Chapter 10 of And Iron Tales by John Bangs. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Recording by April 6-0-9-0, California, United States of America. Home again. And now," said the left-hand-ired, as the flamingo flew off and left them to themselves. It strikes me that it is time we set about having some supper. I'm getting hungry. What with the excitement of that ride? And the fact I haven't eaten anything but a bowlful of kindling wood since yesterday morning. I'm with you there," said Tom. I've been hungry ever since we started, and the snow on the moon wedded my appetite. Never knew a boy who wasn't hungry on all occasions," puffed the bellows. Fact is, a boy wouldn't be a real boy unless he was hungry. Did you ever know a boy that would confess he'd had enough to eat, pokey? Once," said Poker. I wrote a poem about him, but I never could get it published. Want to hear it? Very much," said Tom. Well, here goes," said the poker anxiously, and he recited the following lines. The Wondrous Strike of Sammy Dyke Young Sammy Dyke was a likely boy, who lived somewhere in Illinois. His father was a blacksmith and his mom made pies for all the land. The pies were also very fine. The folks who sought them stood in line. Before the shop of Dyke and Co., mid-passing rain, in drifting snow, for fear they'd lose the tasty prize, of Dyke's new patent homemade pies. One day alas poor Mrs. Dyke, who with her pies had made the strike. By overwork, felt very ill, and all her orders could not fill, so ill was she she could not make, when half the pastry folks would take, and so her loving husband said, he'd take her place and cook, instead, of making horseshoes kindly joth to help his wife in time of woe. He worked by night he worked by day, yet worked alas in his own way, and made such pies I've understood, as but a simple blacksmith could. He made them hard as iron bars, he made them tough as trolley cars. He seemed to think a pie's estate was to be used as armor plate. And not a pie would he let go. That had not stood the sledges below. Upon the anvil in his sanctum once not went out until he spanked them. Result, with many alas and lack, the pies Joe made, they all came back. From folks who claimed they could not go, the latest pies of Dyke and Co., and here it was that Sammy came, to help his parents in the game. Can't eat them? cried indignant Joe. Can't eat them? Well, I want to know. Here Sammy show these people here, how most unjust they're plain to my dear. Come lad and eat the luscious pies that I have made and they despise. For loyal Sammy then began, upon those stodgy pies the plan, was very pleasing in his eyes, for Sammy loved his mother's pies, he nibbled one, he bit another, and then began to think of mother. He chewed and nod, he munched and bit, but no, he could not swallow it.  He had to say he'd had enough, though never in the world before was lad who had not wanted more. And what became of Sammy's maw, and what became of Sammy's paw? Their profits gone, how could they eat? A living good from week to week. They took the recipe for pies that mother made, oh so wise, let father make them in his way, in form elliptical they say, and when the football season came, one fortune great and wondrous fame. Beyond the wildest hope and dreams, by selling these to football teams, and those by whom this game is played, called them the finest ever made. The sure good football, made of mince, has never quite been inkled since. And few who kick them with their feet, know they're the pies Sam couldn't eat. The only pies upon this orb, a healthy boy could not absorb. Great poem that, eh? said the bellows, poking Tom in the ribs and grinning broadly. Splendid, said Tom, new use for pies that. It's beautifully long, said Lefty. But why couldn't it be published? asked Righty. Wasn't it long enough? The editor said it wasn't true. Side the poker, he had three boys of his own, you know, and he said there never was a boy who couldn't eat a pie even if it was made of crowbars and rubber, as long as it was pie. I guess he was right, observed Righty. I knew a boy once who ate soft coal, just because somebody told him it was rock candy. Did he like it? asked Tom. I don't think he did, replied Righty, but he never let on that he didn't. Well, anyhow, put in Lefty. It's time we had something to eat, and we'd better set out for the lobster shop or the candy dike. I don't care which. Or the what? asked Tom. The candy dike? said the left-hand iron. Didn't you ever hear of the candy dike? Never, responded Tom. What is it? It's a candy-clone dike, explained the left-hand iron. There are gumdrop mines and marshmallow loads and deposits of chocolate creams beyond the dreams of avarice. Remember, I'm Righty? Oh, mm, mm. murmured Righty, smacking his lips with joy. Do I remember them? Oh, my, don't I just? Why, I never wanted to come back from there. I had to be pulled out of the peppermint mine with a derrick. And the river—oh, the river! Was there anything ever like it?  He knew not why. What about the river? He asked. Soda water flowing from mountain to the sea returned the right-hand iron, smacking his lips again ecstatically. Just imagine it, Tom, a great stream of soda water fed by little rivulets of vanilla and strawberry and chocolate syrup.  Tom closed his eyes with very joy at the mere idea. Oh, where is this river? He cried when he was able to find words to speak. In the candy-dike, of course, where else? Said the poker. But of course we can go to the lobster shop if you prefer. Not I, said Tom. I don't care for any lobster shop with a candy-dike in sight. Don't be rash, said the bellows, who apparently had a strong liking for the lobster shop. Of course we all love the candy-dike because it is so sweet. But for real pleasure the lobster shop is not to be despised. I don't think you ought to make up your mind as to where you'll go next in too much of a hurry. What's the fun in the lobster shop? Asked Tom. Fear the intellectual if you know what that means, said the bellows.  You meet the wittiest oysters and the most poetic clams, and the most literary lobsters at the lobster shop you ever saw. For my part I love the lobster shop. I can get something to eat anywhere. I can get a steak at any lumberyard in town. I can get a chop at any axe factory in the country. And if I want sweets I can find a bakery. Bakery you mean? Said Tom. No I don't at all. Said the bellows. I mean bakery. A bakery is a place where they sell cake. And when I say bakery I mean what I say. Just because you call it bakery doesn't prove anything. Grilled for pleasure not for argument. Grilled the left-hand iron. Go on and say what you've got to say. Well said the bellows. What I was trying to say when interrupted was that you can get your stomach filled almost anywhere but your mind. That is different. I'm hungrier in my mind than in my stomach. And I'd rather be fed just now on the jests of an oyster. The good stories of a clam and the anecdotes of a lobster. Then have the freedom of the richest marshmallow mine in creation. Well I'm sure I don't know what to do. Said Tom. Very much perplexed. The candy-dike was glorious. But the lobster shop too had its attractions. For Tom was fond of witty jokes and good anecdotes. The idea of having them from the lips of lobsters and oysters was very appealing. I say, he said in a minute, why isn't the lobster shop the best place for us to go after all if we are really hungry?  In that way we could hear the stories and fill up beside. Well I declare, cried the bellows, what an idea! You most ungrateful boy! Not at all, said the poker. Not at all. It's merely the habit of his kind. Many's the time when I've heard of men and women devouring their favorite authors. Tom couldn't better show his liking for the lobster than by eating him. On the other hand, if he goes there and turns his back on the candy dike, he'll miss the most wonderful sight in all creation. And that is the nestle-rod cataract on the Soda Water River. It is located at the point where the vanilla glacier comes down from the cream mountains on the one side, and the famous marins, orchards, line the other bank for a distance of seven miles. It's a perfectly gorgeous sight. Mercy me, cried Tom, indeed I should like to see that. No doubt, put in the bellows. Nevertheless, you can see nestle-rod putting at home at any time. But did you ever see there a turtle that can recite a fairy story of his own composition, or a crab capable of narrating the most thrilling story of the American Revolutionary War that anybody ever dreamed of?  As he spoke from far down in the valley, there seemed to come a crash and a roar, following close upon which the barking of a dog made itself heard. The ice is slipping, cried the poker, as the mountain trembled beneath them. There's going to be an avalanche, and we're on it. The whole top of the mountain shook as if it had been in an earthquake, and then it began to crash rapidly downward. Dear me, how annoying, observed the bellows, as if we haven't had enough coasting this trip without taking a turn on an avalanche. Well what shall we do? Woured the andirons excitedly. I never foresaw this. Slide, I guess, said the poker calmly. It's all we can do. The barking of the dog approached closer. Good! cried Reidy, clapping his claws together gleefully, as an idea flashed across his mind. It's one of those famous St. Bernard's. He'll take care of us, Tom. And as for us, the thunderous roar of the descending avalanche drowned the sounds of Reidy's voice, and all that could now serve as a means of conveying their thoughts to each other was the making of wild motions with the hands. The poker stood erect and stiff, looking grimly ahead of him, as if resolved to meet his fate bravely. The bellows threw himself flat upon the glacier, and panted. While the two andirons, standing guard on either side of Tom, peered anxiously about for the rescuer of their little guest. Nor did they look in vain, for in a few moments the huge figure of a St. Bernard appeared below them, rushing, with all his might and main, to their side. For some reason or other the St. Bernard seemed to have something familiar about him, but Tom couldn't quite say what it was. Bow wow wow! The dog barked gleefully, for this was just the sort of work he most enjoyed.  