Thank you so much. Welcome, everyone. I'm really glad that you joined me this afternoon. And I would like to start my presentation on Belarus with a quote from the last statement at the trial of the opposition candidate, Vladimir Nikolayev. Here is the quote. When the interrogation finished and we could have more or less human-like conversation with my investigation officer, he told me a story about his youngest son. His son goes to the kindergarten. While walking home, the father asks a usual question. What is interesting things have you done today? We learned to speak English, says his son, bouncing. Oh, really, amazes the father. So what words have you learned? Thank you. Thank you and goodbye in Belarusian. He replies a Belarusian boy to his Belarusian father. The investigation officer of the State Security Committee, KGB, Colonial of Justice, thought he told a really funny story and pondered over it for a while when I asked, do you have any idea what you have just told me? Here is a short quote, and I will start my presentation. The December 19th events have proved to be a shock therapy for some of those who have been either fatigued or reluctant to Belarus issue. Europlas dictator Lukashenko retained the presidency of Belarus and in the night after the election, by using brutal violence and massive arrests, showed to the world that he had no intentions to lose in situation in the country. Lukashenko's irony after the election night events was more than shocking. During the interview for the Washington Post, Lukashenko said, if it were to happen again tomorrow, I would do the same thing I did at that time. Or we told you clearly that there is no less democracy in Belarus than there is in the United States. How come that today in the 21st century in the middle of Europe, almost next to our doors, we have the dictator who is cynical enough to announce that he would be happy to release all political prisoners? But not because he acknowledged his mistakes, but because it's too expensive for the state to keep them in prison. Before analyzing what had happened in Minsk on 19 December and talking on the current day's economic crackdown in Belarus, I would like to touch several points. Pre-conditions, which are usually identified as one of the main reasons why Belarus is ruled by the dictator already for almost 20 years. This is a question of identity or non-identity. Some scientists think that the most dangerous feature of communist countries is nationalism and ethnic policy, but Belarus' case is specific. Although nationalism and patriotism were the key force in defeating the totalitarian Soviet empire, in Belarus they were weak and rudimentary. The lack of national ideas now identified as one of the reasons why Alexander Lukashenko came to power. It is no secret that Belarus has taken the leading position in the Soviet Union on a number of economic indicators. It was also the leader in the spheres of Russification and development of Homo Sovieticus. The prototype of a Soviet man is still being created by banning national symbols, reconstructing historical facts, and marginalizing the Belarusian language. Finally, the national ideology became a matter of concern, and its mission was to provide the governing regime with additional legitimacy and return to the last socialist illusion, illusions that were destroyed during the years of Perestroika to the people of Belarus. According to Robert Nisbet, the community is the fusion of thinking and feeling, tradition and commitments, membership and will. Despite the fact that the Belarusian society is quite homogeneous, the sense of community is not explicitly expressed. Even during the Tsarist times, the Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians were named the same Russians. One of the essential elements of ethnicity, the language, both in the Soviet times and during Lukashenko's rule, has been consistently suppressed. Thus, the uniqueness of the Belarusian language has not become the basis for community. This is illustrated by the act that even the president of Belarus mocked the Belarusian language and said that English and Russian are the only great languages in the world. Another factor of no less importance, historical memory, also testifies the great affection of the Soviet rather than independent past. It is clear that the idea of an independent state does not exist in the historical memory of Belarusians, not to mention a very brief period in the beginning of the interwar years. And for the majority of Belarusian people, the past of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is not very important. Many Belarusians become svelte with greater pride while recalling the Soviet past to be more precise the victory over Nazi Germany. It is not secret that major disaster unite people and Belarus had been in the front line for a long time, was devastated and lost one-third of its population. What is more, the discourse of the country of the Second World War heroes is constantly explored in the Belarusian society. This neither the history nor the language are essential elements of the Belarusian community. The independent thought has been suppressed since the years of Stalin when the greater part of creative intelligentsia was destroyed. The deconstruction of identity and the lack of unifying idea were very favorable actors for the totalitarian regime aiming at atomizing the society as much as possible. In Belarus, it is possible to talk about the negative identity. The Belarusians are aware of what they are not, but do not fully understand what they are. Labour Force, another factor I would like to touch before going into nowadays is fear in the society. Labour Force is insparable from the so-called framework contracts. The system regime regulates that the state has to renew the contract of employment with its officials. In practice, it means that the regime may simply terminate the contract if, for example, specific citizens are not obedient enough to the regime. Similar rules apply to the students. Dillingen ones are removed from the universities, lose the opportunity to acquire higher education and find a better job in the future. This situation indicates that in the state where status in the society is determined by the opposition of punishment and rewards, then by the system of qualification and competence, motivating elements are fear and obedience, not innovations and initiative. It is no wonder that people are passive, indecisive and ruled by distrust. They prefer the system to resistance. In other words, Belarusians are quite practical and rational. A bird in hand is better than two in the bush. It is much better to have something that system can give, especially as in the current situation, many do not see any alternatives. The fundamental obstacle of social change is the weakness of community that gives space for the authorities' development. Due to alienation, mistrust and suspicion and fear for changes in status, loss of job or place of study, repression, as well as the absence of additional motivation, the Belarusians themselves are unable to initiate social change. And what is more, try to avoid them. Society is more inclined to adapt to the current situation and belief in fostering the vision of stability rather than to take a radical change without clear alternatives and guarantees. In the case of Belarus, in order to move the stagnation of society, it is necessary to work with the idea of community, which may affect the motivation of the Belarusians and reduce the tendencies of alienation. On the other hand, it is necessary to develop a clear alternative that would offset the conformist and fear of change. These are fundamental presumptions for social change. And the last point here is control of access to information. Today, the system functioning in Belarus effectively restricts the resident's access to information, alternative to state-run Belarusian press and television. The access to the internet is expensive in Belarus. Moreover, the state provider separately charges for access to domestic and foreign IP addresses. The latest respectively significantly more expensive. State-controlled pricing policy allows for effective limitation of the search for information online. The internet is rarely used to get information, browse, and search for the latest news. Usually, the resident's use of internet is limited to virtual communication and entertainment. Only 38% of adult Belarusian population uses the internet. Just 15% use it on a daily basis. The most active group of internet consumers is about 40% of all internet users is residents of 18 to 24 years of age. Almost 70% of the internet users live in cities. Not only the control