their military conquest. They are also known for their patronage to their art and architecture. Cholas constructed enormous stone temples and complexes and decorated these temples both inside and outside with painted and sculpted representation of the Hindu gods. However some of the best known artistic remains from this time period are the bronze statues that were commissioned by the Chola kings for each temple. See initially the Chola kings they commissioned only stone sculptures. These stone sculptures were large and they were immovable and they were placed inside the inner sanctum sanctorum or the garbagraha of the temple. But during the 10th century CE due to changing religious concepts it was demanded that the deities take part in a variety of public roles similar to that of the king. So as a result the Chola kings commissioned large bronze statues. See these large bronze images they were created to be carried outside the temple to participate in daily rituals, possessions and temple festivals. So basically the stone sculptures they were placed inside the inner sanctum sanctorum and they were immovable. While the bronze sculptures they were used in daily rituals, possessions and temple festivals and they were movable. Okay see if you look at a Chola bronze sculpture you might think it look quite simple but the sculptures are elegant, expressive and extremely beautiful. The poses and expressions on the faces of the figurines are also very detailed. Now you may have a question how the Cholas some thousand years ago created such elegant and expressive bronze statues. See here they used a technique called lost wax casting technique. See this technique involves the combination of beast wax a kind of camphor and a little oil. Here beast wax is nothing but a wax created by bees. Firstly the beast wax and oil are mixed using hands. Once mixed the mixture is then used to precisely sculpt the specific figure and all its intricate features. Now this particular wax model is subsequently coated with clay and then dried or they are placed in an oven. When they are placed in the oven only the clay outer shell remains and the wax model of the statue melts off or evaporates. Then the next step is pouring the Panchaloham which is a metal alloy of bronze into the clay mold which is now empty of wax. Then the melted bronze fills the mold and this melted bronze is left to settle and harden by cooling. Once the process is complete the clay mold is then broken off leaving only the bronze sculpture. Then the next step involves application of finer details, the cleaning and the removal of any markings from the statue. Lastly the bronze sculpture is then smoothened and then polished before they are displayed are likely placed inside a temple. See if you notice for each statue a separate mold is created. This is what makes the Chola era bronze statue very unique because every statue created using this technique during this particular period is entirely unique. No bronze sculpture from the Chola period can be exactly replicated making it truly one of the kind and this is why they are considered priceless. See the images here these are all some of the important and the famous bronze sculptures of the Chola period. First here you can look at Lord Nadraja or Shiva. Then the most popular image is Somaskandha where Shiva is depicted sitting near Uma and his son Kanda dancing between them on a platform. Then here is Shiva and images of Parvati. Then the image of Bhudevi or the Yarth Goddess and finally the dancing Sambandhar idol. See these are some of the famous bronze sculptures from the Chola period. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw the uniqueness of the Chola bronze sculpture and we also saw the last wax technique that was used by the Cholas to make these sculptures. With this let us conclude this and take up the next news article. Take a look at this article it reports about the poor air condition in Chennai due to bursting of crackers during Deepavali. This has been reported by the Central Pollution Control Board through its air quality index. This is the corrects of the article given here in this context through this discussion let us learn about the National Air Quality Index. See air quality index is a eight parameter based air quality monitoring system which was launched by the Central Pollution Control Board. See this index was launched in the year 2014. The eight parameters are PM10 that is particulate matter 10 then PM2.5 nitrogen dioxide sulfur dioxide carbon monoxide ozone ammonia and lead. As you can see in the table there are six air quality index categories which are good satisfactory moderately polluted poor very poor and severe. One color is assigned to each of the categories like dark green for good category and dark red for severe category. Pause the video and have a look at the table to get a better understanding. Note that air quality index transforms complex air quality data of various pollutants into a single number and a single color for the public to easily understand about air quality standard in their locality. See the article said that in various parts of Chennai the air quality index varied from 346 to 786. So in the same city itself air quality index monitoring system is present in different parts to get a comparative figure of air pollution in various parts of the city. Here additional point you have to notice that when the pollution index is above 500 it is termed as severe plus. This is all with respect to the calculation and the reporting mechanism of air quality index. Now let us come to the purpose of the air quality index. See the purpose of the air quality index is to help people know about the quality of the air in their locality and also about the areas which can be avoided owing to the increased amount of pollution. See the utility of the air quality index is that it is very simple to comprehend even by citizens owing to the number based and the color based report. So even a normal citizen when he sees the color red he can identify