A really simple small clamp story solution. Olaw Woodworkers, Paul Carlson here, small workshop guy. Today I just want to share the world's simplest idea for storing a whole bunch of small bar clamps or F-style clamps. You're going to want to have a lot of these clamps. I'm sure these are from Bessie. And then you need a nice organized way to keep them. Opening up a drawer and throwing them all in there in a pile is not what I call organized. At least not for an OCD guy like myself. So it can't get any easier than this. I have a piece of plywood of whatever size you want it to be attached to the studs on the workshop wall. And then to allow for space for these handles to go there, there's a simple bar that goes across made out of scrap wood. I think it's hard wood in this case, oak, but it doesn't matter. It could be plywood. So a strip of plywood. Now you need to separate it from the plywood on the back wall. So simply put a little block, just a little block separator behind the bar.  That's all there is to it. I've got I think 20 of the little four inch clamps, 20 of the six inch clamps. And then as you can see a variety of other clamps on there. And they're right here at my work bench or nearby where I want to do assembly. So out of the way, this is not more than six inches off the wall. So it doesn't take up any space that way either. Sometimes the best solutions are the simplest. We overwork stuff. Speaking of overworking, you know, there's a lot of different way to build clamps for things such as this. These are my favorite from DeWalt. Really powerful. Love them. Use them all the time, particularly to clamp things to my work bench. Need a really, really, really fancy clamp storage system? Well how about a screw into your tool wall? These have holes in them. They're designed maybe to hook on something. So just put them right there. I don't think you need a video about how to do that. Just drill it, screw it. Easy peasy. You're all done. Anyway, that's my tip for today. Small workshop guy hoping you'll be safe in your workshop.


and secondary entry into the chest cavity, right below that leg. Get your alkyliline be advised. Friendly dim is going to get a lot more like the real lens. Come with it. It's going to be pregnancy, couples, boo-bar, and engagements.


Hi, this is Kimberly at Mountain View Dodge. Today we're going to look at this 2016 Ram 2500 Laramie. Love the heated seats. There's your radio, seat controllers, you got your apps, climate, nav system. If you want more information on this truck, give me a call<PHONE_NUMBER>. My name is Kimberly.


The morning of 9-11 I was getting ready for school. I was in eighth grade at the time. I was in high school. I went to Denver Academy and there's a lot going on. There's a lot of emotions and teachers tried the best to make it a regular day, but it just wasn't. The world was different after that. I'm here today to honor all the men and women that died on September 11th. It's important to remember the sacrifice that they made, whether it be firefighters, police, or medical personnel that were in those towers or died as a result of the terrible tragedy that happened that day. We go up to the top of Red Rocks and then we go around the amphitheater nine times and that's supposed to be 110 stories, which is the height of the Twin Towers. The first responders on September 11th, they climbed those flights of stairs so I think it'll be a lot of reflecting on what it must have been like for them that day. You know, maybe a little bit of money that we contributed today helps the families that are still dealing with this every day with the loss of a loved one. You never know what's going to happen, you never know what's around the corner. We got to answer the call every day and we've got to go out there and we've got to serve and it's what we signed up for and I'm proud to do it and I'm honored to do it and I love doing it every day.


The train will depart from the station. Doors normally diversity station. Doors normally give the arts to police station. Doors normally... This is a southbound train. Destination, Somerset Bridalwood. Fall station. This is a southbound train. Destination, Somerset Bridalwood. If you are traveling northeast, please transfer to a saddle town train. If you are traveling past this station, please have a valid proof of therapy with you. The station. The calm station. Doors normally open on the left. Leaving the train. Thank you for choosing Calgary Transit. I travel and record.


Good evening one and all to have a speaker. Good evening one and all to have a speaker again on a different topic. It only shares two aspects. Number one speaker has immense knowledge that he can share his knowledge on different aspects of law. And secondly, he's very popular amongst the participants when participants are willing to hear his knowledge. And the Electricity Act 2003, though has traveled the journey of around 17 years, but there are still certain areas for which any common man because as they say, which leads to the company that is the electricity also plays a constant role in one's life and to understand as to how the Electricity Act 2013 has developed from the Electricity Act of 1910 and Electricity Act of 1948 because it allowed certain privatization and some companies and as to whether how the telegraph act would apply when the laying down of the lines is there and what is the subtle difference between the word unauthorized connection and theft because these as a lawyer or a common man we see largely there is litigation in in this regard as to whether the connection if there was some Kundi connection as we say in Punjab or unauthorized connection or once there is extra load whether it will fall within the review and parameters of an unauthorized connection or if we are taking out an extra line and it's not connected to the meter whether it will be theft. These are the certain journeys aspects, which will be discussed and shared by Mr. NL Raja, a senior advocate of Madras High Court, who is not only known in the commercial aspect field specialization but Electricity Act is also one of his main forte. Consequently taken to all these aspects, we requested Mr. Raja to share his knowledge and as usual he was kind enough to accept to the same and share the knowledge and we will also be sharing the opportunities which Mr. Raja has prepared for this webinar amongst the group of beyond law CLC. So those who are connected in the group of the WhatsApp, they will be able to have the bird eye view subsequently even though this video would also be uploaded on the Beyond Law CLC channel of YouTube. Thank you sir. And on a Friday evening. It's always a pleasure to hear you. Good evening. Good evening all. I'm so glad that on a Friday evening, there are so many of you gathered to talk about a topic which is really not a very exciting one, but still that shows the level of interest that you have to learn about When the use of electricity it is said was demonstrated to the president of US, he then president of United States, he is believed to have remarked, this is all very interesting, but wouldn't have any practical use. From that time, in about about 140 to 150 years, electricity has traveled so much, it has become an integral part of our lives. We can't today imagine a life without electricity. And next to air and water, I think today it is the most important element in our lives. Whatever we do, even the zoom call, everything is possible only if we have electricity. And it has become so integral to our lives. There is a very interesting book by a writer called Alvid Toffler called Future Shop.  So if you take the entire life of humanity on earth and condense it to 24 hours, electricity was discovered in the 23 hours 58th minute. So just two minutes of that has made such a remarkable change in our lives. And this is just the beginning. The type of changes electricity is going to bring into our lives is truly, truly going to be stupendous. And there is also this observation that in the last 150 years, the battle for supremacy between nations was between labor and capital. Entire political systems were created around capitalism and communism, which are basically economic principles and we created entire political systems out of it. But in the last about 10 to 15 years, this has become irrelevant. If you have capital in China, you can probably engage labor in Africa. And if you have capital in the US, you can engage people down so in where I live and close to where I live, Karoo, Eero. So really, and there is a person who will be sitting in Manhattan telling you the difference between the count of fabric from a factory made in Drupal and possibly a factory made in Karoo or Eero. So that is the extent to which the village has become global. So in this century, what does the nation need to attain supremacy? And two aspects are very important for among other things. Two aspects are important for a nation to attain supremacy in this century. And those two things are energy. Energy as in power, as in the various types of energies we have today like the solar energy, the wind energy, fossil fuels, biomass, all these come within the nuclear, all these come within the classification of energy. And second is ideas. These two which are going to power a nation. So electricity is really the backbone of all the progress that a nation can plan. Please bear this in mind and this is why it is today essential to have a sensible law relating to electricity, a user friendly law relating to electricity and a law that will be effective and produce results. So without that, the nation cannot hope to progress at all. So that is how integral electricity is to the progress of a nation and that's why we need to understand the nuances relating to the electricity act, which is an important component in ensuring stable and better electricity. Now I will request the organizers to start my PowerPoint presentation. I'll take you through it as I was saying for telling Mr. Vikas, this is a huge ocean. So in a period of 14 hour and hour and 15 minutes, it's going to be very difficult for me to go into various nuances, especially you will understand that this is a law in which which is the concurrent list. So both the state government and the central government have jurisdiction to deal with it. And therefore there is a whole lot of regulations that have been passed by state electricity regulatory commissions and the government. And therefore this is going to make the task of my presentation even more difficult because, for example, if I tell you this is the position in Tamil Nadu, it may not be the position in Punjab. It may not be the position in West Bengal. Those regulatory commissions may have completely different laws that apply to it. Please bear this in mind. This is why I am trying to only concentrate on the general aspects of the electricity act in 2003, the newer and what has been dealt with by the Supreme Court of India. Can I have a PowerPoint presentation? The electricity act. The next. In India, generation and distribution of electricity comes to the demonstration of electric light in Calcutta, which was connected on 24 to July, by a company called Curie and company. Before the January, 1980, 1997 Kilburn and company secured the Calcutta Electric Lighting License as agents of the Indian Electric Company, which is registered in London on 15 January, 1997. Before independence electricity generation and supply were concentrated in the hands of private electricity suppliers. These suppliers were largely in urban areas. With the object of regulating the generation supply and use of electricity, the first legislation relating to electricity was enacted as the Electricity Act of 1897. This legislation was subsequently replaced by the Indian Electricity Act 1903. The Indian Electricity Act was only a stopgap arrangement till a more comprehensive legislation came into effect. And therefore the Electricity Act of 1910 came into effect. Next please. The Indian Electricity Act 1903 was repealed and it was enacted as the Indian Electricity Act 1910. And the Indian Electricity Act provided the basic framework for supply of electrical energy. The sector being at a decent stage required huge investments, which we envisaged to be fulfilled by private license. So what is very significant about this phase of electricity generation in our country is that much of it was in the hands of private entrepreneurs. And I should say we have come a full circuit after trying when we went into completely state owned ACVs as we call them the State Electricity Board. And then that experiment having not worked very well. In 2003 we went back to privatizing most aspects of electricity sector. Next please. So under the provisions of the 1910 generation plants were established with the first one was to be was set up at Calcutta. And then Bombay then with the independence of priority change and electrification was planned to be extended across the length and breadth of the country. And therefore we