Coming up on DTNs, Google wants to show you just how many meetings you have. South Korea freeze in app payments and why Apple might put satellite connectivity into an iPhone. DTNs starts now. This is the Daily Tech News for Tuesday, August 31st, 2021 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt and from Studio Redwood. I'm Sarah Lane from Los Angeles. I'm Lamar Wilson and I'm Roger Chang. The show is pretty soon. We were just talking about family and friends and we didn't bring up fast and furious once. If you want to hear that conversation, go get good day internet. Become a member at patreon.com slash DTNs. That is where you can join top patrons like Degrassia A. Daniels Erwinster and Ken Hayes. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. The Central Bank of Nigeria will work with Barbados based block chain and payment startup Bit Inc. to launch the nation's E narrow C B D C or Central Bank digital currency. Later this year, the government of the Central Bank, Goodwin F MFL said that the digital currency should increase cross border trade, also speed up remittances and improve payment systems, efficiency and tax recollection. Bose announced the quiet comfort 45 over the year headphones with improved noise cancellation and acclaimed 24 hours on a charge. Noise canceling headphones available for pre-order now for $330 ship in September 23. Meanwhile, Jabra updated its elite line of earbuds and the elite seven pro promises nine hours of battery life with active noise cancellation on just in tiny little earbuds and 35 hours with the charging case. Those are 199 bucks. There's also the elite seven active with shake grip that supposedly keeps them in your ears while you're working out. That's $179 and the budget elite three with no noise cancellation, but only 79 bucks. The elite three goes on sale September 1st. The elite seven pro and seven active will be available to buy on October 1st. My job is to not fall out of my ears while I'm working out, but probably a nice feature for some couple pieces of news in music technology. Apple acquired the Dutch classical music streaming service Prime Phonic. The existing Prime Phonic service will shut down on September 7th and relaunch with a new app in 2022. Current subscribers can get a six month free trial of Apple music and report over their existing playlists. Meanwhile, Axios sources say that Amazon music is developing a live audio feature that it would pay musicians and celebrities to use for live shows and events. Bloomberg reports that public interest company, the Nippon Foundation and Japan's largest shipping company, Nippon, you send plan to have a container ship pilot itself. No crew on a 380 kilometer voyage from Tokyo Bay to the coastal city of Se in February. It would be the first test of an autonomous ship in a heavy traffic marine area. Autonomous ships are considered necessary in Japan as 40% of Japan's crew are 55 years or older and the workforce is shrinking. Plus 70% of shipping accidents are caused by human error. China's S volt showed off a cobalt free 82.5 kilowatt hour capacity battery at the Chengdu Motor Show. S volt claims that the battery can deliver a range of 373 miles and do zero to 60 miles per hour in five seconds. Cobalt is in short supply. Sometimes it's mined with child labor and environmentally destructive to extract cobalt is problematic. So if S volt can reach its promise capacity, it would join others in making cobalt free batteries, including contemporary amperex technology, which makes lithium ion phosphate batteries for test the model threes that are sold in China. All right, let's talk a little more about the big news from Microsoft. Let's do it. Microsoft announced the free upgrade to Windows 11, which will begin rolling out on October 5th. Put it on your calendar, starting with new devices, then coming to other devices in phases with all eligible devices, getting the upgrade by mid 2022. Windows update will alert Windows 10 users when they're ready for the upgrade, but you can also check yourself if you're so inclined in either Windows update or the PC health check app. However, even if you get Windows 11 on October 5th, you won't be getting the promised support for Android apps just not quite yet. The partnership with Amazon and Intel to bring Android apps to Windows will come to Windows insiders in the coming months, but there's no word exactly on when it will roll out to all Windows 11 users. Windows 11 will feature Microsoft Teams integration, also a new design and an updated start menu and an improved Microsoft Store, among other features. I mean, I'm looking forward to getting Windows 11. I've got a couple of years old machine. It's an alien where it's got like a 700 series and video card. If that tells you how old it is. So I doubt I'll be getting it right in October 5th. There's usually a way to force that update if you want. So I'll probably do that. I'm looking forward to Android apps on Windows 11. I have them on Chrome OS, which obviously, you know, that's all in the family with Google. But it's really useful to be able to just download some Android apps. They're not always perfectly suited for Chrome OS, but I've got a touchscreen on my Chrome OS, so that kind of gets around some of the issues you have when you take something from mobile to a desktop. So I'm looking forward to being able to take advantage of that on Windows as well. Yeah, I don't have a Windows machine. It's sitting in my closet. So, you know, but I'm actually made dust off and download this. One of the things I've always said about Windows that I'm glad Windows 11 is addressing and maybe even more so with the Android apps is that the this is I don't know if this is a word, the synchronicity or that that Apple has the synchronicity that that the Apple has with this stuff. You know, just from even from, you know, like airdrop or things like that, you know, they can kind of start narrowing the gap on how to get things easier from your phone to, you know, to your to your computer. And in a in a, you know, in a much free flowing way, I'm all for it. I because I just never understood how Windows, which is largest they are, does not have a seamless feature like that. I know they don't have phones anymore, but, you know, I'm glad to see.  There's a lot more secret stuff out there. Yeah. OK. Sure. Yeah, I'm with you, Lamar. I have a Windows machine. I don't use it regularly. But I when when iOS apps and Mac OS iPad OS apps rather came to Mac OS, I had some pretty mixed results with some of the apps where I was like, this would actually be really great on the desktop, you know, because it's something that I'm, you know, I don't need to reach for my phone all the time. If I'm kind of doing desktop stuff, you know, at least a little bit to be desired, but I can see where the Android apps on Windows 11 would be super helpful for some folks. And it when I when I read some of the stories about this this morning, it made it seem like, oh, no, look at Microsoft. They're not ready for Android apps. That's what they promised us. But it doesn't sound like it's no anyone's life just yet. Yeah, I don't feel like it's a must have. It's a nice to have. So, yeah, I mean, I can get the Windows Insider preview if I'm really hot to try it. It's not like I can't do that. Yep. So Google is adding a panel called Time Insights to its calendar app. It will show several graphs charting how much time you spend in meetings. Now, a pie chart called Time Breakdown divides your working hours between one-on-one meetings and group meetings. A graph called Time In Meetings breaks down each day by how much time you spend in meetings and reports an overall average time per day spending meetings. Now, Google says that this information will only be visible to users, not managers. Users can minimize the section, but not turn it off, though workspace admins can disable the feature.  I did not know they had that many tiers. Yeah, yeah, there's so many tiers on Google. OK, for data nerds who just want to have personal data and be like, oh, what's my meeting breakdown? This is wonderful. For if you're trying to if you're trying to win an argument with somebody about too many meetings, maybe this is useful. But I'm not. I don't really believe this is going to change meeting culture to have this there. Maybe I'm just not, you know, believing enough that that the data can prevail. But I imagine everybody will say, yeah, it's sure we sure do have a lot of meetings, but I'm not canceling the one I call because mine's important. Yeah, the whole information being visible to the Google Calendar user, but not a manager in some sort of workplace environment is also sort of like, OK, well, if if Tom's my manager and I say, Tom, we're having too many meetings, I've got all this data, then it's sort of like, well, why didn't Tom also just get the data if we work together for privacy, right?  It's like you can't even though like the member meetings you have in work is probably well known to your boss. Like everybody's so sensitive about personal data and spying even at work. That's why they did. That's why they made a point of saying and your manager can't see this. You know, this is just you. So it can't be used against you. I like Sarah's point, though, because like I don't use workspace or anything like that. But just thinking back when I was in kind of a corporate setting, you know, you do have separate calendars on Google. Do you not? You have your personal calendar? You have your work calendar. So like, I don't see if the manager is the person making the meetings or at least managing them. Yeah, if you've got nothing to hide, why not let them know? It's just the world we live in, I think is that that people are very especially when Google's involved and when your workplace wants to know the data about you, people get worded out. It's the slippery slope argument. Like, oh, they'll if they start to see my calendar, my meeting percentage time, maybe they'll think I'm slacking off because my meeting percentage isn't as much as others worry about stuff like that. Oh, boy, this is a little I love data. I yeah, this would be something that I would be curious to check out. I only use Google Calendar, you know, for certain things. But but in general, I like the sort of thing. But I liken it a little bit to when my iPhone tells me once a week what my screen time was over the last week. And it's like, I look at it and I'm like, yeah, well, that's what it was. What do you want me to do about it? I feel like I'm on my phone a lot last week. Well, because because screen time works because screen time is something you theoretically have control over. If you're like, oh, my screen time was way up. OK, I'm going to cut down. You can do that. Meetings are not something you are the only one who has control over. Right. They often. Yeah, I involve other people and you might be roped into something and mandatory and all that. It's a great way to complain to your boss. Too many meetings. Yeah, let me show you the screenshot. Protocols. Amber Burton has an article called there aren't enough data scientists how the future of reskilling in tech is changing. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, job openings reached a high of 10.1 million in June 2021. And many of those are high skilled tech jobs. Companies can't afford to wait around for students to finish up master's and PhD programs before they fill these jobs. There's just not enough coming out and graduating. So they're turning to cross training and upskilling where you train somebody already in a job to do a new job. Corporations are increasingly paying for employees to do this. In fact, paying for employees to do things they've been paying for themselves in the past like taking courses on Udacity. Udacity offers so-called nano degrees, very short courses in things like data science and cloud computing. Udacity is entirely online, but there are others that do hybrid. Fuse machines offers classes that are partially online and partially in person. And they focus primarily on AI and work directly with corporations on this. Their business is focused on helping corporations reskill or upskill their existing employees. These companies say they don't see themselves as competitors to traditional colleges, but the colleges seem to. Colleges are exploring offering upskilling and non-resident training. Carnegie Mellon, for instance, Carnegie Mellon's Dean of Computer Science, Marshall Herbert, told Protocol, he's working with colleagues on a way to reformat the master's program for professionals who don't live near Carnegie Mellon and don't wanna go for a full master's program. Herbert said, quote, the old model for educating employees is no longer realistic for rapidly changing fields. I love this.   