of digital space enhances the propaganda possibilities, but it also allows more effective control over civil society. The most active internet users are socially active Belarusians. In Belarus, civic activities are mostly concentrated in the digital space. Internet news, portals, various media platforms, and personal blogs are not only a way to get alternative information in Belarus, they also serve as socializing factors, encouraging participation in civic social initiatives. The internet has become the central location, uniting the Belarusian opposition and civil society. As Lukashenko regime severely restricts civic space offline, formation of civic society debates and information exchange take place in cyberspace. The 2010 presidential election campaign also partly relocated its activities from real space to virtual. What was general situation in Belarus before the presidential elections? The 2010 presidential elections of Belarus were much more dynamic to compare with those that took place in 2006. The Belarusian Democrats hailed the results of the opinion poll, which demonstrated that the approval rating of Lukashenko has plummeted down. Yet in September, various sociological studies indicated that the approval rating of the current president of Belarus swung between 33 to 47%. Although Lukashenko was endorsed by at least one third of the electorate, in theory it did not guarantee an undisputed victory during the first election round. Namely, this naive and purely mechanical calculation was the main source of hope for the Belarusian opposition. Such a prospect has become even more welcomed due to Russia's position towards Belarus that had been more extreme than usually. Traditional disputes over the prices and tariffs of gas and other energy resources, recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the issues of the customs union were supplemented by the active information confrontation. Russia's NTV television produced three films that revealed some facts from Lukashenko's political biography previously unknown to the public. In its turn, official Minsk also did not hesitate to make any comments about Moscow and even arrange an interview with Georgian president Mikhail Sakashvili. The greater part of opposition and international political players observed such changes in the relations of long-standing allies from two different angles. As a possibility of political change in Belarus, based on the assumption that without Moscow's support Lukashenko's position is extremely vulnerable, the members of more radical opposition even hoped that Russia could refuse to recognize the results of the presidential elections. And as a geopolitical threat, as intensifying Russian rhetorics may only be an introduction in order to discredit and replace Lukashenko with a more favorable and submissive protégé of the Kremlin. Both positions developed a similar election scenario, but assessed it differently. However, both of them were false and misleading as they missed several important aspects, analysis of inconsistent EU policy, Belarus dependence on Russia and understanding of domestic political situation in the country. The EU's position towards Belarus has not been consistent. The thought in the relations between Minsk and the EU, noticeable since 2008, has intensified with the approaching presidential elections and parallel to the mounting tension in Russian-Belorussian relation. In such a context, a certain dilemma occurred. Efforts to cooperate with Minsk meant concessions, or at least apathy, in the affairs of democracy, rule of law, and human rights. In 2010, Russia demonstrated aggressive position towards Belarus and such behavior forced some EU member countries led by Lithuanian president to take over Lukashenko's rhetoric and claim that it is the president of Belarus who guarantees the country's stability. The members of the United Civil Party of Belarus, the largest opposition party, and experts said directly that the aim of the policies of some European countries has turned to saving Lukashenko from the Kremlin. During their visit to Minsk, German and Polish foreign ministers, Westerwelle and Sikorsky, argued that the EU is to accept the elections and even provide financial assistance to Belarus, provided that the elections are free and transparent. Thus, not only Brussels, but also individual EU member states lacked a consistent position. The majority of Lithuanians, Lithuanian foreign policy developers, believe that sincerity of Minsk-Moscow, believed the sincerity of Minsk-Moscow's information war. However, some experts have argued this alleged conflict should have ended just before the presidential elections in Belarus and has been merely Russia's additional tool to press Lukashenko. Russia's influence on Belarus is inevitable. Therefore, any reflections on the ways to outsmart Russia are only illusions. Moreover, any concerns about Russia's intentions to overthrow Lukashenko should answer at least two questions. Firstly, how useful could it be for the Moscow? Secondly, is there any better alternative? Several arguments could be found in order to answer the first question. However, most of them, for example, such as personal insults by Russian president or prime minister tended to be more of emotional nature. Meanwhile, the second question was very pragmatic and typical of any authoritarian regime. In such countries, there are usually no clear alternatives. What was the domestic political situation before the elections? Political split has always been the main problem of Belarus' opposition. However, in 2006, Alexander Milinkiewicz bowed to the pressure of political will and international community and became the unanimous presidential candidate for the democratic forces. Contrary to 2002-2006 election, this time opposition did not have a single candidate. Until mid-2010, Milinkiewicz was undoubtedly the best opposition politician. Milinkiewicz, who discredited himself after the square events, the demonstration held against the outcome of the presidential election in 2006, having failed to consolidate the existing support of Democrats, announced that he had no intentions to participate in the presidential elections early in the election campaign. In total, 16 candidates have expressed their willingness to participate in the 2010 presidential election. 11 of them, including Lukashenko, submitted 11 of them and Lukashenko submitted the required amount of signatures to the election commission. The opposition itself admitted that only Vladimir Nikolayev, Andrei Sainikov, and Yaroslav Romantchuk have been able to collect the required amount of signatures. To register all candidates, even those who failed to collect the required amount of signatures, was a conscious government policy, as a large number of candidates creates the impression of the democratic and transparent election process. On the other hand, this strategy was aimed at splitting up the lukewarm support of the opposition and encouraging internal competition. The Trump chip of Russia was thrown in as well in order to sharpen the internal competition. All the mentioned main opposition candidates, Nikolayev, Sainikov, and Romantchuk, have been accused and linked to the Kremlin's money and influencing public in one form or another. The narrative about Moscow's frontman in Belarus is not a new one. In 2006, the same could be heard about Aleksandr Kozulin, previous presidential candidate. Later, he was jailed for a few years. Although neither specific facts nor evidence existed, the discourse of Russia's frontman has become popular among many Western commentators and politicians. Despite the fact that gaining the support of so-called opposition-getter, or it's about 20% of the population, is quite a great challenge to any of these politicians. Nikolayev was regarded as the second most prominent candidate after Lukashenko. The leader of the civic campaign Tell the Truth that later evolved into a political one clearly had the most generous budget of all opposition candidates. Nikolayev's team has repeatedly called other opposition candidates to withdraw from the election race. Money that was put into the election campaign without greater accountability forced many to believe that Nikolayev has been a Russian project. Others were against the business plan-based model of the Tell the Truth, as a matter of principle. For yet others, particularly to the completely unknown politicians, the ultimate goal was to become official candidate in the presidential elections. In this context, even Nikolayev, who carried out the most active election campaign, performed the function of splitting the opposition. When the election marathon gave the momentum, Nikolayev disclosed an agreement with another opposition candidate, Sainikov, but it was the only and quite delayed achievement in attempting to unite the opposition forces. Sainikov is the former minister of foreign affairs of Belarus and long-time head of the most prominent independent Belarusian website Charter 97. His work experience in the ministry contacts in the Belarusian bureaucracy apparatus, as well as good contacts both in Russia and the US, at least on the theoretical level, suggested that Sainikov would be the best pragmatic candidate. However, as the election race began, no one seriously regarded him as an opponent to Lukashenko. However, in addition, it was argued that Sainikov's election team simply did not have enough money for sustained electoral campaign. Thus the tandem of Nikolayev and Sainikov was a logical consequence. Roman Chuuk has long been known as an independent expert and economist and was one of the leaders of the United Civil Party. The election campaign of the economist with liberal views was based on the slogan million new jobs in Belarus. Roman Chuuk's program could be called the most consistent constructive alternative for the current regime. Most of the candidates have been fulfilling their own personal tasks, slightly increased their presence in public, participated in live debates on national television and just added a record in the curriculum candidate for the presidential elections. Their function was simply to create a proper quasi-democratic background for the elections and imitate their dynamics. To sum up, the abundance of candidates and manipulations with Russia's influence on the opposition candidates were typical means of the divide and conquer principle actively exploited by the Belarusian government. None of the opposition candidates was capable of challenging Lukashenko in such circumstances, huge administrative resources of the official means, minimal possibilities of the Democrats to access to mass media, peculiarities of forming electoral commissions. In the situation described, the only threat to Lukashenko regime was a massive protest, or as the Belarusians themselves said, the square. Unlike 2006, when Milinkiewicz's election team was totally unprepared for massive protests, even a month before the elections, and practically had not considered the possibility of the mass meeting at all, last year almost everyone was talking about the square. The opposition had only one condition. If there was no second round of the presidential elections, it would be assumed that the elections were falsified, and people would be invited to defend their choice in the streets. On 2006 election night, 20,000 people, the majority was the youth, spontaneously gathered in the center of Minsk. In contrast to the previous election, last year the role of youth organizations and initiative was barely visible. Nevertheless, the optimist hoped for a massive protest and the skeptics expected that just a few thousand people will go into the street. Election day 19th of December passed quietly, in the sense that there were no signs that Belarus authorities are preparing provocations and severe attacks over their citizens. In the evening, more than 40,000 people gathered in the streets of Minsk for peaceful protests. No one of them expected so harsh violence. Hundreds of people, almost all opposition candidates were arrested and thrown in KGB jail that night. There are different opinions what provoked such brutality of the regime. Some experts say that Lukashenko got scared of his people. That election results showed that he's losing control over this country. Others, that all commands were given without Lukashenko's knowledge or that international community symbol misinterpreted pre-election maneuvers of the regime. Relatively soft pre-election situation was taken as a commitment to move in the direction of basic democratic principles. Just after the election, it seemed that the regime was willing to erase any signs of pre-election looseness. Part of the party leaders were in jail. Seeds of mistrust were sowed in the opposition political parties. As some leaders, opposition leaders, publicly accused colleagues from opposition as initiating riots. Though almost everyone agreed that most probably these persons were blackmailed, internal opposition political party situation was far from being consolidated and adjusted to new reality. Political parties are still discussing shifts in organizational structures, changes of the leaders, initiating internal discussions of political party coalitions. The constant failures with the political leadership and opposition mark one thing. The perception that we are dealing with political parties is wrong. There is no political opposition in Belarus. We have to admit that that we mostly are dealing with dissidents. And it should be taken into account before any planning and decisions having the upcoming parliamentary elections in Belarus. Grassroots civil society organizations and active citizens in Belarus were usually taken over by political agenda because of the available resources for campaigning. And therefore the civil society representatives were usually adapting to the political cycle of the country. Relatively relaxed situation before the elections has resulted in some kind of awakening in civil society. Number of those willing to engage into public activities increased and soft voices of beliefs in upcoming changes started to rise. However, the repressions after the 19th of December have severely endangered the fragile civil society. The repressions of the regime now are targeting even those activists who had not been active for several years. Reaction of international community just after the election night was timely and joint solidarity was expressed. The question is if the good will would produce real outcomes. The main concern is whether there is enough political will regarding the unified long-term perspective on Belarus. It is worth to think maybe this situation could become a momentum even for renovation of the transatlantic community. And now all the latest events in Belarus about the economic downturn in the country. For many years Lukashenko remained popular in Belarus because of economic stability. Some experts passed several years of Belarus economic development named as a unique or even successful economic model or sometimes even economic miracle. However, latest economic developments in the country are of no surprise for those who carefully follow political processes in Belarus. It is not a secret that the swing of Belarus economics and social policy depends on a political cycle. It has already became a common thing that before the election Belarus authorities increased pensions and salaries so trying to avoid any disorders in the society. After the election authorities usually tighten the belts and external forces were always to blame. This year's scenario is very similar though in a very ungrateful situation because of the significantly decreased support from Russia. For many years Lukashenko was balancing the country's economy by reselling Russian oil and gas. In such a luxurious situation official Minsk flourished until 2007. After 2007 Belarus economy was being stabilized due to external loans and the last five years national debt increased by five times. In 2010 Kremlin changed its rhetoric towards Lukashenko. Aggressive politics and hard rhetoric surprised not only Lukashenko. International community even started the discussions where the Russia was interested in changing leader of Belarus. Such situation increased expectations in the European Union that due to hard position of Russia Lukashenko might be interested in considering to start gradual democratization processes in the country. Leaders of Poland and Germany even have promised three billion euros if presidential election in Belarus would be democratic. Russia's pressure on Lukashenko is of no surprise for international expert community. Belarus leader is famous for his capacity to maneuver between east and west. So he has never been a safe partner for either Russia or the EU. Nevertheless as I already mentioned before change of Russia's tactics was not aimed to overthrow Lukashenko. Russia's pressure was directed towards privatization processes in Belarus. Russia by different tactical maneuvers was trying to accelerate privatization of large Belarus enterprises. This in turn would increase Belarus dependence on Moscow. If Moscow takes over strategic industrial enterprises Lukashenko will have little space for maneuvering. And finally this would result in the loss of power over the country. However I could not agree with the expert for a casting for Belarus Tunisian scenario already announcing collapse of the regime. Lukashenko has a huge arsenal of different instruments for controlling the situation. First of all Russia will never let Belarus to bankrupt. In return for the credits Minsk step by step will dispose some Belarus enterprises like mobile telecommunication company, giant of motor industry and others. But only part of Belarus railways or post could also be considered as object of negotiations. On a privatization shelves Lukashenko has many more objects that are of Russian interest. Following calculations of different experts Lukashenko's privatization package amount up to 50 billion dollars. Recently it was announced that Lukashenko is selling Belarus Kali, the fourth largest potash producer globally. The reported price of Belarus Kali is 30 billion euro, yes euros. In parallel Belarus is requesting a new economic rescue loan at the International Monetary Fund. Belarus Prime Minister said the government has asked for IMF loan between three and eight billion dollars for the next three to five years. Belarus last received loan of three and a half billion for 2009 and 2010 when the global financial crisis was starting its Soviet style economy. This week Lukashenko will be also given 800 million dollars and another 2.2 billion will follow over the next three years by the Eurasian Economic Community a post-Soviet integration block nominated by Russia. The most important requirement of the loan is the privatization of state-owned assets of Belarus, which are worth 7.5 billion dollars. This year's devaluation of Belarusian currency was the largest in the world for the 20 past years according to the World Bank. Independent media already called the day of official devaluation the Black Tuesday. The National Bank of Belarus officially exchanged rate against the dollar by 36% in May. However, it is still impossible to freely convert Belarusian rubles into foreign currency because very few are willing to sell. Unable to buy foreign currency Belarusians are now trying to get rid of their rubles by buying consumer goods such as refrigerators, furniture and furniture and other goods. That helps Belarusian producers but lawyers the values of the Belarusian currency even further. I would like to conclude my presentation by quoting one of our experts and he says that Belarus does not have a problem because it has Lukashenko but it has Lukashenko because of its problems. Thank you very much.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we are going to discuss about the North Korean missile programs as the tension between North Korea and America grows. To discuss the issue we have with us, Deira Gunandan, who is a defense analyst and also member of the Delhi Science Forum. Welcome to NewsClick, Raghu. So, Raghu, how big threat do the North Korean missiles pose for the United States, at least if not the mainland, but its bases, and is Hawaii within the range of its missiles? I think first we have to distinguish between the threat directly to the United States and the threat that the North Korean nuclear and missile program poses to its immediate neighborhood, particularly to South Korea and Japan. Because whether or not the US is directly attacked, if South Korea is attacked or if Japan is attacked, the United States automatically comes into the picture. And we are then looking at the possibility of a widening of the conflict inside the region in the Korean Peninsula and in Japan, which then stands the risk of sucking in the United States on the one hand and China on the other. And in fact, the reason why China is particularly perturbed at this crisis is because of this. Because whether or not the United States is attacked, China is going to get sucked into this conflict if there is a problem in South Korea or in Japan. Having said that, North Korea has its perhaps best tested missile. Are its relatively short range missiles which have about a 1000 kilometer range? These are called Rodong or Nodong missiles. And at 1000 kilometers range, they can virtually cover all of South Korea and some parts of Japan. In fact, during a recent test, one of the missiles landed not inside Japanese territory, but inside the Japanese economic zone waters. About 200 miles kilometers to the west of Japan, near the United States military base in northern Japan. It is called Misawa. So, the potential of this shorter range missile of causing havoc in South Korea and of reaching parts of Japan is strong enough to cause a regional conflagration and doing it. Okinawa is much further away. And in order to reach Okinawa, the North Koreans do have a missile. They have what is called the Hoasong 10 missiles, also often called the Musudan missile. There have been a few tests. But none of these tests have been particularly convincing. And these missiles are therefore not considered very reliable threats as of today. They could have ranges up to about 4000 kilometers and are therefore, maybe they can reach Guam if stretched a bit. Hawaii is way out of range. And so is the continental United States for which Korea would have to rely on its ICBMs, the much longer range missiles. So far, North Korea has tested one or two technology demonstrator versions of the Taipodong 1 and 2 series of missiles. The actual closer tests are perhaps the satellite launch North Korea has done, which seems to have been successful. And it is believed that this rocket meant for satellite launching can also then be modified for developing a long-range intercontinental ballistic missile. But most experts believe this is at least five to six years away from what we are looking now. So in answer to your question, the United States directly perhaps does not face a threat maybe for the next six years or seven years. So Raghuja pointed out that it will take five to six more years for them to develop this long-range missiles. What are the technical problems that their program is currently facing? If you look at the intercontinental ballistic missile, as I said, North Korea seems still to be about six or seven years away from possessing the rocket technologies required. You require a multi-stage rocket to reach the necessary altitude above the earth and be able to come back to a distance of about 10 to 11,000 kilometers away from the launch site. If you want an effective missile system, then you also want it to be relatively concealed. If the country you are targeting, let us say the United States can easily see where it is being launched from, they could attack the site. So countries which are serious about their missile programs would have silos which are very deep underground or have mobile launches which you can cart quickly on the back of a truck from one place to another. That gives you what is called a second strike capability. So even if one site is struck, you can attack from another site. North Korea, it is not known whether it has developed any of these or not. Apart from what is yet not known whether it has the intercontinental missiles, they have apparently shown these ICBMs during recent military displays in Pyongyang. But most experts believe these are dummies or mockups and that North Korea is still, as I said, six to seven years away from a long-range rocket. Then the question is of the warhead itself. Now North Korea has tested missiles a number of times and of late we have seen very frequent such tests. But nuclear tests have been, explosive tests have been few and far between and it is not yet known whether North Korea has tested large bombs or whether it has tested miniaturized warheads. And you do require miniaturized warheads if we are talking long-range missiles because the smaller the warheads are, the longer the range of the rocket that you can carry and obviously the greater the impact that the weapon will have once it strikes. All the weapons tests that North Korea has conducted so far, none of them seem to have exceeded about 20 kilotons of yield, which is about one and a half times the size of the Hiroshima bomb. Now nobody in a serious mind will use a long-range ICBM for a 20 kiloton yield. Normally, most countries with intercontinental ballistic missiles have yields tens or maybe even hundreds of times greater than this in a megaton type of yield. North Korea is not known to have a nuclear weapon of that yield. Secondly, we do not know at all whether North Korea has miniaturized its warhead sufficiently to make for an effective ICBM. And third, in terms of the delivery system, the warhead will be sitting on top of the rocket, which will carry it, then it must go to altitude, then re-enter the earth's atmosphere where friction is huge. It will cause temperature to go to several thousand degrees celsius. So, you need a shield to protect the spacecraft or in this case warhead as it comes through the atmosphere and it is not known at all whether North Korea has developed the re-entry systems. The designs that they draw is from 1970s. It is a 1970 Soviet design. So, what do you have to say about that? And also if you look at when we talk about the neighboring countries and also if you look at India, Iran, which are much bigger economies if we compare to them, so at what place are we at the present context? The very early development of North Korean missiles were Soviet origin designs, SCUD type missiles and variations of the SCUDs, which we all know from recent development in the Middle East. A lot of countries have got these rather crude SCUD type missiles. But then now you have got variations of the SCUDs, which are more sophisticated and North Korea by now has moved away from those earlier Soviet era designs and in fact also from the earlier Chinese designs which they also received. And North Korea has for long used its missile development and production technologies as a means of technology transferred to other countries, as a means to either earn foreign currency or to get components for nuclear weapons technology. It is well known for example that North Korea supplied its Rodong short range missiles that we have been talking about to Pakistan in exchange for Pakistani expertise and technology in uranium enrichment and in centrifuge designs, which is how North Korea started its work in uranium enrichment for their weapons production program. This has been confessed to by the former and late Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, by former Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, by former President Parvez Musharraf and of course by AQ Khan himself. And these missiles which North Korea gave to Japan were named by Pakistan as the Ghori missiles. Very similar experience was there when North Korea exported its missiles in fairly large numbers in the several hundreds to Iran in exchange perhaps for hard currency deals, which Iran named as Shahab 1 and Shahab 2 missiles. Then Iran on its own further upgraded these missiles for a longer range of about 1,500 or 1,600 kilometers, which Iran called the Gadar missiles. However, I would say that at least over the last 15 years, it's doubtful whether North Korea has any ongoing collaboration with any other country with China, with Iran, with Pakistan, with anybody regarding actual ongoing collaboration for missile development or missile technology. What of course North Korea does like most other countries engaged in weapons or missile development do is to procure materials and components from the international gray market, which is wide open in western Europe, in eastern Europe, in Russia, and also in Japan and China from which components and materials are procured by North Korea. So, I would say in terms of the economy, even though the North Korea has a more narrow industrial base in terms of capability than a country like India is less strong economically than India or Iran, North Korea is prepared to put in a greater proportion of its resources into its weapons and missile program than perhaps a country like India is prepared to do and also is prepared to devote a much larger part of its scientific and technological manpower, put them into the missile and nuclear program, whatever its cost may be, even if they are not deployed elsewhere in the North Korean economy. Thank you for watching NewsClick.


Today on the heartbeat, we introduce you to a doctor who has dedicated his life to unraveling the mysteries of medicine through the lens of a microscope. Shepherding interdisciplinary teams, developing promising therapeutic drugs and device products at the Texas Heart Institute, Dr. Darren Woodside works with scholars here in Houston and internationally. We sat down with him to learn more about how his curiosity as a child launched an executive career in the largest medical complex in the world. Good morning, Dr. Woodside. Thank you so much for being with us today. My pleasure. So how did you get into medicine? Well, I've always been very curious as an individual, at a very young age. Curiosity is kind of one of the underlying characteristics of a scientist. I've also been very driven by discovery and so when you combine curiosity with discovery into research that can actually help patients overall, it's a very fulfilling field. So what's the most exciting part of your job at THI? You know, I had a background in basic and translational science for a long time and now I'm in more of a role that's helping to formulate some of the direction that the institute goes with respect to research. And so being able to directly see how research affects patients is one of the best aspects I think of working at THI and so going from both bench to bedside is really the mantra of THI. In the last, you know, three years, how has research evolved? You know, sometimes we go off the beaten path a little bit where the science takes us and I think it was Pasteur has said, chance favors a prepared mind and so, you know, when we find an avenue of research that can help a lot of different people, maybe not even in cardiovascular disease, we follow it. How are things changing post COVID, would you say? You know, Dr. Emerson Perron is an investigator on, he was selected to be a site for the federal program in operation warp speed, which is designing or coming up with clinical trials to test new treatment strategies for COVID-19. But in the long term, it'll be more on dealing with the long term consequences of COVID-19 disease, right? So the virus that causes it can have a lot of implications in cardiovascular disease. You can have a lot of heart issues that pop up after COVID-19 infection. I mean, it's not that much different than other respiratory viruses or viruses that affect the lungs and things like influenza. The flu, yeah. Yeah, so the flu, you know, there's always been a link with cardiovascular disease in the flu. In fact, there are studies that show that basically after the flu, there might be a six-fold increase in your chance of having a heart attack or a stroke. And so the changes that occur in the heart and the long-term consequences of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19, are going to be some areas that we'll need to focus on. Dr. Woodside's team of investigators includes leading scientists, engineers, and doctors who are doubling down on some of the most cutting-edge treatments and partnering with experts near and far to accelerate the advancement of therapies into the clinic. So tell me about the main area of focus that you have here at THI, or main areas of focus. There's multiple ones. So right now, we have five to six basic thematic areas of research. And these involve our historical research in assist devices and mechanical assist devices, total artificial heart. We have gene therapy programs. We have programs in regenerative medicine research. We have programs in electrophysiology trying to develop wireless and leadless pacemakers for the heart. And we also have stem cell programs or cell-based therapies that Dr. Amerson-Parran has spearheaded throughout his career here at THI. There's going to be some positive data coming out probably in the next three to four months so that demonstrating very, very good success in heart failure patients when there are cells that are directly injected into their heart muscle. And so these cells have a general anti-inflammatory effect, and they seem to be very, very beneficial in heart failure patients that are very early in disease progression. As I mentioned before, it might be surprising that, for viewers, that THI hasn't had direct patient care in the past. And now we have clinicians that our THI clinicians are directly involved in patient care through the Texas Heart Institute. We have, like I said before, the soup to nuts, the full research ecosystem, if you will, of translational research into patient care with our clinicians. So is there anything else that you'd like to add that we haven't touched on? Well, just at the excitement around Texas Heart Institute now with our new President and CEO, Dr. Drew Rogers, joining us in about a month, we're going to see expansion of our research. We're going to see shoring up the research that we have now and identifying the next areas that we really want to identify the next first. From cell therapy and regenerative medicine to gain changing treatments for patients with heart rhythm problems and heart failure, THI is thriving under Dr. Woodside's leadership. We look forward to seeing you next time for a new episode. For the heartbeat, I'm Maya Pomroy.


Welcome to Unit 4 of Introduction to American Politics. This unit will discuss one of the main conflicts that arose during the drafting of the Constitution. Some folks, known as anti-Federalists, want the Constitution to define individual civil liberties. These rights were outlined in the first ten amendments, more commonly known as the Bill of Rights. In this unit, we'll touch on the difference between civil liberties and civil rights.  This unit should take about ten hours to complete, and there will be another self-graded assessment at the end. Good luck!


I tell you, I am exposed to a lot of DJs, so me being impressed by DJs, see, I see, how it gets, ah, same, ah, ah. Sorry, sorry, what do you say about the show? Say that breakfast show with a blittiest breakfast show in this here town. And if you don't trust me, in fact, I strongly recommend you don't trust me. Just don't even take my word for it. Don't believe me. Watch Monday all the way to Friday. We are away in the morning. And you can find us on White5Four on Facebook, White5Four on Twitter, White5Four on the scroll, channel on a diagram, White5Four channel on YouTube and a hashtag. All the day is social for Friday. We need to vow for a long time. And I don't know, I don't know who to address. It's true, I said it calling to Omba, but listen, listen, listen. If we are meeting for the first time around February, I love who you ask me my name and I tell you it's Valentine. I'm not joking. It's not a joke. Say it to me and tell me it's Christmas. Don't do it. Don't do it. Okay, it's not. No, I'm tired. My name is Shisana and my name has remained Valentine and all these years, I cannot. Say this in an image that's there. Okay. Hashtag. It's social for Friday. So remember, we are asking you a question on our socials and we're trying to figure out what is your favorite Genghe tone of the year. The year is the same. Around sometime like this last year, we were enjoying Mending 2020 until COVID-19 decided to disrupt us the next month. But I feel hopeful. Yes, I'm very, very hopeful for today. And that is an actual song. So let me read your comments. Let me know in the comments.  It's quite give off. It takes. Just DM. Don't be like that. Even if you were to tell Reggie, he's doing a great job because I definitely think he's doing a great job. If you want to ask him for a request, please do it. And you know how to do it? At WhiteFive on Facebook, WhiteFive on Twitter. Hashtag is social for Friday. All right. So get in into the comment section. Do I have my game face on? I really hope I have my game face on. Hey. How do you find energy to wake up this early? But thank you for doing it. We are the Manjays on Star Student. I don't know how to use words but I heard that language is a good word. Maybe. I don't know how to use it but I have to be a good doctor. But I know how to use it when there's an ambulance. Why? So I'm scared. Ah, oh, hi, I'm scared. Happy Valentine's. I hope you're okay. I hope you're feeling loved today.  Captain Wiki says all the way from Okwaro to and then DJ Kanya Giliya, break up or half of the story. Okay, all right, I think I understand. Supoya Chapo no kona, Mu Tuatip Merut kondani, Tom Amont says he could suffice and I'll shake her legs now son. Kara just says, well, well. Mori Musyok says, ah, Empeza say hi, here I'm doing, I'm doing a studio and I'm doing a neighbor. Neighbor and I'm doing this. I'm going to ask Suboya, what is your neighbor doing? Mori's focus is to come and get you to come and call her. Kaguai Ule Mojas ma kalale. Hmm, kalale near this here. Yeah, we'll just, near this here, just no, no, no, no, no, no. Okay, we'll talk about that later. But Brian Kimutai says, he's a designer. He's a one of our, uh, Nanguji says, turned. Kalale wayuna says, kondani, that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's That's That's And please allow me to allow them to introduce themselves. Yes? Yes. Okay. Hi guys. Hi. You guys look amazing. Thank you very much. Allow me to start with the queen because it's a lady's work. Sure, you have stopped traffic. I'm sure there's an accident that has happened today because of your sundae. Just tell the truth. It's okay. You don't have to be modest here. It's a safe space. What's your name? Maybe. Look at you. Hey. Confess. She looks amazing. She looks amazing. Yeah. Ladies and gentlemen, please introduce yourself. I'm Karima Tatiana. Yeah. I do marketing and sales and model part time. Marketing and sales? Yeah. Marketing and sales? Yeah. I think I chose the wrong degree guys. The wrong one. Please tell us how to find you on social media. Okay. All my platforms Karima Tatiana. Karima underscore Tatiana. Yeah. I saw you in a video somewhere but we'll talk about that later. So please introduce yourself. I'm Tony Sunday. I do TikTok videos. I wouldn't say I'm a, you know, if I say are you a TikToker. No, I'm not a TikToker. I just do TikTok videos. And you can find me on Tony's channel on TikTok and Tony's channel on Instagram and Facebook. On my personal life, I do advertising, outdoor advertising on the small scale. And apart from that, I love Y254. Eh. Yeah. We'll talk about food time. Yeah. We're not that tired of this. Okay. By TikTok videos, do you mean that Jason Derulo is doing? Okay. I'm a hapo too. I'm a hapo too. I don't, I don't really do much of the... I'm known for balloon videos on TikTok in Kenya. So yeah, it's hashtag balloonpapa on TikTok. So Tony's Kenya is the guy who pops balloons. So if you ask anyone, have you seen the guy who pops balloons? Yeah. It's Tony's Kenya. That's me. I'm going to have so much fun asking questions.   And I really like that song. Just by the way. Just by the way. Yes. Yeah. So how is that? How is that working with the industry, the music industry as a fix? And do you get backlash? Do you... What kind of... I want to ask what kind of feedback you get. But it's not really feedback. Do you get support? Do you get backlash? What's happening there? I'm so far because being a tough... Since I started... My journey started in 2016, yeah? That's when I did my first video. So since then I've done a couple. It's been tough. But so far, I have support from my family and my friends. And that's what matters. At first, my mom was a bit... You know, she's... Concerned. Yeah. She's religious. She's concerned. So by the time I was like... Just dressed like that in the videos. I don't go walking around like that.  So yeah.  You know what you're doing. As long as you don't embarrass me, she's fine. Okay, you sound so sweet. I have a video and a performance. I don't know if it's okay, but it's what I should do. I don't think we can play the song. But you sound so sweet in the performance. Thank you. How do you balance being a creative on the side and then sales and marketing? Do they compliment each other or are you two different people? Like, do you have a job, sales and marketing or something? Not that different. Because you know when you come to marketing and sales, you have to talk to people. You have to... That's where... I think that's where I really got my confidence from. Oh! Yeah, from marketing and sales because they're equal to talk to people, different kinds of people, different characters, personalities. So that's where I got my confidence to do modeling because you know if I have... I can talk to different people, different personalities. I can be in front of a camera. Like, you know, just be me. This once I did a feature. It was behind the scenes for a particular video. So we went to, okay, I will be vague with the details because it's a long time ago. And by long I mean 2021. So I won't say 2019 of sorts. And I had the opportunity to see behind the scenes of a particular video being shot. It was part of my four-upper-quad route job. And we were trying to interact with the model on the job but she could not speak for days. I was trying. Like, mommy, please just talk to us. Tell us how you're feeling. Like, what's going on here? What's your experience? What do you do when you're not doing this? And she was just giving me plans. Like, I'm tired. So I thought in my head, like, that's it for all victims. It's just look. But come there and she double look at you. So, you know, affluent and you're talking and it's communication going on. So when did you get that? Or it's still linked to the sales and marketing job? Now, personally, I'm not, I think I'm very talkative if I know you. But rather that you have to, like we have to say it, you have to indulge me into a conversation. But apart from that, I really love dancing. So I think most of the confidence, too, comes from dancing. So when I dance... You're in luck for the bad DJ. And by bad, I mean mad. And by mad, I mean really good. But not really, I will rebuke you. But that's the topic for another day. Let me come back to you kind, sir. Tell me about all this balloon popping. Actually, the idea came in when I first did it. And that is when now the pandemic came in and now we had to stay at home. The bees went down, so thinking, what can I do? Then you see guys doing videos and then you think, what can I do outside the box?  I can't dance. She can dance. Oh, yeah. Then you see others, people making makeup videos. So I'm like, what can I do that can really make me pop out? Then I... Okay, it was my birthday. March, actually, 29th. No, by then. Not today. So it was your 3rd birthday. Yeah, it was my birthday in March. So the balloons come about and I make a small video with balloons and from there, I start to develop more. So I get attached to balloons so I start making balloon videos and we don't get to the other. I tend to get a lot of nice feedback. I get a lot of views and views go on and go on. So I tend to become more creative with the balloons. So I started just popping balloons, blowing air in them and doing something and popping, making the sound and just getting a reaction from people. Then later I started to make lyrics to songs on the balloons. Yeah? No, I don't sing. I make lyrics on trending songs. Yeah, the trending songs that are catchy. So I would write the lyrics on a tape and paste them on the balloons and fill the balloons with water and pop them. As a song sings, you sing the lyrics and you pop the balloons and the water splashes and it's satisfying. Mostly because it's colourful. I really like colourful. Yeah, it's colourful. How did you get that idea? Somebody, I saw it from also someone I think is from the UK. He does it. Actually I think on the whole of Tik Tok, I've only seen like three people doing the same thing. So yeah, I would say I'm the third one. But still doing well. Look at your unique. Yes. So I think that one is what I tended to like more about it because you get a lot of good feedback. Though there's still people who will be like you're wasting water. This is Kenya, there's no water. I'll be like, come on. I want to laugh but it's serious. They want to laugh. But when you're using the dye, it's not a must that you use tap water or anything. You can recycle water and stuff. Ah, that's smart. Yeah, true. Environmental friendly, entertaining, very satisfying. I want to ask you. I still try to dance too.  She will teach us. We are so messy. Ah, don't be modest. This is not the place to be modest. I'm going to do everything to the utmost. Now I'm going to ask you both a very specific question and I'll start because I'd like being honest. So, I have a cyber bully today and the cyber bully has the name of a Shanice Kerry. And the joke is on you, sure. Because it's true, like in real life I have a cyber bully and sometimes it gets me in a little bit of trouble but mostly it works for me. So, do you have people who come up and tell you are you content and all that? Or they just, you know, they be like 10,000 likes, then 12 dislikes. So, do you get some type of reactions like that and how do you deal with it? Yeah, sometimes, you know, there are people who are like, oh, I don't like how, for example, if I appeared on a video somebody is going to be like, I don't like the model, she doesn't coordinate well with this song. Yeah, I don't get some of that but I mean, I'm just doing what I love but nobody can tell me I'm not doing whatever I'm doing right because I believe I'm doing it the right way and I'm enjoying myself. The best thing is that I'm enjoying myself. Yeah. How did you handle it the first time someone this random day? I'm asking only because it has personally taken me a long time to find my path, to find what I love to do and just stick with it and go. So, being sure of myself came from different people. So, the first time I had backlash or cyberbullies, oh my gosh, we still appreciate you. Hashtag a social party. Yeah, it was not really shocking but I was like, okay, why are you all up in the business I'm just trying to mine my own so why are you here but eventually I came to realize that when you're in the public eye, definitely someone is going to have an opinion whether they know you or not, whether they've met you or not, whether they actually understand what you're doing or that you love what you're doing or not they're still going to have something to say. So, how was the first reaction and I'm only asking because people out there maybe who want to be like you they want to be in front of the camera, they want to be on videos, they want to look good, they want to dress well but they're kind of afraid of how people look at them or what they'll say. So, how did you handle that? For me, they really don't know me, they just see me so I don't think they have they have no idea what I've been through and why I'm doing what I'm doing so I was just like, I don't care they don't know me so for me it was just like I just ignored everything and as long as I'm enjoying myself I'm doing the best that I can I'll just ignore them and I will always judge you but if somebody hasn't worked on my linear show, what do they know? Nothing. Thank you so sweet. I want to ask you the same question but with a curve we were talking about body shaming on Tuesday evening on a differential completely and the funny thing is I always imagined that body shaming was a thing for girls you know oh you're too small oh you're too big in the wrong places oh you're too small in the wrong places it's just exhausting oh you're not tall enough oh you're not dark enough oh your eyes not big enough oh your hair so many expectations like you can't just wake up and feel good without somebody making noise but it turns out that it's a guy thing too like oh who's there who's there he's not worried, he's okay he doesn't want to have a baby face or why? he doesn't want to have a baby face like what in the world if you like skin, when you do I just ask what are all these so these things that you face when you're doing what you do you're not even exposing yourself in the sort of way that maybe modeling or music videos or other genres you know ask for but you are just being yourself but still people will have something to say so have you ever experienced that yeah it's social media and as long as you put yourself out there there will always be somebody behind your back yeah I've faced some some people will be like oh your hair is too shabby and I can use it I'm just being me you know you don't know where I am where I live or anything but you still have to say something negative but how I deal with it is okay sometimes you just actually when I read the comments I laugh I laugh out loud I just laugh at them it's a lolling actually it's also when you laugh at it you don't even think about it it's just funny that way I'm like ah maybe he's just talking he's just saying to me he's in that series because until now I haven't really faced something that is say too serious to like me feeling low or like feeling bad about myself no can't it has never and I can't allow myself to feel like that and if I feel like maybe sometimes maybe somebody's going overboard you know just block them and that is if you have all the time to go through the comments because sometimes you can post a video and find like you have like say 500 comments who will read all those comments sometimes because you also want to do other stuff but like say for me making a balloon video it will take me like at least 6 to 10 minutes because you know you have to fill them do all these do all that that's my precious time so I'd rather do that rather than go all through these and as much as there's that there's also you know you also have your your following right so they'll be behind your back and they'll hit on those negative comments like really going to be like wow all these people are on my back yeah it's such a good feeling you're like yeah and you take time to check their profile and be like how if I meet this person and be like yeah this is a good thing when you post your videos or when you post your content are you or is it a must just because it's social media are you forever on your phone like you posted 5 seconds later how many people have viewed wow why and they're not viewing something wrong with my phone is it pressure initially yeah I have that pressure and even when I started I used to even actually have the worst internet old post it will take like forever to learn 70, 71, 72% they're like very lurid 100% you know and then now it's 100 posted you're like okay now what next what next you know I used to have that anticipation much but then something good happened I was very if I don't take to cause like you know like somebody out there has noticed that you're doing something good and why let us give you this blue take you know blue take baby so so with all that you start to get the positive reaction so you don't really you don't really focus on the on the video itself post it and just leave the phone there go do your stuff read work come back later oh you're always all of you people okay okay I like that I want to ask you is it do you feel pressure to out do yourself for every gig that you do this is focusing maybe on your modeling career when you're in front of the camera do you feel like you have pressure to out do yourself they can be just a few minutes ago you did it this way and then maybe maybe I should have done it this way maybe I should have done this maybe I should have done this okay I'll correct it and then come another video and then you know you up your game but you still I need to do this I need to add on this does that happen to you I love dancing and I love being in front of a camera so it just come naturally to me so I never have any pressures for every work that I do for every work that I do I just look and I'm like wow I did my best because when I'm like in a video as long as I listen to the song I know how I'm gonna act how it's gonna flow so just go with the flow so I've never had any pressure I just believe that whatever video all the videos I've done I've done to my best that's very there's some attitudes you should adopt guys you see now she doesn't do sleep she sleeps well she wakes up okay whether you like it or not she is fine okay do you remember how to get to us it's at white by phone facebook, white by 4 channel on twitter hashtag it's social Friday and I told you and I can promise you full real legit we are the latest professional in town but I told you don't trust me just keep watching Monday all the way through Friday 7 all the way through 10 in the a.m what would you tell someone who wants to do what you're doing but I feel like there's an age where some things would affect someone a little bit more let's say if you're in your teen years puberty is hard let's just say adolescence is very hard there's a lot just biologically but if there was someone who was going through all that but still wanted to do what you do would you encourage them to do so or would you tell them to just wait it out first to grow a bit because this industry is not easy again and there are people who will take advantage of you number one because you look so good number two as I say you're kind and you're very open so that people will definitely want to take advantage of you and if you didn't have support if you didn't have the support of maybe your family or your friends there's someone who probably would pretend to support you but for many years ago so how would you approach that I would advise anyone who wants to do modeling and video fixing to be very open minded as much as you're gonna be kind and don't let anybody take you for a fall know what you want and be very principled yeah and by principle do you mean like I should have goals or I should tell myself okay there's because of many teachers and you know I'm just gonna say because it happens it's out there you're going so far as to impregnate small small girls in school 10 year old has twins so I am going to say it very openly so is that what you mean by principle now when I say principled I mean like the industry is so huge and there's so many people so many beautiful girls in the industry so when you're principled you don't when it comes to like the modeling you don't play around you know you believe you can do it better and so nobody can come and tell you this and this for me I believe if you do everything with your with all your heart and the best somebody is gonna like yeah I like what she does so you don't have to be easy and be like to get things because free things come easy and go easy but if you're very hard for it and you believe you do the best have you ever felt intimidated by other models when you go maybe for auditions or for a gig no no we should be friends like your confidence is so intact like it yes okay tell me your favorite tiktoker right now and it's not you I don't really have a favorite I just like you know tiktoker has a lot a lot of stuff and what I would say is that lately I tend to find myself liking a lot of baby videos you know cute baby videos or something videos of having kids doing stuff but I really don't have a favorite I wouldn't say there's somebody a compact on their profile like Monday to Monday what I would say since you know like if you'd want to better yourself you'd find yourself trying to you know so I really don't have a favorite tiktoker why tiktok? why not Instagram, why not Facebook why not Twitter, why not to do all these others but I will not mention because I think they stand on murky grounds but why not why tiktok? I would ask myself the same question why tiktok but I would say I gained a fast track on tiktok like first let me say 10 videos I had almost like 30,000 followers and this 30,000 it's not like it's just say regional like Kenya only it's worldwide you know you get 30% from the US 10% from the UK, from South Africa you know it's really spread and I think I tend to like that most and I find it more interactive definitely all the other social media still the best I think it's just working for me because you'd find others Facebook is the theme Instagram is the same thing but for me it's just tiktok and then the growth rate was for me it was so fast so that's why I'm still stuck to that I have spent a lot of hours on tiktok I didn't call it dangerous I almost removed it from my phone you know the way you start scrolling it's in me okay you know what let's do this because tiktok means to call break and give rage is something to do because I think we need to just get into new your source