needed a law to address this then therefore came the electricity supply act 1948 and this act was based largely on the provisions of the UK electricity supply act 1926. Next, there was substantial growth in the power sector in terms of installed the capacity transmission network and distribution to various areas across the length and breadth of the country. However, over a period of time, a number of problems surfaced. The ACVs as they are called the state electricity boards became financially sick and ridden with huge debts. And just before the electricity act came to be passed the cumulative amount due to various agencies from ACVs exceeded 41,000 crores. The demand supply gap was huge. There was so much of demand for electricity but then the state electricity boards were unable to supply this huge demand. The quality as well as quantity of power was poor. The vote bank politics company the tariff to be kept artificially low for the agricultural sector which prevented the rationalization of tariff while it is understandable that we must have no power tariff agricultural sector. There is absolutely no logic to completely making it free for the farmers or putting in place a system which did permit the government to subsidize the losses which power sector generators were incurring on account of free supply to the farmers. Next, the foundation of reforms was laid in 1990s with a private sector participation being encouraged in generation. There's only in generation, mind you, PTC power trading cooperation was created for power trading and various other initiatives. Then the first attempt at reform came through the provisions of the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act and the purpose of which was to distance the government from tariff determination. Therefore, what was envisaged into the provisions of the Electricity Regulation Act was that the government will not have a significant state in the manner in which the tariff was to be determined. It was supposed to be determined according to the rules and regulations which were to be put in place by the Electricity Regulatory Commissions. Next slide. So the objectives of the Electricity Act 2003 can be stated to be as follows. To consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry for promoting competition for protecting the interest of consumers to ensure supply of electricity to all areas. Rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitutional authorities like the Central Electricity Authority Regulatory Commissions and Establishments of Applied Tribunal, distancing tariff determination process from the government. So this broadly captures the various objectives of the Electricity Act 2003. Next slide. Electricity being a concurrent subject, as I told you earlier, a well-coordinated approach would be necessary for the development of the fire sector. This is essential for the attainment of the objective of providing electricity access to all households and providing reliable uninterrupted quality power supply to all consumers. The state governments have a major role particularly in the creation of generation capacity, state level transmission and distribution. The central government was as is the states in attaining attainment of this objective and it would be playing a supportive role in fresh capacity addition and a major role in the development of the national grid. So to say, the Electricity Act empowers the central government to lay down a broad framework within which this reform will happen and it is also duty bound to guide the development of this, of the progress in electricity. You would frequently read in papers that the central government has put in place long kilometers of transmission facilities that it is trying to pull certain ACVs out of the red by giving them grants. Then there is this Buddha screen under which state ACVs are encouraged to subscribe and to get relief on the basis of certain conditions which are important for generating competition. So this is the coordination between the central government and the state government which is very, very important for the development of the electricity sector. I should tell you at this point that if you are going to specialize in the electricity loss, it is essential for you to know certain technical terms because electricity is a technical subject. If you don't know the technical terms, you will find that you are often getting drifted before the commissions or the courts who will start throwing technical terms at you. So basically you must understand certain terms under the electricity. Once again, the terms and the which are in use in the electricity sector are very many technical terms and I have just put in here a few important terms which you need to bear in mind and once again all this is with the purpose of kindling your curiosity. I may not be exhaustive in the manner of information that I am giving you but these are all pointers. These are things that you must look up and learn and try to understand these concepts before you get into the electricity sector as an actively participating participant in the electricity sector. That becomes very important and therefore I would request you all to look up these terms and learn more about them. I am just giving you a bare framework of what these actually mean. An electric current reverses its direction. A current that flows only in one direction always is a direct current. A current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals is an alternating current. Ampere is a unit of measure of intensity of an electric current. So you have an electric current flowing. You must also measure its intensity. It is measured in terms of ampere. Circuit is a closed path in which electrons from a voltage of current source flows. Circuits can be in series, parallel or in any combination of two. A circuit breaker is an automatic device for stopping the flow of current in an electric circuit to restore service. The circuit broker must be restored after correcting the cause of the overload or failure. That's a circuit breaker. Next piece. A conductor, any material where electric current flows, you've all heard of good conductors and bad conductors. Any materials where electric current can flow freely, conductive materials such as metals have a relatively low resistance. Copper, aluminum wire are the most common forms of conductors. The flow of an electric charge through a conductor is what is called a current. An electric current can be, it's like a flow of water in a pipe and it is measured in ampere. Like how flow of water in pipes is possibly measured in liters, this is measured in ampere. Demand, the average value of power or related quantity over a specified period of time. You will hear terms like maximum demand, minimum demand. This basically indicates the average value of power or related quantity over a specified period of time. Then I told you the direct current is a current that flows will be one direction. An electron is a tiny particle which rotates around the nucleus of an atom and it has a negative charge of electricity. Next piece. A fuse, this is very common or if you would know about it, it is that thin metal rod which ensures that if there is going to be excess electricity flowing through the circuit, then the fuse burns off to prevent further damage to the equipments and to the system. And then you need to restore the fuse for that to function effectively. A generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and ground is, you also have heard that you need to properly ground the electricity connections. That is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured a common return path for electric current or a direct physical connection to the earth, which is the most common form in which it is understood by all of us. And an insulator and a conductor are actually the opposite and if an insulator is any material where electric current does not flow freely, insulator materials such as glass, rubber, air and many plastics have a relatively high resistance. Insulators protect equipment and life from electric shock, that is a possible insulator. Next. And inverters and apparatus that converts direct current into alternating current and a kilowatt hour is a product of power in kilowatt and time hours equal to 1000 kilowatt hours. For example, if I am saying even 100 watt bulb is used for four hours at 0.4 k watt hours of energy will be used. And this gives the conversion with regard to which which helps you to measure the product of power and time. A kilowatt hour meter is a device that is used to measure electrical energy use and a load is anything which consumes electrical energy such as lights, transformers, heaters, etc. Next. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical circuit and it is measured in watts. Power factor is very important and you will hear about this quite frequently in the electricity laws. It is a ratio of actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the RMS value current and voltage. The difference between two is caused. Primarily a power factor is an indicator of how efficient an electrical system is in an establishment. If you have a good power factor, which means that your electricity systems are running efficiently. The connections have all been given properly and the maintenance of the equipment has been done well. All this is an indication of a good power factor and the opposite is when you do not know who can take care of your equipment. It is all not structured properly. There is a lot of wastage of power. Your power factor may be low. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts an alternating current into a direct one by allowing a current to flow through one. The resistance, the opposition to the passing of an electricity current. Anything that has high electrical resistance, you will possibly refer to it as an insulator. Anything that has low electrical resistance, you will refer to it as a conductor. Next. So semiconductor is a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to addition of an impurity or because of temperature effect. The devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits. That again is a huge industry making semiconductors and electronic circuits. This is why we have that silicon valley, which all of us have heard about. It is a huge industry and is also into making chips that is a completely different area relating to computers. Primarily, semiconductors are something which between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. And short circuit is one part. This is again, we have heard this quite often. When one part of an electric circuit comes in contact with another part of the same circuit, diverting the flow of current from its desired part, you say that there has been a short circuit. Transistor semiconductor or device with three connection transistor, the application to electricity loss and the electricity area is a semiconductor device with three connection capable of amplification in addition to rectification. Volt ampere is a unit of measure of apparent power. It is the product of RMS voltage and the RMS current. Volt is a unit of measure of voltage. When you want to transmit power through long distances, you use high voltage power. So when you use high voltage power, then there is lesser wastage of electricity. And that is why you have this concept of step up transformer and step down transformer. Anything that is generated is then converted into high voltage. It is then transmitted over long distances, but then you have to receive it in your house and probably between 100 to 220 volts and therefore it is all step down. And then it is in the position where you can use it on your household articles. So this is how it is measured, a unit of measure of voltage. Next, voltage is an electromagnetic force or pressure that causes electrons to flow and can be compared to pressure which causes water to flow in the pressure that makes water flow in a pipe. You can compare it to the electromagnetic force that causes electrons to flow through a conductor of electricity. Voltmeter is an instrument for measuring the force volts of an electrical current. This is the difference potential voltage between the different points in the electrical circuits. Voltmeters have a high internal resistance and are connected across parallel to the points where voltage is to be measured. Watt hour is a unit of electrical energy equivalent to a power consumption of one watt for one hour. You say that I am using a 100 watt bulb, then it means that it is using 100 watts per hour. So this is what it is supposed to indicate. The next one, that again is something which we have heard of quite frequently. It is a unit of electrical power. One watt is equivalent to one zone per second corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one wall and the current is one ampere. Watt meter, so you need to measure this. The equipment that you use to measure this is called a Watt meter is an instrument for