If you work for a trucking company and all of a sudden the truck can drive itself, there are all sorts of ways that companies are trying to get creative about, no, we wanna keep this employee and this employee is highly skilled, but maybe can be of better use to everybody in this other area that they need a little bit of training in. They don't need to quit their job and go to get a master's degree that is not only not feasible for a lot of people, geographically, certainly financially. And so for colleges to kind of be waking up and saying, okay, these are also things that we can offer because we wanna be in the game as well, I think that's great. Yeah, and these companies, as I mentioned here, when you read in time, they don't have the time, they don't have 46 years to wait for you to get your degree, they need people, and so if you have people already in the seats, why not enhance the training? If you don't have the skills to do it as a manager or as the owner of the company yourself, then you have these companies like Udacity, which I had not heard of, but I love this term, nano degrees. Just like, hey, something very specific, you need to be trained in, and will they undercut universities? Sure, I kind of hope so. The whole university thing, I don't wanna say it needs to collapse, but sometimes it takes too long to get certain things, you can get right in the door and get working. That's why I love trade schools as I was coming up and you see those dying off, which is a shame. Coming back in this capacity. Yeah, I hadn't thought about it. This is kind of the modern day trade school, right? Where unlike traditional trades, it's teaching modern digital era trades, I suppose. You can look at it that way. Yeah, I think this is really fascinating because Udacity has made its money off of employees who wanted to gain a new skill, but the company wouldn't pay for it, so they get the new skill and they go find another job that paid them more. Companies have caught on to that and be like, well, we can't fill the positions we have, maybe we just try to keep the people who are already familiar with what we do and train them because you can take AI and automate more tedious knowledge worker jobs and then take those people, upskill them to be an actual data scientist and keep them in the family. I think that's a fascinating trend to keep an eye on for sure. Absolutely. Hey, folks, if you need just the headlines some days, you're like, man, I love the 30 minutes, but sometimes I'm in a crush because I'm taking that Udacity course. I don't have time. Daily Tech Headlines is right there. Check out our related show, All the Essential Tech News in just about five minutes. Go find it at DailyTechHeadlines.com. South Korea's National Assembly passed an amendment to South Korea's Telecommunications Business Act on Tuesday. This is big. It prohibits large app store operators, basically Google and Apple, from requiring the use of their in-app purchasing systems. The Korean Communication Commission may find a company up to 3% of their South Korean revenue is found in violation. Now, legislation was created last year after Google began to enforce its rule that all developers had to use Google's in-app payment system. Previously, they only had to enforce the rule for game developers. The law was nicknamed the Google Power Abuse Prevention Law. Yeah, I think in the US, we get in the habit of thinking about app store in-app payment battle as being between Apple and either the government or Epic. Whereas in South Korea, it was all about Google. It still applies to Apple there. And while South Korea is a small percentage of the worldwide market for both these companies, this is a template now. This is an important market that will now serve as a template. And I am, both Apple, I don't know that Apple even responded to this yet. Last time I looked at Google had said like, we will look and see how we can preserve a good experience, blah, blah, blah, blah. I wonder what these companies are going to do in reaction. And the past Google has just said, we'll pull out of a market if it's something like this. I doubt they do that when they've got a very lucrative partnership with Samsung. And this is Samsung's home market. Yeah, it looks like Apple did say something, like it said after the committee decision, it was concerned that users who purchase digital goods through the payment systems will be at greater risk of fraud and privacy. It's kind of like the, oh, for the children. That's the old privacy and security thing. Yeah, yeah, so, I like this idea. Sarah, you wanna say something? Sorry. No, no, I just. I thought I heard you, sorry. No, no, I pretty much agree with both of you on this. I think that this is, sure, it's perhaps not either company's largest market, but if the companies comply and say, sure, okay, fine. We'll give you 3% of the revenue that happens in South Korea. Do other countries follow suit and does it get messy? And this reminds me of just, especially the recent conversation that we were having in various markets about paying publishers. It's kind of, you know, it's like the company is, they can afford it for now. They can totally afford it. But if they roll over too much, then does their structure break down too much for it to be comfortable for them? Yeah. I'm sorry. It's an interesting thought of like, would it be worthwhile for them to just pay the 3% like a tax and just get fined every year and be like, well, that's the cost of doing business in South Korea? I think they calculated this to make it, not make sense for them to do that, but I wouldn't put it past one of them to try it. Yeah. Yeah, 3% of their total revenue of everything they make in South Korea, right? In South Korea, yeah, yeah, yeah. So that, yeah, that's interesting. Yeah, I was thinking about it in a pre-show, what they just like find, we'll deal with that find every month or day. I don't know who knows how that's allocated, but yeah, we'll see. Yeah, and you know, the United States and Europe are gonna be looking at this to see what Apple and Google do in reaction because there are similar rules in China as well, being considered there. Anthony Calangelo from Main Engine Cutoff Podcast has some additional info on what we were talking about yesterday where Ming-Chi Kuo was saying that Apple is probably going to put a Qualcomm modem in a future iPhones that would allow for satellite connectivity. Anthony Calangelo here from Main Engine Cutoff. I wanted to provide some context for the iPhone 13 satellite connectivity story from yesterday. And unfortunately, this one does not look like a satellite connectivity story, although there is something in this regard to track in the future. The confusion here comes from the fact that the Qualcomm chip we were talking about yesterday operates with Spectrum that is currently owned by GlobalStar who does in fact operate 24 low-earth orbit satellites for satellite phone connectivity. In this case though, the Spectrum we're talking about is actually for use back down here on Earth for private wireless networks. They're operating something like this right now at the port of Seattle to test out a wider area of private wireless network in partnership with Nokia. So it looks like the iPhone is going to be expanding its 5G coverage, not necessarily offering cell phone to satellite connection just yet. However, there's a company called Link, that's Link with a Y, who is operating satellites in low-earth orbit right now. They have five plans to launch more this December and then more in the spring and summer leading to commercial service in 2022. And what they offer is satellite connection to unmodified cell phones. That means no new hardware to connect to their satellites and they're able to send text messages via these satellites. In fact, in February 2020, they did send a text message to an Android phone located in the Falcon Islands when their test payload passed overhead on top of a Cygnus cargo vehicle. So all is well there so far with their testing. They're heading to commercial service next year and we could see this starting to be offered by way of mobile network operators sometime in 2022, probably 2023 because all space things are always late. And if you wanna stay up with those space things that are always late, head over to www.managingcutoff.com where I'm talking about this kind of stuff every single week. Now that's interesting because today, Mark German of Bloomberg has sources saying the satellite capability that Ming-Chi Kuo was referring to and is in that Qualcomm modem will be used for a feature called emergency message via satellite, codenamed inside Apple as Project Stewie. The messages will have a length limit so you can't send a lot. They'll use a gray bubble instead of the traditional blue or green. And if you're contacting your emergency contacts it'll break through the do not disturb setting. So if they have you set to do not disturb they have their phone set to do not disturb but you're an emergency contact they'll still see your message. Another feature would let you report the kind of emergency you're having to emergency services. Say like you're in a car accident or experiencing a fire. It would also allow you to send location and medical ID to emergency services. Also, even if the next iPhone is capable of all of this the features don't appear to be ready to roll out at launch likely coming sometime next year. Now I'm a little mixed up on this because Anthony is pointing out like the spectrum in that Qualcomm modem is used for this 5G related thing but there's a service that doesn't require that modem I can do all the stuff that Gurman's sources are telling him Apple wants to do. So I'm curious if there's a combination of this and the fact that it's not gonna launch for another couple of years makes me think maybe it is tied into that link company that Anthony was talking about but it does bring it a little more into focus as to what they're up to, I think. Yeah, in general, I don't know much about this. I'm still learning this kind of dynamically but I really do like the idea of just you're out in the middle of nowhere. You need to get an emergency out I think, Sarah, you mentioned a bad cell service area. Oh, I live in one. Okay.  