The lad lost, not a moment in obeying. Aided by the affectionate boosts of the andirons, he soon found himself lying face downward upon the broad, shaggy back of the faithful beast. He closed his eyes to shut out the blinding snow for a moment and then. Tom sat up and rubbed them, for there was no snow, no avalanche, no alp, no St. Bernard dog in sight, only a friendly pair of andirons staring fixedly at him out of the fireplace of his father's library. The poke were standing like a grenadier at one side, and the bellows hanging from a brass-headed nail on the other.  Hello, Jeffy, said Tom, as he rubbed his eyes a second time. Where have you been all this time? Barked Jeff and cocking his eyes knowingly.  Woof! replied Jeff, as much as to say he wouldn't tell. Well, it was mighty good of you if you did, Jeffy, Tom said, gratefully. Only I wish you could have taken me to the candy-dike or the lobster shop instead of straight home. I'm not only hungry, Jeffy, but I should very much have liked to visit those wonderful places. Woof! said Jeffy, which Tom took to be a promise that his rescuer would do better next time. The little party has not been off again since, but the other night some pieces of newspaper were thrown into the fireplace and all but one of them were burned. Righty held this one under his claw, and Tom, while trying to get a word out of his friend, caught sight of it. Hello, said Tom, as he read what was printed on the clipping. The astronomers at the Lick Observatory have discovered a new constellation in the southeast heavens. It is of huge dimensions and resembles in its outlines the figure of a rhinoceros, or some such Pachydermitus creature. Oh, I never, he cried as he read. I say, Righty, do you believe that's the old hippopotamus? And Righty never said a word. But the look in his eye indicated that he thought there was something in the notion. End of Chapter 10 End of And Iron Tales by John Bangs


one shiver 1000 here just a quick Saturday vlog for you got the ladder up you got a tarp up here it's starting to rain but I'll take you out here had to tarp had to tarp the well it's almost half the house but it goes clear over and hangs down the other side and then down in the back right back here where it was real weak there's a big hole in the roof that came from when my buddy come over to help me blow this off apparently he stepped in it didn't tell me about it but it's right about there down towards the end there so hopefully I'm sure you can hear it thundering hopefully that'll hold it we got to get some estimates but it's Saturday can't really get a hold of anyone so we got to get some estimates come in and check that out now had we known it was that bad I mean I knew there was a little leak but wasn't nothing major and it and it would only leak if it was a real bad rain and you couldn't see the leak you could just I know it was leaking have we known it was that bad we would have to roof fix we've got a cheaper car but we had to have a vehicle because that truck I got to tear it down and we don't have something else to drive you know it's gonna take me a couple days to do that engine on that but so last night she come home and she thought Bruno peed on the floor she's like Bruno what'd you do like oh look he was just out a little bit ago and he's been with me the whole time he didn't pee in there so she started picking stuff up and the whole floor was soaked she was like did you spill water here it was on her side of the bed and I'm like why would I be over there and it was soaked so but we had that monsoon rain coming down here's a clip of that and so for leaking so I got up natic last night and I could see back there towards like say right in this area you know what I mean down towards the bottom see those trees over there that into the house never gets sun and we want to get that one tree taken down so a little bit more sun will come in but it never gets saying this is original roof 1992 or 94 it's original roof so I mean I knew it was getting soft but wow like I said it never dries because the Sun doesn't hit it it's always damp up there so anyway so I put the drone up for you I got some shots of this storm coming in so it's really cool yeah so check the drone footage out so that's pretty cool how you can see it was raining over there now somebody had a fire going over in that area where the fire is where you see the smoke that's over towards the river so but yeah so that's kind of so I had to put this tarp up here today monkey helped me out down here the best she could and I don't know why you guys are so blurry hang on maybe it's because I don't want my glasses on anyway so and I crashed my drone here's some footage of that I hit the back of the boat because we were standing over behind where yeah oh over behind the car flying the drone and I was bringing it down right here and once you go down you can hold the joystick down when it gets like a foot well a meter we'll say at three feet from the ground it'll slow down it'll put the gimbal up the camera up and it'll it'll say landing and it'll land on its own I thought there was enough room there but I was watching drone instead of the footage in the in my in my phone so so I crashed it but we put it back up and it's fine so here's a little bit more footage before we go but anyway that it'll be after this clip here in just a minute so that's what we're we're thinking about putting the tent up and sleeping in the tent tonight that'd be nice good steady rain on that tent really makes a sleep good so yeah that's what we had to do today guys so I was up on the roof for a couple hours that's a 45 foot by 25 foot so go big or go home right but I wanted to make sure that whole end was covered so I think if it rains now we should be okay so anyway guys thanks for watching Shea Bear the myth man legend gone for now I think monkey's gonna upload a video about this too so I think she used her phone so anyway guys here's another quick clip for you and we'll see you guys in the next one so stay tuned we've got more videos coming so thanks for watching guys appreciate it enjoy the rest your weekend bye bye and take care guys


Welcome to my channel, I am Alpita Karwa and this is a very, very special video. I know that you all must have been waiting for this video because UGC net June 2019 result was out two days back and from that day itself I was trying to make a video. But then there were so many messages, so many calls from all my students congratulating them and then they were extending their gratitude towards me. And because of all this I was not getting time to personally congratulate everyone who has qualified UGC net June 19.  I am really, really happy and from the entire team of AlpitaKarwa.com I wish you unlimited success in every walk of life. There were a lot of students who were saying that this time the cutoff was so high. 66% UGC JRF cutoff for English literature that's surprising. But as I have always been mentioned in a few of my videos and also in a few of my social media posts that this time the paper was really simple. 95% paper was directly from the online course that I am teaching to my students. So it was really, really simple and that is the reason why the students who have constantly worked hard and prepared in a full-fledged manner they were able to qualify. So the cutoff has to be high. And I would also like to thank all my students for the wonderful feedback they have given from our batch 120 plus students have qualified so far and we are still counting the results. There are a lot of other students who have qualified and we are just trying to get in touch with them. So thank you so much for the beautiful, beautiful messages that you've sent and I congratulate once again on this marvelous achievement. On one hand when I would like to congratulate all those who have cleared and qualified UGC Net and JRF in the June 19 exam. I would also like to congratulate every one of you who gave their best but were not able to qualify. Guys always understand this fact that all those who did not clear this time, they are a national asset of our country as important as those who have qualified JRF. All these exams, these tests that you give, they don't define you. They judge one aspect of your life but they don't judge everything that makes you unique and different and special. So make sure you don't let your failure stand in the path of your success. You have miles to go before you sleep and therefore make sure that all these failures that you're facing, they become the stepping stone and they help you achieve the final milestone. You only did not fail. It was also our Indian team who did not win this World Cup but that doesn't mean that the Indian team doesn't have the courage, they don't have the competence. Yes, they were competent enough. They just need to learn some messages, some lessons and then they can try harder. And next time I'm pretty sure that not only you but also our Indian team are going to qualify and make very, very big in life. So best of luck from my side and make sure that you don't lose hope. I'm pretty sure that at this moment those who did not qualify or they did not secure the marks they expected, they must be having this question in their mind that what to do next, how to change their preparation strategy, what to do so that they can qualify December 2019 UGC Net exam with really, really good marks. So for all those who are looking for advice on this particular area, I think that this is the video for you because now I'm going to give you some important tips on how you can channelize your preparation and can prepare yourself confidently for the next Net attempt. So the first important thing that I would like to tell you right now is that please accept your marks. Build acceptance in yourself. I have seen a lot of students during my school and college days as well who constantly crib that they were expecting good marks but then I don't know how they did not achieve it or they keep on questioning themselves that I don't know what happened, what went wrong and I was not able to qualify or they constantly try to change the system or they criticize the committee or they criticize their life or their friend circle or their parents for not being so supportive. But guys understand one thing, these marks which you've got, they are a part of your life now. Once you accept these marks, you are actually accepting yourself and you cannot achieve big in life unless and until you don't accept yourself.   