measuring the electrical power in watts of any given circuit. So as I said, these are fundamental terms in electricity that you need to learn. There are more complicated terms which you can leave safely to an electrical engineer. But if you're going into the practice of law, it is essential that you acclimatize yourself with the meaning of these terms and the application in electricity laws. Otherwise understanding certain concept of electricity law may become difficult. This is a very, very good area for youngsters to step in. I have this one advice to all youngsters that if you want to develop a good practice, always keep looking out for emerging practices of law. The existing practice of law will usually be very crowded. Civil codes, criminal codes, existing areas of practice may be very, very crowded. This is why you have to be constantly on the record for emerging areas of practice because there the competition will not be as intensive as in the other areas. For example, GST including. GST is a huge area for practice amongst youngsters. So you must read GST law. You must attend webinars like this. You must write articles relating to that. You must attend conferences in which the nuances of GST law are going to be discussed. With all this, then you will pave the way for acquiring a practice in those laws because people who are doing well in traditional areas of practice may not be inclined to step into these fields because they are new and they don't want to risk getting into this. That is a huge opportunity for youngsters to step into these areas, learn about them and therefore profit from that. Can you go to the next slide? Policies are very important because they lay down the path which a sector has to travel. So under the provisions of the electricity act, one of the unique features of the act is that it contemplates framing of policies regarding various acts as fixed debt to the next act. The framing of these policies must be the central government in consultation with the state government, electricity commissions and wherever required stakeholders are also consulted. Framing of the national electricity policy. All of them have a statutory backing. The national electricity back with section 3 of the act. National tariff policy of a national electricity plan is section 3-4. National policy permitting standalone system for rural areas and the national policy on rural electrification and local distribution in rural areas. In respect of all these policies have been sent down by the central government. The policy gives the map, the direction in which the sector has to travel. That is the utility of a policy and having defined it in those terms it is essential that it is visited, we visited frequently to look into what improvements must be made. Next. One of the most important features of the de-licensing in generation of electricity. One of the most important features of the act is that it provides de-licensing in generation of electricity. There are just a few exceptions. Primarily the hydroelectric generation, a nuclear power generation. You can't step into that without getting a license from the government. But all other types of generation have been de-licensed. Section 7 of the act specifically provides any generating company may establish an operate and maintain generating station without obtaining a license under this act. Which if it complies with the technical standards relating to connectivity the grid referred to in class B of section 73. Next. Next. Yeah, section 4. And these are all the manner in which the generation of electricity has been de-licensed. And so following two conditions to be meant to satisfy the requirements of the section is that the area should not be connected to the grid. That means the area should be an upgrade area. The area should be a rural area notified by the appropriate commission. If you satisfy that you can set up a standalone system. Theoretically it is today possible for a housing society. Let us assume that you are living in a colony which has about 2000 households. It is theoretically possible for you to set up a generating station and which will supply power only to that station. How it is done is the power generated is what's again pumped into the grid and from the grid the licensee which is the state electricity board is going to give you power in your household. But the point is that theoretically it can be done. Whether it is being done is a different issue. I have to tell you that no, from 2003 to 2020, we have not travelled the path where actually people start experimenting with use of setting up small power generation plants in their colonies to take care of the power needs. But theoretically under the provisions of the act it is possible. Next, the second is open access. Once you generate electricity you need to have a carrier to which the electricity is transferred, isn't it? That's why you have provisions. And under the provisions of the electricity act, access to open accesses are right which is statuatively given to you under the provisions of the act. The provisions of the open access users under the act enable heavy users with more than one megawatt connected load to buy cheap power from the market. The concept is to allow customers to choose from a number of competitive power companies rather than being forced to buy power from the local utility monopoly. It only not only helps industrial and commercial consumers by ensuring regular electricity supply at competitive rate, but also enhances the business of our market. Open access helps consumers to meet their renewable purchase obligations. As the name suggests, RPU is an obligation on state power distribution companies. Now, what has happened not only has it become necessary for the state to encourage power through other renewable power options like wind and solar, but it is also necessary for the various state electricity boards to buy and also for private users to buy a particular percentage of their consumption which are manufactured through these RPU methods. So there is an obligation which is imposed which is called the RPO. There are once again nuances relating to that which you can understand if you go a little in-depth into the subject. Next, it also that also encourages competition at the micro level as the distribution is liberalized and the distribution networks are allowed along with the introduction of open access and the consumers will have the choice of electricity supplier as there will be competition at micro level. The consumers will have better service for reasonable price. This is the basis for encouraging this. As they say, the role of the regulatory commission is to ensure that there is more competition in the field because as they say, the power and the duties of any regulator in an area relating to competition is to see that competition is preserved, protected and propagated and it is no business of the regulator to protect the competitors. The competitors are not the subject matter of protection both under the competition act and in many of these regulatory acts the purpose is to ensure that competition is protected. Therefore starting from the micro level to the highest level the provisions of the electricity act mandate that competition must be encouraged and protected. Training in electricity is also no permitted. You have these IES exchanges and like the stock market on a day to day basis, the power charges vary. All the purpose of all this is to ensure that the consumer has a choice. One of the most important thing with regard to a consumer's right is a right of choice to the consumer and this ensures that if I can go in for my own captive generation plant if my captive generation plant on a particular day is costlier than my purchase through the exchange by then by through the exchange. If my exchange price and the captive generation plant are going to be more expensive than the state electricity board power on that day I take the state electricity board power. So these are various choices that are now available to a consumer simultaneously just because you have a captive generation plant it does not mean that you cannot go for IEX exchange. All this is in general and as I said it is all subject to the regulations which have been brought out by the regulatory commission but in general these are the principles that are supposed to apply next. Authorities to resolve conflict. The other important provision is the electricity act provides for a hierarchy of authorities. This is very, very important for a lawyer to know which complaint should I take before which authority. Many times complaints get thrown out because wrong authorities are approached with regard to adjudication of issues which are not within their purview. So it is essential for a lawyer to understand the hierarchy of authorities created under the provisions of the electricity act. Actually there are two different compartmentalized columns as far as dispute resolution is concerned one is between the consumer and the licensing the state electricity board in most cases but if it is privatized any licensing. So that hierarchy is different from the hierarchy between the generator and the license that again is a different column. So the hierarchy as far as the consumer and the licensee is concerned the lowest level is the CGRF as we call it here in Tamil Nadu I don't know what they are called there it's a consumer grievance literacy forum each superlating engineer has a consumer grievance literacy forum and from this order you can file an appeal to the ombudsman from the ombudsman order if you do not find the order of the ombudsman satisfactory you have to go to the high court by way of a petition. Now as far as the disputes between the generator and the licensee are concerned generator licensee disputes can only be taken before the electricity regulatory commission from the orders of the electricity regulatory commission you have to go on appeal to Apten which is the authority at Delhi and is the apex authority as far as this hierarchy is concerned that is the hierarchy relating to the generator and the licensee and from any order of Apten you can go to the Supreme Court there is a third hierarchy which is the Supreme Court has clarified in the PTC case that in respect of regulations brought out by the electricity authorities the neither the ombudsman nor the CGRF nor the electricity regulatory commissions have jurisdiction over them and it is only the high courts which can be approached with regard to a challenge relating to any regulations brought out by the electricity regulatory commission and from the order of the high court obviously an appeal will go to the Supreme Court so there are three compartments really which determine on the basis of the nature of the complaints which you take before these authorities which authority is empowered to determine which issue and go to the next the transparent regulator that enables not only the operation of trading regime in electricity but also provides for a regulator hence the electricity has provisions for the IRC at the central level as at also at the state level next into the next reorganization of state electricity boards in a very important aspect the electricity act encourages the appropriate damage to recognize the state electricity board there is punishment of the electricity I will deal with it a little more towards the end of my presentation it also provides for punishment of electricity it creates separate courts I would say probably the word that I should be using is it empowers the notification of separate codes to deal with complaints relating to theft of electricity next understanding the key concepts of that you need to understand the concept of national electricity policy which I talked to you about sometime back it is basically to deal with laying guidelines accelerated development of power sector providing support electricity to all areas and protecting interest of consumers and other stakeholders keeping you available of energy resources technology available to exploit these resources all this is to deal with as I told you it is a map the government is laying down a map for traveling down that path then there is a national electricity plan that assesses in a country in this year how much demand will there be and how are we going to provide for it the assessment of demand is an important prerequisite of planning capacity addition section 34 of the act requires the central electricity authority to frame national electricity plan once in five years and revise the same from time to time in accordance with the national electricity policy so these two have to act in tandem they need to be coordinated the national electricity policy in the national electricity plan the combined objective of these two is to lay down the policy after assessing the requirements of a nation for the next to five years it is like a five year plan that we used to have in economics earlier a equivalent of that is a national electricity plan next so generation as I told you as we completely de-licensed has been put in a highly liberalized framework for generation there is no requirement for licensing of generation the requirement of techno economic clearance of CEA for thermal generation is no longer there for hydroelectric generation also the limit of capital expenditure above which the concurrence of CEA is required would be raised suitably from the present level capital generation has been freed from all countries next transmission central government would facilitate the continued development of the national grid the national grid is like the NHA it is national highway authority of India like that in the electrical sector you have a national grid which takes power so today the power generation in say some part of is very good it is possible to transmit the power from Rajasthan here to Tamil Nadu and the basic infrastructure by which that is done is through these large transmission lines the central transmission utility in the state transmission utility are authorities which have been created to constantly keep upgrading the facilities for transmission in a state next the distribution now after you get the power let's assume you get the power from Rajasthan it comes all the way from Rajasthan through these transmission lines and then it reaches Tamil Nadu you need to have an agency which will collect that power and distribute it the power producing something in the agricultural field he grows the crops it is transported it comes to a Mandi here after it comes to a Mandi for it to reach you it has to come to the local provision store the person who is in charge of taking it from the Mandi and bringing it to your local provision store is the distributor the person who operates a lorry and brings it from where the farmer produces the produce and brings it to the Mandi is a person who is in charge of the transmission the basic analysis distribution is the most critical segment of electricity business change the real challenge of reforms in the power sector lies in efficient management of the distribution sector the act provides for a robust regulatory framework for distribution licensees to safeguard consumer interest it also creates competitive framework for distribution business offering options to consumers through the concept of open access and licenses in the same areas of supply the important about distribution is even though theoretically distribution has also been de-licensed, distribution requires huge investments and most people are very very reluctant to put in that amount of investment and come into that area because they don't think that they can depend upon governments to give them stable policies so this is another great threat to development of the electricity sector someone was asking me about the reform bill some part of the reform bill I'm not going to go into that in detail but some part of the reform bill also seeks to address these issues with regard to how do we you know boost the market for distribution in this country how do we get private sector investment into distribution today private sector doesn't want to touch distribution with the March 4 if you give money and create a 1 megawatt generator you're not putting in a whole lot of money and if something goes wrong you can always take this gold investment write it off as a loss but that can't happen with regard to distribution or transmission in which crores and crores will have to be invested so there is no confidence to put the money in that sector as of now and this is what the government is constantly working on it is hoping to improve the climate for investment in distribution lines that we are talking through will also address this next let us come to the basic element of the electricity why does all this exist all this exists to give the consumer a better deal and a consumer means any person who supplied with electricity for his own use by a licensee or the government or by other person engaged in the business of supplying electricity to the public under this act or any other law for the time being enforced and includes any person whose premises are being connected or the purpose of receiving electricity works of a licensee, the government or other person as the case may be so this is a very simple definition of the consumer I must also tell you that the provisions of the electricity act do not bar you from going to the consumer protection court the consumer courts for relief because as the consumer act in section 3 says that act is not to be read in delegation of other laws and this act also does not prevent you from going to a consumer court therefore this choice is if he has a problem he can go either to the consumer court or he can file a complication before the CGRF in my practical application in my working as well as Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is concerned CGRF delivers a judgment much faster than the consumer courts today here in Tamil Nadu I do not know the experience in other parts of the country but if you have a problem with electricity sector and you have a consumer and if you think that you should take it to an authority then you have to go before the CGRF the CGRF is also you have a representation of a consumer organization in CGRF in Tamil Nadu I do not know how it is in other parts of the country which makes those authorities very very effective and efficient next and a distribution licensee likewise means a licensee authorized to operate and maintain a distribution system for supply of electricity to the consumers in this area of supply electricity act 2003 when the licensing is still necessary for a distribution licensee as I told you for generation it is not necessary but it will be still be subjected to rules and regulations but as far as the distribution licensee is concerned it is essential to have a license and you cannot do that without a license next state electricity regulatory commissions are actually the spine and backbone of this entire system and every state government is required to constitute for the purpose of the electricity act a commission to be known as the national state electricity regulatory commission the purpose powers and duties of the electricity commission are set out in the electricity act primarily there are three types of functions which are the state electricity commission does it sets down the laws rules and regulations which it is empowered to pass under the provisions of the electricity act secondly it adjudicates disputes between the licensee and the generator thirdly it also has a consultative role to play so when the state government want to consult the state commission they are free to do that under the provisions of the act therefore there is a three fold duty cast on the state electricity regulatory commissions to perform and if they perform what is being assigned to them then the electricity sector can really undergo a transformation which is the purpose of the act itself next the dispute I have already told you about it I do not want to dwell more on it it is a CGRF ombudsman and from there to the high court in respect of the consumer generator licensee disputes it is at the first level to the state commission and from there on to the act and from act to the supreme court and if you are going to challenge the regulations it is going to go to primarily the high court and from there it goes to the supreme court so these are the three main compartments there is of course the fourth compartment with regard to electricity and unauthorized use of power which also I will cover next standards of performance once again under section 57 of the electricity act electricity regulation they have consultation with the legacy every state electricity commission is supposed to lay down the standards of performance for example if I apply for an electricity connection how long should my application within what time should my application be disposed of is a subject matter of standards of performance it also says that if I apply for an electricity connection and connection is not given within 30 days then I am entitled to compensation these are standards of performance which the state commission has a duty to send down all states they have sent down these standards of performance if I have to buy a meter what must be the nature of the meter that a consumer must buy how quickly must it be installed all this is supposed to be regulated under the standards of performance and even if I have an unscheduled power cut let us assume I have an unscheduled power cut for an entire day the standards of performance authorize me to move the consumer grievance interest and forum for compensation if I have suffered unscheduled power cut still in the country there are large areas which undergo unscheduled power cut but unfortunately the awareness that you can go before a CGRF and claim compensation is not very well known and therefore we do not keep tap of all the unscheduled power cuts that we have nor do we approach the CGRF for this compensation but under the provisions of the Act you can approach those authorities next open access is what I have told you it is just an access to a carrier which will take your electricity as soon as it is generated as soon as it is manufactured you need a carrier who will bring it to you and that is the open access provisions and these are dealt with in section 42 of the Act next plant load factor as I told you earlier this is a very important component and is a measure of how effectively and efficiently your machinery and your establishment is functioning one of the major achievements of the power sector has been a significant increase from 2003 to 2020 one of the things that we have actually achieved is the power plant load factor of many of the establishments are doing pretty well which is an indication that our entire system is becoming better and better next metering the Act mandates supply of electricity through a current meter within a stipulated period the authority should develop regulations as required under section 53 55 of the Act within three months the Act requires all consumers to be metered within two years the CGRF will obtain from the distribution license the metering plans approve these and monitor the same these again become the responsibility of the state commissions today in respect of most of the industrial unit it is possible for the electricity board previously they used to come for inspection checks etc etc now the metering is so effective that they don't have to leave their office at all they just need to sit there and monitor when there is a hike in the consumption when there is a dip in the consumption detect abnormalities in the consumption pattern all this they can do sitting in their own offices that is the advantage with bringing in a better metering system next so cross-up series of charges very important what is this cross-up series as charged primarily the argument with regard to cross-up series of charges this that if I if the generator spends let me say 100 rupees to generate one unit of electricity then from that some part of it is spent towards supplying electricity to the less privileged sections of society like like how to dwellers all these people are supplied electricity either at mill price which is not a very good thing to do or at highly subsidized so therefore the price which electricity generator charges you includes that subsidy component now if you're going to move away from that and if you're going to go to a private producer and buy this power then the electricity state electricity board or the licensee loses that money therefore to compensate the state electricity board for that subsidy component it loses when the consumer goes away from the state electricity board and goes to a private producer this concept of cross-up series of charges introduced and that is determined by the state electricity regulatory commission it says you are free to go to power producer and you are free to take the power from him but if you do in addition to what you will pay him you will also pay a cross-up series of charge to the state electricity board to compensate the state electricity board which is then providing subsidized power to poor people now that is the concept of a cross-up series of charge and well plenty of litigation with regard to this and once again many matters turn up before the electricity regulatory commission and what are the limits within which it should be collected all this have become subject matter of a lot of litigation next we go to the next so what are the basically the nature of complaints that land up before the consumer court a delay in sanctioning new connection electricity return running fast and shipping the load shedding erratic power supply low excess voltage supply voltage fluctuation not replacing burnt meter delay in restoration of supplies due to distribution failure delay in transfer of ownership category delay in reconnection subsequent to disconnection due to not payment delay in refund of advance consumption deposit consumption security meter security delay in shifting of meter connection lines non-issue of due certificate delay in return of complaint these are largely consumer related complaints this is not between the generator and the licensee this is all in the nature of the type of complaints that go before the CGRF and before the open next consumer grievance reversal forum therefore have the powers to deal with these types of complaints the powers of the CGRF jurisdiction to entertain the complaint filed by complainants with respect to electricity service provided by the distribution licensee and to take up with so more the same fulfills the requirements specified the forum should entertain only those complaints where the complainants approach sub copyright authority of licensee as prescribed to the complaint handling procedure therefore the procedures laid down you can go into the website of the electricity regulatory commission it gives you all the particulars with regard next this is all a continuation of that so this again is powers of the then the higher authority is electricity ombudsman if a consumer is still not satisfied by the order of the country he can file and make a representation before the ombudsman matters there are certain areas which are excluded section 126 127 135 139 167 of the electricity act are areas which are reserved for other authorities and you can't go before the CGRF or the electricity ombudsman with regard to complaints relating to the state next next the most important aspect of the electricity law is the determination of tariff unlike in the past electricity tariff is not determined either by the now it has become it has become an economic process how do you determine a tariff previously it used to be determined by the state government and you have any number of supreme court judgments would say that this is a legislative function and therefore the power of the court to interfere with the setting of tariff was extremely limited but now it has become a statutory function this is why against that function an appeal like what primarily does an electricity regulatory commission do when it sets tariff there is something called the ARR ARR is the annual revenue requirement I manufacture electricity I sell electricity I spend 100 rupees in manufacturing electricity under the provisions of the electricity act and the rules and regulations framed there on annual revenue requirement is a cost of all that what material I need what wages I pay to my employees what money I spend the equipment what do I do by way of upgrading my equipment all this is part of the ARR so first thing that the the state electricity regulatory board has to do is it has to submit all the bills for that and say that listen this is how much I have to spend the next year with regard to maintaining infrastructure now the commission takes into the big smoke of that and then it sees how many units are manufactured how many units are generated by the state electricity board and then it comes to a mathematical exercise for this amount of electrical energy for you to generate and if this is your spending how much must you charge per unit then it arrives as an average figure from that average figure there are two classes of consumers subsidized classes of consumers and subsidizing classes of consumers a subsidized class of consumers a consumer who is paying less than this cost of manufacturing what unit of electricity and a subsidizing subsidizing consumer is somebody who is manufacturing who is paying more than this cost of manufacture of power and a subsidized consumer is somebody who is paying less than this cost of manufacturing what unit of power the act requires why did the state electricity boards land up with huge problems. They land up with huge problems because there was a mismatch between what they generated, what they spent and what they could recover from the government. So all of them went into losses. Now the electricity act says that you can't do that. Now what the government has to do is if it says these classes of consumers I'm going to subsidize the state electricity commission is supposed to fix the cost of that subsidy and the government will have to pay that in advance. So the scheme is such that in tariff setting the electricity boards will never suffer a loss. This is the primary objective of tariff setting to see that state electricity boards do not suffer a loss. If you ask me in spite of it why do they suffer a loss? It's a long story I don't have time to deal with it here now but in spite of it because the tariff setting process is in the first place not very accurate there is delay in recovering the money from the government and the tariff is not set every year as it should be. These are various multiple complications which lead to there being shortfall between the generation of electricity and what the state electricity board is able to recover from its customers. Next go to the next. So all this is the tariff determination process I put it all here for you to lead at nature as I said within the timeframe available it's not going to be possible for me to go into all this but I've made these notes for your use and utility because you can go through this in greater detail. Will you come to the last part where we have this set of case laws because I think the last slide has the list of case laws just go beyond this the last slide has this case this I have sort of set out the scheme of the act this again is for your instruction and for your information you can go through this at least I will come to the last part with regard to the major cases that have been decided under the electricity act and then these are the important things but please go to that before that West Bengal Electricity Regulatory Commission if you want to understand the electricity regime please read these acts in detail these case laws and detail these are very very important I'm not saying that these are exhaustive but these are very important for you to understand please please go I have also given a brief note primarily West Bengal ERC versus ERC the question before the Supreme Court was whether the consumers have a legal right or not to be heard in the proceedings this was under the 1998 Electricity Regulatory Commission Act because for the first time previously the consumers would not be heard when a tariff was fixed but for the first time under the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act a right was given for the consumers to be heard and this right was upheld by the Supreme Court in this judgment go to the next one so this case is also important as to whether the High Court sitting as an appellate court previously when this judgment was passed aptile was not in existence so the matter the appeals would go to the High Court but the question there was when I go to the High Court as an appellate authority this question arises frequently when a High Court was functioning as a statutory authority its powers are circumscribed by the provisions of the statute it cannot borrow from its article 226 powers because it is only functioning as a statutory authority this principle also laid down in this case next the next question is who determines the tariff all that was decided in that case PTC India were limited was a CERC is very important for creating the third compartment that I was talking about it said that neither the state commission nor appell can go into validity of regulations brought out by the state government or the commission itself for example the state electricity commission brings out a regulation which is not in line with the law you can't go before the state electricity regulatory commission itself and to file a complaint there so this compartment the third compartment that I was talking about was created all through this judgment and they said that this can only be challenged before the High Court and the Supreme Court next if this case is also important for a whole lot of other issues which I have sent out here please read this judgment extensively it will give you a very good you know birds eye view of the electricity act and what the authorities under the act are supposed to do next next all these are the questions that have been decided in this case and CESA Sterlite is on the issue of cross-up series and charge how it must operate how it applies etc etc and this again is very instructive on the issue of cross-up series and charge next which not because they got limited is an interesting case which went into whether the provisions of the arbitration consideration act will apply or the provisions of the electricity act will apply in respect of appointment of an arbitrator it invoke that principle of interpretation of statutes which said that the specific will always override the general arbitration act 1996 is a general provision but when under the provisions of the electricity act you have powers for the commission to appoint arbitrators only that can be invoked next that terminology and distribution limited was a ppm is again an important judgment which held that the first appeal center of the electricity act can reexamine the regulator's discretion with regard to if the regulator had the state electricity regulatory commission has appointed an arbitrator the question was whether after could go into the question and determine whether the appointment of the arbitrator was correct by the state commission and the code also held that it could be done and they after was empowered to do that this also laid down a very important principle which I then took to the high court and it said that the electricity regulatory commission must be headed by a person who has basic judicial treaty and it said that it should be headed by a high court judge therefore I find the recognition before the high court to say that our state electricity regulatory commission must be headed by a high court judge which are also a similar judgment was given which said that it should be headed by a high court judge the back ultimately went to the supreme court supreme court went into the provisions of the act and said it partly allowed our arguments and said that yes what you're saying is right the commissions must have a legally trained mind but it is not necessary that that legally trained the mind must be the chairman of the commission but one of the members must have a legal training on account of which before the Tamil Nadu electricity regulatory commission we now have a judicially an extra district judge to be one of the members of the electricity regulatory commission and the regulatory commissions all over India now have at least one judicial mind among the three members next reliance infrastructure was the state of Maharashtra is all about the power of the commission to set tariffs and how tariff policy is important for example if a tariff policy delineates and specifies a particular thing which must be done by the state commission the state commission cannot ignore that and set the tariff and therefore the implication of the national tariff policy in tariff setting was examined by the supreme court in this case next best the regulation commission this is an important issue with regard to the first compartment that I talked about in respect of disputes that in respect of a dispute between a consumer and a distribution licensee the proper authority to examine that would only be the consumer grievance rivers and forum and in this case the appropriation of that jurisdiction by the state electricity regulatory commission was held to be improper by the supreme court so this is very useful for that first compartment of disputes that I talked to you about next best once again this also goes goes into the issue of a consumer filing a petition before the commission and it was pointed out that such petitions will not like there is there is one one area in which a consumer can actually approach the commission straight away and that is where the regulations are not being implemented properly where the regulations that have been framed by the commission are not being implemented by the authorities properly my argument would be that the power center of the electricity act the empower the commission even on a complaint by the consumer to deal with it and to punish the licensee or any authority who is acting in delegation this is a position that I have also argued before after that the power is available some of these matters are still pending before the before after for after to take a decision on that but that alone I would say that there is power for a complaint to be filed by a consumer if any of the regulations are being consistently being floated by the licensee next this again is an elaboration of that judgment data power and reliance energy limited place is a very important judgment on competition and how competition between for example in this case data power and reliance energy is important and is in the interest of the consumers so the court gave due recognition to the objective of getting the electricity act to promote competition and give the consumer an option to choose so anything that is in derogation of this right of choice of the consumer the court frowned on as it did in this case next so this generally is the conflict is I will quickly deal with one important issue which Mr. McCaff wanted me to deal with and which is with regard to the difference between section 1.6 and 135 very simply there are two important judgments that is not part of my compilation so please note it executive engineer versus sitar arm rice wills 2022 a cc page 108 that considers extensively the difference between section 1.6 and 135 and now there is a recent judgment which is the west wing wall electricity distribution company corporation versus orion metal private limited which is 2019 scc online 1077 I don't think this has been reported in the scc but it is the scc online west wing wall state electricity distribution company versus orion metal orion metal private limited it is 2019 scc online 1077 so these two cases if you read primarily the difference is this section 2026 in regard to unauthorized use of electricity either unauthorized use of the electricity the electricity department need not prove any dishonest intention right there is no necessity for the department to prove any dishonest intention section 135 is a criminal offense and as you all know that a criminal offense for it to be established you have to prove dishonest intention and a complaint and have to be filed before the police and the police will have to file a further proceedings before the court that has been designated under the provisions of the section 135 many times the question arises can a person be sued simultaneously for section 126 and 135 this is one question that frequently arises section 126 let us assume there is a case where I am a tenant of the property there is somebody who has used the premises earlier my earlier tenant has tampered with the meter and he has caused some loss to the electricity department the electricity department did not detect this at the time when it was used by the previous tenant but when I came into possession of the tenancy they conducted an inspection and they found that electricity there is unauthorized use of electricity now the question is can they proceed against me for theft of electricity no they can't proceed against me for theft of electricity but can they proceed against me for unauthorized use of electricity yes because I whether I have an intention or not I am still using electricity which is which is not the manner in which it should be used according to the terms and conditions right that is one example the second example is suppose my sanction law is a particular KVA and I use more than that right now am I using unauthorized use of electricity yes because I am authorized to use only a sanctioned demand and I exceed that sanctioned demand and on an inspection done by the authorities it is shown that I have exceeded the sanctioned demand therefore I am liable for unauthorized use of electricity therefore the primarily if you read these two judgments it will be clear that under section 126 what needs to be assessed by the electricity department is only the loss that is caused to them or account of unauthorized use of electricity the establishment of an intention is not necessary at all whereas for the department to succeed in a case of section 130 why they must show that there has been dishonest in for example in a dishonest intention I go and break a meter I go and break an equipment on account of that I try to take an advantage but no advantage actually ensues right in that case I am guilty of theft of electricity I can it cannot be said that there is no K because I don't have a case under 126 because I have not actually benefited from this entire process you can't file a case against me intersection 135 there would be cases where complaints can be maintained purely under 135 there would be cases where complaints can be filed purely under 126 there would be cases where complaints can be filed simultaneously both under 126 and 135 all this depends upon the nature of the offense that is alleged and the circumstances surrounding the charge and complaint against me that is the most important determinant and it has to proceed only on the basis of that so this I think answers issues with regard to section 126 and 135 I am thankful to you for giving me this opportunity I've gone on for one and a half hours but as I said this is a vast motion and there is much to learn and it is a great area for lawyers to to actually start specializing in thank you once again for giving me yes sir as rightly said that the act is very vast and as we were discussing earlier earlier also then one aspect which we would like that we can specifically have one webinar on this 126 and 135 because primarily young lawyers invariably get the litigation quark whether it is an unauthorized connection or whether it's a theft and whether the jurisdiction would lie in the section 153 or not against that as to with what are the remedies for that and then next question arises normally one feels that once the laying down of the lines is there as to whether the land acquisition act will prevail or the provisions of section 10 to 16 of the telegraph act would prevail so we'll bother you once again and ask you to give insights on these aspects also because at least I have seen in Punjab and I could these two type of litigations are primarily there as to whether that electricity theft if you have done it is compounded or not whether the FIR could be cost whether if if we see that unauthorized connection they always say that unauthorized connection would be like you have taken a connection of 5 kilowatts instead of three ACs you are installed the fourth AC so it becomes an unauthorized and the theft would be what we say a kundi connection that you take an electricity from a source which is not actually being detected to a meter so these subtle differences we would like that you should share your knowledge on 126 135 and section 67 of the telegraph acts as to whether it will be notified or not we will have a separate that's what I'm saying I know that in fact because I do not know about Madras but in our site we have primarily this type of litigation especially of the laying down of the lines they say that it's my farm farmer's land my land has been totally spoiled they say that I should be compensated then that Kerala start state transplantation case plantation case comes wherein they said how how you have to assist and give the this thing because right of compensation is only quality damage done not because the land is not required you continue to retain the and become the you are always the land ownership two three questions have come in we will deal with it in a separate session there is also the works of licensing rules and regulations there are a lot of rules and regulations because in a matter one of the High Court said this what a clarification of the given the works of licensing regulations so many of the lawyers don't know that these regulations exist and actually regulate the manner in which transmission lines will be laid and the authority to whom we can file a complaint for compensation and what are the powers of that authority all these are set out in various rules and regulations and we only see the act so those are important topics but I said this is very vast what you can take this whole or five important questions you can probably call it five important questions and we can discuss it so that's what I'm saying 126 135 153 then section 67 of the electricity act according to me these four sections are and fifth one would be as to those who are practicing on the PSR EC we say Punjab State Electricity Regulatory Commission or HERC what you said the regulatory commission but that is a very niche area where that requires a super specialization of the regulatory commission because how the transmission layer how the tariff tariff rates would be calculated how the annual assessment would be there this is Dr. Shilkanth with the emergence of the EVs do you see a shortage of production and if yes how can the law bring in the regulatory of tariff with the privatization of the charging points if any with the with the generation of with the emergence of the EVs do you see a shortage of production and if yes how can the law bring bring in a regulatory of tariff with the privatization of the charging points if any no tariff fixation there is no problem at all and as far as it primarily we need to have more privatization in the sector as things stand today and only if the sector is privatized more and more and we are able to the electricity regulatory commission comes up with some sensible standard for setting tariff would there be and now with the IEX power where I am able to buy power from any part of the country and at very very affordable and economical rates I would say that it is only going to improve notwithstanding the fact there are a lot of roadblocks to the ACVs becoming extremely effective and efficient but what the saving grace privatization is helping in a large way this is again by Dr. Srikan with regard to cross subsidy what do you have an opinion as to whether the agreement between the distributor and the producer can be arbitral distributor and the generator can definitely be arbitrated it can only be arbitrated and or it can be decided by the commission the commission feels that there are too many intricate aspects to be gone into the commission has the power to refer the matter to arbitration but I don't think any consumer can force the commission to refer the matter to arbitration when it says I am in a position to determine the matter months Stanley is a plaintiff staying in this family property for a long time under this position the defendant fraudulently got a will and changed the government documents including EB connection is wise names the dispute is going on since 2009 in a sub court as a partition suit can the defendant give a letter to the EB to close for permanent closure since EB connection has been changed from plaintiff's mother's name in case the EB disconnection the line what is the remedy for that see EB is not I don't know about the position in other parts of the country but as far as Tamil Nadu is concerned the EB is not concerned about family disputes at all EB is only country the interest that in supplying electricity to you are you paying for it so the system that we have in Tamil Nadu is whenever something like this crops up the EB gets an indemnity bond from you saying that whatever be the ultimate outcome of these litigations I will be the person who will be responsible for making the payments in fact the law in Tamil Nadu too is to that extent where it says even if you put up a construction in let us assume government form of client as we call it here still the electricity board has to give connection and it has to supply and it has to collect the charges for the supply it makes so leave alone a dispute between the landowner and somebody else who's claiming rights with regard to the property even if we dispute this between the government and the person who is illegally occupying government land still the electricity board cannot reduce the grant connection and all that electricity board must be interested in some kind of dam for the power that it supplies and it gets an indemnity bond from the person to say that if for any reason there is to be any huge regard to this still I continue to be responsible so one Armstrong has asked the question but I think we will take it in another webinar what are the procedures for EB to follow in the case of theft of wire and in case of theft of energy this was to be saying until unless we understand that concept and this question will be done what are all these all the what are the procedures of EB to follow in the case of theft and in the case of theft of energy all this as I said are regulated by different rules and regulations which have been formulated by different commissions so you will have to there is no uniform rule that applies right across the country every electricity board has brought out its own regulations to regulate this and therefore I can't give a general answer with regard to this yes so we have no other questions I'm just telling about the tomorrow's webinar before we part for the day tomorrow the webinar would be on burden of proof vis-a-vis the owners of proof and standards of proof this is by justice Mandata Sita Raman Murti a former judge of Andhra Pradesh do log in at 5 p.m for the insights on a quite an including topic and thank you to all the participants who have been watching us live on the facebook and on this platform and thank you to Mr. Anil Raja the senior advocate a topic which is quite vast but it was funneled in the right perspective which every common man can understand and we will be sharing these notes on the whatsapp bro and thank you once again sir it was a pleasure here thank you. Jai Hind to everyone.


فشرف بل اشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دا دا دا لا ويا له من شراف العظيمي but we will just listen to it but all of this is a summary of what just happened وشاركون معا عامة كهلي الجزمي في الفئة المضايحة وما لفعلها كهلي الجزمي في الفئة المضايحة من كل خير وفي الأفعال التي افعلها بسبات المون فالمعروبات كسما تسمي يغرب بالحلقات وتسمي يغرب بالجور وليس يغرب بالحلقات وارغاعة نمع أعطيك أن يكون لديك أشخاص جيداً في الفتحة والتوفر في الفتحة والتجزن بالسفن وخرج عن ذلك الثلاثة الأشياء جمع أمان الزالم ينصب التسغة والاسم الذي لا ينصر فيفه بالفتعة والفين المضارع المبتل الأخي بيزان بحافل أخي والذي يرغب العرف أبعت المعام التثنيت وجمع المذكر الزالم والأسماء والخمسة والأفعال والأفعال والخمسة دوهير يفعلاني وتفعلاني وتفعلونه وتفعلونه وتفعلينه فأم تثنيها فتوفع بالألف وتنصب وتفضليها وأم جمع المذكر الزالم يفعل بالوار وينصب ويفضليها وأم الأسماء والخمسة توفع بالوار وتنصب بالألف وتفضليها وأم الأفعال الخمسة توفع بالنون وتنصب وتفزن بها فيها فابل أفعال ولأفعال مهاته ماضل ومضارع وامم نادي أوث رحبه الله كرد هاي كرد now the author is taking us to the other chapters so we've now we've now we've done we've also done we've now going into the third chapter for today which is we've got this chapter and the next chapter to do and we've accomplished today's session وهي باب الأفعال ومرفعات الأسماء إذا كنا نفعل ذلك، نحن جيدة الثلاثة now goes into أقسام الأفعال وإنها أحكام، it's rulings so what are the types of verbs something we really took what did we say الأفعال تلات تن it's three ماظن ومضارع وأمر those are the three so the effect categories into how many three ماظي which is what past ماظي is always what مبنيون على الفتح مبني على الفتح are you with me brothers the ماظي is what مبنيون على الفتح it's مبني with what فتح the مضانع is what it is معرب and it is also مبني it's معرب with what الرفع والنصب والجزم and it is مبني one when two things enter it so what is مبني with two things مبنيون على السقون and it's مبني على الفتح and it only becomes مبني when two things enter it نولو التوكيد and نولو نسوة if نولو التوكيد which is the known of emphasis انتزيت or the known of a feminine انتزيت فعال مبارع moves from being عمع رب and it becomes مبني and we haven't studied مبني at all this book does not talk about مبني so that's why لما تطرخ إليه I did a sats we came out of it the other hand is always مبني and it is مبني على على الجزم it is مبني جزم and it becomes مبني على ما يجزم به مضارع فعال مضارع and even made it مجزوم always the فعال مضارع مجزوم سقون and what حذف right so it's always the فعال أمر but it's مبني على السقون and it is مبني على الحذف صح that's why some of the scholars only believe where the scholars from بص the بص ليولي they only believe that they have فعال of two types ماضي المضارع خلص أمر is المضارع كوفيون who believe these three types are you with me it's to call of the جمهور as well now the author is going to mention what I've just said to you right now that's what he's going to say to you okay so he gives you an example of each one ضرب is ماضي يضرب is مضارع والضرب is فعال أمر فالماضي مفتوح مفتوح الأخل أبدا والأمر مجزوم أبدا والمضارع المكان في أوله إخت الزوائد الرواع يجمعها قوله التي it is زيادة خيفة يجمعها قوله تنيتو وهو مفتوح الأبدا حتى يتكر عليه ناصفه أو جزء now the author mentions that the mother is always what مفتوح الأخري أبدا he means it's مبني على الفتح always okay والأمر مجزوم أبدا and also فعال أمر is always مبني على الجزم it is على ما يجزم به مضارعه المضارع on the other hand as we said it's مرفوع مصوب and it's مجزوم صح but all of that is when it's what when it's when it's what when it's مرفوع so when it's when it's معرب when it's معرب okay pay attention to this the the default position of the when it's when it's ميبني when it is the the is that you place a it's that's it moves from that position is when those words before it when it diverts from if it goes before it فهي يذهب before it و يتخلص مني في مرفوعه فهي يقول أنه مرفوع من أبنان فهي always مرفوعه حتى يدخل عليه الناسبون حتى أدواتون نصب يذهب before it وعلى أدواتون نصب سنأخذهم سيون إن شاء الله أو جازيمون أو أدواتون جازيمون يذهب before it إذا أدواتون جازيمون يذهب before فعيل مضارع فهي يفعل ماذا؟ فهي يفعله و يتغيره فهي يصبح منصوب أو يصبح مجزوم هل أنت أصبح من هذا؟ إذا أقرأ أنه يفعله و يتغيره و يتغيره لكن إذا يتغيره أو يتغيره أو شيء مثل هذا يذهب before it و يتغيره و أيضاً يخبرك ماذا؟ كيف أستمع أن هذا هو فعيل مضارع؟ كيف أعرف فعيل مضارع؟ فعيل مضارع هو أنه يقول أنه يتغير و يتغير ماذا يذهب before it و إذا يتغير نون و يأتن إذا هل شخص يذهب before it و ما فعله؟ يأتنم فعيل مضارع ماذا? باضي how do you know so mummy because I can't see it any before it nor can I see it any more before it or can I see it any more when you put it or a time لا أستطيع أن أرى هؤلاءهم قبله ، now you will make a mouda'a and you are going to say أضربه ، نضربه ، يضربه ، تضربه ... are you with me أليس من قبله ، نور من قبله ، يأت من قبله ، تأت من قبله ، what does it become في علم مouda'a هذا خود الزوائد الأربعة ما هو الزوائد؟ لدينا أضرب اضربat واضرب what؟ أريد أن أخبركم أن جزء موضوع الأغلق أن أخبركم أن جزء موضوع الدافع يأتي عدد موضوع في مغالبا في العقل المتحدة وفتاة هل حقا؟ يبقا نواصل وعشا وطلو مليا أنت وانت وإبن وكيب وولامكيب وولامكتور وحتى والذواغ والذواغ والذواغ والذواغ now the author رحبه الله he is going into and he is speaking about نواصل والفعل المضاري before we go into the نواصل let's quickly go back to something which is let's go back to the ماضي and the مضاري and the أمر let's have a bit more understanding let's go a bit deep what's the ماضي what did I say it's always what it's مبني على الفتح and it's in two ways that it's مبني على الفتح two ways the first one is ضاهر apparent you can see it okay it's ضاهر such as the one ناصر ضارب فتح قتل ضاحك those are apparent okay that's the ماضي we're talking about here right all of those are مبني على الفتح you can see it the second is مقدر it's implicit you can't really see it now it's implicit it's implicit and it comes in three ways the first one is تعدر it's called تعدر the third one تعدر example of it is ربا the second one is المناسرة ذاهبو what happened to the باء it was made it was ذاهباء now you're saying ذاهبووووووووووو what happened it changed this is called ملاسبة I will speak about it and the third one is دفع الكراهة دفع الكراهة what is that فاهمهمهم what happened to the ميم you place it in the سكولة فاهمتو فاهمتو what happened to the ميم you place it in the سكولة it was made to be فاهماء are you with me so it's always مبني على الفتح but the way that the فتح shows is two ways this view like I'm telling you is view of some of the موحات some of the grammarians do you say this others would have said and if you guys like the idea you can take that if you wish to they would have said no that the فع الماضي is not always مبني على الفتح it's not always the case it's مبني على الفتح sometimes it's sometimes مبني على عضم and sometimes it's مبني على السكول so when you saw that they say to you here it's مبني على السكول do you see a brother there it's مبني على السكول فاهمتو you can see سكولة right then say مبني على السكول of the word of the word of the word of the word of the word of the word of the word so yeah so in the word if it's a three letter of the word for example فاهمة it comes from the word فاعلة الفاعلة فعلة what is a three letter as Ibn Malik says in Islamia بفعل للفعل اذا التجريد أو فاعلة يأتي ومقصور عيل أو فاعلة وضم من فاعل لزم في المضارع وتحموضي على الكسر في المبني من فاعلة وجان فيه منحس مع وغيرت وحيرت لأمت أولية بسوهلة فاعل فاعلة فعلة is what comes in that hasn't got anything to do with the mabi here right now it does have when we convert it to a موارع but when we're talking about that grammar we're more focused on the what the last letter we're not concerned about the middle letter the sarf only deals with the middle letter because the ر is his fatha عضحيكة is also about it but it's the حق here has got kassala are you with me that's sarf why is it like that sarf as for grammar we don't really care about the middle changing or not all we care about is the last letter what's happening here so what they are saying is the haboo the bad that we knew that should have had a fatha on it yeah you will now see it with a thumb so for us it's we don't care and I like that the reason why I like it first so it's easier for the student why do you have to keep bringing it back to a fatha what you see is what it is that's easier and also other scholars like محمد محيج العدي الحميد and عقيل and others they argue why do you have to keep bringing it with the fatha is there a reason is it the asal is it what rather مبني the asal is jazm if you're actually going to bring back something to something then bring it back to jazm why do you have to always bring it back to fatha I was forcing you to bring it back to fatha does that make sense but here the qawla we're going to take here right now because the oath here already said this he said that the marb is always always مبني right so here if we take that opinion it becomes three it becomes two it's ضاهر which is like when I were not that's ضاهر you can see it and these three times you can't see it but he's trying to say that it's مبني عالفة but you just can't see it it's implicit التعادر means that the word excuses you and says look I just just keep me excused man I can't do this so it means that it won't show in any way that's what التعادر means that it's only take the dham because of the word that came after it sounds like a dham which is what the و the و the و was the sign of the و the و اوه اوه اوه اوه اوه اوه اوه اوه right so we bad in ملع سباح is مدقود مجاوعة the neighbors right and this is an example of where you hang around is what you become right yeah are you with me about this if you hang around is somebody that can affect you look at it that friend will will affect you look at the words being affected here by the و because imagine you had to say ذا حباو will it be hard it will be hard to say it right are you with me just like it would be hard if you wanted to go to the mosque and you hang around with jug dealers صح if you wanted to pray in the mosque in the five day you pray and stuff like you hang around with jug dealers they just contradict each other it can't be done the second the third which is مقدر is دفر كراه كراه means what كراه again it means is disliked it is was disliked توالي أربع حركاتي متوالية is was disliked four حركات connecting with each other one time فاهمت you can't say it is كراه the Arabic language it works towards is so look for him relax for him how easy they're stopping and they're carrying on كراه is that was disliked is the bill carrying on all of it as حركات those are the three then the second one is فع العبر the فع العبر as we said before is مبنون على السكول and it has ظاهر and it has مقدر for example إضرب the سكول is seen are you there if حملنا is مقدر but it's what ممنون على السكول are you there brothers also حد and it's two types حدف العلا when you say إسع strive or حدف النون when it's أفعال الخمسة if حمل understand we already spoke about the مضالع the author already spoke about the مضالع we mentioned it are you جواز المتوالية 18 ورية ولما ولما ولما والأن presenter ولم تمان من هل يوجد فعل مضارع؟ وين؟ مرفوح؟ كيف يمكنك أن تنطيع المفتح من مرفوح؟ ماذا؟ فهذا بسبب ما؟ هل عدواتل نصبي أو عدواتل؟ يذهب قليلاً هل أنت رائع؟ الآن فأس الأسئل is ماذا اذن عدواتل؟ نصبي والأسئل يكتب هنا 10 إذا كانوا يذهبون قبل فعل المضالع ، سوف يقومون قبل فعل المضالع to be made what اناس منصوب تلعب is what you said before right and before it تلعب you say تلعب and when before it it becomes تلعب because it's from the adewatu it's called the adewatu and نصري the adewatu and نصب are two types they're two types the first one is they're called ادوات نصب فعل المضالع بنفسها it does it itself and it's four of those the author mentioned ten four of those ten they make the فعل المضالع منصور itself and it's from the four is أن لان إلان and ك the first four that he mentions are all called نواصب الفعل المضالع بنفسها it does it itself it does it itself it does it what itself and لهمري وارضعة and it's four أم ولم وإذن وكي the end here brothers is مزدرية مزدرية means a verbal noun anything that comes after it can be turned into a مزدر وان now so example you say عجب تو من انتلعبا عجب تو I am fascinated من انتلعبا I am fascinated from you to play ملعبكا I broke a mizdر out of it I can actually get rid of the end and turn the whole world into a mizdر emerge it with it are you with me brothers that's what it means the end can turn the world into a mizdر that I can actually drop the end and I can drop the فعل مضارك that it brought and turn it into a mizdر does that make sense that is مزدرية مزدرية means verbal noun so you say sorry what did I say عجب تو من لاعبكا that's one أم الملعبكا both of you say how what happened I can say it became a mizdر صحبا this are you with me yeah the second one is the second one is اللم لم هي صعب I pulled it I can't remember the لم it's negates it's a negator it negates pay attention what was the مضارك what does it show مضارك is a what is it a past tense present tense or future present tense when a lamb enters it it becomes what فتسييروا وستقم but then it becomes future وتسييروا ومعنه مستقبلا it makes its meaning become future the what the فعل مضارك here is the future meaning now for example you would say لن تقراء you're not going to read in the future not actually do it you're not going to read we're talking about what the future so there are words that can enter the فعل مضارك that force it to become past tense and there are things that can enter that can make it what for future for future that's how we Somali say it are you with me brothers and three is إِلَنْ the author mentioned in December which is إِلَنْ and we're still in نواصب الفعل مضارعي منخسها إِلَنْ يا are you with me brothers إِلَنْ it's a response to a question a point that was put before or it's a جواب اللي ما قبلها وَجَزَاءُ اللَّهَا and it's a reward created to it for example I say to you if you study and you learn and you put your time in and you guys go home and you revise the notes and everything I'm telling you guys إِلَنْ تَنْجَحَ then you will be you'll pass the test the إِلَنْ here now is a جواب وَجَزَاءَ it's a response to the what for example you say it's أجتهدو والله I'm going to strive I look at you and say إِلَنْ تَنجَحَ then you pass does that make sense so إِلَنْ is used there are three conditions mentioned for إِلَنْ for it to do the what نَنْ نَسْمَدْ فَأِنْ مُضَارِ we'll come today إن شاء الله تعالى the fourth one which is the last one is K are you with me brothers it's what K K means an English was the best word for it yeah huh in order to in order to so that in order to so that all of those meanings it seems like that but there's a barbid barbid meaning if this doesn't happen the K doesn't do its job properly it won't work and it's not the K that we're talking about here the barbid for it is it has to go before it it has to go before it it either has to go before it either has to go before it either has to go before it has to be explicit or implicit but it has to go before it for example if you say G to K أقراء العلمة I came in order to read knowledge can I say لي كي أقراء العلمة huh so yeah you could صحيح this is what we're talking about both of those the first one is implicit and the second is explicit what's the job are you with me what is it is that whenever the lab can enter it if I want it to and I can drop it if I want to it's my choice but if we won't accept it then it's not the lab though I'm okay we're talking about we're not talking about the K that we're talking about now that we've spoken about نواصل فعل مضارع بنفسها we're now going to move on to the ones that do the فعل مضارع with they don't do it directly but within itself they do it with نواصل فعل مضارع and there are two types of those which is جوازن and وجوبن جوازن meaning it's it's permissible for it to do it it's allowed for it to do it it doesn't have to and the second one which is وجوبن it has to do it there's no other way the only one that's allowed to do it is لام التعليل the lab that enters the word that we just said before جيطول لي كي أقراء العلمة you can say جيطول لي أقراء العلمة it takes the same job as the word كي كي here is تعليل right reasoning which you guys said so that or what the lab here is the same it's لام التعليل it's لام التعليل also it's called لامو كي so that one it's allowed it's for it to be the second one is the one that's وجوبن and the ones that are وجوبن is لامو الجهود لامو الجهود حتى فقوا السببية وواو البعية and the one أو those five are نواصل فعل مضارقي بأد موضمرة وجوبن it's وجبن for it so the first one is لامو الجهود لامو الجهود is what إنكار الشبيت it's the lab of rejection severe rejection for example محمد لي العباء محمد is not one to play he's not going to play basically ولم يكن محمود اللي يفهم الدرسة ولم يكن محمود was not one who's able to understand the lesson حتى حتى is also and the condition for the حتى for it to be a نصب is it has to show it has to show the world or it has to be which is the the meaning that was in it are you with me or the the meaning that was in it has to be in it one of those two around for example حتى يرجع إلينا موسى حتى يرجع إلينا موسى إلا أن يرجع إلينا موسى that's what it means إلا أن يرجع إلينا موسى until موسى comes to us لامو تعاليل لامو تعاليل which is the lamb of reasoning for example what would you say إج تهد حتى تفوز سعيد سوى that you can pass the test then the author the next one is حافاء ونواو فاءو السببية or the ووو السببية are you with me فاءو السببية sorry ونواو المعية فاءو السببية ونواو المعية فاءو السببية is a فاءو of reasoning reasoning so for example you say ما تأتينا فتحدثنا you can also say what to حديثنا they take the same meaning ما تأتينا you're not coming to us فتحدثنا to talk to us the وواو سببية المعية and the use of the word oh جوازي مفع المضالع are any اي تين that the author mentioned and they divide it into two okay some of them only do جزء of only one verb and the other one يجزء مفعليني it does two verbs so يجزء مفعليني واحدة it only does جزء of one verb and the one the second one is يجزء مفعليني it does جزء of what two verbs so let's mention the ones that do جزء of two verbs and the remaining is what does جزء of one فعل are you with me brothers يجزء مفعليني is what ام بطفاق محاة the grammar is all agree on this one there's no خلاف that it does جزء of two verbs the ام then اد ما this is a call into the strongest of the opinions there's a خلاف here ما okay okay is اصح the strongest of the opinions and the remaining فعلاني two فعل so the rating we mean here is اي المتعيان اي ان حيث ما كيف ما all of those are is يجزء مفعليني and they are agreed upon in a sense اتفاق ايه and the ones that do فعل واحد is لم ولما وألم وألم ولام الأمر ولام الدعائي ولام الناهية ولام الدعائية which is also known as لام الناهية those are the ones those six they do فعلوا واحد we're now going to start the last chapter which is بابو برفوعات الاسلام ان شاء الله تعالى we'll take another break