I mean, it's not really the middle of nowhere but yeah, I live in an area where there's extremely bad cell service. Wi-Fi is fine but if the power goes out I gotta drive 30 minutes to get my phone working again if I really needed to get a hold of somebody. Yeah, and when you're in California and fire season and all that stuff this has happened to me more than a few times now and to have any sort of emergency service on any of the level that we're hearing about now would be really advantageous, truly. Yeah. Do you have to get like a backup satellite plan or something for emergencies or? Well, we have a generator here so when the power goes out the Wi-Fi stays on. Oh, okay. But the generator was broken for some time so it's not a perfect system. This is why in a true emergency these sorts of things do save people's lives. Not even kidding. Definitely. You know what else saves people's lives? What's that? Yeah, it really does. Man, it does. I'm gonna have to work something. A group of astronauts at the International Space Station speaking of pizza, released footage of a pizza party they were having. They were having a pizza party. Now pizza brings people together. People have pizza parties all the time but usually the pizza is not floating in zero Gs. Franchi astronaut Thomas Pesquet posted a clip earlier this week to Instagram of their group, all in the ISS, making the pizzas and then they float cause you know, gravity in space. It's a really great video if you haven't seen it yet. Kind of heartwarming. Now Instagram user, Possumness brought up a good point in the comments. Possumness said, now why the pizza floats but the toppings stay on top of the pizza is mysterious. I was looking at that myself and it looks to me like they use the pizza sauce cause it comes out of a ketchup bottle looking thing. They use the pizza sauce as glue. So cause he put a little few dollops of pizza sauce then he put the pepperoni on. So I think that the pizza sauce must be extra sticky or something. It's holding it together. It's gluey sauce. The taste good pizza sauce. So pizza hut. I'm sorry, you'll never get a pizza sponsorship now. I used to work for a pizza hut. I feel like I don't know. I I I I know there are always so many jokes about what astronauts have to eat and just the pizza party video is made me happy. Turns out they can make fresh pizzas. So yeah, today's space and they're floating around and you know, look at look at my personal pizza. Hamburgers and like they're not even that that dried out 60s astronaut food anymore. It's different. Yeah, it is not a tang life anymore. All right, let's check out that mailbag. Let's do it. This one comes from Russell. Russell says, I know Tom's mentioned his novel Project Vera on the show, but I wanted to let you know that I downloaded it on Audible and I listened to it over the weekend and I thought the story was really fun, well crafted and the audiobook performance was great and really enhanced the story. So definitely recommend it. I think it's my favorite of Tom's books so far. Thanks, Russell. Yeah, that's really nice. Russell also said I got got another pick that might interest the DTNS audience. This one comes from Andrew Main. I know he's been on the show from time to time. He has a new book coming out on September 7th called Mastermind and the fun thing about this is it combines the main characters from two of a series, Jessica Blackwood and Theo Gray. Both are interesting in their own right and I think pairing them up is a really fun idea. This is sort of hinted at at the last naturalist book. So it's great to see it happen. Russell also says I really enjoyed Experiment Week. That was our week last week where DTNS in its regular form was off but we tried a bunch of new stuff and we had a bunch of new shows as a result. Russell says I thought the diversity of topics was really interesting and especially helpful was the photography episode with Ant Pruitt. As I'm thinking of getting my first DSLR and the insight was great. Well, thank you, Russell and thanks to everybody who's been sending us their thoughts on what they liked and didn't like on Experiment Week. It's definitely helping us figure out what we're gonna do with all those ideas. So keep that feedback coming. Indeed and feedback at dailytechnewshow.com is where to send your emails, questions, comments. All the feedback goes there. Thank you in advance. We love to hear from you. We also love our patrons and we'd like to thank our brand new boss, Tim Barber who just started backing us on Patreon. Thank you, Tim.  You like Tim? You like Tim? You need more new patrons. Today's the last day before the new month. So we need like 16 patrons to keep us level for the month. Come on in. Come on in. The water's fine. Get over here. Also thanks to Lamar Wilson, one of my favorite swimmers. Lamar, where can people keep up with your work? You come visit me at lamar.tv. That's Lamar with two R's because I make just fun short unboxing videos on every platform now. So it's the same thing everywhere. So you don't like Twitter? It's okay. Come on Instagram. Just come on over. It'll be fun. Well, we always love having you on the show Lamar. Thank you. Come back early and often. We're also live on this show Monday through Friday for 30 PM Eastern, 2030 UTC. You can find out more at dailytechnewshow.com slash live and we'll be back doing it all again tomorrow with Patrick Norton. Talk to you then. This show is part of the Broad Pants Network. Get more at frogpants.com. I hope you have enjoyed this program.


What is going on everybody it stops here welcome back to another video so in today's video We're going to be doing an overall market update taking a look at the Dow Jones the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq We would be doing a trading update today, but the truth is I didn't trade anything at all today guys for those of you All that don't know I'm currently in Mexico and today I actually did a tour with my girlfriend So I wasn't able to be connected to the Wi-Fi during the trading day But I'm still bringing this video out for you guys talking about the market as well as just going over a couple of ETFs and stocks that did very well today and that I'm personally watching Over these next couple of weeks here in the stock market But before we do actually get into the topics of today's video All I ask from you guys out there the viewers the subscribers is if you enjoy the content that I'm putting up here on YouTube go down below and hit that like button It really supports me and supports the channel in general and I'm forever grateful for you guys that follow the channel every day That subscribe that like it really means the world to me So without further ado, let's just talk about it guys today was finally a Red day that we've been needing here over the past couple of weeks for those you guys I don't know the markets have been on an absolute tear ever since the beginning of June in 2019 we hit 27 30 down here on the 3rd of June and from there we hit an all-time high at 2964 in the matter of 17 trading days and you guys can see here today again We got that red day that we've been needing the S&P was down 27 points down 0.95 percent the Dow Jones industrial average Also down today not as much as the S&P, but it was down point six seven percent down a hundred and seventy nine dollars and thirty two cents The NASDAQ which actually got hit the hardest out of the three major indexes that we follow here the three Indexes are the NASDAQ the Dow and the S&P the NASDAQ was down a hundred and fifty was it points I believe today. Let me just check my phone very quickly guys I'm pulling up my Yahoo Finance app right now. It was down one point five percent a hundred and twenty points at the close today And right now you guys can see it's up four dollars and seventy five cents That is the future right if we go here to the one day one hour, you know You guys will be able to see today's performance. You can see, you know, this morning 9 15 a.m 77 54 we hit lows of about 7609 and now we're currently Reversing the trend here, but nonetheless it was a very brutal day today for the NASDAQ You know tech stocks like Apple Amazon Facebook Google you guys can see all these tech stocks down here I know my face is there, but if you guys can see around that, it's mostly red So let's go over some technicals right now Let's break some things down and we can see here guys the confirmation of the rejection at that resistance on the SMP 500 and this resistance is actually a Previous all-time high that we've been talking about here on the channel from April the end of April in 2019 when we peaked here at 2950 ish you guys can see 2950 if we go back a year a Year one day you guys can see right around that area We also got rejected back in September of 2018 so this level that we're currently at right now on the SMP 5100 it's a very strong resistance guys right we notice 2940 we hit that that's when we saw that massive correction on the market of about 20% We saw the crazy rally We saw the dump in the month of May from about 2950 down to about 2730 like I mentioned the beginning of this video And now we popped all the way back up and the market right now It seems like it's forming a triple top as of right now on the SMP 500 right notice How we hit the top once twice and could this be the third time guys? We have to wait and see here in the next couple of weeks if the markets continue to sell off Especially into this July month if we get a rate cut, you know that could potentially shoot the markets up But let's say we miraculously don't get a rate cut. Who knows guys We may be selling off like crazy from there because we all know the market right now is Pricing in a rate cut pretty heavily so going back here To the 184 hour chart a couple of levels to just keep an eye out on for the SMP 500 2915 this is currently where we are and if we zoom actually back out to the one year one day You guys can see 2915 or actually know this is the 90 day two hour if I'm not mistaken Let me double check that yep 90 day two hour you guys can see back in the middle of April We were actually at this level this level was a resistance We broke out of it making it a new support and now we're about to retest that level as well as the 50 SMA here on the 90 day Two-hour chart, so this is actually very critical in my opinion. You know tomorrow Let's say the futures are down pre-market hours. Let's say we're gapping down again, you know And we're breaking back down. Let's say into the low low 2900s Maybe 2905 that can trigger some more selling because at that point, you know We're breaking a critical level at 2915 as well as that 50 simple moving average And if we're going back here to the 184 hour chart, you know, if we do end up breaking that level We may be going back down to let's say maybe 2900 That's the next spot that I'm personally seeing here where the markets could potentially hold right you notice Right 2900 take a look at this It was a resistance back in the beginning of April as well as in the beginning of June about two three weeks ago from now Before we broke out of it and hit the all-time high, you know That could be a support in these next couple of days if we continue to sell off And let's say we fall below 2900 and we get into the $2,800 level. What I'm going to be looking for is 2860 that's a strong support and that would put us right on top of the moving averages here both the 180 and the 50s ma so very interesting move here guys, you know the markets aggressively sold off if you guys can see on the one day One minute, you know, it was pretty much a downtrend for the entire day Continuing the downtrend that we closed on yesterday if you guys see the five-day five minute We hit that all-time high. We kind of plateaued there on the 21st of June We opened up on the 24th pretty much selling off and that sell-off continued today Pretty heavily. We broke a moving average support this morning And we're about to see a bearish cross where the 50s to ma is going to cross below the 180s to ma So right now markets are seeming like they're finally getting the pullback that we've been Desperately needing because a lot of us in the community me included we've been talking about how the market is Super overextended so could this be the start of the pullback? I think it could be guys just keep an eye on those levels that I just mentioned on the S&P 500 so going over here To the Dow Jones the Dow Jones also got rejected at this level and we actually hit an all-time high Was this an all-time high? I don't think it actually was if we go back to the one year one day We'll see yep. It was not an all-time high 50 points away from the all-time high We hit a couple of days ago. It was at about twenty six thousand nine hundred dollars And we can see the strong resistance that the Dow Jones is currently at we hit nearly $27,000 back in the beginning of October saw that massive sell-off to the start of the new year when the new year started in 2019 we saw the crazy run Right up to about twenty six six hundred which Coincidentally is right where we are right now We saw the sell-off in May and we popped up the month of June up until now and we're getting rejected yet Again guys at this level at about twenty six five hundred to about twenty seven thousand dollars So this is pretty interesting guys, you know, I'm really excited to see how things play out I think this next month two months in the market is going to be some of the most exciting times out there because if We get a rate cut let's say we don't get a rate cut Let's say, you know tensions with China get worse the Iran tensions get worse This has such a strong weight on the market the Hawaii the Hawaii situation the Chinese Smartphone situation right now, you know, there's just so much stuff going on I'm interested to see how the market, you know, is