Accept your marks and tell yourself that this is how I've performed this time. If I learn from my mistakes, definitely I'm going to outshine and outperform next time. The next important piece of advice I would like to give all those who are preparing now for December 2019 and who have not qualified June 2019 exam is that please learn from the mistakes. Don't remain sad that you did not qualify this time. Instead, focus on the loopholes, focus on the areas where you need to work more. It doesn't matter if you've not performed this time but then if you look at your answer sheets, if you look at the answers you've marked, if you analyze the question paper I'm pretty sure you're going to figure out the areas where you need to work more. If you're good at something, keep it for some other day. Today is the day when you need to first focus on the areas which you're not so confident about, areas where you made most of the mistakes. Because see, even Edison, when he was making bulk, he failed and he did not fail once, he failed 10,000 times. And when a reporter asked him that how do you face all these failures, he said, I've never failed. It's just that I have known 10,000 ways how this is not going to work. So look at Edison and learn lessons from life. Even a small student who for the first time starts writing fails but that doesn't mean that he can never write. You just need to learn. You need to learn from his mistakes. You need to look at the loopholes and then accordingly prepare. Always remember friends that if you keep on working the way you are working, you're going to produce the results that you're producing. So if you want to change the result, then change your preparation strategy. So make sure you don't focus on the same preparation method. You don't go in the traditional method of learning. Change the preparation pattern and see how that works. When I first started this online platform, what was there in my mind? The same thing. That let me see where students are facing issues. Where are they making most of the mistakes? Why are they losing so many marks? Why is it so tough to clear UGC net English? And accordingly I designed an online platform where I've listed all those 13 modules which are most important and I've given a very systematic manner to prepare so that there's no scope of failure. And that is the reason why 120 plus students have cleared from our online course and we are becoming the history creators in the field of UGC net English literature. So I wish you all the best. Make sure that you go through the question paper once again. Look at the areas where you found you did not perform well and start from there. Last but not the least guys, this is the time when you start preparing for the next exam. You should not take your pen and paper when only one month is left because that is not how the topper is studied. So make sure from today itself you brace yourself up and start preparing. We have opened the registration for our online course for UGC net English. You can look at the detailed results of our students and how they have outperformed and outshined on our website. Also you can follow us on all the social media platforms to know the latest UGC net notification. You will also get to see all our student reviews and you can see the strategy that our toppers have adopted in order to qualify. So make sure you subscribe and follow us on all the social media platforms. The links are in the description below. Also you can find all the details about our online course on our website arpitakarwa.com or if you wish you can also WhatsApp or call us on the number displayed above. I wish you all the best for all the future endeavors. Keep shining high, happy learning, keep loving literature and stay tuned to arpitakarwa.com.


Why your success is the last thing narcissists want to see. The narcissist has to invalidate you. They have to reduce and underestimate your worth and importance. They have to act like you're nothing, like you never did anything for them. Regardless of how much you did, you could have completely upgraded their lives. It doesn't make a difference when it's all over. They will still invalidate you. They will still make you feel small. Because they're very insecure. They feel inferior to you. They feel like you're better than them. So they have to level the playing field. They have to put you beneath them. And it's very easy for them to do that. Because they lack empathy, they feel nothing for you. They only feel for themselves. Their disorder revolves around them regulating their own emotions. So they lack the capacity to even consider you. They have to put themselves first because they're very fragile and insecure. And they're constantly trying to stabilize their emotions.  Because you intimidate them. You're outside of their control. Which is why you may notice that everything is fine with the narcissist. Until you start trying to become better. Until you start to make new friends. Or find new hobbies and interests. Because narcissists are maladaptive. They resist change. They like things to be predictable. So that it's always within their control. Any time that you try to upgrade yourself. It will trigger the narcissist. Because they don't know how you're going to see them and treat them. Once you become better. They fear that you might start to realize you're greater than them. And then they won't be able to control you. Because then you would realize that they're not bringing anything to the table. They're not doing anything positive for you. So the last thing they want is for you to experience any progress or success. They're unconcerned about your goals and dreams. But they want to prevent you from being too productive. Because it took a lot of work for them to put you in this state. To overcome quiet and bring you under their control. To overpower and conquer you. To get the better of you. Where they can invalidate you and put you down. Where you feel small. Where you feel like you're lacking something. Where you feel like you're not good enough. But once they've deprived you of your individuality. You will then obey their orders and rules. You will then follow their wishes and commands. You're not going to put up a fight. You're not going to defend yourself. Because at that point. You don't even know who you are. They've stripped you of your identity. They will make it seem like your success is a problem. Like you're making things difficult for them. If you try to start a new business. They will complain about the money you have to invest into it. They will make you feel like you will never succeed. Like you'll never amount to anything. They will try to discourage you. But they will make it seem like they're trying to help you. You could be doing really well. But they will act like they don't see any potential in what you're doing. They will invalidate you. They will downplay your success and accomplishments. They will make it seem like it's less important than it really is. Because they're very envious and jealous. They're constantly comparing themselves to you. And they feel small in comparison. They feel like they could never measure up to you. Which is why they can't praise or compliment you. Because they're unhappy and dissatisfied with their lives. So all they can do is go against you. They will never take notice of the things you've done well. But they will be all over you like a rash if you do one thing wrong. They can't be happy for you. Because they're miserable and they haven't achieved anything. So your success may make them really mad. They may even insult you and put you down. Because they can't stand to see you happy.   They will make you feel like what you're doing isn't that great. They will say they don't like it or something is wrong with it. When you thought they would have been happy for you. You thought they would have been glad to see you succeed at something. But they can't see it that way. Because it triggers them to reflect on their own lives and how theirs isn't like that. They have to watch you climb up until you're above their heads. And then they have to start looking up to you. Until you start to see how small they really are. And they don't want you to see them in that way. That's how they're seeing it. Even though you may not see it that way. So they have to put you down. They have to make you feel small. So that you don't start seeing them in the way that they already see themselves. They feel inferior. They feel like they're not enough. And that is why they react in this way when they're forced to witness your success. Because normally they would avoid having to see that. If you achieved anything they were never there to see it. But if anything went wrong they were always there to give their opinions about it. They were always there to tell you how they feel. And that is why it's so important to avoid these types of people. People who are not comfortable with your success. Surround yourself with those who are on good tombs with you. People who will support you for the good and the bad. You need to have people who support and encourage you. But that's something the narcissist is never going to do. Because they feel inferior. They feel like they're deficient in something. Which results in them becoming very envious and jealous of you. But when they act in that way they're giving you information about themselves. They're showing you who they are. And when you see that you should start making an effort with them. Because you should know that they don't care about you. They will invalidate you. They will pick you apart. They will always find something wrong with what you're doing. So you need to counteract that. You need to avoid them. Don't make a big thing of it. Don't blow it out of proportion. Just recognize what they're doing and don't let it affect you. Don't even consider it. Because then you're just doing what they want you to do. You're hurting yourself and helping them. They want you to feel like that. So that you remain in the same position. So that you don't progress and succeed. So that you lose motivation. Because you don't want to deal with their criticisms. Which is how they want it to affect you. It's intended to keep you down. And it's very cruel. They're using you for a bad purpose. They mistreating you. But you have to wake up and recognize what they're doing. So that you can free yourself from it. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonate with you. Please like comment share and subscribe. If you would like to donate my PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching inquiries. You can email me at coaching at Nartify. The UK. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