that the pollution in that area is worse and he can avoid the area and when he sees the color green he can identify that the pollution is very minimal in this area and it is safe to go there. So this is how the air quality index simplifies the complex math involved in the calculation of air quality and provides it easy for the ordinary citizen to understand. Okay this is all with respect to air quality index. Through this discussion we came to know about what is air quality index and how it is calculated and we also saw about its utility. With this let us conclude this and take up the next news article. See this beautiful image here. It is the view of the partial solar eclipse that happened yesterday evening. So in this discussion we will see about what is solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. What is a solar eclipse? See an eclipse occurs when one celestial body such as a moon or any planet moves into the shadow of another celestial body. Here the light coming from one celestial body is blocked by another celestial body. See the pictures here. During an eclipse two shadows are cast. The first is called the umbrella and this shadow gets smaller as it goes away from the sun. It is the dark center of the eclipse shadow. The second shadow is called penumbra. The penumbra gets larger as it goes away from the sun. First let us see what is a solar eclipse. See a solar eclipse occurs when part or all of the sun is blocked out by the moon as viewed from earth. See this image here. This is how solar eclipse occurs. Here you can see the moon is blocking the sun's ray from reaching the earth. See there are three types of solar eclipse. Now let us see the types. First is the total solar eclipse. See this occurs when the entire sun is blocked by moon due to the alignment of sun, earth and moon. Then there is the partial solar eclipse. This occurs when only part of the sun is blocked by the moon when it crosses the path of the light of sun and to moon. So yesterday only partial solar eclipse took place. Finally there is the annular solar eclipse. See the annular solar eclipse occurs when the moon is at its farthest point in its elliptical path of orbit around the earth and due to this it is only capable of blocking out part of the sun thus leaving the periphery of the sun visible. You can see this image here to understand about the annular solar eclipse. These are the types of solar eclipse. Now let us see about the lunar eclipse. And lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the moon is blocked out by the earth. Note the difference here. As we saw earlier during solar eclipse moon is blocking light from the sun and to earth and during lunar eclipse the earth blocks the light from the sun from reaching the moon. Having seen this now let us see the types of lunar eclipse. Firstly there is the total lunar eclipse. See it occurs when the entire moon is in the earth's darkest shadow. What is the earth's darkest shadow? As we saw earlier it is the umbral shadow. Then there is the partial lunar eclipse. It occurs when the sun, earth and moon aren't exactly aligned. So only part of the moon passes into its umbral shadow. Finally there is the penumbral lunar eclipse. Here also it occurs when the sun, earth and moon are not fully aligned. Note that the moon in case of penumbral lunar eclipse passes through only the penumbral shadow of the earth and does not pass through the darkest part of its shadow that is the umbrella. That's all regarding lunar eclipse and solar eclipse. Finally before concluding let us see why the solar and lunar eclipse is not happening every month. See as we all know the earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical path completing one revolution in about 365 days. The plane in which the earth moves around the sun is known as the ecliptic. At the same time the moon also revolves around the earth which is also a near elliptical path and the moon takes 28 days to complete one revolution around the earth. The fact here is that these two planes of earth and moon are inclined to each other at an angle. See for the solar eclipse to occur the sun, the moon and the earth must not only fall in the same straight line but these three bodies should be in the same straight plane and this occurs only during the eclipse although the sun moon and the earth comes in a single line every two weeks eclipses does not happen every month because as we saw earlier the earth's orbit around the sun is not in the same plane as the moon's orbit around the earth. So this is why we are not witnessing solar and lunar eclipse every month. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw what is solar eclipse and its types and we also saw the lunar eclipse and its types and finally we saw why solar and lunar eclipse does not occur every month. Ok that's all regarding this discussion now let us conclude this and take up the next news article. Look at this article here it says that the center government is planning on leasing out blocks for generating power through offshore wind energy projects in the state of Tamil Nadu. See this is being done to reduce the carbon emission and to meet the target of 30 gigawatt green energy to be generated by the state by 2030. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us learn about offshore wind energy in India than the national policy and the pros and cons surrounding offshore wind energy. First let us see what is onshore and offshore wind power forms. See onshore wind power forms refers to the turbines that are located on land rather than over water. They are typically located in sparsely populated areas with low conservation value. Ok moving on to offshore wind farms offshore wind farms refers to wind farms that are located over shallow open water that are usually in the ocean where there are higher wind speeds. Now let us see the offshore wind energy potential in India. See in India of the total renewable energy installation capacity of 78 gigawatts the wind energy contribution is more than 35 gigawatts as of March 2019 and the national target is to achieve 60 gigawatts of wind energy installation by 2022. Note that India has reached the target of 39.2 gigawatts of wind energy production per year in March 2021. However it has been observed in recent past that many onshore wind energy products are adversely affected due to land acquisition issues. So in the scenario offshore wind energy can be seen as a viable option in order to protect the precious land resources. See India is having a long coast lane of about 7600 kilometers. So offshore wind energy has good prospects in case of India. This is why the central government has notified the national offshore wind energy policy in October 2015. As per the policy ministry of new and renewable energy will act as the nodal ministry for the development of offshore wind energy in India and it will be responsible for overall monitoring of offshore wind energy development in the country. In addition to this the national institute of wind energy in Chennai will be the nodal agency to carry out resource assessment survey and studies in offshore regions. The national institute of wind energy also demarket blocks and facilitate developers for setting up offshore wind energy forms. See the ministry of new and renewable energy has set a target of 5 gigawatts of offshore wind energy installation by 2022 and 30 gigawatts by 2030. The wind resource assessment carried out by the national institute of wind energy shows that the total wind energy potential in the country stood at 302 gigawatts at 100 meter and 695 gigawatts at 120 meter hub height. Here hub height is the wind energy turbines height which is measured from the ground to the middle of the turbines rotor. See as per the national institute of wind energy's assessment out of the total potential estimated more than 95% of the commercially exploitable resources are concentrated in only 7 states. The states being Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. So now the central government is taking all possible measures along with the state governments to harness the offshore wind energy and to achieve 30 gigawatts target by 2030. See this policy of the government is reflected in today's news also. That is all with respect to offshore wind energy in India and the national policy regarding it. Now finally before concluding let us see the pros and cons associated with offshore wind energy. First let us start with the advantages. As we have seen earlier it protects the precious land resources which is getting scars in India right now. Then the high speed in the offshore areas will help harness more energy compared to onshore wind farms. Finally, ocean provides access to vast space. This helps in the installation of large turbines. So amount of energy that will be generated in case of offshore wind energy will be very high. These are the advantages associated with offshore wind energy. Now moving on to the disadvantages. The materials that are needed to install offshore wind farms are mostly costly. So higher cost is one of the major hindrance of exploring offshore wind energy potential in India. Then due to high wind speed in offshore areas the maintenance and repair process of offshore wind farms are very complex. Then there is the issue of ownership. See onshore wind farms are owned and operated by individuals and local cooperatives. But in case of offshore farms such operations are difficult to manage. Finally, the noise made by turbines in case of offshore wind farms may disturb the marine living beings and it may result in reduction in their population. So these are the disadvantages associated with offshore wind energy. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion first we saw what is onshore wind energy and then offshore wind energy. Then we saw the wind energy potential in India and about the national offshore wind energy policy 2015. Finally we saw the cons and pros associated with offshore wind energy in India. So that's all regarding this discussion. With this let us conclude the news article discussion session and take up the practice plumes questions. We have four plumes questions today. Let us see them one by one. Let us take up the first question. This is a two statement question. Two statements about the last wax casting technique is given. We have to find the correct statements. Let us take up the first statement. It is a process used for making metal statues. See this we have seen in the discussion itself. This statement is correct. Using this technique only the cholas made their famous bronze statues. Moving on to the second statement. It was first used in India by the cholas during the 9th century. See this statement is wrong. The last wax casting techniques was first used by the Indus Valley civilization people. For example the bronze figurine found at Mohanjidaro which is also called as Dancing Girl was made using this technique only. So it was not the cholas. It was the Indus Valley civilization people who first used this technique. So statement two is wrong. Since they are asking the correct statement here and since statement one is correct the correct answer here is option A one only. Moving on to the second question. This is a three statement question. Three statement about the air quality index is given. We have to find the correct statement. Let us take up the first statement. It is released by the Central Pollution Control Board of India. This statement is correct. The CPCB is the apex organization which releases the air quality index in India. Moving on to the second statement. Let us among the eight parameters used by air quality index to calculate air pollution level. This statement is correct. Let this one of the eight parameters used for the calculation of air quality index. The other parameters are displayed here. You can have a look. Moving on to the third statement. It comprises of six categories to denote air quality in the area. This statement is also correct. The six categories are good, satisfactory, moderately polluted, poor, very