going to react to this if we go back to the 184-hour chart, you know a support level to keep an eye out for on the Dow is pretty much where we are at right now at 26,500 dollars. It was an old resistance back in the beginning of April notice that we broke out of it and making it a new support Right if we hold that level we may be going back up if we break that level, you know 26 200 is going to be the level that I'm personally going to be watching and let's say Excuse me guys. Let's say we break 26,200 you know, we may be going back down to the moving average support levels which are at the 180 SMA and the 50 SMA, you know, we may be going back down to 25,500 dollars, you know, this is a healthy correction zone in my opinion Due to the massive run that we've been seeing here in the Dow Jones and the markets in general You can also see our side was extremely overheated. We've been talking about that in the past couple of videos So this correction is bringing down the RSI to a more healthy level, but it's still, you know Leaning more towards the overbought side as it's sitting at about 60 and for those you guys that don't know the 70 threshold is overbought So 60 is kind of pretty overbought But not as overbought as it used to be because we can see it was at about 84 a couple of days ago So the Dow Jones here Again, just like the S&P cooling off at a resistance right now from those previous all-time highs It's going to be very interesting these next couple of days next couple of weeks What is the market going to do? So going back here To the Nasdaq very quickly you guys can see like I said, you know, we were down about 1.5% today This was the biggest loser in terms of the three major indexes that we talked about on this channel We hit the all-time high a couple of weeks ago in the end towards the end of April in 2019 at about 2879 you guys can see we topped off there the whole month of May we sold off pretty aggressively down to about 6958 dollars We saw the big bull run in the month of June up until right now And we're finally seeing that healthy correction that we've been needing and one of these alarming things that I'm noticing right now Is the NQ is actually breaking a critical support on the 50 simple moving average notice How this 50 SMA over this run that we've been seeing this past, you know, three four weeks The 50 SMA has been a strong support level, right? We've bounced on top of it multiple times We've made higher lows on top of it multiple times and now, you know, you see the the futures are slowly turning red You know, we're selling and we're slowly starting to break under it So if we honestly break back down to the seventy four hundred dollar level That's going to be territory in my opinion that could continue to sell off Or could you know issue more selling off for the NASDAQ notice how the seventy five hundred dollar level has been a resistance Over the past you guys can see it here once in the beginning more towards the end of March in 2019 Right here towards the middle of May, right? That was a resistance and actually in the the beginning towards the middle of June as well three strong resistance levels We broke out of it obviously making it a new support and now we're trending right back on top of it So let's say we break again down into that level That's going to be pretty scary on a technical basis for the NASDAQ We may be selling off even further from there at that point. I'm going to be seeing, you know Hey, we might be testing that one eighty SMA support. We may be going back down to, you know, seventy two hundred dollars Which would put us at this level Right, we may be going back down to let's say seventy three hundred dollars These are just a couple of spots on the NASDAQ that could be hit if we continue this sell off and notice one thing here You know the NASDAQ did again Like I said have the biggest sell off out of the three major indexes and that actually brought the RSI down to a pretty Healthy spot down here at about thirty six out of the, you know Thirty to seventy threshold and down here at the thirty level guys. That's pretty oversold So that's a good indication right now for the NASDAQ but again right now the markets I personally believe they're under a lot of pressure.  Uh, they're just a bit overextended in general right now There's just a bunch of negative stuff going on So if we go back to let's say this 20-day chart, we're also breaking the 180 S&P here on the 20-day one-hour chart This has been a support over the past couple of weeks and this is pretty alarming You know if we go back to the five-day five minute you guys can see it's been a clear Down trend here over the past couple of days and we're also getting rejected by that 50 S&P right now And there's been a bearish cross on the NQ here on the five-day five minutes So, you know these are just a couple of things that are worrying me right now and kind of you know my thoughts on the markets I think again like I've mentioned this has been a pullback that we've been needing over these past couple of weeks And will it continue guys only time will tell but I do think it's going to continue maybe for a couple of days here But if we get that rate cut I think in the short term that might pop up the markets one last time before we see Another big sell-off maybe a 5-10% sell-off. That's kind of what I'm thinking right now But until we do get that Fed decision in the next couple of weeks. I'm playing it safe right now in the stock market I'm not taking any crazy long positions I'm mostly focusing on Or rather, let me reiterate that I'm not taking any swing positions I've been buying some long long positions and by long I mean, you know three five years out But in terms of swing positions, I'm not taking many. I'm mostly focusing on Just day trading right now these inverse ETFs that I always trade and these market ETFs that I always trade on The channel so let me know down below in the comment section What do you guys think right now about the markets? I would love to know me again I'm being cautious right now and I'm really excited to see what the markets are going to do here in the next couple of Days so let's just go over some stocks and ETFs that I'm personally watching here and some that did very well today because again We are rather I did not trade today due to my Wi-Fi situation and due to me not being at my computer during the trading window Today and some that did very well and One that did very well yesterday that I actually didn't even talk about yesterday because I didn't make a market update video And by the way, I'm building an M1 finance portfolio from absolute scratch So if you guys are interested in that go check out yesterday's video It'll be linked at the end of this video You'll be interested in that if you want to see me build a portfolio a portfolio for absolute scratch with full Transparency go check that out. So you guys let's go to the five-day five minute here You guys can see we bottomed out at about 12 97 and we've been reversing to the upside here We hit highs at about 16 Dollars and for those of you guys that don't know you guys is an inverse ETF that trades on Natural gas whenever natural gas is going up you guys is going up in price and one thing that I'm noticing right now about natural gas As if we zoom in a bit, you know, we saw the big sell-off to 215 and this is actually playing out Pretty closely to what I talked about in a couple of videos ago We hit the bottom at 215 and a couple of videos ago I mentioned how natural gas could potentially pop Retest that 50 SMA where you guys would be an awesome play And that's exactly what it ended up doing and from there if we retest that 50 SMA get rejected and maybe sell off D gas can be another good play from there, which is actually the beauty of these inverse ETFs You can hop in and out of them, you know as the future they trade based upon You know makes its moves and in this case we popped, you know profiting on you guys I didn't profit on you guys, but those that did you know They profited on you guys in the upswing and now that we're testing this 50 SMA We're seeing a bit of a resistance, you know, this can open up an opportunity tomorrow in D gas And let me show you guys D gas right? DGAZ take a look at this, you know We hit the sell-off big sell-off from 203 down to about 170 opening up about a 16 17% margin of profit. We're holding that 50 SMA support very nicely That's been a support over the past couple of weeks and now you know We're kind of trading or I'm looking for it to trade in this zone that I've drawn out for you guys Let's say tomorrow we get that further confirmation of the rejection from natural gas Let's say we're getting hit down to maybe 225. Let's say we start to sell off down Let me show you guys. Let's say we do something like this You know D gas at that point That's going to be a confirmation of the bounce on the 50 SMA and from there we may skyrocket like that So this is definitely one that I'm going to be watching here over the next couple of days to see You know if it completes this move and on the flip side, let's say we sell off We break this level. Let's say natural gas breaks out of the 50 SMA resistance Which would be an extremely bullish move, you know You guys at that point again, which goes up whenever natural gas is going up. That would be an awesome play So now natural gas is at a very interesting spot. So that's definitely one that I'm interested in right now We saw gold today or these past couple of days continue its run We hit highs of about 1442 and if we go out here to the three-year one-week chart Or actually let's go to that 20-year chart guys Let's go back even further take a look at this. I told you guys 1415 has been a resistance and now it seems like it's a new support for gold Take a look at what it's doing right now. We got rejected at Around 1442 now we're selling off and we're about to test that long-term support from a couple of years ago at about 1415 to 1420 as well as the support here on the 20-day one-hour chart on the 50 SMA So if we actually hold this level, you know, this could be an awesome play Tomorrow, you know on the ETF that we talked about a lot on this channel, which is ticker symbol JN UG Jnug saw the sell-off from $13 down to about 1190 Roughly 12-ish dollars. It seems like we're holding that 50 SMA here nicely at the close as well as this 11 You know 80-ish level of support a level 1160 1170 ish level of support So if we do get that pop tomorrow in gold, let's say tomorrow, you know, we wake up The futures are doing very well for gold. You know, they're popping up a bit. This can be an awesome play I'm a bounce back play really a continuation play on this uptrend that has been on over the past couple of weeks And it's crazy to think guys if you were to buy a thousand bucks of Jnug a couple of weeks ago towards the end of May You would have doubled your money You probably pretty much would have made on a thousand dollar profit if you were to sell off here at $13, which is absolutely crazy So Jnug is definitely one that I'm watching here over these next couple of days, you know, sqqq as well This is one that goes up whenever the Nasdaq 100 is selling off So let's say the Nasdaq which typically sells off a lot quicker and a lot heavier than the S&P and the Dow Jones Because these tech stocks which the Nasdaq is a tech heavy index these tech stocks typically sell off Pretty quickly compared to you know Some of these other blue chip stocks and this sends the Nasdaq down again Heavier than some of the other indexes the S&P and the Dow which pops up the sqqq etf Heavily right and this ETF goes up three times what the Nasdaq is selling off So let's say the Nasdaq is down two percent one day. This ETF is going to be up six percent, right? That's pretty much how it works. So let's say we have another red day tomorrow This is going to be one that I'm watching as well as SPXS, which goes up whenever the S&P 500 is selling off those are two that I'm watching and a volatility ETF is TVIX this one trades on the VIX and it does well whenever the markets in general are Volatile and heading in a downwards direction notice how today the VIX popped about a dollar and two cents and for those you guys I don't know the VIX is a volatility index. It's the stock market