Welcome back. Now, let us look at exercise D02. We have a cylinder piston arrangement contains 1 kilogram of water, initially in the saturated liquid state at some pressure that absorbs it from a reservoir, the temperature of the reservoir is provided. During the process the piston moves in such a way that the pressure remains constant. So it is an isobaric process. At the end of the process water has completely evaporated into steam that means the end state is dry saturated steam. We have to determine the heat transferred for heat absorbed by our system, change in entropy of the system, change in entropy of the reservoir and change in entropy of the universe. Universe here means thermodynamic universe. So let us sketch the system first. We have our system with cylinder piston arrangement initially at state 1. In this is our system mass is 1 kg and state 1 is given to be saturated liquid in our symbolism dryness fraction 0 at P1 is 0.8 MPa. So the temperature would be the saturation temperature at 0.8 MPa approximately I think 170 degree C. You can look it up in the steam depth and all other properties as needed. Then we have a reservoir I will show it separately just for clarity and the temperature of the reservoir is 250 degree C. Remember that whenever we have the second law of thermodynamics we should always be working with temperatures in Kelvin, thermodynamic temperature. But as a general tradition we have steam tables and all other information usually in degree Celsius. So be careful not to blindly substitute degree Celsius in the second law, convert it into Kelvin and then substitute. So convert this into Kelvin by adding 273.15. What is the process? Heat is absorbed. Let us call it Q12. The piston moves in such a way that we have a state 2 some work is done and the pressure is constant. So state 2 we are told is dry saturated liquid that is x equal to 1 at again P2 is 0.8 MPa and the process 1, 2 is isobar. If we sketch this diagram on the TS plane, it will start becoming comfortable with the TS plane now. Suppose this is the saturated liquid line and this is the dry saturated vapour line then our process suppose this is the isobar 0.8 MPa, the isobar is likely to go something like this but our state 1 is dry saturated liquid, state 2 is dry saturated vapour. Process can be shown like this. So what is the assumption that we make? It is already given that it is a closed system. Let us proceed. We apply first law. First law is Q equals delta E plus W. So Q12 will be delta E12 plus W12. First thing we do is expand. Q12 is an unknown. We have to determine that. So we write Q12 is delta U12 plus delta E other plus W expansion plus W other. Since there is absolutely no hint of a stirrer or an electric connection or anything like that, we can assume this to be 0 or negligible. It is an assumption. Similarly there is no mention of the system being accelerated, decelerated or moving up and down. So let us assume that change in other components of energy other than the thermal energy delta U12 are also 0. So we finally end up with delta U12 plus W expansion 1, 2 on the right hand side. Then we write W expansion 1, 2 as integral E dV from 1 to 2. We say that this integral is possible. For that we will assume that the process is quasi-static and in that we are told that the pressure is constant. So this particular term becomes equal to P delta V12. And because P is constant, I can write this as delta of P V from 1 to 2. So Q12 now becomes delta U12 plus delta of P V12 which is delta of U plus P V which is delta of H. Expanding this, this is mass of the system into change in the specific enthalpy. And since state 1 is saturated liquid, state 2 is dry saturated vapor, this delta H12 will be HFG as tabulated in our steam tables at 0.8 MPa. So this will be M into HFG whereas HFG is to be evaluated at 0.8 MPa. We are given that M is 1 kilogram, HFG is read off and hence we can determine Q12. That is one part of the solution. Now we are also asked to determine the change in entropy of the system and the change in entropy of the reservoir. Again we notice here that the initial state is saturated liquid, the final state is dry saturated vapor. So if we determine the change in entropy delta S12, this will be M into delta specific entropy 12 which will be M into SFG. Why SFG? That is only because 2 is dry saturated vapor and 1 is saturated liquid. And again mass is given to be 1 kg, SFG is to be read off at 0.8 MPa. That gives us delta S12. Now let us look at the reservoir. We have to determine the entropy change of the reservoir, delta S reservoir. The reservoir R is at T R is 250 degree C. Let it absorb heat, Q rest. What is this heat absorb? According to our previous nomenclature, this will be minus Q12. And hence delta S reservoir will be heat absorbed by the reservoir divided by T reservoir which will be minus Q12 divided by T reservoir. Remember that this is already obtained whereas T reservoir substitute in Kelvin. That gives us delta S13. And finally if we assume that the thermodynamic universe is made up of system plus reservoir, assuming that thermally the system does not interact with any other system except the reservoir. And the reservoir also interacts only with our system and with nothing else. Then this assumption is right. And then delta S of the thermodynamic universe will be delta S of the system, delta S12 plus delta S of the reservoir. When you substitute and calculate this check, is this greater than 0? You will find that it is greater than 0 and I will leave it to you as a guess to determine what is the cause of this change in the entropy of the universe. If it is greater than 0 that means it is a possible irreversible process. Thank you.


I mean, there's like the the five you have to go like yogi's behind the dish Jeter's at short Ruth's in right field mantles in center and We'll move to mageo to left. I Think that like that me that you need that right is cano like a sneaky lock at second probably Probably I mean numbers wise Tony Laz Ain't bad. Oh Gary's a lock at first base also So you're almost there. So what do we need second there second and third? I Mean you need a third baseman a rod a rod a rod. Let's a rod easy. I mean if he if he's illegal then it's I don't know Nettles or someone like that. I don't know Say rod Right, I'm saying if you like took a rod off because he's illegal because steroids Yeah, you got it. I don't know. I don't know who would be then What about What have you moved like? Ruth To DH you want another outfielder out there? Okay? Or who would you put at DH? The other third base options are nettles Boyer Red Rolf and say rod Love Red Rolf Yeah, I don't know all the good guys and then it starts going into their career with the Yankees or is it their best season ever because like You know Gary Sheffield that a huge year. I gotta be with gotta be with the Yankees Tony Lads is a good answer for second base, but I think canoes better I mean cano with the Yankees his numbers were insane. Robbie's like historic. Yeah Yeah Let's see in canoes. I think Willie Randolph still like all-time leader in a lot of stuff Willie in canoes Eight seasons with the Yankees Yeah, nine seasons with the Yankees. He has a 126 OPS plus a 309 batting average and 860 OPS MVP votes in one two three four five straight seasons MVP votes in six out of nine seasons Tell you what I'd try to get Bernie in there somehow not shy about it either. He'd be a great bench coach. I Think maybe maybe you could even DH him. I don't know Switch hitting DH Maybe you put Bernie out there you DH babe. I think we did it I think I think I'm pretty happy with my team to a rod Jeter cano garig Mantle to Maggio Ruth Barra behind the dish It's a good team Ricky Henderson on the bench to steal some bags. Mariano out of the pen Mariano out of the pen. Yeah Gijry in 78 on the probably does get it probably does get pretty ridiculous if you do like Best guys single season on the Yankees because like I said Gary Sheffield I think he finished second in the MVP one year Reggie Jackson might have a number up there, right? Yeah, we did this with the pitchers the other day or a couple of Like can can can passata try to get behind the dish. I don't think so Sheffield MVP season like isn't even as good as judges 2017 so And that's where it gets fun, too. I think judges 2007 if you do singles Yeah, if you do single season judges 2017 that is up there. Yeah, Maris Roger Roger ya bum back-to-back MVPs for Roger Maris on the Yankees Not bad doesn't get talked about a lot of people.  How did how do guys do that like? You know, there's no steroids there. You never even had 40 in another year. You know what I mean? It's part of why we why you said you love this sport earlier, Jim He only had he only had two seasons where he had more than 30 And he only changed Changed the baseball a little bit. He only had six seasons where he had more than 20 But there's one where he had good hacks 61. It's insane Stop boozing


Hello, I am Dr. Devananda, Head of the Department of Kadai Turas Exagerate Manipal Hospitals. I have been practicing Kadai surgery for the last 18 years. This is by two things, whenever you get the symptoms, as I said, little palpitation with minimal work or you get little breathless with normal accustomed, or you go to a physician, he may put his stethoscope on your chest and might pick up a murmur. A murmur is nothing but a harsh sound which we should not be hearing normally in the heart. We might suspect that there is a leak and subsequently he may send you for a few other investigations like an echocardiography. Echocardiography is like ultrasound of the heart. Echocardiography will exactly tell us how much is the leak, what is the mechanism behind the leak, how is the ventricle functioning and probably with that it will tell us what is the right time to intervene as far as this leak is concerned.


