Welcome back to this course on nanostructured materials, synthesis, properties, self assembly and applications. We are into the module three and today we will be discussing the third lecture of module three. We started our module three with carbon nanotubes and we have finished two lectures on fullerines and carbon nanotubes. And today is the third lecture which is the which will complete the section on carbon nanotubes and fullerines. So, what we discussed briefly was about different types of nanotubes both multi walled nanotubes and single walled nanotubes. And these nanotubes as you see are made up of hexagons of carbon and when these nanotubes the cylindrical part has to close they have to have pentagons or hexagons. Now, these nanotubes in a microscope look like these. So, you can see these nanotubes, this is a schematic picture and this is how it looks in the electron microscope. So, where you can see the ends of the carbon nanotubes which are single walled and these single walled nanotubes make an aggregate through under walled interactions through their walls and form these bundles of carbon nanotubes. You can have multi walled nanotubes as shown here where you can count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 layers of carbons. And this actually each layer is made up of a graphene type of layer and which we discussed in our earlier lecture how you roll a graphene layer. So, this is a single graphene layer shown schematically made up of hexagons and if you roll them using different chiral angles you get different nanotubes. And we discussed how you define the chiral vector using two unit vectors a 1, a 2 where a 1 and a 2 can be defined like this. And based on that you can generate n 0 type of nanotubes which are called the zigzag nanotubes or n n nanotubes which are the armchair nanotubes. And this nanotube which is like the zigzag nanotube where the chiral angle is 0 if you look at the cylindrical part is looks different than what you would have for a nanotube whose chiral angle is not 0 is here 30 degrees and you get armchair type of nanotubes. And the ends of these nanotubes if you need to close you either close for this type of armchair nanotube with part of the C 60 molecule. Whereas, if you have a zigzag nanotube it has to be closed by a cap and the cap will be of a C 70 type of nano fullerine. So, C 60 fullerine can cap an armchair nanotube while C 70 type of fullerine can found to be capping the zigzag nanotube. If you are neither having a chiral angle of 0 or 30, but in between any angle then those are chiral nanotubes. And then they will be having different types of molecules at to cap this nanotube this is basically half the part of the unit of a C 80 fullerine. So, depending on what kind of nanotube you have to end the nanotube if you want to close the nanotube then you need a fullerine of a particular kind and which varies with the type of nanotube you have where m and n are the indices which define the type of nanotube. And these are basically the coefficients of the two vectors in the hexagonal ring of a graphene layer. So, these are different types of nanotubes which we discussed earlier and we looked at the concept of chirality and the importance of chirality in bringing about different types of carbon nanotubes. Now, how do these nanotubes form? So, what is the mechanism of nanotube though the mechanism is not exactly understood, but it is known that defects are very important for formation of nanotubes. So, people have done computer simulations and other studies where if you take a single graphene layer and run the simulation then with time you see that this single graphene layer will generate defects which are not hexagonal. So, here in the ideal graphene layer you have only hexagonal rings of carbon, but as you run the simulation you will see that you will start having seven membered rings or five membered rings which are like defects. And these defects are important and as you see that with time this layered structure of graphene starts to curl and ultimately it tries to close itself. So, it can only do that from the defects which result. So, defects are very important and thermodynamically speaking as you increase defects the entropy increases which brings about a lowering in the free energy. And so this is the kind of mechanism which is proposed for the formation of carbon nanotubes from a graphene based layer. Now, here one of the defects which is very important in carbon nanotubes or most of the carbon structures is that if you consider four hexagonal rings next to each other. So, if you look at four hexagon rings in the graphene layer you have all the entire plane is made up of these hexagonal rings, but just focus your attention on these one two three four hexagonal rings. And by changing them to heptagons and pentagons so from four hexagons if you can you generate two heptagons and two pentagons and you get a defect this is called a stone wells transformation and these are also called stone wells defects. And these defects can be seen in the carbon nanotubes and ideally these defects are present wherever the tube wants to curl and especially at the edges of the carbon nanotube. If you want to close the tube the stone wells defects are very helpful in making the tubes curl the graphene sheet curl or close and such defects are important as shown in the previous mechanism. So, there can be many types of defects, but here we discussed one of the important defects and an important transformation of how ideal hexagonal layer can generate instead of hexagons pentagons and heptagons and which lead to curling of the graphene layer. Now, coming to applications carbon nanotubes have a variety of applications and what is the reason for such a material which has got so many applications. One of the unique features of these nanotubes is its helicity the chirality and the arrangement of the carbon atoms in the hexagonal layers will define this chirality which is what we just discussed that is how the two vectors a 1 and a 2 in the graphene layer will give rise to a resultant chiral vector depending on the coefficients of those two unit vectors. So, the helicity which is guided by the local symmetry is very important the other important fact other than the helicity or chirality is the diameter of the nanotubes since it has a very small diameter this brings about a very interesting change in the electronic density of states. So, from the planar graphene layer which has a particular type of density of states and electronic properties there will be subtle changes in the electronic density of states due to the helicity and due to this small diameter of this carbon nanotubes and such changes in the electronic density of states which means how many electrons you have per unit energy at different energy levels. So, what is the electronic density of states with respect to energy and these lead to fascinating electronic device applications another very important fact is that these nanotubes is there is a topological effect in these nanotubes there is a disclosed nature of the individual nanotubes shells is very important and gives it a unique properties compared to its parent graphene layer or the graphite sheets. So, if you want to identify three points which are important for carbon nanotubes unique properties they are the helicity, the small diameter and the topological nature of the carbon nanotubes and hence there are several properties of graphite which are an isotropic and such properties are not found in carbon nanotubes. Now, we we mentioned that size structure and topology are important for the properties of carbon nanotubes not only the electronic properties, but also the mechanical properties. So, the mechanical properties are also guided by the size structure and topology and they have very high stability strength and stiffness compared to any other material which is known today and will come to the numbers soon. So, it has low density and it has a flexibility or elastic deformability. So, all these properties are good or positive for materials to be used for applications apart from high strength and stiffness and such mechanical properties. It also has unique surface properties and you can do lot of surface chemistry with some selectivity towards certain reactions. Now, in the carbon nanotubes you have a part of the nanotube is like a cylinder which is the middle part of the nanotube. If you go towards the end of the nanotube then you have these caps that is the cap may be like half of the C 60 molecule. So, if you take a C 60 molecule and you divide it in the middle. So, you get a hemisphere. So, if this hemisphere is acting as a cap on a carbon nanotube that will of course, depend on the chirality of the tube. So, C 60 can be capping only certain kinds of carbon nanotubes with a particular chiral angle and this that angle as we discussed earlier is for theta is equal to 30 which is the chiral angle you can cap it with a C 60 molecule. But of course, if this cylindrical part is made up of a chiral angle which is different like if theta is 0 then you have C 70. So, you will have these caps which are different compared to the cylindrical part which has mainly 6 membered rings of carbon. So, you have 6 membered rings of carbon in the cylindrical part whereas, the caps which are part of the C 60 or C 70 or C 80 molecules will certainly have some pentagons. So, towards the end of the nanotube you will have these pentagons or heptagons which is necessary for the curvature of the nanotube and these ends will be more metallic than the cylindrical part which is at the center because of these pentagons. So, always if the metallicity of the carbon nanotube is less in the cylindrical part and more towards the end that is where you have the C 60 kind of molecule or C 70 kind of molecule. Apart from that you will have the stone wales defects which is the 6 the 5 membered ring and the 7 membered ring which were generated they are also found where the tube ends because that is where the curvature is required that is where the defects are required. So, these stone wales defects they will be found more towards the ends of the nanotubes where the curvature is there and that enhances the reactivity of the tube ends. So, the tube ends are more reactive and it is much more easy to open the tube ends whereas, it is more difficult if you want to rupture the nanotube at the center of the tube that is where the cylindrical part is there. So, because of these 5 membered rings or defects like the stone wales defects the reactivity at the end of the tube is higher and it is possible to open the tubes towards the end much more easily than you can open the carbon nanotubes at the middle of the cylinder. Now, you can also fill these tubes with foreign substances that is with new material and you can functionalize the tube ends because the tube ends are more reactive. So, the functionalization by of the carbon nanotube is more easy at the end of the tube where the curvature is there where the defects are there where the 5 fold and the 7 fold rings may be there. So, the reactivity is more there functionalization is much more easy there now a large number of applications I have listed here in industry. So, starting from conductive plastics structural materials because these are very mechanically strong flat panel displays this comes from the unique electronic properties of carbon nanotubes then we will discuss about gas storage and several other properties using tips made from carbon nanotubes. In AFM then you can have batteries like you have lithium batteries made with carbon nanotubes which have very