volatility index It was up seven percent today nearly up a dollar and two cents That is why TVIX did very very well and hit about a four point five percent day markets were read That was a perfect formula for TVIX to do well So tomorrow if the markets are down if we see the futures are down TVIX can be a very good play Especially if there's more volatility in the markets like there was today So those are just a couple of ETFs that I'm watching mostly gold and natural gas Those are the two main ones that I'm watching as well as these market ETFs that I just talked about and again guys I'm not really focusing too much on swinging stocks at this point I'm mostly focusing on day trading very short term These market and inverse ETFs due to the markets being in my opinion in a very very Kind of a tricky spot at this point. I kind of want to see what's gonna gonna happen You know with the rate cut situation, you know I want to give it a couple more weeks to see how that plays out how the market ends up playing out in these next couple of Days, I think that's going to be very important You know when deciding what I'm going to be trading so very quickly guys before I do end off this video Let's take a look at some stocks, you know Apple today got rejected the past couple of days at the 200 level of resistance Now we're selling off about the test 195, which is a level of support, you know Amazon today was down $35 down about 2% if we see this guys, you know, we're breaking the 50 SMA here It seems like we're about to test that 180 SMA support Facebook down about $3 and 76 cents today down about 2% we're about to test Excuse me that 50 SMA support as well, you know Google down $30 today a decent move to the downside today for Google down about 2.6% we can see clearly Google has been rejected by that 180 SMA So you guys can see, you know some of these big stocks You know some of the large cap stocks that have a heavy weight on the market and especially the Nasdaq They did poorly today, right and all their technicals You know with exception to Facebook the technicals on Facebook aren't looking too bad But for you know Apple, you know Amazon and Google the technicals aren't looking too hot right now, right? So I'd be careful guys, you know, especially with swing trading some of these companies, you know If the markets drop, you know these companies can drop heavily as well So that's it for today's video guys If you enjoyed it feel free to go down below and hit that like button if you want to see more content for me Feel free to subscribe and hit that notification bell so you're notified every single time that I do make a video Drop a comment down below. Let me know how you guys ended up doing today What are your thoughts on the market? I would love to know and again I mentioned it a little a little bit ago. I made a video yesterday talking about the new series that I'm starting out building a portfolio from absolute scratch on M1 finance you're going to see it linked up here somewhere on the screen here in a couple of seconds go click that full Transparency what I'm buying what I'm selling my philosophies my thought processes behind behind all of the investments And this is more of a long-term investing portfolio. So go check that out subscribe to the channel if you're interested I'll catch you all in the next video. Thanks again for watching peace out


God doesn't withdraw His Holy Spirit from you. What sense would it make for God to look down from the balcony of heaven and say, you know what? You made a mistake. You didn't live holy today. So now I'm going to remove from you the only power, the only chance, the only opportunity that you have to live holy. He wouldn't do that. Instead, for His child, He provides grace and grace is not a license to sin. Grace is the power to resist sin.


What advice can you give to a first time horse better? Go with your gut and do not change who you pick. Two seconds before the race goes off because you will get so mad. You just gotta stick with your gut. Don't invest too much. Couple bucks, just go with your gut.  Go for the ones with the best odds. I'm gonna call my grandmother in about 20 minutes. She said she liked gray horses, so I looked at some of the colors. Read about the horses and the jockeys in their past races. Go with funny names and stuff. Don't go with any of the numbers. Bet chalk. Look at the ears. If the ears are back, he's angry. He's not gonna listen to the jockey. I would say go by name. Just pick your favorite name. Pick what sounds good. If his ears are forward, he's dialed in, he's ready to run, he's ready to win some money. You gotta go with the name. Whatever name strikes you the best is always the winner.


now so we go to the next and last speaker this afternoon who is Willem Van Schijk and he will talk about mobile genetic elements in microbiomes. Are you there? Willem? He was. You're muted, Olem. I'm sorry, I was struggling a little bit with trying to share my screen but let's try this again. There you go. For some reason of course this always works when you try to do it and then when you are in a meeting it basically fails but there we go. That happens to me all the time so. Right, okay there we go. Can you see this? Great, we see your presentation. Okay, so thank you very much Fernando for that introduction and I feel properly intimidated having to follow two excellent talks by Jamie and Mike. My talk actually originally very similar title to Jamie and Mike's but even while they were talking I actually decided to change the title a little bit and it's now opportunities and challenges in detecting mobile genetic elements in microbiomes which I'm sure is a topic some of you hopefully most of you will find interesting. I'm going to talk mostly about one study which I will introduce in a minute but and I'm going to give a very short introduction on why I'm interested in antibiotic resistance in microbial ecosystems. Well we all know that we are being surrounded by bacteria, there are bacteria on our bodies, there are bacteria in the environment, there's soil in water and of course some of these bacteria will have antibiotic resistance genes and some of these antibiotic resistance genes will be present on classmates. We also know and this is of course the well-known one health concept that we frequently share as humans bacteria with animals and with the environment and so basically all of these reservoirs of different bacteria of different microbiomes are interlinked and there are certainly cases where bacteria that colonize humans basically cycle through this entire circle and up back in humans so we know and I find that fascinating that some of these generalist bacteria like E. coli can actually do that and and can spread everywhere and of course in addition to that and that's of course often being discussed over the last few days there's a transfer of antibiotic resistance placements from one bacterium to another. So what I'm going to do first is I'm going to focus on the environment and I'm not going to focus on the environment in Birmingham where I currently live and work but I'm going to take you to the country of Bangladesh in Asia. So we've done a study there a few years ago now on the spread of antibiotic resistance in rural and urban surface water in Bangladesh and there was a collaboration with Dr. Sirajul Islam of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research in Bangladesh and so what we did is that we sampled different sites in Bangladesh so we sampled sites that are history sorry we sampled sites in rural Bangladesh and when I say rural Bangladesh you should remember that fish farming is incredibly important as an economic activity in Bangladesh and indeed fish is the main source of animal protein in the diet of the people of Bangladesh. So what we did is when we went to rural Bangladesh and we sampled water and sediment from the ponds in which fish were farmed and some of these ponds had a history of antibiotic use by interviewing the farmers but others did not so we sampled you can see that here in the in this middle picture with Ross McKinnon is one of my PhD students they sampled these sites but in addition to that we also sampled sites in in Dhaka which you can see in the right corner there Dhaka is one of the largest cities on the planet there's 21 million people living there and it's a city with large differences between rich and poor but most of the parts of Bangladesh as you probably all know are just about sea level and there's a lot of rivers and lakes and other water bodies even in a city the size of Dhaka so what we did is that we basically sampled these different lakes in in Dhaka as well and this is actually a site which is very close to the slum one of the slums in Bangladesh where human waste is basically ends up in this in the surface water without any treatment so we did we took two approaches we took just a sort of classical microbiology so we quantified fecal coliform sorry esbl producing coliforms in both our sediment and water samples and then we started to see a signal that these type of material were present more prevalent in the urban samples compared to the the rural samples we didn't have the opportunity to really follow up on this as we spent most of our time doing the metagenomic work so for metagenomics what we did is that we isolated the DNA from the surface water and the sediment and then we sequence shotgun sequence that's on an Illumina high-seq system and so this is the here on the left you can see the populations that we identified in those in those different sites in red the sediment in the blue circles are the water samples and you can see that they are two distinct populations because exactly what you expect when you do a study like this is that clearly sediment and water are different environments different ecology so you expect different bacteria there and and we were able to to show that and also when you look at this this stacked bar graph here you can see that the levels of cyanobacteria are relatively high in the are very high actually the water samples of course that's where photosynthesis is taking place so can that makes perfect sense and quite low in the sediment samples where we see much more proteo bacteria okay so one of the things that we did and if you start wondering when where are the plasmids in this story trust me they will come at some point one of the things that we did is that we then used source tracking of the bacteria that we found so we used a tool that's called feast which identifies eight typical species in an environmental ecosystem and for this study we basically asked it to identify whether there's human gut bacteria to quantify the the number of human gut bacteria that we found in our samples and you can see that the outcome of that study here on the right so in sediment we didn't see that many of these human gut bacteria but certainly in some of these urban sites in Dhaka and these were the sites that were very close in these slum areas we could see very high levels of human gut bacteria and that translated in very high levels of antibiotic resistance genes in these samples as well so here on the left you can see basically individual antibiotic resistance genes that we found and you can see that we find more antibiotic resistance genes in these urban samples compared to the rural samples but also when you look here on the right you can see that in a subset of these urban water samples we see very high levels of antibiotic resistance genes I think from a public health perspective this slide is probably the most important that I'm going to show you today because what we show here is on the x-axis is that that level of human gut bacteria in these environmental microbiomes and on the y-axis you can see the total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and we saw an extremely strong and highly significant correlation between the abundance of these human gut bacteria and the levels of antibiotic resistance genes and I'll say that in a few more minutes as well but clearly this highlights that let's say if we can stop the spread of human waste into the environment we are making an important step in minimizing the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment for those of you that want to use ESBL producing coliforms as a