I believe you can answer your own data analysis questions. Do you? If you do, stick around for another edition of Code Club. I'm your host, Pat Schloss. And my goal is to help you to grow in conference to ask and answer questions about the world around us using data. This week, I'll show you how you can use the read sheet function from the Google Sheets 4 package, along with the GM line and GM smooth functions from the GG Plot 2 package to look at trends in lamb sales here in Southeastern Michigan. On our farm, I have about 40 youths. These are female sheep that we keep year after year to produce more sheep. Most sheep are born between January and May and sold in the following fall. Those animals that are under a year old are called lambs and are generally sold when they're about 60 to 130 pounds. This is generally what we eat. In the United States, anything older is considered mutton and has a bit of a off flavor with it that some people don't really like. Because mutton was often sold as lamb, lamb consumption really fell off through the 1900s relative to other animal proteins, like beef, pork, and chicken. Surprisingly, most of the lamb that Americans eat is actually from Australia and New Zealand, not the United States. So to counteract all these trends, the lamb industry has made a big push for producers to increase the size of their flocks to help grow the industry. So I was wondering, has this been effective? Also, what effect has COVID-19 had on the overall numbers of lambs sold? Over the past five years, my local livestock auction in Manchester, Michigan, has been posting the number of lambs they have sold along with the price range for various sized lambs and older sheep. When the new data are posted each week, I copy the data into a Google Sheet so that I can look for trends in things like the number of lambs sold and when I can get the best prices. Now, the USDA also posts these types of data for larger markets, but because I live about 30 minutes from Manchester and they cater to a unique blend of traditional and Muslim markets, I'm really more interested in that local data. For today's Code Club, we'll use the Google Sheets 4 package to read that spreadsheet and we'll see how we can use functions from the GG Plot 2 package to plot the data. I've become a big fan of Google Sheets because I can look at any of my sheets on my phone and I can enter data on the phone too. Also, if you use Google Forms, you can export a Google Sheet from the form. This can be handy if you're collecting data in the field or from research subjects and you want the types of answers they give to be constrained. That we can use R to analyze the data makes it all the better. So don't watch the video straight through without first firing up our studio and trying the code and exercises yourself. Let's go ahead now and head over to the Code Club page for today which is hosted at the Riffamonus website at riffamonus.org. Before we get going, I want to show you the data that we're going to be working with for this exercise. And so here's my Google Sheet. It's called lamb prices. I've given you the link so anybody that has the link can view it but you can't edit it. At least I hope you can't edit it. And so you'll see that the first column is the date, the second is the total number of animals sold that week and then we have the different size classes or types of sheep being sold and the range of prices. And these prices we're not going to deal with this week but just so you know are dollars per hundred pounds. So this 180 to 220 means $1.80 to $2.20 per pound or $180 per hundred pounds. So where am I getting this from? Well, if I open this up and go to uproducers.com and then click on market results, this pulls up market results and I've been here enough times that it knows me but I'm going down and choosing Michigan, Manchester, Michigan. And so these are the data that come up every week and you can kind of see here in the Choose Your Archive that we could pick any week. So here's March 21st of 2016. We see that they sold 1,544 lambs and here's all the price data. So if I had better web parsing skills, we could probably use one of ours other packages to go through and pull together all these data for the different weeks. But I kind of like going in every week and looking at the data and getting kind of messy with the data but it would certainly probably be much more reproducible if I had a web scraper do this. The other thing I worry about is that United Producers at some point might decide they don't really want to keep updating this website. So if they get rid of the website then I'm out of data. So I kind of like having my own copy anyway. So again, this is the spreadsheet that we're going to be reading in. You'll notice it has two tabs, numbers and prices and holidays. There is a suspicion I think founded that lamb prices vary by different holidays where people are more likely to perhaps eat lamb. So we just came out of Id al-Fitr, the end of Ramadan where there was a lot of lamb consumed by people in the Muslim faith community. And so you might think that lamb prices might go up where there might be more lamb sold directly before that holiday or before these different holidays or traditionally at least people eat lamb. It probably isn't that simple. So anyway, how do we do this? So let's go now to our studio. And to get going in our studio, we need to first, as we always do, load the tidyverse package, so library tidyverse. So that will load. To use the Google Sheets functionality, we need to install a package called Google Sheets 4. And so we'll do Google Sheets 4. And so this takes a little bit to do. If you get an error that it can't find Google Sheets 4 for your version of R that you're running, maybe try changing the source of where you're getting that from. I'm getting mine from RStudio. And you can set that by going up to, not system preferences, but RStudio preferences, and then clicking on packages and then changing this to perhaps the global RStudio one. Sometimes when there's a new version of R released, it takes a little bit of time to get all the packages updated. Anyway, so we've got that. Another package that you might need is called HTTPUV. When I was working with this in the past, I've had errors come up where it's looking for that. So just in case, we'll do install.packages.htpuv. It'll install this. And so we're good to go. So now we can do library Google Sheets 4. And it loads that up for us. Great. So the next thing we wanna do is we're gonna read in the data from Google Sheets into our current instance of R. To do that, I need to get the link for this spreadsheet. So I'll go ahead and copy this and come back to RStudio. And I can then do, I'm gonna open up a script because I don't wanna have to keep copying and pasting this long URL, but this is the long URL. And so what the function's gonna need is this string but it's smart enough that we don't have to pull out that string, it will give it the whole thing. So to get this to work, we need to use a function called read underscore sheet. And the argument we're gonna give it is the URL of where the spreadsheet is. And we'll wrap that in quotes. And so if you then run that, you'll get a dialogue in text here. So I've used this before and so it kind of knows some of my Gmail accounts, my personal Gmail account as well as my Gmail account through University of Michigan. And so it's saying which one do you wanna use?  So if I type zero, this then opens up my web browser and it tells me to choose an account to pick from. And so I'll click on this one and it grants tidyverse API packages permission to see, edit, create, delete, whatever in your Google Drive. I will allow this and I'll allow that. So it's authentication complete. Please close page and return to R, okay? So now I'm back at R and you can see that it read it in. Now we only have to do this authentication procedure once per session of running R. Very good. So we've read in the spreadsheet and we can see that we have a new data frame. But something that kind of sticks out to us is that, at least to me, that some of the formatting is a little bit odd. There's extra columns in here that I perhaps don't really wanna worry about. Something I noticed is down here, there's a column that I'm not really sure where that came from. So we're gonna go through a few steps here to clean this up and to get it into a position we're now ready to plot the data. And so the first thing I'll think about is how do we deal with this last column of dot dot dot one? And so I'm kinda curious, well, what is that column? Because I have lambs larger than 131 pounds but what's after that? So if I come back to my Google Drive sheet, I'll see that the last column here in column J is those lambs larger than 131 columns but I also have this column K which has information about different holidays or more recently I've been putting in here that COVID's been going on and that might be wrecking havoc with the land market. Okay, so what I'd like to do is to constrain it to columns A through J. To do that, I can use an argument range. And range will take a string of either cells, ranges of cells, specific cells, or ranges of columns and probably even ranges of rows but we'll do columns here. So if we do A colon J because I wanna leave out column K, this runs and it tells us or shows us that the last column it read in was this greater than 131 and we no longer have that dot dot dot 11 column. So that's cool. So say we wanted a different range. So say we wanted say like from cell A1 to cells C10. Well, we could do that again with the range argument and we then see that we've got a subset from cells A1 to C10, okay? So I don't want that. And to keep things simple, I'm gonna actually do A to B. So I'll get columns A and B and that works. So now I've got a simplified data frame but it looks pretty weird, right? I've got a date column and I've got a total column which is what I expected but the values in here are kind of weird, right? So it's like my date, which we talked about dates last week but it's throwing on some time in here which is not necessary and looking at the type here DTTM that's a date and time variable type. In my total column, I would expect this to be a number, right? Like not a list and certainly not this weird syntax. I would expect it to be various numbers that we saw when we were looking at the webpage. So to fix this, what we need to do is we need to tell, read sheet what types of columns we have for our data. And so we can do this with the argument call type, call types and we can give this a string where the string is as long as the number of columns we have and the string then is made up of a one letter code denoting the type of data in each column. So for example, the first column is a date, so not date time, so date is denoted by a capital D. The second column is a double or numerical so we'll use a lowercase D for double. And we run that and we see that we have date and total and that sure enough, we got rid of that list thing or that weird thing. If you're curious what other types of codes are available, you could do question mark, read underscore sheet. And as you scroll down through here, this is the documentation for read sheet, you will find a section