good life time then you can do lot of sensing properties using carbon nanotubes extra strong carbon nanotubes can be made much stronger than steel by because of its very important mechanical properties. Now, some of the properties we are mentioning have already been demonstrated and they have been made for example, carbon nanotubes have been used as electron field emitter. That means you apply electric field to carbon nanotubes and they emit electrons and these have been utilized for vacuum micro electronic devices then a very important application is in AFM tip many single walled nanotubes or multi walled nanotubes you can take you can attach one single carbon nanotubes or you can attach several nanotubes like a brush to a AFM tip. And then you can use that as a nano probe and it can be much more sensitive than any metallic tips which are used which we will show in our subsequent slides. So, very important property of individual nanotubes being used as tips in AFMs for as nano probes then multi walled carbon nanotubes are efficient supports in heterogeneous catalysis they can be functionalized and then used for other purposes. They have been used as micro electrodes in electrochemical reactions especially in sensing in biosensing then as we mentioned that single walled nanotubes is a very good medium for lithium and hydrogen storage. So, there are these applications have already been shown and they are highly successful now talking about field emission which we just mentioned electron field emission in carbon nanotubes that means you apply electric field and electrons are emitted was shown way back in 1995. And why is carbon nanotube an excellent field emitter because it is because of its combination of properties these are very thin. So, you have these nanometer size diameter tubes and you need these thin tubes with tips fine tips for good field emission and the other thing is they are structural integrity, but most important is their high electrical conductivity. So, their narrowness and their high electrical conductivity are two very important factors for any good field emitter apart from that of course, you must have structural integrity and chemical stability for use over a long period of time. Now, the single walled nanotubes have a higher degree of perfection than multi walled nanotubes and hence they show much higher current densities and have a longer life time, but making single walled nanotubes is more difficult than multi walled nanotubes. So, overall if you want to use single walled nanotubes in your application they are more efficient, but they would be more expensive because synthesis and purification of single walled nanotubes would be a more expensive job in bulk quantities compared to multi walled nanotubes, but property wise they are much better than multi walled nanotubes and they show much higher current densities. Now, this carbon nanotube field emitters are advantageous over conventional emitters that means those emitters which are already known earlier before carbon nanotubes were discovered. For example, certain metals like tungsten is used as a field emitter, then borides like hexaborides like lanthanum hexaboride or cerium hexaboride have been used as field emitters, but carbon nanotube emitters have much more advantages over such conventional emitters since they have a low threshold electric field and very high current density. So, these factors make them much better than what was being used earlier like tungsten or lanthanum hexaboride. Now, the emission side density this is a probably one thing which is not so good for carbon nanotube that is the number of functioning emitters per unit area is low for very high resolution display applications. So, these field emitters as you know are used in display applications and such carbon nanotube based field emitters will have low resolution it is because the number of emitters per unit area is low and so for high resolution applications they may not be efficient, but people have made flat panel displays. For example, using carbon nanotube as the electron emission source people have made a 4.5 inch diode type field emission display this was fabricated by Samsung and you have single wall nanotubes stripes on the surface and then you have got phosphor coated ITO stripes on anode. So, the single wall nanotubes are on the cathode whereas, you have phosphor coated ITO stripes on the anode which is perpendicular to the cathode. So, if you have the nanotubes in this direction then you have the cathode perpendicular to it which is on ITO which is indium tin oxide it is a conducting glass and so you have a phosphor coated conducting glass like ITO which is indium tin oxide indium doped tin oxide and that acts as the anode and the single walled carbon nanotube acts as the cathode and you can generate this kind of display which has been shown by Samsung earlier. Now, coming from field emission or from displays to energy storage it is known that we need to store energy to make the electric vehicles run for a long distance. So, if you need batteries for cars etcetera you need to have energy stored in the batteries to a large much larger extent. So, fuel cells battery and several other electro chemical applications where energy has to be stored there also carbon nanotubes have found their importance these nanotubes why they are so special because in energy storage why they are so important because they are small dimensions they have a smooth surface topology and they have very good surface specificity that means the surface has only one particular plane. So, if you know that the graphite planes that is the basal graphite planes which are like the hexagonal rings they are only exposed and hence they have a various perfect surface specificity which is important for many applications. Now, the rate of electron transfer at the carbon electrodes where the carbon nanotube is there determines the efficiency of the fuel cells and the structure and morphology of the carbon material will dictate this rate of electron transfer and that will be ultimately which will be determining the efficiency of the fuel cell. So, rate of electron transfer depends on the morphology of the carbon nanotube. Now, so that is one thing and if you are look at the electron transfer kinetics compared to a planar material the electron transfer kinetics is fastest on nanotubes compared to other carbon materials like graphite or diamond. So, electron transfer is very fast on the nanotubes and hence the efficiency will be much higher. People have looked at these nanotubes as electrodes example in oxidation of dopamine which is a electrochemical reaction using a bio reagent. So, you can study bio electrochemical reactions using nanotube micro electrodes very fine electrodes made of carbon nanotubes and you dip it in a solution containing dopamine here particular dopamine is a kind of a drug and it is also secreted in the human body. And you can study for example, the oxidation of dopamine and using micro electrodes of nanotubes carbon based nanotubes and this is much superior to other carbon nanotubes. For example, if you take graphite it can also act as an electrode, but the nanotubes are much more superior in terms of the fast electron transfer kinetics and the reversibility which is possible when you switch the current in the opposite direction. So, these efficient electron transfer and the reversibility using carbon nanotubes is much better than other electrode materials including other carbon based electrode materials like graphite. Now, pure multi wall nanotubes and nanotubes deposited with metal catalyst are also very important and it this particularly has been seen where metal deposited catalyst carbon nanotubes has been used for oxygen reduction reaction. And this oxygen reduction reaction is important for fuel cells because in fuel cells you have oxygen coming into one electrode and hydrogen coming in from the other electrode and then you generate energy and water is liberated. So, at one of the electrodes you need to reduce the oxygen which is being passed at that electrode and for this reaction in the fuel cell multi wall nanotubes especially doped with metal catalyst have very good very high efficiency. And so, there are several applications in energy energy related applications of carbon nanotubes. Now, coming to another application again in energy if you look at lithium batteries lithium batteries are used everywhere and these lithium batteries require a host material. So, there are several host materials like metal oxides metal sulphides etcetera where lithium can be intercalated and can be deintercalated. So, we call the charge discharge cycles. Now, if you change that material the basic oxide material or the sulphide material with carbon nanotubes a higher lithiums capacity can be obtained. So, you can insert more lithium compared to other materials which are known which are being used in the market in lithium batteries where for example, a manganese dioxide or some oxides of nickel or some oxides of cobalt are used for rechargeable lithium batteries. Now, it has been seen to some extent that lithium capacity can be much higher in carbon based nanotubes if all the interstitial sites are accessible by the lithium. So, if you can somehow put all the lithium in the interstitial sites which are available in these carbon nanotubes then the lithium capacity can be taken to very high values. And here the inter shell van der Waal spaces the inter tube channels and inner cores these are the places where the lithium can be intercalated. So, there are several spaces where the lithium can intercalate into the carbon nanotube and lot of possibilities are there for enhancing the lithium capacity. Now, depending on how much lithium you can take in or take out will result in how many electrons per gram you can recycle and that will lead to a very high capacity of the batteries. Now, coming to hydrogen storage which is also of importance in many applications where you are going to use hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen can also be used as a fuel as you know it is important material, but how to store that hydrogen is of a matter of concern and which material can store hydrogen to a large extent. So, hydrogen storage in carbon based materials is shown here in a table. So, you can see that single wall nanotubes can store 5 to 10 percent weight percent of hydrogen at a particular temperature which is 133 which is low temperature because 273 Kelvin is 0 degrees or 300 degrees Kelvin 300 Kelvin is around 27 Celsius. So, at room temperature around 27 Celsius single wall nanotubes which are highly pure can store around 4 weight percent of hydrogen. So, extraordinary high and reversible hydrogen adsorption in SWNT single wall nanotubes can be stored. So, high purity nanotubes store 4 weight percent at 300 K whereas, low purity nanotubes can store 5 to 10 percent, but at a much lower temperature. So, at much lower temperature means it is not so good for applications you need to store at room temperature and because if you store at low temperature that means you are going to spend money to refrigerate etcetera. So, high purity nanotubes therefore, are better than low purity nanotubes of course, if you compare with other nanotubes like these are graphite nanofibers or graphite these numbers are high. So, carbon nanotubes still has lower hydrogen storage capacity than graphite and, but there are applications where it can be used. So, there basically carbon based materials have hydrogen storage capability carbon nanotubes have around 5 to 10 weight percent whereas, graphite has around 4.5 weight percent at room temperature. So, this is important the room temperature storage is more important than storing at low temperature which cost you more money. So, you would like to store as much hydrogen at room temperature. Now, you can also store liquid and gas in the inner course. So, you can store hydrogen as we discussed you can also store liquids. So, higher hydrogen uptake up till 14 to 20 weight percent under ambient pressure is possible if you have alkali metal intercalated in the carbon nanotubes. If you have just carbon nanotubes then you can take around 4 to 5 weight percent of hydrogen, but if you have alkali metals like sodium potassium which are intercalated or lithium which is intercalated in the carbon nanotubes. Then you can have much higher storage like up till 4 around 28 percent can be stored in a temperature range of 20 to 400 degree Celsius. This alkali metal ions act as a catalytic center for the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen. So, the alkali metal helps H 2 to dissociate and get adsorbed as H in the carbon nanotubes. Hence, alkali metal intercalated carbon nanotubes have a much higher hydrogen absorption capabilities. Now, moving from energy what are the other applications of carbon nanotubes they can be used as probes. They can be used as nanoprobes because the diameters are in the nanometer size and because of this extremely small size that is one reason. Then they have high conductivity depending on what kind of nanotubes you can have metallic conductivity and those metallic conductivity can nanotubes can be used as nanoprobes because you can generate an electrical signal and this electrical signal can be accessed very fast if the conductivity is high. Apart from that nanotubes have good mechanical strength and they also have flexibility. So, your probe consider a nanotube like a wire if that wire is brittle then it will break whenever it touches some material. So, whatever you are trying to probe if your probe material is very brittle then it will break. So, whereas, carbon nanotubes are very flexible. So, it has mechanical strength it is flexible and it has high conductivity that means it can be very good to send electrons or the signals electrical signal very fast across the nanotubes. So, hence they are very good nanoprobes and where are these carbon nanotubes as probes or sensors being used they are used in high resolution imaging. They are used in nanolithography as electrodes nano electrodes in drug delivery in sensors and in field emitters some of these we just discussed before. So, if you want to look at a nano probe of using a carbon nanotube so you know there are in all scanning probe microscopes today you have a tip and that tip can be made up of many metals are used like platinum or iridium that is the tip which is found in most scanning probe microscopes. Now, if the diameter of this tip is small it is better for you because you will have much more higher resolution. So, if you use a carbon fiber nanotube so say this is a nanotube and instead of using this probe you attach this nanotube to this probe through some epoxy or some agent which can hold this together then instead of using this as a probe to see the surface or wherever you are looking for the details this will now be looking at the details because this is very small this is much smaller than the diameter of the original probe. So, this can see much smaller things compared to your original tip. So, the use of a single multi wall nanotube so this is a multi wall nanotube this is the part highlighted in red which is shown here and this is a multi wall nanotube and this will be probing the surface or the ridges or wherever you want to study some property of that surface and this is a vapor grown carbon fiber and it is a multi wall nanotube. Of course, if you have the ability you can even attach a single wall nanotube in this case a multi wall nanotube has been attached and now it is doing the job of the probe which this platinum or iridium tip is supposed to do. So, using these multi wall nanotubes if they are conducting then you can use them in STM because you know in STM the surface is metallic and there is a tunneling from the surface to the tip and the tip has to be conducting in STM and in AFM you can use this kind of tips to study the changes in the aromic force. Now, the advantage of using a nanotube tip is that it is very narrow. So, it is very slender and it is possible to image very small and deep cracks which is not possible by standard metal tips like platinum iridium which I showed or silicon which cannot be etched to such narrow dimensions. So, that is the advantage of this nanotube tip because it is very narrow they can study much smaller details of a surface then you can attach biological molecules such as DNA you can image biological molecules like DNA using nanotube tips. So, DNA can have a diameter of say has a turn of around 2.5 angstrom and so if you want to see the details you need very fine of probes. So, such a probe can be made using a carbon nanotube as a probe attached to AFM and then used as a tip to study biomolecules and this has been shown in a molecule called the amyloid B protofibrils which is related to Alzheimer's disease. This is an old age disease when a person starts losing his or her memory then you have Alzheimer's disease and then you have these amyloid B protofibrils and this was studied using a multi wall and single wall nanotube tips and it was used in the tapping mode that is a particular type of methodology to study the AFM images where the tip is moving back and forth to the on the surface of the molecule. So, it touches the surface and comes back and then again touches the surface. So, it is called the tapping mode and it is also a subclass of what is called the non contact mode because it is coming into contact for a very small amount of time. So, that tapping mode using a nanotube tip was used to study such molecules at a resolution which was never achieved before. So, this kind of very exciting work can be done using carbon nanotubes as tips. Now, the high elasticity which I said or the flexibility of the nanotubes leads to the fact that these tubes will not break so easily whereas metal tube tips break quite often when they touch the surface. So, whereas carbon nanotubes do not suffer from these crashes on contact with the substrates because they are highly flexible. So, that is another important point because tips are expensive and every time you break a tip you have to buy a new tip. So, the flexibility of the nanotube is very important. Now, these nanotube tips can not only sense or image the surfaces or the cracks as we discussed or look at the surface of these bio molecules, but you can also use these nanotube tips for manipulation for surface manipulation like a tweezer. So, if you have instead of one nanotube suppose you have a pair of nanotubes two nanotubes which are placed appropriately on an AFM tip. Then you can bring this pair of nanotubes very close to say a bio molecule or some nanoscale structure on a surface and then you can hold that nanostructure with this pair of nanotubes and you can pick it up and then release that structure at some other place. So, what you are doing is you are manipulating the molecule on the surface. So, this is called nano manipulation using carbon nanotubes as tips. So, you need at least a pair of nanotubes to act like you have this kind of a pair of scissors or something which are called tweezers or forceps which we have seen in the laboratory and you can control them to pick up and release nanoscale structures at places where you want them to move. So, this dual nanotube tip is what we call like acts like a nano manipulator. So, a nano manipulator is something which can manipulate objects on a particular surface at very small or nanometal like movement. You have a nano structure you are picking up a nano structure and you can move in nano dimensions and place it in a particular positions which is pre designed. So, this kind of application of a nano manipulator has been shown with carbon nanotubes. For example, people have shown that you can write 10 nanometre lines. That means, one line with the thickness of 10 nanometre can be drawn or written on an oxidized silicon substrate using nanotube tips and you can write it very fast. So, you can draw one line and then draw another line very quickly compared to any other technique known today based on carbon nanotubes. So, this is very very exciting research which is going to bring up a very fantastic technology where you can draw fine lines. Now, why are these lines required?  Then you do not need to draw very fine lines which can act as contact. So, through which the current can pass. So, 10 nanometre lines is one of smallest type of dimensions that you can make and has been already shown using carbon nanotube tips and you can draw because at what speed are you writing? Because ultimately if you need to do mass production you have to do these things very fast. You cannot take one hour to make a structure of few nanometres thick line then you cannot have a very viable technology. So, this has to be done at a very fast speed and so that has been achieved in some cases using carbon nanotubes. Now, as we discussed earlier you can have open nanotubes that means nanotubes which may be were closed and then opened at the end where you have defects or where you have this pentagonal rings and then you have attach you can attach functionalities. There can be acidic functionalities like carboxylic groups can be attached and this has been shown and used for chemical and biological discrimination on surface. So, you have various molecules and you have some functionalities which is which can attack some particular molecules and hence functionalize the surface of these open nanotubes. Now, these functionalized nanotubes have also been used as tips in atomic force microscopy. So, if you have a simple carbon nanotube and then you have a functionality that means you have a carboxylic group or a amino group on the carbon nanotube tip. Now, when you move that tip in the AFM then you can do some local chemistry that means you can do some reaction in a very small region of the surface. So, that is what we call you can do some local chemistry using AFM tips which have been functionalized with suitable molecules or suitable ligands and that has been done. You can do measurements like find out what is the binding force between a protein and a ligand. So, if you can measure the energy to pull apart a protein and a ligand using a carbon nanotube you can find out then what was the binding force between this protein and ligand. Then you can image chemically patterned substrates. So, you have a substrate the substrate can be say silicon or something else may be glass and then you have some molecules which patterned the surface. So, you have a molecules lined up like may be in a zigzag fashion or as a cross. So, this pattern can be imaged by this kind of functionalized nanotubes which are acting as AFM tips. So, the tip is moving over the pattern and the functionalized part is kind of imaging those chemically patterned substrates. So, that is possible using functionalized carbon nanotubes as AFM tips further they can be used for other things like molecular recognition, drug delivery and as we discussed doing chemical patterning. Now, other than carbon nanotubes acting as to image to manipulate and then do patterning or imaging patterned surfaces you can also use carbon nanotube as an actuator. An actuator means something which will move on application of electricity. So, if you small voltage is a few volts applied to a strip of laminated nanotube sheets. So, this is laminated with a polymer. So, you have nanotube sheets and you apply a small voltage when it is suspended in an electrolyte. Now, this sheet bends due to large strains and this mimics the actuator mechanism which is present in muscles. So, in muscles in our muscles you know there are these nerve impulses and that triggers some electrical signal and our muscles act on that basis. Similarly, you have these strips of laminated nanotube sheets in an electrolyte and you apply a voltage and this sheet bends in a particular direction and that mimics the actuator mechanism. So, these nanotube actuators would be superior to conducting polymer based devices. Since, in this case you do not need any ion intercalation whereas, in polymer based devices which have been used as actuators you need to add ions and adding ions it limits the life of the actuator whereas, carbon nanotube based actuators you do not need to add these ions or intercalate these ions as you need to do in polymer based devices. So, other than that now nanotubes as you know if it is closed there is a hollow space inside the nanotube. So, can it act as a template that means you have this hollow thing and then if I fill something it will take the shape of the carbon nanotube. So, carbon nanotube can act as templates because they are straight and they have narrow channels in the course. It is possible to fill these pores or cavities these elongated cavities with foreign material and then you remove the carbon nanotube somehow to fabricate what is what will be one dimensional nanowires. So, if you are able to put some copper inside the hollow carbon nanotube and then if you remove or burn of the carbon then what will remain is a copper nanowire. So, nanotubes can be used as templates. Now, there are strong capillary forces exist inside the nanotubes and which can which actually help in holding the gases and the fluids inside them. Now, the first experiment was shown in 93 where lead was molten lead was filled in the channels of multivolt nanotubes and using that wires as thin as 1.2 nanometers in dia that is 12 angstroms in diameter where fabricated inside these nanotubes. Now, these closed nanotubes hence provide a fascinating avenue to open them using oxidation. So, as you know the nanotubes which are closed can be oxidized at the ends because the ends are more active more reactive because of the pentagons and. So, you can do several things not only fill the nanotubes you can oxidize the ends of the nanotubes by simple chemical roots. Now, the critical issue in filling the nanotubes when you fill nanotubes is the wetting characteristic of the nanotube and that depend on the curvature of the nanotube. So, wetting of low melting alloys and solvents occur quite readily in the multivolt nanotubes and single wall nanotubes. However, if you compare them among multivolt nanotubes and single wall nanotubes it is easier for to fill the multivolt nanotubes compared to single wall nanotubes because in the single wall nanotubes the pore size are very small and only for some selected metals or compounds you can fill the single wall nanotubes easily because the wetting characteristics of the single wall nanotubes do not permit the filling very easily. Now, if you look here this is a schematic diagram. So, you have these say one carbon nanotube and there is another wall of the carbon nanotube. So, this may be called a double walled carbon nanotube and inside the hollow part you have filled with something. So, this is the filling of the empty hollow part of the nanotube this is a schematic diagram this is the real picture in electron microscopy where you can see in the in this picture you have a nanotube first which has been ruptured at the end. So, at the end where there are more pentagonal defects the nanotube has been broken this is one particular tube which has been opened here by oxidation and as you know oxidation is easier not at the sides of the nanotubes, but at the ends of the nanotubes. So, it has been affected by oxidation and here you see a multi walled nanotubes several walls are there and inside there is a material which has been filled and that is actually lead oxide and this was achieved using the capillarity or capillary action of the nanotube. So, you can fill the nanotubes with different materials as been shown here and that leads to if you suppose you want this lead oxide nanowire of a particular diameter then you choose a carbon nanotube of a similar diameter and then after filling the nanotube you can remove this carbon say burn of that carbon what will remain is only the material which is inside. So, you will have wires of this material. So, that is how carbon nanotubes can be used as templates. So, there are several challenges for carbon nanotubes like the growth mechanism of nanotubes is yet to be understood and these structures cannot be controlled in exactly the way you want then connecting these nanotubes is also not easy and still there are requirements for producing these nanotubes. So, we will stop here today and I hope that you got a good idea about carbon nanotubes and its properties and applications. Thank you.


So, this is a package I am going to use for the summer as part of first-ever Julia summer of course. So, this is a package which lets you do 3D practice graphics in the browser using this Julia. You can find me on Twitter, I know it well, I might get one, you all know it well. So, the animation you see over there is basically the Boris exams, are you sure? But in 3D. So, it's a gif of that. I will show you an example later. So, 3DS was basically a WebGL variant entry package for Jumbia. So, a WebGL is this technology which lets you use the GPU from the browser. So, you can use your GPU and you get all the power that comes with the GPU in just case the browser. So, this lets you like share 3D content over the web like Azure notebooks. You can use it in Julia box or own Azure server. It's pretty nice to do. So, this is a wrapper around the 3DS JavaScript library. So, the 3DS JavaScript library is a really nice library. It lets you, very popular and it basically makes WebGL easier to work with. So, it eliminates a lot of boilerplate that your WebGL has and you can do a lot of so much easier 3DS. And 3DS.js is basically a wrapper around this library. So, for example, a cube is around 100 lines of code in just JavaScript and a WebGL part is around 30 lines of code in 3DS.js. That's our library. If you're on 10 in the Julia library, I'll show you how that works. So, let's actually take a look at the cube right. This is the cube which I was talking about. So, this is a very basic scene. I have a cube in the center and I have a light at one corner and the cube is colored red. That's all of this. So, let's actually build this scene right now. So, in 3D graphics, the first step in 3D would be to build a scene. Like, you have a CCC scene object which means there's an initial setup. Like, it renders a download event for you on the screen and sets up a WebGL render and stuff. And you add all the other things that you want to split through the scene. So, this is actually the example, like, this is a function which you use to add a scene and then you make a list. And then you put whatever you want to add to the scene inside the list. So, when you did just an 8th scene and you can just go back and look at the HDL and JavaScript and you can see that there's a canvas element that has been created. Yeah, there's a canvas element and if you look at the logs, you can see, okay, I see. But there's actually a WebGL renderer being all over there. So, the next step would be to add a camera because unlike in 3D scenes, you actually have to know where to look at the 3D scene. And cameras are very nice to have. You can rotate around and zoom around the scene. So, that actually is the other dimension you need a camera to set. So, in pjs.jl, adding a camera is a business function.  And then you start to see what you're coding in the list. So, once it goes again, like, you know, there's nothing to see. So, you get added right now. So, the next step would be to add the queue. Right?  So, in a mesh, you actually have two things, a geometry and a material.  And the material tells you, like, the properties of the geometry. Like, earlier, I said, like, I want the queue to be red, red. So, over here, what I'm doing is I'm creating this box geometry, which is a queue geometry and I'm giving it 111 for width, height and depth.  So, I did about that later. And then, like, I just, I just put a code here to the scene. So, now, I actually get something drawn on the screen. But it's black. But we've got to queue to be red, right? The reason for this is that, like, we have already the lights to be the same. So, the material is specified in different tunnel on lights to our ratio color. So, next step is to actually add lights. So, how do you add lights? You can add, like, three kinds of lights in 3ks and this is one of those kinds. So, I added a point light and I'm telling that the coordinates that I wanted to be, which is 333, which will be at a point of the queue, because the queue was a sidebar. So, I just put it all together. So, this is the entire core. And so, you'll see, like, I have the instance function and the inside mesh, which has a box and material. I have a point light and a camera and then this, this, and others, like this. So, it's around 10 lines of code and that's all it takes to draw a scene in 3ks. So, this scene, as such, is interactive. You can rotate. So, you see the one side is black, because there's no light there. I can pan it. I can zoom. So, this is one of the things you can do, but by default. In any scene, draw by 3ks. But this is not all. Like, as I showed earlier, you can use UI elements to, like, actually interact with the scene. That's really nice to draw. That's a really nice feature to draw. So, you can do this. Like, so, how you do this is, like, you make a slider. So, okay. So, what we're going to do now is, in the previous scene, like, we have started to create. What we can do is, we're going to make a slider. And we can, like, we make the size of the queue, update, move it to the slider. So, I just have a couple of lines. So, if you look at the function over here, this is basically drawing from a tryout earlier. It's like, I have the size replays, but the variable I want to do. And I have a slider here, which I want to do. So, this is all in Azure and stretchy. So, yeah. So, this is the side of the queue. So, I have a slider here, and I can just increase it. And the queue increases. So, again, this is, like, rotated. I can do all that stuff still there. And I know this too. So, next step, we're going to make animations. Like, so, animation, if you think about it, they're just like sliders. But instead of having updates about the UI element, you're just looking at, I actually type it. So, this is a, this is a lift of a rotating queue I made using this. So, this is the actual queue. So, in the actual queue, I actually rotate the queue also. So, how I'm doing this is, like, using the reactive, like, second measure. So, I have an event loop here, which is saying, like, every once in a second, I just increase the rotation by 0.5, and then I just plot it again. So, these are our point lines of code, and I get rotating queue there. That's it. So, how does it all work? So, we're going to the website for a bit. So, it's all just to be neat out there. So, the first step is Polymer. So, Polymer's largely made over Google, and it lets you create your states for it. That's complicated easily. So, you can actually have custom STM elements, and you can wrap a lot of action inside it. So, for example, like, you can do, like, the, like, the, like I'm actually showing, like, our cat-exe element, and then you just show cat-exe. So, what it does, I combine 3DS and 4 Polymer, to make 3DS custom elements. So, these 3DS custom elements are wrapping 3DS functionality into a component. So, I can say stuff like 3DS box, and that's where we are. And all the jobs, of course, we decided that I don't bother about it. What I need to do is, I just have to, like, omit that STM and tag with it. So, now that that's the web stuff covered, so how do I try to do this from Julia? For this, there's a, this is a landing quadpacho. So, this, we basically are, let's say, have a virtual down in Julia, and you create STM elements in Julia. So, this does different on the server side, and it updates only the required elements in Julia. So, I combine patchwork and 3DS custom elements. So, now what happens is, like, patchwork creates a custom element in Julia. And then, I don't have notebooks, and I should have a notebook, where I'll put these STM elements, and then the JavaScript part will just take over, and blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. So, again, the good quality of what it's like, let's me use the goodness of patchwork. Like, I have that different capability. So, for example, in the Qtube update, size of Qtube update, only that part of the system will be sent across to the browser, and the browser makes a change there, and the attach is not in the ground, only the Qtube is being updated. So, this improves performance a lot. So, yeah, this is the text tag. So, you have 3DS at the top, which is creating those elements. You're using patchwork, and then patchwork outputs these 3DS elements, which then is polymer, and then 3DS, the graphics library to draw stuff. So, yeah, this is what you work with. So, when I say 3DS.box <IP_ADDRESS>.2, it actually goes in this element, which I will say it's not x, y, z, w, x, z, d, my bad. And then that renders such a STM element over there, and then the part of the stage is over. So, I have a couple of developer. So, this is Comfo. So, this is basically my main project in Julia Summer of Cold. This is Comfo 3D. So, Comfo 3D is basically, like, hashing body is a Comfo slavery. So, it's essentially a Comfo slavery to 3D. So, you can create complex figures from simple derivatives, and it lets you take a context and, like, and use measures related to them. That's a pretty powerful stuff, but this is not completely done yet. So, I'll be switching out absolutely. And so, now I have a couple of demos for this. The first demo I have is the surfboard. So, this is a surfboard already using 3DS.jl. So, this is the plot of a function sine x into cos y. So, I can do this in Julia. This is what I've done. So, this is the function. I'm not having it over. And I just have a surfboard here. So, I just... Okay. So, this is our running right now. And, yeah, this is the surfboard for the function sine x square plus sine y. I can just change this. Okay. I'm going to save. Okay. Save this to, like, y square. And I can hit enter. And this is the operator. Yeah. This is the operator one. So, I can similarly do mesh plots also. So, this is a mesh plot implementation. So, we can see that. So, again, I can zoom it, zoom them. I can rotate them. And I'll let's go. So, the good thing about this right now, you can just do all this in Azure Notebooks. And this is just a box also you can do this. So, it's pretty nice. And, okay. Okay. Other examples I have. So, basically, this is the... Basically, in 3D modeling, you have these .obj files. So, they basically model objects. And now, like, I have capability of loading mesh objects into the scene. So, we can make this a good request. And so, you can do stuff like this. So, this is the cat, which is drawn on the scene. So, I just have the same load, cat.obj, and so on. And so, this is the impact. Oh, so, as you saw, I spoke about CXCF's key 2D stuff here. So, this is CXCF's key in 3D. I have to be able to... Wait, I'm sorry. Okay. Okay. I don't know. So, basically, you guys have this idea here, right? So, this is like the basic request. So, I can update the request. And so on. So, now I have the request on one. I update it again to... I can still rotate the scene. So, three. So, this is keep going on. So, this is the last example I had which I promised at the beginning. So, this is basically points in 3D. So, this is the simulation of Burble Burge, flocking together. So, you can rotate this. You can zoom. And... Yeah. So, this is the space going around. Basically, this is the simplest Burge flocking together. The original example was run by Ian Tanning in Azure 2D. So, I just exhaled the 3D. We synced our first room. Yeah. So, I decided that Ian Tanning, Shashi, and Simon, from a mentoring need to do the JSR. I'm ready for that. I'm ready for the JSR. Okay. Yeah. So, thank you. Thanks. Any further questions? The cache that you put in the file, that is drawn in which one? It's a... It's a... It's drawn in Azure, but it's in previous or in the backend. It's drawn, I think. It's basically... This is getting on before, but then, like, there's this file I have library being made. So, that... Let me load in the OVJ files. And then there's this... In the project, this graphics lab system is really nice. Like, a couple of people will really work on it. So, we have OpenGL part, and it's coming up. And a lot of... There are a lot of focus on making everything work together. So, there's Digital Geometry Organization, as such. So, they make... We have all these packages, the geometry types packages which we find, like, which is basically common interface with all graphics library. So, RCTL, actually, RCTL. And then, you can just load it in this work. And, yes? We wanted to say something. It's not a question, really, but, the... The... This summer was the first Julia summer of code that was sponsored by the War Foundation a year before that. We had a Google summer of code. And, I think it's pretty cool that both of your mentors were students from last year. Yeah. It's, it's kind of cool to pay it forward that way. And I think it worked out really well. Good. Yeah. Thank you.


Aloha, and welcome to another edition of Business in Hawai'i. I am Dayla Nyonegida, and we are broadcasting live from the ThinkTech studios in downtown Honolulu. If you want to tune in live, we are at www.thinktechhawaii.com. You can also sign up to get on our mailing list there as well. The theme of Business in Hawai'i is to bring you stories of local businesses by local people, our guests share with us their journey in building successful businesses in our sometimes challenging environment. In the ThinkTech studios today is Jon Stranberg, sales director at Hawai'i Tech Support. In addition to his day job, Jon is known to many as the networking guru. I'm not sure about guru, yeah. Okay, thanks so much for joining us, and welcome to the show. Thanks for having me. So, let's jump right in and tell us about Jon Stranberg. Not much to tell, father, business guy, obviously a networker because he's bringing that up, but I've been doing sales and marketing for almost 30 years now, and it's one of those things that wasn't set out to do in life, but just kind of fell into my lap and found out I was pretty good at it, so I stuck with it. Tell us about Hawai'i Tech Support because I know that's where you kind of hang your hat during the day and then later on you kind of merge into other things, so tell us about Hawai'i Tech Support. It's twofold because Hawai'i Tech Support is a local managed service provider. We help other companies with their IT issues and concerns in networking and cloud services, but in order to find those companies in their businesses requires the other side of my job, which is the networking skills, and we were talking about business networking, about computer networking, even though people kind of think it's the same thing. So going out in the evenings or having lunch out with someone that's considered networking causing them to think, hey, do I really need IT services for my company, or if I'm there under a different capacity with a nonprofit I'm working with, do I want to give money to this nonprofit? So that's part of the whole networking scheme of things. So networking isn't just for those starting out on a career, and I think we have a picture here of you and Belinda and Stan, owners of Hawai'i Tech Support, and my understanding is that they are networking. They are. In this picture we attended an event at the YWCA supporting, I think those are downtown and quark event. We support the YWCA as a company and we decided it's a great place to be a part of and help grow our business through people who support the YWCA. So for Hawai'i Tech Support, of course, you folks do networking, the computer kind. But as an integral part of your day job, you find that networking is essential to sales and marketing. Yes. Being a small business, we don't have the big dollars that a lot of the larger companies have to spend on advertising through newspaper, TV. So we work a lot on referrals from our own customers. And the other side is to go out into the community and the business community because we are B2B and finding that business owner or that senior executive that's got some pain with IT and how we can help with it. So it's more of being out and about. People recognize that you are with the tech company and they keep seeing your face and over time they might go, I need to talk to you. And that's really the goal there is to create that I want to talk to you vibe. So there are a lot of groups out there who support networking or even try to bring about the medium for which people to network. And I think we have another photo here, which is probably the Hawai'i Chamber of Commerce, right, who frequently puts on events for folks to come together and network. Do you frequent these types of events and do you feel that it's valuable? It's very valuable. Hawai'i Tech supports a very strong believer in the Chamber of Commerce. It supports small businesses here in Hawai'i as well as large. But the Chamber of Events themselves brings that large corporate business entity and the small business owners together and we share ideas, we share goals and you find a lot of times the small businesses have the same pains as the large businesses and vice versa. So there's some camaraderie in there and then we all work together to fix those issues. Fantastic. So not all of us are comfortable with networking.  But I frequently hear people say, no, I'm just not comfortable walking into a room full of strangers. What do I do? It's awkward. I don't know anyone. So how do you, what do you tell those folks? Well, first of all, if you're really that timid about networking, I usually, when people ask me that question, I ask the first question back is what is your role? Are you there as a salesperson for the company or are you there to find your next employer? What do you, what do you really want to get out of that?  Once you can answer that clearly, then you can step into the next part of networking, which is finding the right people to talk to. Okay. So networking is not just to build business and to sell stuff. Not at all. It's everything in between. That's huge, right? Because some people feel like, okay, well, I don't want to go to a networking event because I don't want anybody to sell me. I don't want to be sold. So it goes beyond just selling stuff. I like to preface things, sales always made when I first meet somebody. Do I like you? Do you like me? If that's the case, then we've made a sale together without realizing it. A transaction occurred and that's a sale. So I'm selling myself and hoping you like me and vice versa. So that's part of the sales process, which is also part of networking. So when you attend networking events, the idea is to present yourself in such a way that you like me enough to hear me say the few words I'm going to say to you in hopes of passing a business card or getting a business card to further conduct business, either for business or I might want to come work for your company. And this is my only chance of getting in front of a manager that might make that hiring decision. So are there different events that would segregate the sales opportunity from the career building opportunity? Yes, I'm a believer that anytime you're out and about your networking, regardless of going to the grocery store, walking your dog, you're always available to be on. So for me, if I'm looking for a job, I'm not going to go to a networking event that has a lot of other sales types. I'd go to an event that has a lot of senior managers, leaders in the community, politicians, whoever, so I can get people to take my hand and get introduced to somebody else. Okay, so what if I'm truly an introvert and I'm going to this networking event for whatever reason, whether it's because I want to promote my business or I'm looking to meet significant people in the community for opportunities. What do I do? For people like you who are very timid and afraid to be on a networking event, I always say bring a buddy. Bring a networking buddy along so that between the two of you, you can share that shy, timid, I'm really nervous factor and spread out amongst two people.  Okay, and so I get to this networking event and I walk in, maybe have a networking buddy with me, what's my plan? Do I need a plan or do I just wing it? You always have a plan. Everything you do in life should always have a plan. So for a networking event, if you decide I'm going to go to the next chamber of commerce business after hours mixer, what do I need to do? You want to prepare by saying who will be there, who the audience is going to be. Get an idea of how big the venue is. So it will give you an idea of how many people will be there. Then you want to check, how do I dress for this event? Dressing up is very important. It's the first thing that people visualize. So it's like, oh, you're underdressed and you don't fit the part. Then they're not going to pay as much attention to you. But so is overdressing too. Wearing a full three-piece suit in Hawaii says I'm an attorney, go on to court, or I'm getting married. One of the two. So we try to avoid those extremes, but at the same time you dress the part, figure out the venue, dress for the venue, and then plan. Do I want to meet just five people or do I want to meet 20? You make that plan ahead of time. So again, being that introverted person, sometimes a glass of wine would take the edge off. So to drink or not to drink? To drink or not to drink? That is a question. It's up to you. Typically, I like to say when you're at an event that has drinking as part of it, it's a cocktail after hours. You definitely want to have something in hand. If you're not a drinker, that's fine.  As long as you're holding something in your hand that says I'm part of this crowd. And I hate to say this, but people who do drink don't trust others who don't. It's just human nature. You want to be part of that. It's human nature to be part of a group. If your group drinks, it is. When you look at psychology, I think it's called the primacy effect. You start making judgments of people right away, and that's what you look at. Okay, so I've decided to have the drink in hand and I walk into a room. How do I determine who is going to be my first connection? That's where you walk to a group of people that you may or may not know, and slowly insert yourself into that circle. How do you do that without looking like you're barging in on somebody's conversation? You always will look like you're barging in someone's conversation. It's as simple as standing close to the person talking. Just, here's my chip on that. You're in a group networking session. You hear someone talking, you actually want to meet and they're talking.  So you stand on their left and you kind of lean in to hear them talk. It catches their eyes, so their eyes move to you and you're leaning in. Remember, when you lean into somebody, it says, I'm interested. And if they're talking and you're leaning into them, it means I want to hear more. And that kind of creates that effect of, I like this person, he wants to hear what I have to say. Because people always like to hear themselves talk. And when we get an audience, we keep talking. So when do I know to insert myself? Is that the person you want to meet? You lean in, you listen. They're going to say, oh, hi, I'm John. But what if they don't? Then you do the same back. Reach out, put your hand out. Y'all, that was a great statement you made. My name's Dylan and I like to hear more. And that creates that start of a conversation. So do you dive right in and just start asking questions? I mean, if I've pinpointed someone that I really do want to start a conversation with, I obviously have some ideas of the things that I would want to ask them. Do I just jump right in? And I may look a bit, you know, over aggressive. See, that's actually one of the worst mistakes a lot of young and new salespeople make is they get that aggressive. By the way, my name is John. This is who I am while I support. I'd love to talk to you more about this, but you're at a cocktail mixer reception. They're here to have a drink, meet other people, and talk. So my question would be something along the lines of, you know what, I love that comment you just made. I read an article about that last week. I'd love to forward that to you. Here's my card. Do you have a card? Exchange of business cards. Let me send you that email later with that information. You know, I'd love to do a follow-up for the meeting. It's as simple as that to get the information you need and then set that meeting expectation. Simple for a person who is comfortable doing that. We are going to go to a quick break. It takes practice. We're going to go to a quick break, and I'm going to grill you even more about how you insert yourself into those conversations without making yourself seem or appear odd, right? That's a science and art. So let's talk about that while we come back. Absolutely. We are going to take a short break. This is Business in Hawaii. We'll see you back here shortly. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. If you're not in control of how you see yourself, then who is? Live above the influence. When I was growing up, I was among the one in six American kids who struggled with hunger. But with the power of breakfast, the kids in your neighborhood can think big and be more.  Hi, I'm Rusty Komori, host of Beyond the Lines on Think Tech Hawaii. My show is based on my book also titled Beyond the Lines, and it's about creating a superior culture of excellence, leadership, and finding greatness. I interview guests who are successful in business, sports, and life, which is sure to inspire you in finding your greatness. Join me every Monday as we go Beyond the Lines at 11 a.m., aloha. I realize I lecture for 90 minutes straight on this stuff. Welcome back to Business in Hawaii. Joining us today is John Strandberg, sales director at Hawaii Tech Support and networking extraordinaire. So when we went to break, we were talking about how I would not make myself look like a fool inserting myself into someone else's conversation at a networking event. So what if I am a salesperson and I do want to promote my company, my business, what am I supposed to do at that point? Well, rule one is never, ever, ever, ever, hand up brochures at a networking event. Okay. My left hand has a cocktail, my right hand might be holding some food. Where do I put the brochure? It's usually you guys see brochures on the ground at a lot of these events and you don't want to bring a brochure.  You don't want to force a business card on anybody. And I have this unwritten rule in my world that you don't get my business card until you've either asked for it or I feel you've earned it. Because it works two ways. In the job, my job as sales director, I get a lot of people asking, can I bring my company's products to you for review and so on too? And then the answer is, I don't think there's a need for that, but I'll take your card anyway. And if they're doing it in a plate manner, if they try to force a business card into my hand, shove it into my shirt pocket, that card's going to end up somewhere else. So if a person is going to a networking event with the intent to promote their business or perhaps a product, are you telling me that they should never go with the expectation that they're going to walk out of that event with? With a sale? Yeah. I don't know how many business people out there love to be sold at an event that's not at their office or that they didn't reach out to get information for. So being sold something is the worst experience ever. And this is coming from a professional sales person.  So the goal of networking is really just to pass information along, set a meeting or an expectation of a future meeting and move forward from there. So you've, I've heard you give the advice that you've always listened and not talk. Yes. But what if nobody's talking? Then how do you make that happen? Then I question why I'm at this event. Actually when no one's not talking, that's when I start asking questions of personal questions. For instance, I might see that you're showing up at a networking event and you're wearing a certain pin or a different organization. I might ask, what pin is that? What organization do you belong to? It starts the conversation. Now it's something that you as a person has a chance to go, hey, this guy's interested or this woman's interested in hearing about the fact of I'm in Rotary Club. So now there's a way to bring about conversation without talking to business. A lot of business people, even owners of companies, don't want to talk about business or their own business sometimes. So if you start talking about the children, wife, house, you know, the weather even, or if they notice, they surf. Talk about the big surf coming up. Anything but. I got a good question for you. So someone hands you a business card. What do you do with it? Do you like immediately drop it in your pocket, in your purse? Do you hold it?  Because of our Asian culture and the Japanese culture here in Hawaii, I err on the side of I take the card in both hands and I look at it and make a comment on the card. Oh, I see you're located in downtown based on the address. Make a quick comment about the card and goes, I'll be sure to give you a call or send you an email. Then I'm holding in my hand the rest of the conversation. Okay, good. I've seen many times the handing of the card and then in the pocket without even looking at it. So then we're just going to. When someone does that to my business card, that means they're not interested in hearing what I have to say further and I'll never hear from them again. Okay. So for a sales perspective, it just means I'm going to waste my time chasing after this guy or girl, whoever it might be. So you mentioned culture. Does it play a role in networking, where you network, how you network? It does. So with culture here in Hawaii being unique in the fact that we have all Asian countries here and then a lot of non-Asian countries, the acceptance of a business card in two hands is a Japanese custom and tradition. The other cultures, it's the color of your business card. It's anything on your card.  But with the cultural aspects, sometimes you want to hand the card off to, if there's two people at an event and they're both in the same company, there's usually the senior guy and there's assistant or someone that's just below in rank. Usually you hand the card to the person below in rank. Okay, good to know. You also mentioned affiliation. You mentioned a pin or whatnot. I wanted to bring up a picture of a hugs event. I think we have that one coming up here. So you had mentioned, you want to tell us about this event? Yeah, so this is an event that I've helped sponsor over the last seven years and we raise toys. It's our only project is we raise toys. We bring toys to kids that are in need and we support a local nonprofit and this year it happened to be hugs. But if you look at the picture, I'm in the middle because I'm also playing host at the front but the different organizations that show up. We have the rotary shirt there which is my friend Ray from Kauai flew over just for the event. Nice. So another tool then in networking would be to establish an affiliation? Yeah, a lot of sales people join different clubs and organizations just to help promote their company and their business which is great because it does two things.  Two, your company or even yourself ends up supporting the community because it's super important to give back to the community that you also work in. So Rotary is a great organization, Lions Club, any civic organization out there would be something to join just to help promote yourself, your company and it's a good way to give back to the community you serve. I think we have one more photo and I think this is your affiliation with Rotary, I believe. Yes, as a matter of fact, that's our Christmas Shoebox project. We give a gift every year to every student at Palo Alto Elementary School and the reason we chose Palo Alto it's in our backyard as a Rotary Club, East Honolulu but the give back is that with that particular school 100% of the students there get free or reduced lunch so we know that they're underserved and a lot of them go without a Christmas gift. This is just our way of giving back to them. So while that's not traditional networking, you are a member of certain organizations and while obviously that wasn't a networking event, it still networks you as a person? It does because people wanna do business with people they like. If I'm out there serving my community, doing what's right and helping others, it's like, you know what, John's a really nice guy and we wanna work with really nice people. It's the Hawaii culture. It's what we do in Hawaii and when I'm a nice guy, people wanna like me and no matter what I'm selling, they're gonna like it because I'm doing it for them. I think we have one more photo of you at yet another networking event. Yeah, this is actually from a Chamber of Commerce event earlier in the year. You'll see Marty Welch, past president of Chamber of Commerce there on the far right in the lower shirt. Well, again, it's networking with the Chamber of Commerce. I love, love, love the Chamber. Sherry over there is doing a great job, but what they do is they bring so many different businesses together because my company works in IT, Marty has insurance, John and the other picture is also in PR and marketing. So we all come together and we share and we talk and I get some great ideas on how to improve my company and a lot of times I improve myself by meeting these people. Okay, so that's networking guilty by association, right? So it's whether you're a member of the Chamber, rotary, or you have a favorite nonprofit that you support. What about those traditional networking groups, BNI? There's a ton of those out there. BNI is the largest one of all. I think I forget the owner who started it, but there's also other groups like a Hawaii Business Network. There's even Toastmasters will help you with the networking and they teach you how to talk to people. If you're really that shy, look into Toastmasters Club, but these groups actually teach networking skills as well. So would you recommend that as an avenue? If you're just starting out in your career, you've never networked before or you really want to learn, it's a great avenue to start, but there's only one caveat to some of these groups. It's limited to the industry that you work. So if someone's already in insurance and you're doing insurance, you cannot join because they're limited to that. Oh, okay. So that's the only, I would say that's the biggest negative, but at the same time they're great positive because the people in that group will keep referring business to you. Okay. So tell me how networking has changed with the times. So I do know that you authored quite a detailed article about networking, but you did mention that that was seven years ago. So tell me a little bit about how networking has changed or... The biggest change is actually with social media. I live and breathe on LinkedIn. At certain networking events, I might hear someone say something and I remember the company name and I'll get on my phone really quick and go, somebody from Hawaiian Airlines is here, and who is this person? And I could track that person down to the name and go, okay, that's the position I need to be talking with within that company. Then I'd be lying over and say, hi, but having your smartphone available, seeing someone's face, seeing their resume because of LinkedIn, quickly makes networking easier for me to streamline a target. But it also works in the opposite. People do the same to you. So my answer is you need to make sure your resume is up to date, your LinkedIn profile is correct and you're posting your relative details about your current job. We have a few minutes left, but I still have some questions for you. Fire away? Okay, so I've gotten myself in, I've shook a few hands, I've handed out a few cards, I've gotten a few cards. What do I do after the event is over?  I do. Actually the next step is one of the most important steps ever. It's great that you shook someone's hand, you met someone you wanted to meet, but it's the follow-up stage. How do I need to follow up? Again, I take different people differently, so if it's an older person, I tend to follow up with an email, but if it's an older, older person, a handwritten card. Handwritten cards are actually gone out of style, but when I get a card from somebody in the mail these days, it's on my desk for a long, long time.  But email is at the very minimum. What I recommend for a lot of people that do a lot of networking is have a canned, templated email ready to go. Nice, good ideas. I am super excited that our viewers are gonna be seeing more of you, probably once a month. Actually on the flip side, posting a guest of your own. So what can we expect? Well, it'll be a lot of what I'm already into, which is business, IT, technical issues. We're gonna talk about some nonprofit issues this year because it's every one Thursday a month for the next 12 months. Fantastic. Well, thank you very much for joining us. Networking, I guess, is a nervous issue for some, but for others, very natural. It comes with practice. All sports takes practice. Networking is a contact sport. Okay, well, thank you so much for the advice and I'm sure that I'll have lots more questions for you. You know where to find it. I wanna thank you for your time. I also want to thank the amazing production staff here in the studio. We're taking the time to help me out a lot here. If you would like to be a guest on our show, please feel free to email your information to shows at thinktakawaii.com. Business in Hawaii airs every Thursday at 2 p.m. and we are looking forward to seeing you here next week.


The study found that only 22.5 percent of 235 rigorous evaluations of guideline dissemination and implementation studies published between 1966 and 1998 used theories, with precede being the most commonly used theory. The majority of studies used only one theory, and there was poor justification for the interventions until at least 1998. Future research should explicitly identify the justification for interventions, and use more explicit theory to advance implementation science.


I'm Jonathan Goodell here at the State Operations Center, which remains activated for the fifth consecutive day, initially in response to the public safety power shut off and now for multiple fires in Southern California, the most significant of which is a salvage fire burning in the San Fernando Valley. Let's take a look at the numbers. 7,500 acres have burned, ten structures have been destroyed, but containment is up to 19%. Thousands of residents, though, still remain evacuated from their homes. Five shelters remain open in the Los Angeles area, and you can check those by going to Red Cross Los Angeles for availability. More than a thousand fire and law personnel are on the ground responding to these fires. And there are 35 OES engines deployed through Mutual Aid, along with 247 from local government and one water tender. This red flag warning is still in effect until 6 p.m. on Saturday. There are also more than 60 engines from state and local governments pre-positioned throughout the state to respond quickly if other fires break out. For the latest fire updates, follow us on Facebook and Twitter and on our blog at OESNews.com.


And groups have continued to drum support for Bola Amitinnabu for the seat of the president. And this is despite that he himself has not declared his intention to contest the 2023 presidential election. And some are of the opinion that says if he joins the 2023 presidential race, it will be an era of capacity and plans. The quest for who becomes president of Nigeria in 2023 may have started. That's going by various groups conversing and throwing their weight behind Bola Amitinnabu. Swaga is what the call this. They are rooting for the ex-legors governor to run for president in 2023. A political analyst says if Bola Tinnabu joins the race, the candidates in 2023 will take a different approach. If he does choose to come into the game, we'll represent an era where people who would like to campaign on capacity would like to campaign on actual terms who would like to campaign on not just promises but assemblances of ability to deliver would be in the books. Unlike the past where we had just popularity, popular figures, shady track records or no track record at all to suggest their capacity to govern. Apart from Bola Tinnabu, there are few persons who may have an eye on the presidency. It is also interesting to know that the APC is yet to zone the office of the presidency. That is also another subject of public debate that has generated heated argument. The party constitution is very clear around how zoning is done. We know almost with certainty that the next candidate of the APC will come from the staff. There are indications to that effect. So when you look at the chairmanship of the party right now, those through India hearts in are all from the north. That is one indication that the presidency will be zone to the south because the chairman of the party and the presidents are typically from opposite zones. For now, all we can do is stand like eager spectators at a football tournament. We will be watching how the political class manoeuvre for power possession as a current tenure pervs way for an eventful 2023. Merci beaucoup for plus TV Africa.


Asia's really blowing up. Asia's really trendy now. That's sushi. Asians are waving now. Yo, what's going on everybody? Andrew from the Fung Rose here. And if you guys have been following our channel for a while, you can tell that we've always tried to make it about the community. So when Wix came to us and asked us to make a website, we knew what we had to do. So we wanted to make this website called Asian Creators where Asians who are involved in photography, videography, art, design, web design, modeling, their talent, anything creative, we wanted to put them all on one website. Later in this video, you're going to meet just some of the creatives that are on that website. But right now, let's go hit the streets to see if other people might find this website useful at all and if they'd check it out. Because to be honest, there's no easy, clear way to find other Asians on the internet. Let's see what they say. How do you mostly search for them online? I usually just look at different hashtags, supreme, pilots, all that type of brands. Usually I just go on Instagram, yeah? I just go on the explore page and I see like someone that I find an interesting Asian, I just click on them and I scroll down and that's usually how I do it. Search them up on Instagram or like, maybe if I hear about it, like from word of mouth. I guess just through social media, like Instagram or Pinterest, anything really. I usually first look at the hashtags. Like sometimes the hashtag into like the fashion that I'm interested in, you can see like the people they follow and then maybe you can lead on to the next person. I sometimes discover they have like popular like mainstream, Andrew, David, all of them. See what they're trending and then we see what's going on. I probably say like Google something. Probably Instagram. Instagram I always see Asians with the best clothes on Instagram. I don't really know a good way to find other Asian creatives. Of course I'm in China so I cannot access to Instagram but we have like a lot of fashion social community, online community in China and a lot of my friends around me would like to look at it.   Come on, I know you do man. I don't know, like such sort of like last names like Chen, Lin, I don't know. Generic Asian last names. There's some Asian artists that you might see pop up, like Viral Asians. Can you name any? There's this like band. Is it ADA Rising? Like Higher Brothers? Is it a K-pop? Yeah, I think it might be. Yes. Yes, that's what it is, that's what it is. So there's really no good way to search for Asians because you know if you search for like Asian tag on Instagram I guess you can but not every Asian person is going to tag themselves. Exactly, exactly. So what if I told you there's like a website that would centralize all the Asian artists and Asian foodies and stuff online website, you think that would be? That'd be really dope, I would love that. Yeah, it can make everything a lot easier. I'll use it to see what's trending right now because Asian people usually have their own things in common. So if we meet all the Asians, the Asian community get bigger, you know, it's just growing. I mean I check it out, yeah I haven't heard anything like that. Yeah, I know that sounds so cool. That'd be dope as f*** you should do it. You lying. That's not true. You lying.  It ain't that hard. I'm just trying to put it all on one website. Would you go to it? Hell yeah. Hell yeah, for facts. It makes things a lot easier, you know. As an African-American I find like I have a lot of websites and if I need to find like my people for an event, I can go on a website, I can go on black positive, you know, and anything and you can find like color by code and you can pull up so many, so much information, so many networking opportunities. What if I told you that you could also submit your information so that other people could find what you do? Oh, I would do, I would submit my information too. A big shout out to Wix for sponsoring this video. We've been working closely with them on a series called Make It Happen. Check out the link down below here. Shout out to Wix. Hey, what's up guys? My name is Ryan Benson. What's up guys? My name is Tracy, aka DJ Trey. Yo, what's going on everybody? It's Nelson Champ of Open Life. Hey, everyone. My name is Paul. Oh, what's going on? I'm Jimmy. Last name is Zang. Hey, Michael Lee. What's up y'all? My name is Jack. I'm a half Filipino, half Irish model and aspiring YouTuber. So I'm available for food and travel, hosting YouTube collabs and acting roles. We'd love to collaborate on AZM creatives. I'm the resident DJ at Mission Nightclub here in New York City. I also have a super blog called Super Barbie. Where I just post about, you know, daily streetwear, things like that. If any of you guys want to collab with me, if any of you guys have an upcoming super band and want to collab, just let me know. Give me up. Or if you guys are looking for a DJ, just give me up at AsianCreatives.com. I run a basketball and sneaker YouTube channel along with Instagram. I'm looking for directors, producers, editors or anyone who's interested in basketball and sneakers. Find me on AsianCreatives.com and let's get it popped. I'm based out in Los Angeles, but I'm always in New York and other states in the country.  I'm a freelance video producer and I work with sound. I work with camera. And I'm also bilingual. I can speak Chinese. So find me on AsianCreatives.com. I'm a comedian, entertainer on YouTube and Facebook. So yeah, man. Check me out at AsianCreatives. Yeah, I'm just looking to connect with more creators in New York, whether it be behind the scenes, editors or producers. Anybody. I'm just looking out for more creators. I am a New York City-based creative producer. I am mainly on videography and photography. I mainly work in music videos and editorial photography. You can find me on AsianCreatives.com. And that's me. I'm an entrepreneur, model, investor based in New York City. I'm in a few restaurants out here. If you are a photographer looking to shoot or have a good business idea trying to pitch, I'm happy to hear it out. You can find me on AsianCreatives. All right, everybody. Thank you so much for watching that video. I hope you found it really, really useful. Like I said, AsianCreatives or AsianCreatives, if you want to call it, it is live right now. You do not have to be Asian to submit, but obviously it's going to be a great place for everybody to find other Asians there. So hopefully it's useful for that. It just mirrors something that was a goal of our channel for many, many years. Let me know in the comments below if you find that website useful. And until next time, I'm out. Peace. So again, everybody, be sure to check out the link down below and get your website started with Wix today. It's super easy. Definitely check it out, wix.com. Click on the link right down below. One where you're like how to make flights like fun or something like that. Yeah. Thanks for doing it. Thanks for doing it. Yo, you saw that video. It looks so familiar. Who are you? Andrew. Andrew, yeah. Yo, thanks, Nick. I appreciate it, man.


These are young people who study in our schools, they play in our neighborhoods, they're friends with our kids, they pledge allegiance to our flag. They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in every single way but one, on paper. I wasn't sure how I was going to be able to afford housing and food because my parents are very low income. Three weeks before like starting fall semester, I did not know where I was going to live. Each year, millions of students graduate from American high schools. Counted among that mass of proud graduates are about 65,000 undocumented students. Unlike their classmates, this moment of achievement is muted by the fact that their path to higher education continues to be a challenge. The concerns of tuition, affordable housing and food affect these students much more significantly. Here in Berkeley, undocumented students had the idea of living together in a house in an effort to relieve the issue of housing and security for students like themselves. Director of the Chicano Latino Student Development Office, Lupe Gallegos, has been involved in the development of this home since its origin. So the idea was actually by students who were facing these kind of issues around economic issues of not being able to pay that much money. So Linda Sanchez, who was a student, basically said with a couple of the students, Jesus and other chewing, said to let's do a cooperative living situation. And so they did, they got together. I think there was about four or five of them. And their first house, they were able to pull their research together, put down payment on a house, and that became the first dream house. An undocumented housing space such as Casa Sin Fronteras is vital in helping the undocumented community combat the issue of affordable housing. Housing is huge for all students, but it takes a double burden or a triple burden for undocumented students. The question is like, how many students have had the chance to come to Berkeley, right? Have been accepted, but because of their legal status, they haven't had the opportunity or the resources to find housing. Now named Casa Sin Fronteras, the house has decided to move away from the dreamers narrative in an effort to include all members of the undocumented community. We acknowledge that the movement, the undocumented movement is moving away from the term dreamers because the term dreamers is not inclusive to the large narrative of the undocumented community. Eight student residents, such as Oscar and Tanya, work to remove barriers to higher education in Berkeley for the undocumented community by addressing the issue of housing insecurity and putting the focus back on personal development in academics. I think by creating a space that welcomes undocumented students, it shows that Berkeley is here to aid that population because I know in other UCs, there's no such thing as a house where undocumented students are welcome. So vision is to have housing security for undocumented students, right where we don't have to worry about that, but instead develop our leadership skills, our scholarly skills, focus on our school and our career where we then could help give back to our community. Although this group of undocumented students have started the initiative to address the issue of housing insecurity, there are still important concerns that must be addressed. Well, I think it's important to have a place like this. And even though right now we're outside of camp, we're an organization outside of campus, I hope that like the house becomes part of campus like in the years to come. We only have spaces and it's very limiting, but there's so many. UC Berkeley has like the number one undocumented population out of all the UCs. So we need a bigger house. Casa Sin Fronteras has impacted these students' lives in countless ways, and they hope to continue to break down the borders that the undocumented community at UC Berkeley face every day. When you first come to UC Berkeley, you might find yourself a little lost. Like, who can I tell that I'm undocumented? Who can I express that I'm a different type of student? Is everybody here understands what I'm going through? Home is where you grow, I feel. Home is your intimate, personal, safe space where you should feel comfortable, you should feel like safe to say how you feel, to express how you think. So this space being offered as that space, as at home, I want my peers to continue growing, continue like, and get to the point where they feel comfortable with their identity, comfortable to say I'm undocumented and unafraid, and I'm going to help other peers feel the same way or feel empowered in the same sense.