sort of surrogate for presence of antibiotic resistance genes in an environment the data looks far less clear cut so we saw a very weak correlation there between the abundance of ESBL producing coliforms and total antibiotic resistance loads so of course these are very important bacteria and it's interesting to quantify them and to further characterize them which we haven't done in this study but it is clear that to be using it as a proxy for total antibiotic resistance load in the environment is potentially challenging so then we of course wondered and that's also the theme of this meeting are these resistance genes associated with Plasmids so we used a tool that is called Plasflow which is quite widely used in the metatone fields these days which based on genomic signatures employs a neural network approach for to identify which fragments of a metagenome are chromosomal or Plasmids or Plasmid located sorry I should probably should have said that before because we first what we did is we identified which context in our metagenomic assembly had wrapped genes or replication genes and that wasn't I have to say that wasn't particularly successful so this is the total list of context that we found that were associated with with wrapped genes most of these are fragments of small Plasmids or small Plasmids in their entirety because we could circulate two of these these context and 10 out of 11 of these were originating from gram-negative bacteria that might be because that's a database bias and we just have more information about antibiotic resistance Plasmids in gram-negatives but it is more likely perhaps that particularly in those sediment samples where we saw high levels of proteal bacteria that this is real and these Plasmids are really there and there might not be that many other Plasmids in other filers that are that are present so one Plasmid that I just wanted to highlight is this so I'm now pointing out which of the two Plasmids could be circularized and one of these is that Plasmid that we call PWD1 and so it's interesting and I'm sorry my cancer is now working in front of the laptop it's interesting that this Plasmid is PWD1 is almost identical to RSF-1010 which has been discussed earlier today by Fernando de la Cruz over 81 percent of its sequence so it's a it's an incredibly well characterized Plasmid it's a broad host range Plasmid that was isolated in the early 1970s in Czechoslovakia from Pikminu and it seems to be globally distributed but what we think is that actually our Plasmid seems to be ancestral to RSF-1010 so you can see that here on the on the right basically it seems that there's in the insertion of two antibiotic resistance gene in RSF-1010 while PWD1 does not have that and we think that this type of Plasmid might be sort of the ancestral version and I know Rob Moran is in the audience as well he supposedly worked on this project but as far as I can remember we could not identify this sort of ancestral version of PWD1 sorry the ancestral version of RSF-1010 in any of the databases that we do tend at the time so but it is interesting that you can basically pick up these incredibly well studied Plasmids in the environmental samples literally on the other side of the planet from where they were initially isolated so then what we did is that we classified these context context in the method genomic assembly by Plasphode is two to identify which which context are Plasmid Plasmids and which ones are chromosome and again we saw that there's there's um higher numbers of these contact with antibiotic resistance genes in in these urban samples compared to these rural samples so clearly we do not only see more antibiotic resistance genes in urban samples where it's correlated with higher levels of human gut bacteria but we also see that they have an increased potential for horizontal gene transfer so on to the conclusions of this first part of my talk so we see this strong correlation between the abundance of human gut bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes we show that resistance genes in the environment are associated with Plasmids and highlighting their potential for horizontal gene transfer but perhaps the most important one in terms of public health is that when we want to invest in in sanitation maybe that sorry when we want to stop the spread of antibiotic resistance maybe we should consider investing in sanitation and sewage treatment as interventions particularly in low meal income countries to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance because clearly that seems to be an important driver the lack of sanitation that is for the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment in those countries right so i'm going to end just a few minutes to talk about the human gut microbiota which as you know is a very complex ecosystem there are lots of links with health and disease emerging but we also know that it is a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes as i actually discussed in this presentation and opportunistic pathogens like E. coli and entrococcus just to name a few so what we're interested in is to identify what our bacterial hosts are of antibiotic resistance genes in microbiomes so one thing that we can do if we do shotgun sequencing is identify which resistance Plasmids are there but we don't know in which organisms they are replicating because essentially what we do is basically if you if you're lucky you get a nice circular assembly of a Plasmid but of course then you can't say whether it's an E. coli or another proteobacteria or in something else entirely so that's why we spent quite a bit of time on using proximity ligation techniques to link antibiotic resistance genes to their microbial hosts and to potentially to mobile genetic elements as well so this technique is is is sort of outlined here at the top so what you do is you cross-link DNA you digest the DNA you ligate the DNA then you remove the cross-links and then you sequence everything and so what you then are looking for is these these fragments that are highlights here the top one here where you sometimes have a cross-link a true cross-link where a piece of DNA for example Plasmid has been cross-linked to chromosome and we are hoping that they can identify the microbial hosts of Plasmids and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome. I won't have the time to really to discuss this all in a lot of detail but the biofrags here are not trivial and it's it's very important to remove all kinds of confounders particularly repeat elements which which can really screw your results in ways that you do not want them to be biased. So this is just one recent result that we have where we basically take a human stool sample and did this high C approach this cross-linking approach identify different antibiotic resistance genes here on the on the bottom and link them to different bacteria that are different material hosts so we one of the things that we do is we always use a spike in so we use in this case we use an SNA2 vector which has multiple antibiotic resistance genes SNA2 vectors are very rarely present in in the human gut so it's actually a really good control to use and in this case more than 90% of of these links that go from these resistance genes actually go to SNA2 vectors so there is still some noise in this system but we we are able to filter out most of it and this data does seem to suggest that most gut commensals that's sorry that some gut commensals at least like like pre-votella here or some bactroides or some some very understudied groups of gram-positive gut commensals can be reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes. We're still very much working on then linking these with plasmids and other mobile genetic elements and I can say which yeah if I can speculate now a little bit or is that that will still remain challenging I think that most of the resistance genes were very doing a very good job in linking chromosomal resistance genes to their hosts but actually linking plasmid media plasmids located resistance genes is still quite challenging maybe it's just because a plasmid and a chromosome just doesn't uh they're not particularly closely closely chartering the cell so maybe that's William you froze or I froze no you didn't I hear yeah yeah he froze yeah he froze okay oh too much excitement for him yeah try to link what antibiotic resistance genes to plasmids in the gut microbiome is challenging yeah but video conferences are challenging as well


And when I originally made this thing, like when it designed it, I was mostly concerned about just getting one working. I wasn't too concerned about how hard it was to manufacture. I knew we'd deal with that later. But this section here that I'm doing right now is the hardest part to put together. And one of the ways I can make it fit, and just because things aren't perfect, perfect, I've rooted out this hole to be a little bit tall that way. So it's an oval. So it just gives it a little bit of play. Let's see what I'm talking about, maybe. So all six of these gears have to fit on here. All right, I need these all lined up.  And then these gears go right in the center. I'm going to line these this side up. I can match the gear teeth. OK, I got to get it right in here without anything. And it seems like the holes are in. I got them all in there. They look like they're lined up right, which means this should be able to go just like that. So run it a little bit to loosen it up a bit. Maybe I'll put a bit of grease in there. Well, I could just put a little dot of super glue on these sticks, but I don't have any. So I am going to take some little extra gears I made. I actually cut these in half. It was originally that tall, but a little pressure in a knife made it skinnier. I'm going to jam this right on there. I can. Come on, get on there. Oh, there we go. Looks good. And then I'm going to use my trusty, slaughtering iron here. Kind of melt that in place. I'll do that for all six. The one down here, though, I'm going to have to be careful. I don't want to get in the way of the gear that goes down there. There is a gear.  All right, this is the updated one of these. So it's got those nubs to hold the little little axles in on both sides, of course. I also increased the size of this and I filleted all the bottoms of those so they'd be stronger.  I made them fatter so they'll be a lot stronger. Yeah, this is my support material right here. I use both hands to pull that out so I don't wreck anything. Yeah, that should be that should be excellent. There are two other parts I updated at two in the morning because that's just become my standard thing now. I wake up at two in the morning and I'm wide awake thinking about these robot parts. So I pull my computer out. Well, the first first night I did this a few nights ago, several nights ago, I was like, well, let me see if I can remember how to use this autocad thing. And it took me a minute, but I figured it out, started making little adjustments. Now, yeah, it's become just a standard thing. From like two a.m. to three or four in the morning. I'm just like drafting to improve my little my little bits and pieces here. Partly just because it's nice to make them better and stronger and better stuff and everything, but also because several people asked, you know, if I could share all these parts so they could print one out. So I'm kind of trying to make it easier to assemble, you know. Oh, yeah. So I smoothed this out a little bit. I fixed that hole in the top, so I don't have to drill it out funny. It's just already the right shape. And then there's a little chunk I took out of here that I totally forgot about until I put this one together and put the gear in the front here. You realize when this thing turns, this stick in the middle actually hits the gear. So yeah, it just needs a little chunk out so you can get. So it doesn't hit the gear. Yeah, I have one other piece that I've improved a lot, which is this piece right here. This kind of goes on top of, you know, it fits over those two sticks. Well, these two sticks should be cut way lower, but this kind of goes on there. And the motor, one of the motors, the steering motor fits in here. So I made a little motor housing anyway. I'll print that out soon and it'll be amazing.