poor and severe. So here all the three statements are correct. So the correct answer is option D one two one three. Moving on to the third question. This is also a three statement question. Three statements about the eclipse is given. We have to find the correct statements. Let us take up the first statement. During solar eclipse the position of earth falls between sun and moon. This statement is wrong because in our discussion we saw that during solar eclipse it is the moon which falls between the sun and the earth. It is only during the lunar eclipse earth falls between sun and moon. So statement one is wrong. Moving on to the second statement. Penumbra is the shadow region caused during eclipse and it gets larger as it goes away from the sun. This statement is also correct. This we saw in the discussion itself. Penumbra gets larger as it goes away from the sun and umbra gets smaller as it gets away from the sun. This is the difference between the two. So statement two is correct. Moving on to the third statement. For eclipse to occur the sun the moon and the earth must lie in one straight line and also be in one plane. This statement is correct. This also we saw in the discussion itself. This is one of the reason why we don't get solar and lunar eclipse every month. So statement two and statement three are correct. So the correct answer here is option B 2 and 3 only. Moving on to the last question. This question is a three statement question about national offshore wind energy policy. This is the quiz question for you today. The main question based on today's discussion is displayed here. Interested aspirants can write the answers and post them in the comment section below. If you like today's discussion you can like comment and share the video with your friends. For more updates regarding UPSC preparation you can subscribe to Shankara A.S. Academy's YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


Hey everybody, we are here for the third and final week for August of my creative year. The topic for the month has been reduce, reuse, and recycle and as I've done in months past I've been building a page over the month using our prompts for the week. The first week was reduce and I had us reduce our color palette to black, white, and one color and I chose green. The second week we reused items that we had in our stash or items that were trash or recycling and we created this little pocket we had here with the tag in it and a little tab made out of a bread tie. Super cute. This week we're going to recycle. Now you could consider that some of this is already recycling because you're already using trash here, old bits of scrap here, but what if you recycle old artwork into your page? I know, right? So this week I am going to break my one color rule, but that was for week one. So it's okay, kind of. So I have lots of old artwork that I've scanned into my computer so I can reprint it on sticker sheets and printer paper and cardstock and I make it into journal covers and use it as embellishments on other work. This week is no exception. So one of the new things I have is a build your own sticker or washi tape in my Etsy shop. This is some of my artwork. So I'm going to cut out three of these dots on here. Excuse me, and this is printed on every full sheet sticker or label paper. It's every number. I know somebody's going to ask me every something. I'll put it in the description below. It doesn't say on the back here. But they're eight and a half by eleven sheets and the whole thing is sticky. Anyway, I will put it in the description for you all. So I'm going to just roughly cut these out. I'm not going to be perfect about it. I could punch them if I wanted, but I don't want to. Some of these have green in them, so I'm not completely breaking my green rule, although I'm adding a sort of a teal color or turquoise color, but that could that's kind of in the green spectrum, but it's more towards the blue, technically, so it's breaking a little bit. But look how that makes that pop though.  I'm going to stick one there. If they don't want to stick well, that one would not want to stick well because there's still backing paper on there. If they don't want to stick well, put a little bit of gel medium or glue underneath them. But usually they stick pretty well as long as you get all the backing paper off. I'm going to have to bend back a little corner. On this one, I'm going to just fold it back to the back side. Okay, so the other thing I'm going to do is I'm going to, I think I want to do some journaling on this little card. Didn't we have this problem last week? I need a pen that'll write because I have the plastic there, right? So I have a pit pen. I'm going to write some journaling. I'm going to write something on here about what this means to me. I'm going to fast-forward through that and I'll be right back. Okay, there we go. I really love this page for August. This is a really great page with a great message. Just doing what makes me happy. Want wonder, love and dream. Don't limit yourself to others recycled expectations. I love this and I hope it gave you some ideas of what you can do with the topic and prompt for this month that's out of the box, out of the ordinary, and not what you would immediately think of when you read the prompts and topic. All right, that's it for this month. If you have any questions, comments or concerns, you can leave them here on the YouTube, on the video here on YouTube, or if you're part of the Facebook group, you can leave it over there in the group. Make sure to tag me or one of the other teachers when you do that, though, when you have a question. If you're not in the Facebook group, you'd like to be, go to my link-tree link, which is in the description below the video and has every single place on the internet you can find me, including the Facebook group for my creative year. That's it for today. Go out, have a great day, make some fun art, do something nice for yourself because you deserve it, and I'll see you later. Bye guys.