on column specification where it tells you the types of one letter codes and what they correspond to. So an L is for logical, I for integer, D or N for numeric, capital D, date and so forth, C for character. So that's really useful and really powerful. Something I'm noticing though is that there were 45 warnings, use warnings function to see them. So if I type warnings, I see I have the same warning message 45 times and it's not super helpful, but it's saying in primitive as double x, NA is introduced by coercion. So I think this is happening because read sheet doesn't know what to make of my NA values. If you look back at my Google sheet, you'll notice that I have, I have all the rest of the year populated in here, but I have NA values for where I don't have the data yet. And so it's probably complaining about that. And so what I can do is if you look at the read sheet arguments, there is a argument called NA. And so it's saying character vector of strings to interpret as missing values. By default, blank cells are treated as missing data. So I used NA, but it's expecting a blank cell. So I can add in here NA equals, and then in quotes, capital NA, which was what I used to indicate missing data. And now if we run this, we see that we get no warning messages and a nice looking data table with 279 rows and two columns. Now I should step back and also point out that the reason this works is because I have made my document readable to anybody with the link. You can't edit it, but you can read it, right? And so you might have your own sheets that you want to keep secure. And so that would totally work with this approach. Now, we've done perhaps a little bit more than we really needed to do, and there's a function called GS4DAUTH. And what this does is this tells Google Sheets don't worry about authentication because this is a public document. And so I should have mentioned this before when we were reading this in, but I wanted to show you how you would use it in a more realistic case. So for this situation, where you're using data that someone else provides and they're posting on Google Drive, their Google Drive and opening it up to anybody, then you could use GS4DAUTH and you don't need a Google account. You don't need to worry about the tokens and kind of logging in or things like that to get this to work. So then that would run and that would run and it doesn't worry about passwords or what account you're using. But again, I think in most applications of where you would be using a Google Sheet, you would want to be going through the authentication. So the next thing we might wanna do is that we've got this cleaned up data, we might wanna save it back to our Google Drive. And so you won't be saving it to my Google Drive, you'll be saving it to your Google Drive. So to do this, you naturally are gonna need a Google account. Google accounts are free and I think they're pretty worth having. So to do this, the argument or the function that we would use is gonna be write underscore sheet. And to do this, we need to save our data frame as a variable. And so I'm gonna call this sheep numbers, save that. And again, if I look at sheep numbers, if I spelled right, I haven't got a heck of a time with typos today, that's my data frame. And then I can do write sheet, sheep numbers. And if I run that, it's complaining that package IDS was installed before R4.0.0, please reinstall it. So I've never seen this before, even as I was kind of making sure all this stuff worked. So if you run into a problem, that's cool. Install.packages, IDS, it'll run. And next time it should be fine. But again, I'll do write sheet, sheep numbers. And so it's saying that because I deauthenticated, it's now missing invalid or I have an expired token. Okay, so to get through that, I need to do GS4 off and allows me to again do this authentication. So this time around, I'm gonna do one. I'm good. And so now I should do write dot write underscore sheet. And so you'll see that this is creating a new sheet, Suburban Phoebe. That is the name of the spreadsheet that it's creating. So if I go back to my Google Sheets and look at the sheets I have, I see that I have a sheet now called Suburban Phoebe. And that opening this up, sure enough, I see the data. Well, I don't want it to be Suburban Phoebe. Maybe I want it instead to be lamb numbers or sheep numbers. So I can create a spreadsheet, call it sheep numbers. And then what I'll do is I'll grab the URL for this new spreadsheet. And I will then do write sheet, sheep numbers. And then I'll use SS as the argument and I'll paste in the URL where I want it to go. And so this writes sheep numbers to the Google Sheet sheep numbers. And if I now look at my Google Doc, I see that I have a tab called sheep numbers. And there we go. The data are here. And I can get rid of this empty sheet by deleting that sheet. So again, we've been able to read from a Google Sheet and now write to a Google Sheet. So usually I'm reading, I'm not typically writing to a Google Sheet, but know that you can go both ways. There's also a lot more that you can do. There's a package called Google Drive that Jenny Bryan developed. She's also the developer of Google Sheets 4. And there's a lot you can do with those packages to kind of treat your Google Drive kind of like a drive that's actually on your local hard drive. So it's pretty slick and pretty helpful. Excellent. So what we're gonna do now is transition to thinking about, well, how can we plot these numbers? So to make a plot in R, we're gonna use ggplot2. There's other tools for building plots in R, but many of us find ggplot to be kind of the easiest and most, in some ways, I guess that's not perhaps the most powerful, but very powerful way of building plots without having a whole lot of baggage of having to remember all sorts of syntax that frankly doesn't make a lot of sense. So ggplot is really easy to use. They're much easier to use. I shouldn't say it's easy, but it's what I use for my own professional work. So to do it, we need to use a function called ggplot. So ggplot is a function that creates the plot for us. And we give it two arguments, a data argument and a mapping argument. And generally, we don't write out those arguments. So we'll say ggplot sheep numbers. And then for the mapping, the mapping is kind of a different way of thinking that we have our data frame of date and total number of animals in the two columns. And what we wanna do is map those two columns, one, the date to the x-axis, the other, the total to the y-axis. And then I'd like to have a line plot. So to do this, we can do aesx is the variable or what we're gonna call an aesthetic. So that's what aes is short for. So we're gonna map the data column, I'm sorry, the date column to x. And to the y column, we're gonna map total. And so if we run this, looking in the bottom right corner of our page now of our studio, we see a blank plot that has the x-axis labeled as date, the y-axis labeled as total, and we have this gray background with white grid lines. So one of the things that's cool about ggplot is that it thinks of a plot as a series of layers where you're layering different things on top of itself. And to add a layer, we use the plus sign. And so this is a different way of thinking about addition, but we can add now a visualization layer onto it or what's called a geome, G-E-O-M. And there are many geomes, as you can see from this help dialog that pops up, but the one we're gonna use is geome line. Perhaps in future code clubs, we'll see how to use some of these other geomes. So now if we run these two lines, we now get our line plot in the bottom right corner. Pretty slick, right? So, and we get a couple of warnings that are removed 30 rows containing missing values. Again, those are gonna be those NA values that it's not plotting. There were also weeks to weeks where for whatever reason United Producers did not post data for that week. So this is pretty slick, right? So we've seen this before in a previous code club where we talked about themes, but I'm gonna add a theme classic to give it a little bit of a cleaner look, in my opinion. And so we got rid of the gray background and we have kind of a minimalistic set of axes. But again, it's addition because it's adding different layers or different ways of thinking about what we're visualizing on the plot. Very good. So this is a black line.  So what we can do is there are other aesthetics that are available with geome line. And so if I do help geome line in this help page, if I go down far enough, there's a section called aesthetics. And where is it? Here we go. So geompath, which is another version of geome line understands the following aesthetics. X, Y, alpha, which is like kind of the transparency of the line. Color, the color group, line type. So whether it's solid or dashed or what kind of dashing size or the thickness of the line. So for today, we're gonna talk, well, we've talked about X and Y, but we'll also talk about color and size. And so the developer Hadley Wickham, the original developer of GG plot is from New Zealand. So a lot of his spelling is British English, but you don't need the U in color if you speak American English like me. Anyway, so what's like I said, we're gonna talk about color and size. So let's add color red. And so this will then generate a red plot. And so to get other colors, there's actually a function called colors that when you run it, you get a listing of 657 different named colors. And just as I used red here, you could put in other colors here. So let's see steel blue. And so I get this other steel blue color. Alternatively, you can use hexadecimals. So there's a lot of palette color selectors online that you can use to pick complementary and contrasting colors. And so this is like a six digit code. So I'm just gonna make something up. I have no idea what this looks like. Something like this. And so it's kind of a purplish color that this hexadecimal gives. I kind of like Dodger blue. So I'm gonna stick with that. Okay, the other thing we can do is change the thickness of the line. So we can say size equals two. And so this then will make our line really thick, okay? The default size is I believe 0.5, okay? That's about what we had before. And so maybe one would be a good thickness. Or maybe the default, yeah, it was 0.5. So we can also make it thinner, right? So we can make it really thin with like 0.1, right? Okay, so I'm gonna go with one because I think that was a decent thickness. It's bold, right? And we can then add color to this to do Dodger blue. So we have a thicker, and that is kind of overly thick, but it's okay. It illustrates the point of modifying the line thickness here, okay? So like I said, there's other aesthetics that you can modify. We'll talk about these in future code clubs, but feel free to dig into them and see what things like line type or what alpha do to your plot. So this data is pretty noisy. My eye wants to see kind of a hump here, that it went up from 2016 through 18 and then down over the last couple of years. But I don't know, right? And so to get a better sense of that, there's a function we can use called geomsmooth. So it's another geom. And what this adds is a solid line, a fit line through the data. And it tells us here that it's using a loss model to fit Y against X. And so we see that blue line through there. And maybe I'd like to make it pop a little bit more. So again, we've got different aesthetics that are available for geomsmooth. So we could say color equals red. And that will make my line going through the plot then red. And again, we could also make our size thicker to make it clear what's going on, right? So again, we can use geomline and geomsmooth to fit a line through those data. You can also fit a linear, a line line, a straight line through the data, but that's a little bit beyond where I want to go today. So to make this look a little bit more presentable, I wanna make the ragged data a little bit more muted in color and make the fit line a little bit bolder. So it contrasts a little bit more. So I'm gonna do size 0.2, color, I'm gonna make gray. And maybe I'll make my fit line Dodger blue and the size two, right? So you can see I've got the solid line going through the data. And if we look at geomsmooth help page, one of the arguments that you'll see in here allows you to modify how squiggly that curve fit is. And so the argument is span, which controls the amount of smoothing for the default low smottle smoother. So smaller numbers produce more wigglier lines, larger numbers produce smoother lines. Cool. So let's add to that span equals one. And so you see this is actually a little bit smoother than what we had by default, whereas like 0.1 is more squiggly, right? And I think if we do something like 10, it's not that much different really from one. So it does have maybe a slight rise, but it seems pretty flat from 2015 to 2018. And then it falls off through 2020. So I think this big initiative to grow the lamb industry, I mean, they're always talking about it, but the big promotional push was actually perhaps kind of between 2015 and 2018. So perhaps it was effective, but when they laid off that, then lamb numbers and other factors caused things to drop. And certainly COVID has been kind of this part of the curve, but things have been falling off for a while, right? So again, I have a set of exercises for you to engage with now. I hope you found this useful. There are a number of things that we might think about updating or changing on this figure, things like a title, things like caption. We could talk about those in future code clubs, but I think this is a pretty presentable figure. And so again, I'm gonna have you make your own figures, read another Google sheet, perhaps write a Google sheet to give you a sense of how to engage with these functions on your own. I hope you found those exercises engaging. We're gonna go ahead back to RStudio now, where I've copied the exercises from the Riffamonus website into the RStudio document that we were already working on. And so you can see here are the four questions. And so what I'd like to do is go through these with you to help you see how I would do them. Some of them you might notice got a little bit more challenging in drawing upon information from previous code club sessions. For the first exercise, I'm asking you to run a code chunk that looks a lot like some of the code chunks we analyzed in previous code clubs where we were looking at historic weather data from Ann Arbor, Michigan. What I want you to do is download this data using the code chunk here. We're gonna look at one year's worth of data to keep the data a little bit smaller. 1976, year I was born. Seems like about as good as year as any. And so I'm gonna go ahead and run all of this. And if we look at AA weather, we see that sure enough all the data is from 1976. I then wanna use write underscore sheet and we'll write AA weather. And then SS equals something. And so we need to go ahead and create a blank workbook in our Google Drive. I will go ahead and save this as weather. And I'll copy the URL into the SS argument between the quote marks. I run this, it's writing to weather, writing to sheet AA weather. And if I look back at my workbook, sure enough now I have a tab in there for AA weather and I can get rid of that sheet one. I don't need it. So again, this is gonna be a version of a sheet that's unique to you and your account because we haven't done anything about the permissions. Very good. Moving on to the second exercise. Look at the help page for GM Smooth and see if you can figure out how to get rid of the confidence interval around the curve and how you can make the curve a different color. I'm gonna go ahead, back up here and grab what we had to generate this plot that I have in the bottom right corner. And what I'm talking about is this gray cloud around my blue line, I wanna get rid of that because I think it kinda detracts and I'm not really sure that anybody's gonna know how to interpret that. So if I do question mark GM Smooth, what I wanna do is look for an argument that talks about that confidence interval. So there's mapping, data, position, no. The method of smoothing, no, formula SE, ah. Display confidence interval around Smooth. So it's true by default, level to control. So by default, it's a 95% confidence interval but if we wanna get rid of it, we can use SE equals false. And so we will give this as an argument to GM Smooth. So let's say SE equals false, run that and sure enough, our cloud is gone. All right, so this gets into some of the problems that are a little bit harder now and relying on experience from previous code clubs. So find and plot the total number of lambs sold in each year that I have data. So we don't want just by week, which is what we're plotting here in this plot but we want it by year. So I'm gonna come back up to where I define sheep numbers. So I have sheep numbers and I have a hint here that you can use the year function from the lubricate package to get the year from a date. So again, I already loaded lubricate but just for good measure, sheep net numbers. I'm gonna go ahead and create the year column which we do with the mutate function year and the hint was to use the year function to get the year from the date. So we can use year and then date. And what we see when we run this is that we now have a data frame that's got three columns, the date, the total and the year. I wanna group by the year, summarize, make total sheep and that's gonna be sum of total. Let me do annual total. And so again, we get these NA values. So we need to do NA.RM equals true. And so those go away. And so this is what we've got. So I'm noticing in this data frame that I have rows obviously for 2015 and 2020 and I only had partial data for those years. So I'm gonna go ahead and use filter to say annual total, or just sorry, to say year not equals to 2015 and year not equal to 2020. And so that gets rid of those first and last rows. I can then plot this AES. So I don't need to put in the name of the data frame because that's getting piped in. AES X is gonna be the year, Y is gonna be the annual total and then I can do geom line and voila, we see that falling off. We could do things like changing the Y axis to include zero or whatever. We could change the theming, go crazy. But the key here again was to see how we could take data from some of the summarize, group by summarize and filtering and use that to pipe into building a plot with GG plot. Good job. All right, so this one's harder yet. So I have another workbook that I've made accessible to you all. And this is called, I believe I've called it Sheep Records Public. It's in the notes or in the tutorial webpage. So it's Sheep Records Public. And so I'm gonna copy this URL and we will then do read sheet. So that document, but I want the weights tab. The weights of the sheep on my farm that I measure periodically. So the longest serving you that I have on my farm has the ear tag 1211. She was born in 2012. She was about eight years old, doing a great job. So I'd like to plot her weight over time. So if I look at my Google Sheet, I see that I have a tab down here at the bottom called weights. And so I'm going to go ahead and add the argument sheet equals weights. We'll run this and see what we get back. And we're getting kind of that same funky formatting. And so we will add call types, and so we'll say we could do D for double, capital D for date, C for type, and then double for weight. And that looks pretty good. Let's look at the warnings. And again, we have this problem with the NAs. So we'll do NA equals quote NA. We're still getting some warnings. I'm not sure why that is, but I'm gonna go ahead and ignore that for now. I'm not quite sure what's going on. And I will rerun this and save it as a variable called weights, the parentheses, we get that, very good. And so then I can do weights, filter, ear tag, N equals equals 12, 11. This gets me all the data. I have 40 rows of data for 12, 11. And I can then do ggplot, x equals date, y equals weight, this is in pounds, plus geomline. And so I forgot to put x and y in the AES function. And so you'll get this error that says geomline requires the following missing aesthetics, x and y. And I said, well, I had x and y, but ah, I forgot to put them within AES. And now we're good to go. And so we see that this was her birth weight back in 2012, went up over time, and it's a little jagged because this say is the weight before she gave birth to lambs, and this is the weight after she had lambs. And so she kind of gains weight, loses weight, gains weight, loses weight, but seems to kind of converge to a kind of an average weight when she's not bred of about 160, 175 pounds, which is good. She's a great you, we love her a lot. Anyway, again, there's lots we could do to clean up these plots and make them look nice. What I wanted to get across to you in this exercise was really that again, we can read in from a sheet, we can do some modification with it, we can filter the data and we can plot it. Again, I find these Google Sheets to be really powerful in helping us to put data up virtually. I can record the weights like the weights you're using here while I'm out with my sheep, weighing them on a scale and put them literally into my phone can come in and build a plot like this when I'm sitting down at my computer. It's really nice. I don't need super fancy software. I need Google Sheets, which is free, and a little bit of know-how with R and RStudio and these two great packages, or I guess three, right? Of Google Sheets 4, LubaDate, and GigiPlot 2, and Deplier, so forth. Thanks again for joining me for this week's episode of Code Club. Be sure that you spend time going through the exercises on your own to help reinforce your new skills. Even better would be for you to take the data and tools we've worked on today and answer your very own questions. I'd love to see what you did. Please feel free to drop a line in the comments below to tell us what questions you were eager to answer. Also, please let me know what types of data analysis questions you have, and I'll do my best to answer them in a future Code Club. Please be sure to tell your friends about Code Club and to like this video, subscribe to the channel, and click on the bell so that you know when the next Code Club drops. They're coming out about every Thursday afternoon. Please keep practicing and we'll see you next time for another episode of Code Club.


What's good Joshua boros back again with another video, so I just finished watching full gear And for the matches that I was able to check I was able to check most of the matches out Honestly, it was a good show In my opinion, it was definitely some matches that should not have been on there To shorten it up made it a little bit more concise But for the most part I enjoyed the show, but I'm here really just to talk about two things one The elite coming out to a wayward song a wayward son Oh, man, if you if you're a big supernatural fan like your boy, Rob Ross is you don't understand You know the type of joy that brought me here in the elite come out there to wayward son was pretty damn cool And then here in the fuck you see him punk chance That was wild that I never thought I would ever hear fuck you see him punk chance That that's that was pretty interesting So I definitely wanted to talk about that and that match that trios match was pretty damn good, but I Really just want to focus in on one thing and one thing only bro. MJF becoming the new AEW World Champion and I am glad they made the right decision. This match had an interesting dynamic Mjf was pretty much a babyface in this entire match for the most part and John Moxley was mostly a heel He was flipping out the crowd the anytime John Moxley had any type of offense going on They were booing him to oblivion. It was a very interesting dynamic anything that MJF did it was more So got cheered the only thing I was kind of like maybe Disappointed in a lid it disappointed in is the fact that pretty much John Moxley he operated as a heel But he dominated this match like MJF really didn't look like I Guess as competitive as I was hoping he would be he he kind of looked in my opinion And maybe I'm reading too much into it He looked a little bit weak for someone that's supposed to be going for the championship supposed to be putting the championship What putting the company on his back? He didn't look as strong as I wanted him to do offensively. There were some cool spots I love the power driver through the table.  He ends up pulling out his dynamite ring That's when William Rico comes out there. He's like put it away. Throw it away. You don't need that or whatever So then another referee comes out there He ends up getting knocked down or whatnot and at this point MJF is locked in a submission Oh, he's tapping which is one of which is another thing where it's like I those type of roles when the ref is not looking and then the heel starts tapping I think those work better than I guess. I mean MJF is kind of a heel or maybe a face He's more of a tweener, but he'll tapping it just once again. It gave me like he's not On like he's weaker than John Marks. It's like he's not there Competitively that's how it just looked visually like he's weaker than John Like he he can't really get the job done per se once again It makes sense if you're a heel to do that But in this match, he was clearly like a baby face So I didn't like the fact that he was tapping even though the ref didn't see it But probably the most interesting thing about the whole situation and it's funny because I think while I was tweeting Someone had said I could see William Regal being the one to double cross John Marks He's like they tweeted it while the match was happening and lo and behold William Regal gives MJF the brass nuts. He's still by ringside and you're like wait, what he gives on the brass nuts and William Regal and MJF clocks John Moxley with the brass nuts And he gets the one two three pin victory that that was to me. I Was just I was really surprised by that. I was thoroughly Surprised with that turn of events. I guess you could say the seeds have been planted The only thing that kind of confuses me is the whole firm situation. I think they That that kind of didn't go nowhere a little bit So I don't know but the fact that William Regal was the one to help him win the championship was very interesting So I will probably be checking out AEW this Wednesday to see what John Moxley has to say about that What's gonna happen with the back of black comeback black pool combat club? It's gonna happen there. How are you gonna feel about William Regal doing that? It's gonna be very interesting It's gonna be very interesting, but the right person one did I enjoy the match the match was okay I wish it could have been a little better I think the only thing I was hoping for is just MJF getting more I guess you could say offense in that's the only thing I would have preferred him to get a little bit more offense in So he didn't look as weak as he did in the match, but the right person one Crowd was into it. I was into it. I'm glad that he did get the championship It would be cool if they had confetti and stuff for him, but I guess they didn't you know I guess they didn't have it for him on one island. I don't know I would you know, that's a big celebration of celebratory moment Or at least it should be because it's it's he's the future of the company supposedly so it'll be interesting to see where they take things Going forward man So I definitely want to talk about that also Samoa Joe Samoa Joe two belts. He got two belts now. He pinned Hobbs Samoa Joe is the TNT champion and still the ROH. I believe television champion He has two belts now and I think that is awesome So they're probably gonna set up some old Joe Wardlow going forward But I'm got some more Joe's finally getting some more more notoriety I you know just on on on the dynamite side of thing AEW side of thing I know he's getting notoriety from our wage But just so he can be seen more on television because Joe deserves to be seen more on television Jamie Hader becoming the new Interim AEW world women's champion that was cool to see, you know saying people people enjoyed that women's match And people were behind Jamie Hader, you know saying so that was also a cool thing to see There were some good moments in the show. There were some down moments in the show, Soraya Having her first match back. Oh, and I was nice to see The tag team championships. I felt like that match could have been a little bit better. Um, I don't know if it was crowd fatigue possibly a crowd didn't really get into it till towards the end but that was still entertaining and Jungle boy and And Lucha source having a nice Crazy, I was able to look go back and check out their crazy still cage match That shit was fucking great way to start off the show But overall the stuff that I was able to see Matches I was able to see was pretty goddamn good for me personally You know I'm saying this is not my traditional thoughts and opinions videos kind of more of a short-form version of it But I would give this show a solid it was a solid Seven and a half so seven and a half to eight The only downside is some of these matches should not been on the show could have been on dynamite That's the only thing they could have took out maybe three matches that probably would have made the show That much better for me personally it was a long show though But hey man at the end of the day the right person won MJF. It's your new AEW world champion So comment down below. Let me know. Did you guys see that swerve coming? Did you guys think William Regal was gonna be the person to help out MJF? Also? How did you feel about the MJF in? In I can't even think of his name right now. I just said his name a few times John Moxley How did you guys feel about their match as a whole? And are you guys looking forward to AEW? AEW dynamite this wins that you see what MJF has to say. Let me know down below But I appreciate our love support roll to a hundred K. We're almost there man See y'all next time peace