I am Carlina Seo from the Institute of Mathematics of the University of the Philippines, Dilliman. Today I would like to share with you what I know about numeration systems. What are numeration systems? A numeration system, or a numeral system, is a set of symbols used to represent numbers. Implicit in that definition is a distinction made between numbers and numerals. Many of us think that numbers and numerals are one and the same. They are not. A number is a concept, an idea, an abstraction, whose purpose is to measure and quantify. A numeral is a symbol for a number. Five is a number. As an idea, a concept, an abstraction, it can take on different meanings for different people. I like the number five because it is significant in many ways to me and my husband. I like how its Hindu-Arabic numeral looks and how it is uniquely drawn, ending with a bold upward stroke. I like how its Roman numeral represents a V, just like a check mark. Do you have any guess why it's a V? The most natural way of counting is done using our fingers, right? And we have five fingers. Now try raising your hand to show these five fingers. Can you see the V? It is said that the V comes from tracing the top of the thumb to the base of the palm to the top of the little finger. Okay, so I like the number five for certain reasons. Imagine me teaching University of the Philippines students and declaring that I just love the number five. You could probably hear sharp intakes of breath or see eyes opening wider, jaws dropping, beads of sweat starting because in UP, a grade of five means you failed the subject. They must be thinking, this teacher likes giving failing grades. How about the number four? This is still a dreaded number in UP because it's a conditional grade, saying that you don't exactly pass yet. You have to prove your mastery by taking another exam or retaking the course. However, a grade of four is definitely not dreaded in universities like Dela Sal, where four is the highest grade you can get in a subject. So maroons would run away from a four as swiftly as a green archer would run towards it. So, different meanings for different people. But do I write five differently from my UP students? No, we all write it in basically the same way, the Hindu-Arabic way. Quantitatively, it stands for the same amount. Conceptually, it can send different messages. Do UP students write four differently from the way Dela Sal students do? Of course not. It's written in the same Hindu-Arabic way. The numeral used is the same, although it delivers contrasting messages and its sight evokes opposite emotions. I hope my examples have sufficiently explained the difference between a number and a numeral. The former is a concept, the latter is a symbol. Now, let's get to the meat of this talk. What brought about the numerals? Note that each civilization is expected to have a numeration system. What needs of civilizations were met by numeration systems? More than the basic need to count, which could just be done orally, was the need to record, compare, and communicate. For at least these reasons, a written representation was needed. How the collection of written representations or numerals works is a mark of a civilization's level of sophistication. To the question of how the numerals were chosen to represent their respective numbers, there are several answers. You would find civilizations who used what was commonly seen around them. For example, fingers, a hand, a shell, a stick, a stone, a flower, or what could easily be drawn, like a scratch on a wall, a single brushstroke of ink, whether vertical or horizontal, or even what was divine, like faces or symbols of gods and whatever else they may revere. Prehistorically, tally marks on rocks, stone walls, and animal bones are evidence to earliest man's need to record their counting on some medium. At this point, let's look at some major ancient civilizations and their numeration systems. They are very interesting and speak volumes about the culture and environment of a civilization. As we travel to these civilizations through their numeration systems, I suggest that at the back of our minds we do a running comparison with the numeration system that we are using now, the Hindu-Arabic system. We will eventually close our talk with some explanation of how we ended up using practically everywhere on the globe the Hindu-Arabic system, okay? So, let's start. The Egyptian numeration system. Formal Egyptian numerals made use of pictures or what are called hieroglyphs. They believed this was the language of their gods. Their one is the common single vertical stroke. Their ten looks like an inverted U, and it is said to represent a heel bone of cattle or oxen. Their one hundred is said to be a coil of rope. Their one thousand a lotus flower. Their ten thousand a bent finger. What I find more interesting, though, is their one hundred thousand, which is said to be a tadpole that looks like it's already transforming into a frog. To me, it illustrates growth. It declares that this is a major number, yet there is more. So, this brings us to their one million. It is represented by a man who is kneeling with arms raised and opened wide. It is said that the man is supposed to be their god of eternity or infinity. Fittingly, this is their last and biggest numeral. How did the Egyptian system work? Let's limit our answer to how they represent their numbers. They simply repeated the numerals, which were in powers of ten. For the number thirty, you'd need three inverted U for three thousand, three lotus flowers. To write the year now, two thousand eighteen, you'd need two lotus flowers, a heel bone, and eight vertical strokes, in no particular order. This is called simple grouping. Numerals are written in repetition, and the final quantity is determined by counting the number of repetitions. The Babylonian number system. The Babylonians used so-called cuneiform writing. Cuneiform means wedge-shaped, sort of angular. These wedges were formed by using a stylus on a wet clay tablet. These tablets are then dried and hardened under the sun. One well-known Babylonian tablet called the Plympton 322 contains examples of these wedge-shaped numerals. They are neatly arranged in columns and rows. Can you guess what kind of information this ancient matrix contains? Would you have imagined that each row contains a Pythagorean triple? Well, that's what those rows are. More than ten rows. So that's more than ten sets of Pythagorean triples already known to the Babylonians thousands of years before Common Era and with no imaginable contact yet with the ancient Greeks. It seems then that the Babylonians had their own trigonometry already. Notice also that they only had two numerals, an upright symbol for one that looks like a capital Y or T and an angular symbol for ten that looks like the symbol for an angle or less than. How did the Babylonian system work with just these two? It was sort of simple in that they repeated the numerals, but they had the beginnings of place value or a positional system where, like the Hindus and Arabs, the tens are written to the left of the ones or units. This is done until the quantity 59, after which 60 reverts to the symbol for one. This means that the Babylonian system is a sexogesimal or base 60 system. They gave us the measures for time, 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and for angles, 360 degrees for a full circle. Going back to the numerals, the immediate loophole, though, is how to read the wedge for one if it stands alone. Does it represent one or 60 or maybe another power of 60 for that matter? The Mayan Numeration System. So let's move to another continent, South America, where there were ancient civilizations like the Mayans. Like the Egyptians who had a simpler everyday version of their formal hieroglyphs, the Mayans had two ways of writing their numerals. They had an icon-based God's language, too, where they used faces of divinities to represent numbers. Imagine having to draw these faces. But then they had a very simple counterpart where they used what looked like dots and thick dashes.  This goes on until 19, which is represented by three thick dashes topped by four big dots arranged in a row. And then 20 reverts back to the single dot. This brings us to the conclusion that the Mayan system is a Vigesimal or base-20 system. In contrast to the Babylonian system, however, they have a numeral for zero, which acts as a placeholder. The numeral takes the form of an open, empty shell, very self-explanatory. So how does this system work? It is almost Babylonian. There are only two main numerals, ones and fives, and it reverts to the ones when the base number 20 is reached. The Babylonian numerals are read from left to right, while the Mayan positional system reads from top to bottom. Whereas there is confusion in the Babylonian case because of the absence of a placeholder, there is no confusion in the Mayan case because they have a placeholder. Where the Babylonian 60 is represented merely by a one and nothing else, the Mayan 20 is represented by a one, a big dot, with a shell beneath it. This clearly shows that there is a positional system in place. The dot on top takes the place value for 20s. The shell below takes the place value for ones, which can run from one to 19. Therefore, 21 would be written as two big dots, one on top of the other. 25 would be written as a big dot with a thick dash underneath. 30 would be written as a big dot with two thick dashes underneath. And 40 would be written as two big dots aligned horizontally with a shell underneath. Very systematic. The Chinese Numeration System. Let's change continents again and go to Asia. The Chinese System. They say the numerals correspond to the spoken version of the numbers, and thus take on the corresponding characters for the spoken syllables. Although they trace the origins of their numerals to counting rods, they have evolved to unique symbols which can be beautifully drawn in brushstrokes. The early rods were very simplistic. A single horizontal stroke per one, which can be drawn repeatedly one on top of the other until four, much like the Mayan big dots, after which a change is adopted at the number five. Five is written as a vertical stroke, and additional ones would be written horizontally underneath it until nine. Thus, they had a base ten system, but similarly had no clear place valuation. You can imagine how unwieldy this system can get as the numbers become bigger and bigger. For example, the two vertical rods mean ten or fifty-five. Their more well-known characters use a multiplicative grouping system which remedies the confusion in place valuation, especially with the addition of a numeral for zero. There are Chinese characters for powers of ten, which are inserted in a row of numerals to indicate place value. For example, to write seventy-five, one draws the character for seven, followed by the character for ten, and ends with the character for five, from left to right. The seven and ten pair means that there are seven tens. The year 2018 is written using the characters for from left to right, two then one thousand, zero then one hundred, one then ten, and then eight. The unit's digit does not have to be multiplied or appended by the character or numeral for one. This system is also used in Japan and Korea, the Greek numeration system. Now let's move to Europe. We must discuss the Greek system, for they gave us the prefixes centi, desi, deca, kilo, and so on. The Ionic or Alexandrian numerals were based on the Greek alphabet. The unit numerals one to nine took on the first nine Greek letters, alpha to theta. The tens numerals ten, twenty, thirty, up to ninety took on the next nine Greek letters starting with iota. The hundreds numerals one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, up to nine hundred took on the next nine letters starting with row, and so on. Then they had the myriad m for ten thousand, after which they used a variety of symbols and some form of exponentiation for bigger numbers. What is a difficulty with this system? Although it is indeed decimal and easily depicts small and big numbers, it requires users to memorize more than thirty-six characters. Logical thinkers that they were, there was another Greek system involving the Attic numerals. They were not so alphabetical as they were acrophonic. That means numbers were based on the first letters of the symbols used to represent them. Ten got delta. One hundred got hekaton. One thousand got kilioi. This eventually emerged in the metric units of measure, where a prefix of deca meant a factor of ten, a prefix of hecto meant a factor of one hundred, and a prefix of kilo meant a factor of one thousand. These Attic numbers were the precursor of the Roman system of numeration. The Roman Numeration system. So as history tells us, the Greeks became dominated by the Romans and the Romans met the Attic numerals. Eventually, the Romans came to seven numerals they would call their own. The capital I for one, capital V for five, capital X for ten, capital L for fifty, capital C for a hundred, capital D for five hundred, and capital M for a thousand. You can see here the beginnings of C for century and M for millennium. Let us take note at this point that like the Mayans, the decimal base includes a sub-base of five. Why? You guessed correctly. If you concluded that the most natural counting implement for a man is his set of fingers. So although there are ten fingers, by hand there are five fingers each. Thus, the interim base of five before the main decimal base of ten. Remember how we said that the V resembles a hand drawn from the thumb to the wrist to the pinky? If you join two such Vs at their vertex, whether this way or that way, what do you get? An X which is appropriately representative of ten, because two Vs or two fives make ten. May I answer the question? If we had eight fingers, what do you think would be the base of most numeration systems? What if we had 13 fingers? Just something to think about. Alright, back to the Roman numerals. How do these seven numerals work? They follow some place valuation in that they are written from left to right, beginning with the biggest value moving down to the units. They also had a unique way of writing four and nine and forty and ninety and so on involving some subtraction of numerals. Without going into any computational details, imagine doing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using Roman numerals. I can imagine the expressions on your faces coupled with vigorous head shaking. Why would you refuse? What makes it difficult? What makes it super complicated? I know that you are basing your reactions on the way we perform operations now and how relatively easy the Hindu-Arabic decimal system allows us to do so. Here's the catch. No matter how advanced the Roman civilization may have been, there was a big, even huge gap in their numeration system. They had no zero. So the story goes that the Roman numeration system was taken over by the Hindu-Arabic system in around the first millennium and the Roman numerals after thousands of years were relegated to ceremonial, formal, aesthetic symbol use. They were not used anymore for computation. The Hindu-Arabic numeration system. And so we come to our finale. The winner in terms of being chosen as the universal numeration system across almost every nation on the globe. It has 10 numerals. It has zero. It is a decimal system and it writes straightforwardly from left to right in descending powers of them. Most of all, it allows us to fluidly perform calculations because of zero. How did the zero come to be in our system? The Indians had it through their mysticism that embraced both nothingness and infinity. The nomadic Arabs in their forays east came across the Indian numerals and calculations called modus indus or the Indian way. The Arabs adopted them, taking this new knowledge with them in their journeys through deserts from one oasis to another. Then the Arabs did trade with North Africans who then did trade with Southern Europeans. This is the short version of how zero could have traveled from the Indian subcontinent to Europe, particularly Italy. It is the Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano, Leonardo Pisa, better known as Fibonacci, who is credited for introducing to the west the Hindu-Arabic numerals and calculations, paving the way for the displacement of the Roman numerals. He did this through his 13th century book entitled Liber Abachi or the Book of Calculations. Leonardo was the son of an Italian official and he was able to spend time from childhood to traveling on business in North Africa. He brought what he learned during these travels back to Pisa via the Liber Abachi. Needless to say, it was met with much resistance. You can imagine the scenario. Mighty authoritative Romans being told that their system was not the best and that the here-to-forth obscure Indian method performed much, much better. But as many stories go, the underdog won. Acceptance of zero spread little by little across Europe. It took a long time, but the underdog won. A few centuries later, zero emerged in other European countries through other mathematical landmarks. The Frenchman, René Descartes, Cartesian plain, is a grid peg on a central point called the origin, represented by the ordered pair, zero, zero. Close to those years, calculus was developed by the Englishman, Isaac Newton, and the German Gottfried Leibniz, pegging it on the concept of a limit where an already small value is taken closer and closer to zero. And as Europe discovered the world, it spread zero through our Arabic system along with it. We have come to the end of our talk. Instead of proverbially starting from zero, our story ends with zero, and happily so. Now, I hope the number zero doesn't evoke negative thoughts. I can tell you now that zero is my other favorite number, aside from five. Our story, the one I just told you, tells you why. And just like it's Hindu-Arabic numeral, our story has come full circle. Again, this is Carlina Seo. I hope you had as much fun as I did. Thank you very much for listening.


Welcome to Spotlight Advanced. I'm Colin Louther. And I'm Megan Nolette. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live. A city sits on the edge of the North Sea. It is very old. Some of the buildings show this age but many are surprisingly modern. High glass structures mix with ancient churches and many canals run between these buildings. The Rhine River flows through the centre of the city. The city is beautiful. It is like nowhere else in the world. This city is called Rotterdam. It is the largest city in the country of the Netherlands. And this city has a rich history that goes back over 800 years. But Rotterdam also has a problem. It is sinking. In fact, much of the Netherlands is sinking. But why? Today's spotlight is on this sinking country. The Netherlands has a long history of working with water. Over one third of the country is below sea level. In 800 BC much of the land was not land at all. It was under water. But soon people began moving earth into water that was not very deep. They built large mounds higher than the water called turps. These turps let them build towns and villages. It let them expand toward the sea. Over the years the Dutch have developed many ways of keeping water out of the land. They built huge walls across lakes and the sea coast. These walls, called dykes, helped them control the water. They kept farmlands from flooding. The Dutch also pumped water out of some areas. The dykes made sure the water would not come back and people could settle there safely. The Dutch have been able to claim a lot of land using these methods. In the 1960s they even created a new area. It is called Flevelland. Working with water is very important to the Netherlands success. It helped the country to grow. It is still a very small country. But today it is the 17th largest economy in the world. But removing water often has a downside. Much of the Netherlands is built on peat, a special kind of thick decaying plant material. Usually peat rests on top of water. When the water is gone it can act like soil. But peat is not very solid. When people put weight on it it shrinks. When they build on it the land slowly sinks. This is a process called subsidence. Land subsides naturally in every place on earth but the process is very slow. Normally land will sink only three micrometers a year. That is about the thickness of a piece of paper. But in the Netherlands it is happening very quickly. In some places the land is sinking over two centimeters each year. For the people of Rotterdam this is a very big problem. Many buildings there are very old. Some were built hundreds of years ago. They do not have good foundations. When the ground subsides those foundations can break. If people do not do something the buildings may fall over. But there is another reason why the country sinking is a problem. Climate change. All over the world sea levels are rising. This means that more areas of the Netherlands will be below sea level. And they will be more at risk from flooding. Whole cities will be in danger. It will become harder and harder to keep them above water. But the people of the Netherlands are not giving up. Instead they are making plans for the future. Some believe that the old methods will still work. The Dutch could continue to build dikes and pump water. But as sea levels rise the cost of this method will go up as well. Instead the Dutch are doing something different. They are not completely keeping the water out. They are letting some in. They call this the room for the river program. In this program the Dutch ask people to leave some low areas near rivers. Or they repurpose public places. If there is a flood these areas will fill first. They will keep water out of larger cities and towns. Hans Doctor is a Dutch ambassador. He spoke to Haaretz News Service about the effort. That's the idea of living with the sea. Living with the water. In the past we tried to keep the water out as much as we could. Now we join it much more to our living areas. The room for the rivers project is part of a larger movement in the Netherlands. Subsidence and climate change are already happening. The country will get lower and water levels will rise. It will be impossible to stop the water completely. So the Dutch are changing their lives. They are trying to live with the new situation. In some places these changes have already begun. Stan Fleerikers is a farmer from the Netherlands. The government bought his farm as part of the room for the river project. But Fleerikers did not want to move. So the government built a large turp in the area. Fleerikers moved his farm onto the turp. Now when the area floods there is water in his old farmland. But he is living high above it. Many more people may soon live like Fleerikers. The Dutch may build the land up instead of keeping the water out. Or they may make homes with new building standards. They may even build their houses on columns or pillars. These tall posts will hold the building above the ground. When water comes it will go under. The land will still flood but the flood will not harm anyone. In Rotterdam buildings are already made to hold or be above water. These efforts are very expensive. But in the Netherlands it may be worth it. Fleerikers spoke to the magazine Politico. It is not as expensive as when a village is flooded. We spend a lot of money in Holland on water management. We have to do it. If we do not we will be flooded. There will be no factories. No people will live here. It will all be gone. Many other countries will soon need to think about these solutions themselves. As climate change gets worse many other cities will be in danger of flooding. Cities like Bangkok, Jakarta and New Orleans already are dealing with the problem. No country can solve climate change by themselves. Everyone must work together to handle the issue. But many countries may look to the Netherlands as an example. They have a long history of dealing with water. That history may be just what the future needs.  What is your country doing to address it? You can leave a comment on our website or email us at radio at radioenglish.net You can also comment on Facebook at facebook.com slash spotlight radio. The writer of this program was Dan Christman. The producer was Dan Christman. The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by spotlight. You can listen to this program again and read it on the internet at www.radioenglish.net This program is called The Sinking Country. You can also get our programs delivered directly to your Android or Apple device through our free official Spotlight English app. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye!