So it's my pleasure to welcome you all to today's Center for European Legal Studies webinar webinar. My name is Kenneth Armstrong, and I hold the chair in European law at the University of Cambridge. And it's my particular delight to introduce to you our speaker for this evening, who's Professor Gronja de Berka. Gronja is the Florence Ellenwood Allen Professor of Law at NYU School of Law. She has previously held faculty positions at Harvard Law School, Fordham, UI Florence, and the University of Oxford. And she's, of course, well known for her scholarship in the field of European Legal Studies. And her more recent work lies at the intersection of international law, European law, and human rights. And next month, Oxford University Press will publish her much anticipated monograph entitled reframing human rights in a turbulent era. And today, Gronja will explore the turbulence that has been swirling around the slide towards a liberal liberalism in Europe. As she seeks to answer the question posed in the title of her talk, shoot Poland and hungry EU member states. At the end of her talk, we will work through some some questions. And so please use the Q&A function, not the chat function to pose your questions. And I will moderate the discussion with Gronja drawing on your questions. So on your behalf, let me welcome tonight speaker, Professor Gronja de Berka of Gronja. Thank you very much, Kenneth. Thanks for the introduction and for inviting me to to speak. It's given me a chance to work through some thoughts that have been rattling around in my head for a while. I gave the talk, you know, a deliberately, maybe provocative title, but you know it's not meant to be provocative in, you know, any sense other than provoking thoughts because Gronja is one that occurs, I think, to many when we think about what has happened in Hungary and in Poland and compare that to the values which are stated in the EU treaty as fundamental and foundational and compliance with which are a condition for membership. So let me just work through some of the thoughts that I've been wrestling with. I don't have a firm conclusion, but I have some thoughts that I'd be very happy to share. So starting with the basic values, this is something most of you I'm imagining who are listening in will be aware of that the EU treaties at the moment really enshrine and express the neutrality of a certain number of fundamental values to the EU founded on these. Their compliance with them and promoting them is a condition for accession to the EU and there is a procedure that has been created to suspend the rights of a state which seriously and persistently breaches those values. So article two sets out the values they include respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law amongst others. So article 49 sets out the conditions for accession which includes respect for and promoting these values and article seven sets out the procedure for suspending the rights of a state that persistently reaches them. So there's little doubt about that. Those are, there's no ambiguity about the values there's no ambiguity about the language and they're in the very first article two is really the one of the first articles of the treaty. So where are we today, again, and this might be familiar to many of you but just to list some of the issues that have arisen in relation in the last number of years in Hungary and in Poland, and I haven't identified which, which some of these applied to both states some primarily to one rather than the other, but there's elements of them in both. So, most obviously and probably in relation to Poland, the issue that has drawn most attention is the gradual subjection of the judiciary to political control, the gradual removal of the independence of the judiciary through various means, in both member states using age limits to try to retire early judges from a previous era, which who are not considered to be sufficiently friendly to the ruling party, expanding the size of courts and replacing the retired early retired judges with political loyalists, establishing in Poland a disciplinary chambers of the Supreme Court to monitor and police judges for violations, such as making references to the Court of Justice and so on. In addition to those to the very clear undermining of judicial independence and it's been really systematic in both states. In terms of civil society, we see this particularly in Hungary with laws on the funding and registration of NGOs. Other kinds of attempts to to inhibit freedom of association, especially of groups that might challenge government policy, repression of media freedom and pluralism this is in the news again this week. It's been done more comprehensively in Hungary than in Poland but they're catching up fast in Poland. It's been done of LGBT rights and freedoms in Poland, well in both countries also by the promotion of traditional conceptions of the family also undermining gender equality reproductive rights with drawing from or challenging new international norms and violence against women. The actions in relation to asylum seekers and refugees on lawful under you law but also international law anti migrant rhetoric that inflames a liberal sentiment extension of executive control is particularly in Hungary through expansive COVID triggered laws, and even though Hungary ostensibly drew back from its initially very extensive blood it still has a introduced really expansive powers for the Prime Minister to declare states of medical emergency and so on, and to control further political health and all kinds of institutions and policies in the state. And these aren't just allegations. So, you know, we often lack adequate information and so on there's no lack of information or no lack of reporting and testament to what's happening in these states and they've been criticized by multiple observers so I've mentioned the external and international institutions and actors that have condemned developments towards authoritarianism and a liberalism in both states. The Venice Commission on Democracy through law of the Council of Europe, not an EU body but a Council of Europe body and very respected as a monitor of Democratic developments and backsliding these days. And more of international and regional human rights NGOs have issued statements condemnations letters, and so on. Multiple associations of the judiciary have expressed concern. The National, the Association of the Councils of the judiciary expelled the Polish National Judicial Council for lack of independence, but also there've been statements issued, including as recently as this week by various associations really setting off the issue of saying, this is a really fundamental attack on the rule of law and then attack on an independent judiciary and one state weakens the position of the judiciary is right across Europe for multiple reasons. And then we see also these declining rankings and these are all, you could say private rankings they're not government rankings they're not intergovernmental rankings, but organizations like the World Justice Project the economist intelligence House have various indicators and they rank states all over the world both Poland and Hungary have been declining sharply and those with Freedom House having declared hungry not to be any longer in democracy and Poland has lost its status as a consolidated democracy. So, these are real, the developments taking place. So the big question that I seem to be asking in the title why do they remain member states given that they really wouldn't qualify now to join if they were applying for membership. They wouldn't pass the requirements of article 49. And the simple legal answer the first answer I suppose is well, they can't be expelled right we don't have a power of expulsion in the EU treaties. So, what does that mean well. There is a power, not a power, yes a power of freedom to exit now we know that article 50 of the treaty on European Union was added by the Lisbon Treaty. And we also have a suspension mechanism as I mentioned in article seven of the treaty on European Union and both of those were one of those article 50 was added. The Lisbon Treaty article seven of it earlier in the Amsterdam treaty and it's been developed since then. But it's, is it the case that it wasn't considered that it was considered and rejected and so on. Well, it seemed that it was considered at the time these the article 50 provision was drafted so during the drafting of the constitutional treaty the precursor to the Lisbon Treaty which was kind of repackaged and adopted as the Lisbon Treaty. So there was an amendment put forward ironically by members of the EPP, the big grouping of Conservative parties in the European Parliament by members of that EPP, who are now considered have sheltered Hungary and Orban for a long time but they were concerned about rogue states and said well if there's going to be an exit provision there should be a corresponding expulsion provision. And that amendment was rejected. So in other words, the idea of an expulsion mechanism was considered but not included. And it might be interesting if any of you are interested in reflecting on why that might have been why they, why they rejected an expulsion mechanism that's interesting. There is an expulsion mechanism for example in the Council of Europe, which allows a state to be expelled after a year after a finding of similar violations. We could, of course, nuance that a bit and say well, the fact that there isn't, you know, an explicit power of expulsion and the fact that amendment was considered we don't really know why the amendment was rejected we don't really know what was meant and silence can be ambiguous. And this is right to expel a rogue state and a number of academics have suggested this Larry Halfer and Mita Gulati. It came up, not so much in relation to Poland and Hungary as in relation to Greece during the Euro crisis at one stage many people watching interested to know what could Greece be expelled and so on. And it has been suggested by various scholars that despite this absence in the treaty of a power of expulsion, there must be an implicit right in an international organization under, for example, Article 60 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties or corresponding for the remaining states parties to a treaty to to terminate the treaty for material breach against a rogue state and then to recreate their, their union amongst themselves. And even, you know, the Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte said something similar last year when Poland and Hungary were trying to veto the new the budget, which contain provisions on rule of law conditionality and he said, can we just create a new EU without Hungary and Poland. You know that was a major major suggestion but you know in other words, this isn't some fantasy this is something that occurs to observers political and academic observers, but it's a controversial argument to make. And it would be obviously argued rejected by many and so on particularly by the rogue states in question, and it would be difficult to implement. Just, I guess, suggestion here to this legal kind of question, couldn't it be expelled is there any power could it be imagined is well, they could be requested to leave right the fact that there isn't a formal power of expulsion doesn't mean that it could be made quite clear to member states that they kind of rejected the fundamental values of the or refusing to implement its basic policies, and they could be requested to leave. Again, not easy to enforce but it would change the political calculus somewhat. Okay, so that's that's the legal answer to why are they still member states there isn't a power expulsion. Of course the answer isn't really legal it's it's a political answer and we know that from the fact that the suspension mechanism that currently exists within the treaties the article seven mechanism has barely been activated the lesser mechanism that was included in the process to suspend the rights of a state that's seriously and persistently violates the founding values in article two hasn't really got any serious traction, or not traction but it just hasn't been activated. First of all there was significant delay in activating it against Hungary when hungry was really going far down the road towards an authoritarian system control of all the independent institutions courts undermining the opposition, funding, funding state funding to supportive actors and so on and squashing civil society and nothing was done for a long time in relation to Hungary not by the Commission and not by the European Parliament until I think 2018. And there was some delay but less against Poland where eventually the Commission did activate article seven against Poland for its actions in relation to the judiciary. When I say activate, there are three steps, three, three, three parts to article seven and only the first part of the first article has been triggered in other words the act of, you know, requesting that the article seven procedure be triggered there hasn't been a decision that was necessary under the first part article seven by the Council, you know the member states meeting in the Council member state representatives that there is even a risk of a serious breach of the values in article two so long after we have serious and persistent the Council has not even taken a decision that there's a risk of such. So there's no prospect in sight of moving beyond article seven one on to the actual decision of the heads of state to suspend the rights or and what would follow that there's been a breach and then under three to suspend the rights. The stage it's at as I put here is frozen in Council meetings there have been discussions, formal discussions on the rule of law issue under article seven one in the Council, but from descriptions that insiders have given of it, it involves mostly long PowerPoint presentations by Hungary and Poland very clever legal arguments separating out and giving an answer to each of the allegations. Questions being asked only by non Central and Eastern European states of silence on the part of one part of your questions on the part of Western European states, Western European member states and no movement of any kind no prospect of it. So the why question what what's to to explain the political unwillingness to confront Poland and Hungary. And one of the earlier explanations was that, in particular in relation to hungry the Fidesz Party was an important part of the grouping within the European Parliament and was given strong support by Manfred Weber in Germany in particular who's the head of that grouping at the time, and was not just tolerated but given significant support, nobody willing to turn on their ally very important to have that dominance in the European Parliament and so on so self interest. Also just the logic of intergovernmentalism because that has changed now Fidesz has been suspended. The straw that broke the camel's back was nasty posters of the then president of Junker of the Commission, along with the nasty posters of George Soros which hungry uses to to defend them and to ridicule them. But there are ongoing reasons why there is political reluctance to confront them the intergovernmental nature of the Council, each state preserving itself not wanting to make the allegation less an allegation be later made against it retaliation of some kind that couldn't be predicted and what's called this reciprocal deference described by Dan Kellerman and Kim Sheppler. So, the nature of the body that's called on to take the next step under Articles 71 the Council of Ministers is really not suited to taking that kind of challenging action there's too much self interest on the part of each of the states to overcome, and they have shown no interest in overcoming that. That's true but so intergovernmental action under article seven is not happening. But there has been some supernatural action action on the part of the EU supernatural institution so that's, it's not that nothing is happening in relation to Poland and hungry, but no political confrontation is taking place. The commission in its capacities garden of the treaties is using the dialogue rule of law tools which have proved absolutely without any traction or use unfortunately. It's like a deep politicized political diplomatic mechanism, and they keep introducing more of these, even as they're, absolutely no impact on what the governments of Hungary and Poland are doing, but more importantly then they've they've moved back to these legal proceedings infringement proceedings under the treaties against both Poland and hungry for multiple of the issues that I set out in the earlier slide on violation of refugee laws on the undermining independence of the judiciary the early retirement age the disciplinary chambers, the closing down of the center of the European University, the funding of NGOs. You know, a lot of these different, you know, liberal actions and autocratic authoritarian power consolidating actions have been challenged by the Commission by initiating infringement proceedings and there are many of those ongoing. There is a suggestion also that you know the Commission has some silencio used a kind of a rule of law conditionality in the structural funds silent ways of, you know, penalizing hungry more than other states in relation to infractions of those funding regulations which don't have explicit rule of law conditionality but have other kinds that could be used in that way. But also the Court of Justice is working alongside the Commission when those infringement proceedings come to it the court has condemned both Poland and Hungary on multiple of these infractions and also is hearing preliminary references from courts in Hungary and Poland courts which don't want to be captured politically and are worried for their independence, but also from other member states, which are worried about the capture of the judiciary in Poland and Hungary so I'll come on to that in a moment. So it's not that nothing is happening, as I said, but that the intergovernmental act actors within the EU are relatively silent and standing back. Are there future additional tools and strategies that might be used or contemplated well Kim Shepula who's been very active in writing on these topics has suggested that the Commission has other tools at its disposal and the court, which is that the Commission could bring not just these individual infringement proceedings picking up this law and that law, the law on the Supreme Court on the disciplinary chambers on the closure of the sea, the Central European University in Budapest, but actually gather the picture of autocratic takeover or authoritarian takeover that's going on because you know one of the ways in which these governments defend themselves is to say well this one is no different from what they've done in Germany or that is no any kind of nomination of judges by a government and that rather than looking at the whole package and saying this is right, serious undermining of the values in article two. So, Shepula and others have really tried to urge the Commission to take this seriously there's a kind of a precedent for it. There are also environmental cases that the Commission used before to put a package of different infractions infringements together and bring a case. And, and she and others are arguing they could easily do that in relation to human rights rule of law and democracy backsliding. The other future tool hopefully won't be too far off is a pecuniary penalty. So once an infringement cases brought a follow up infringement case can be brought to say you haven't complied with that judgment, which found you in violation of article two and other values. You know, to slap a really big penalty on on these states would hit them where it hurts because really, what many people feel props up the government in Hungary and in Poland is the flow of EU funds which enabled them to keep strong support amongst parts of the population that benefit from, you know, the social policies and the welfare policies, or in Hungary's case also corrupt siphoning of funds to allies and so on that that props up the regimes. The other future strategy or tool might be the actual use of the new regulation that was adopted late last year, despite the attempted veto by Hungary and Poland. It's containing a rule of law conditionality provision that's hedged around with restrictions and it's been watered down a bit in a compromise and there's a delay and so on, but nonetheless, that offers the possibility for the future of another financial tool to to address the purses of these governments. So the actions that I mentioned that are taking place kind of decentralized pushback not of a political nature but of a judicial nature from courts around the member states. So recently, beginning last summer then with a reference to the Court of Justice, then just this week I think or last week, reacting to the Court of Justice is ruling a court in Amsterdam refused to surrender a suspect to a Polish court under the arrest warrant. The one regional court in Karlsruhe did similarly, there was the more famous Irish Selmer case where ultimately the judge didn't refuse to surrender because she was told she would have to find a link between the lack of independence of the Polish judiciary, and the particular person's trial, but nonetheless it raised put on the table, the question of, can we really keep going with a with a single area of a single judicial space across the EU the area of freedom of security and justice, where one or two member states are really their independence has been very significantly undermined, and their questions were also put in a Spanish court in was 2018 to a Polish court which have requested surrender under the arrest warrant. So these various possibilities are other strategies that might increase pressure on Poland and Hungary. But what I want to do is to come back to the big question about the political stalemate again so we have supper national action and we could say subnational action from national judiciaries and various other kinds of activities trying to increase the pressure on the Polish and Hungarian governments but there is this bigger political stalemate nothing happening in the Council or the European pencil. And what does that mean. What do we deduce from that from the status quo. So the question is article two meaningless. Is it just rhetoric, you know is it just window dressing. There's just cynical hypocrisy that the member states of the pretend they're committed to democracy and don't really care. I don't actually think that's the case. I'm going to put my cards on the table here. I think there's a risk of that becoming the case but that's not the case I think it's not the reason for political inaction, and I think there are some other reasons that we might go through. And I'll mention a few of those before I make the counter arguments and draw to a close. Some of the arguments going back to the reciprocal deference argument mentioned earlier. This idea of weak intergovernmental enforcement is a kind of endemic or it's a it's a fundamental problem of international organizations. So I wanted to make the example of the European Convention and human rights. The EU's interstate complaint system is incredibly rare by comparison with the individual complaint system. Human rights don't get enforced by states against each other. They're incredibly reluctant to do that it's not just a deformity of the EU or cynicism of the EU or window dressing of the EU. It is the fact that the interests are not aligned in that way so in the ECHR. And secondly, we've been getting more interstate cases because of literally armed conflict between Russia and Georgia or other parts of the former Soviet Union but you know it's rare to see interstate enforcement things like Ireland in the UK over Northern Ireland. There can be really kind of tense interstate disputes which can't be diplomatically resolved and they tend to come to interstate enforcement but it's very rare. So that kind of explains to us why maybe the lack of action within the EU council is not such a surprising thing, even if it's regrettable. And is maybe a belief that the tough confrontation that I may seem to be calling for will backfire, you know that it just won't work and so that then you lose face you confront you say you can't you know there's a real political confrontation. There's no real way of backing it up. And a belief that maybe the long slow game of waiting, nudging, encouraging, etc. speaking behind the scenes is more effective. Maybe there's a hope that things will work their way through within these systems within Poland, Hungary let the people somehow, somehow mobilise even under this authoritarian increasingly authoritarian system and bring about electoral defeat so recently for the Allied opposition in Hungary for the first time showed you know a slight majority over Fidesz. That doesn't mean much because it would still be very hard for an opposition to win and to be able to rule with all the constitutional changes that have been brought in and hungry but nonetheless. That's the hope that there would be change will come about without tough confrontation. The reason for reluctance maybe would be that you know the population of these states, the sense is, they're divided, you know, there's, you support and there's, you know, people are indifferent to the EU and very much support the authoritarian ruling parties, and that confronting those states and activating really activating the suspension mechanism would hurt or undermine the pro you part of the population again it's allied to the previous point I made about the hope that, you know, within these states have to work themselves through not through this kind of crude this political pressure from without. Then there's the post Brexit fears, you know the fears of fracturing the EU, we've already lost one state and, you know, for all the bravado has not been good for the EU any more than for the UK you know it's been a loss. In the EU situation, Brexit and that fracturing risking another exit risking another fracture of that kind where we can the EU further weaken its domestic status weaken its global status. And finally the fear of driving a state like Russia further into the embrace of other external actors and very much more liberal than not soft authoritarian systems but harder authoritarian systems like Russia. And then maybe China through financing and so on that that the EU would do better, you know, to keep them within them to push them out or to challenge them too much so. So these are some of the, the arguments other than just cynicism or don't care about democracy that might explain the failure to confront Poland and Hungary politically. The question I went to ask you know before ending is whether that long game gamble as I call it is actually a mistake or not. Not an easy question. So again I don't want to suggest there's anything easy about this issue I don't think there is I think that's party. The answer to my question of why are hungry in Poland still in your member states it's not just there isn't an expulsion mechanism but it's very complicated and difficult. There's a calculated gamble going on as I've explained it I think that things will get better eventually that if we just just let things be maybe tinker here and there that in the absence of strong political confrontation of going on hungry things will And member states, you know as I explained don't confront them currently also partly because there aren't many externalities for the states themselves or that I think is what they believe, but like the interstate human rights enforcement in the country where states don't suffer particularly when there are human rights violations against the population of another state they might not like it it might not be good, but they don't bear the costs the costs are mostly born by the domestic population of the offending states, or at least by those parts of the population that don't support and capitulate to the dictates of the ruling parties. And here's the counter argument I think there is damage to the EU in non confrontation. And I think that damage needs to be made more clear, I think it's important to highlight emphasize the damage that is done through long to non confrontation and indirectly the damage to the EU will be damaged to the member states, the other member states of the EU, apart from the backsliding member states. So the first kind of damage is damaged to the moral authority and global leadership of the EU. It's, it's, it's desired to be something on the global stage of different kind of regional authority, not like in various ways economically like the US not like China, not like Russia, not like other regions. But it's own distinctive kind of regional organization that is committed to democracy, human rights and the rule of law and that thing can be well done in in a system and organization that's built on these kinds of political systems. There's a lot of damage to the internal market and to the area of freedom, security and justice as I've already mentioned, and that's becoming increasingly evident and I hope I have to say it will become more evident that other national courts will begin to follow the other national courts in the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Spain and so on. In questioning whether there is a functioning judiciary anymore in Poland or in Hungary and refusing to maybe enforce judgments refusing to surrender suspects under the arrest warrant and so on, but that damage to the internal market damages everyone damages all of the member states and what they hope to gain from the EU. And all in a way I think is the damage through the continued spread of authoritarianism, a liberalism and democratic rot elsewhere in the EU and there's plenty of it, it's not just I pick Poland, Hungary as those where it's most advanced and so on but there's problems in many other member states, Slovenia is in the news again this week where an ally of organs is busy undermining media freedom amongst other things. And that damage, you know, is very serious, I think the damage through the long game waiting could backfire as the character of the EU might begin to change. So, the future. So I start by saying there isn't an easy answer to the gamble question I think that's right it's like trying to predict the future. The expectation to assume things will gradually improve without political pressure and with these other mechanisms that I mentioned rule of law conditionality and cases before DCJ and so on. But that will require a lot of things to line up and I think many people are skeptical about how robust and effective the new rule of law conditionality is likely to be and how soon it's likely even if it is effective to be put into effect. What's likely is that the continued deterioration in Poland, Hungary and other member states will spread. Look at the popularity of Le Pen in France, the alternative for Deutschland in Germany, the Dutch form for democracy and many others. Many of you are familiar with other member states will know of what's happening there with with growing support for a liberal parties and other kinds of moves towards liberalism. And I think the equal if not greater risk is that the character of the EU as a political regional integration project is fundamentally if slowly changing will continue fundamentally to change. If the gamble of standing back and non confrontation is followed through or continues. So, this is my last slide and slightly confrontational, which is that it's up to you. What do I mean by that, especially saying that here in, when I say here I mean in the UK, which has exited the EU, maybe for those of you listening who are UK nationals don't foresee yourselves as being a part of the EU or even closely associated enough for the EU to care this is less important, but for those who do live in want to live in and see themselves as being allied to and maybe part of the future. Do you want the to be part of an EU, which could become little more than a big regional market with little to distinguish it from other regional trade associations around the world which are more dominated by authoritarianism than Europe has traditionally been. And why do I say you will because member states won't care will not act or not acting we can see that at the moment, and they won't act if there's no political pressure on them to act. And what brings political pressure on states to act. Well, it's sometimes depends on public and popular pressure mobilization agitation demand for people to care. If people cared about what's happening around other parts of the EU and in many of the member states themselves. If this became a, you know, important enough. And there were pressure on governments, all the different ways in which we as citizens can bring pressure I think it might have I don't know if it would but it might have some chance. And it's the, it's the only thing that could work because they think that we've seen that nothing else so far has brought pressure on member states themselves to pressurize Poland and hungry. So I'm a great believer in democratic mobilization. I'm a great believer that actually getting citizens people together to create pressure can work in a democracy to work to bring and actually it's true to say in non democracies to just the cost for people mobilizing in non democracies just so much higher costs of violence and imprisonment and so on. But nonetheless, I think if people don't care. If we don't care, then the future for the EU is very much this rather grim one that I'm painting, where the EU becomes a market, a market where authoritarian government is spreading democratic decay is spreading. Maybe the internal market will continue on with, you know, some impediments but but missing those foundational values, which for many, made the European project, it's economic project it's political project security project worthwhile in the first place. So I'm going to finish there. I think we've just under 20 minutes left and hand over to Ken up. Grania thanks very much for a really fascinating talk and it's already generated quite a lot of interest and discussion and questions.


Hello, this is Nick from Laptop Media and today we will show you how to open the Dell Latitude 167640. To access the laptop's internals, you have to undo 8 Philips head screws. The easiest way to pop the bottom plate with a plastic tool is to start from one of the top two corners. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. When your laptop is configured with the optional 57 watt hour battery pack, the base version is a 38 watt hour variant. For removing the unit, pull out the connector from the main board and undo the four Philips head screws that secure the model to the base. The optional battery has enough juice for 12 hours and 30 minutes of web browsing or 11 hours and 6 minutes of video playback, a great result given the modest capacity. Here is the W1 slot for optional 5G connectivity, which is also covered by a metal cap with a pre-applied thermal pad. And there is another pad on the main board. For storage, there is just one M.2 slot compatible with 2230 Gen4 NVMe's. The pre-installed SSD is protected by a metal shroud that has a thin cooling pad on the inside. Here we have soldered memory that always comes in a dual channel configuration. Still, the maximum amount of RAM is 32 GB of LPDDR5, 4800 MHz memory, which should be enough for most people. The cooling looks good for a machine that lacks a dedicated GPU. It comprises two fans, a couple of heat pipes, a large heat sink, and a heat spreader.


FNN, headline, news, update. Everyone, Basel Chapman, the host of the Thai Kete Unitions Hour coming up straight after this TFNN update. I'm also the author of the opening call daily newsletter. Well, let's go. Dow's down 83. At 27,737. Haven't I seen it almost every day for the last three days? We were looking three days ago at the chance that we could be making some short-term talk. At the same time, what I said is that the way I read moving averages is unless there's three big triple digit down days, you're not going to get that nine-period moving average going underneath the 14-period moving average. It's going to be a process, and I think the process has begun. You've got the MACD today, at least so far, just about to cross negative, but the day is young. Anything can happen. CICAS has gone all the way from that 97% to 84% in just three sessions. That's very important because under 80% says be careful. The on-balance volume has been very good, very correct in saying that we're in some kind of a short-term talk. The weekly chart shows that it's right at resistance level, and the monthly chart is still a very strong leg D. The S&P is also down. Now, I would have wished that the S&P is only down four. It's down nine at 3,098. Why do I say down just four? Because I would like to see the 500 stocks holding better than the Dow, and then all of a sudden towards the end of the day, you can get some kind of a rally instead of another deep sell-off. There's a very important moment here. The S&P MACD has turned down the days young, as I say, and the CICAS is now at 87%, a little stronger than the Dow's. But you have made that peak aftop three days ago. It hit that 31, what did I say? It was 3127.64 level, and now you're down at 3,098. No big deal. We were just about a week ago, but this is starting to turn down, and that's very important. The QQQ201.13 down $1.02, down 0.5%, a half a percent. It is under the nine-period moving average. It's about to retest like it did yesterday, the 14-period moving average. And the MACD's decidedly closed quite a bit lower from where it was. It's still good, but it's turned down. CICAS is still good at 86%, but it's turning down on balance volume. It's also turning down with the relative strength. So this should go to watch closely. Underneath 200 is a real problem. If you look at the gold, gold contract right now is down five. It's just been stuck in this range. It just can't get out of its own way. And the dollar's holding okay. It's not doing great, but it's holding okay. I'll talk about bonds. I'll talk about crude oil. We'll be back in a moment for my tight-get conditions hour. Hold tight. Hope to see you soon. Otherwise, see you tomorrow.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards been 23 tops inception museum collection baseball hobby 8 box makes number 5 random Team style look again at your random results as always you can find all these on the website under the results tab as well as the link That's in a chat, so good luck everybody. Let's do it We will start off with the four inceptions Start off with our four inception Good luck here everybody. Let's do it. See something cool out of this see one of the milestones. Maybe Cole Regan's green Grand Crawford Justin steel rookie Jayrod Ronald Acunia Shohei and Spencer steer 450 three-color RPA Congrats to the Reds. It's nasty. Let's go Reds. You have sincey Cincinnati very nice We go Reds on the next one Affinitive now down to six teams remaining everybody six to go on a definitive that is a full case of Corbin Carroll green rookie there's a Rafi diverse to 150 for the Red Sox and James Alvin Rizzo and George Kirby to 99 for the Mariners on the Silver Sigs. What's up Matthew? I swam Matthew Oscar for last green rookie. No, I did not actually Carl Ezekiel Doran and tenor baby rookie Bon Grissom Brett Beatty and Bo Nailer. That is a five of 99 on the three-color RPA It's not bad finals are over. Nice Summon for Zephyr school that's Chisholm Purple Kodai Senga to 150 Congrats on that Mets rookie and Justin Steele Now these Corbin burns and drew waters to 75 for the Royals. There you go KC. This one there You see Royals right four museums now everybody. Let's see it Blue trout to 150 I'm in on a big hurt. I'm very in on a big hurt here for you Michael It's an auto Steve Garvey to 199 Congrats Dodgers. It's pretty cool. It's very cool. Very cool Thank you, Mr. Giovanni taking the Guardians in 27 of Moment draft appreciate that buddy again three to go TC Black Divisions 309 a spot 3 to go on TC Black Divisions Three to go three to go in three to go. You can crack that second monster. No, let me save that What yeah, is that your monster the second the other one in there on the bottom trade? There's a bag with one. Yeah, that is No, no, no, I was gonna take a little bit if you open that one I'd rather you see that pound it My stuff Matt Olson for the briefs that is Corey Lee 5 and 20 rookie Jersey for the Stroh's No, no, I'm an act tonight Now just kidding. Yes. There's all that tonight. Just kidding There is gold yellow to at 299 for the Brewers Young Clemens and Nolan Gorman rookie Jersey Otter 399 that is going to the Cardinals Lincoln Anthony's lost it Devers and Jordan Alvarez and Alex Bregman a 25 nice one their Astros on the dual Jersey game Let's go Phil come on baby Fill up tea taken that to two divisions.  Let's go boys. One to go now and did he so let's go. Thanks Phil. Appreciate your brother We need something big for you, man.  Yeah, Anthony Anthony came up with that one You go. Yeah, thanks. Thanks, Anthony Carlos Correa Clayton Kershaw for the Dodgers to 99 Congrats on that. I can't believe somebody yelled what's on at you at the National It wasn't Anthony Even for said I must be Anthony. Yeah He's kept it moving. So I was like, all right Also got cropped us through a lot while I was there too People were just sputtering by and the raffi diverged to 50. It was bad. Congrats on that one there at Red Sox It was bad. Yeah Like not figuratively like literally there's something in here guys Booklet booklet atelier booklet. Let's go Here we go. Zack Neto Cole Sandi Alcantara that is gonna be an Anthony Volpe atelier booklet of Mike Trout 14 of 25 there you go. Congrats Chris V and the angels. Let's go dude 14 of 25 angel stadium on the atelier It was probably him I just want there congrats angels It did happen a lot when the legal and emmer standing next to me. It's like man Can I stink or am I getting caught us? Probably you guys the whole time I was just getting blasted blue hosel tube at a 150 that is a Ricky Henderson and nice one here for the Nationals to 20 is Josiah Gray Yeah, one more division in top strome black everybody Then we got three breaks left on the night and then we'll go into Almanac Door von Grissom Bryce Harper Dennis Eckersley 29 of 50 congrats Oakland. Nice one there We're sold out Christopher W selling us out on TC black divisions. Thank you all. Thank you everybody Let's go, but that's nasty hunter green 7 of 15 momentous material congrats on that reds. That's dope Full stig on the hunter green as well The dollar sign and everything that's really freaking cool. Imagine if I would have one of those heat cameras I've just seen tushes just sputtering I'm down, you know, I'm sitting there breaking red that level no, I know it's a Floater right in your mouth Bobby wit and Josiah Gray to 75 Game use Jersey for the Nationals Trout Go last artist proof Babe Ruth 250 This one's kind of nasty. It's a trade turner six of 15 Philly's partial logo patch Rats on that Philadelphia Very cool. You snider to 299 Chapman Miguel Cabrera and Louisa Rias to 2 at 99 on the auto for the Marlins. Congrats, Miami To Anthony Volpe to 150 by the green Salvador Perez Jim Rice 2199 for the Red Sox congrats on that Boston Game use back auto Cory Siga Koi Siga Who else and another Josiah Gray this time 10 of 10 some crazy patches on that one congrats on that Nationals three Josiah Grays in this kind of wild But nice patches on that one still quick recap here everybody Thanks again for filling this up. That was a fun one Really nice trout got a Josiah Gray trade turner Josiah Gray Josiah Gray Raffi Devers Clayton Kershaw Jordan Alvarez and Corey Lee Yeah, really nice ones here for sure. Yeah, sorry about that Joshua. Sorry about that as well Michael I know Michael didn't hit a white sock unfortunately Louisa Rias Dennis Actors Lee drew waters George Kirby Spencer Steer bow nailer Steve Garvey Nolan Gorman Josh Young That is Hunter Green Jim Rice and Italian booklet of Mike trout I'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill up next is I believe inception


Hi guys, welcome back to my channel. Thanks so much for tuning in for yet another video. And as you can see, a little something different about me. I don't have my glasses on, which I normally always have my glasses on during my videos, but I broke my glasses. So they just went snapple. So I got my contacts in so I can see. For today's video, I'll be doing a one and done wash and go using a product from Lottobody. The only thing that I can say I've honestly ever used from Lottobody was their setting motion. And that was just from coming up as a kid when I used to wear rollers and get up under the hair dryer. But other than that, I honestly have never tried any other Lottobody products. So I was in the hair store just looking around browsing, you know, I'm a product junkie. So I ran across a particular product from Lottobody and it was new and it looked very intriguing. So I picked it up and let me show you what I got. So the item I got is new from Lottobody, which is their Lottobody with coconut and shea oils twist me curl styling pudding. The claims of this product states it defines curls, adds moisture and shine, creates soft, crunch free curls for natural hair. It also states this product is deeply penetrating, leaving your hair soft and hydrated and nourish with brilliant shine. This product is great for twisting, shingling, cooling and washing goes. And it's also perfect for color treated hair. This is self spot on pudding, consistency, the texture, the color of it even. Like if you were to play a practical joke on somebody and put this in a cup and tell him it's the banana pudding that you get in the store in the little cups, you could tell the difference. It looks just like pudding. It looks just like banana pudding. Look at that consistency. It jiggles like pudding. Feels really great. This product feels like it has a lot of moisture in it for sure. It's kind of thick. It's very creamy. Feels really good. It smells really good too.  But it does have a light fragrance to it. It's pleasant. So my hair is freshly washed for this wash and go. I always like to start my hair out on a clean slate. Nice and clean. My scalp, my hair, everything nice and squeaky clean. And I always like to make sure that I have a barrier of some kind on my hair such as an oil or leave in conditioner. So that way the gel that I'm using does not dry my hair out. Even though it may not have alcohols and things of that nature, my hair can still easily dry out if I don't have some type of a leave in moisturizer or a leave in conditioner of some sort. So I'm really excited about using this product. I think I'm going to get some really great results in terms of a wash and go. I think I'm going to get some nice definition. So aside from using this pudding, the only other things that you'll see, the only other things that you'll see me use in this video will be my Tangle Teaser for clumping my curls and extra definement. And also my water bottle. Warm water, mind you. Low porosity. Warm water equals your friend. We're going to go ahead and give it a try. See how it does. See how it holds up in my hair. So without further ado, let's get started. I have one product styling wash and go. And I really like the results. But the product gets very thick as you're putting it and applying it on your hair. So I have to keep applying water just to you know soften it back up. But it's it's pretty thick. It doesn't look thick because it's got like this jiggly jiggilyness to it.  But overall I do really like the outcome. I love the curl definition that I have. It's definitely not gonna dry with any type of crunch at all. The shrinkage is still real. You know it says non-shrinkage. To be quite honest I don't know if there's any product that's going to help elongate my hair. I would have to put heat to my hair to stretch out my hair. Do some type of stretching method to get it to stretch. But there's no gel. There's no cream. There's no custard or souffle that's going to elongate or keep my hair from shrinking. It's just gonna it's just gonna shrink. It is what it is. After I apply this product to my hair and even during applying this product to my hair, I just realized one, I'm in need of a bad trim. I need a trim so bad. Really? And two, I want to color my hair so bad because that my hair color is so dull. It's like this dusty brown. Really? It's like this dusty brown color. It just makes my hair look so dull. Like it doesn't have any shine. Never has shine because of the color of my hair. And for this summer, like I really want some color in my hair. Like really really bad. So let me show you the color that I want to go for. And I know this is going to be like so hard on my hair because I know it's a lot of bleaching involved. I know and I know it's going to probably change my curl pattern and stretch out my curls. But let me just show you the color that I want to go for. So I saw this picture on Instagram. It was in somebody's Insta story. I forgot what company it was. But this girl was getting her hair, of course her roots redone. But this is the color I'm going for. It's like all kinds of blondes going on. But I just want something bold. I want something colorful. I just want something that looks very summery. And that's another picture of the front of her hair once it was done. So after looking at her hair color and looking at mine, I just want something that's just more representative of my character and just my personality. Like it's very bubbly and colorful and all those things. But this hair color is just, I just got to do some with it. But I'm dragging my feet on it because of the damage that I might get and then having to upkeep with the color and just more extra care because it's color. So it's just a lot. It's just something I've been thinking about for a very, very long time. So you guys tell me in the comments, should I go for some color? Should I just go bold and just go straight color or just leave willing up alone and save myself some headaches. So just let me know in the comments below. So once it's fully dry, I'm just going to finish picking the rest of it out and just make it a lot more fuller than what it is. It's still pretty wet right now. So I'm not going to really do a lot of disturbing on my curls until it is fully and completely dry. So I hope you guys enjoy watching me do this one product styling wash and go. If you did, don't forget to give it a big thumbs up because it does help my channel. Don't forget to comment. Don't forget to subscribe. Check out my Amazon store. The link is down below. It's just Janine and I will see you on the next video. Bye guys.


Cavalcade of America, presented by DuPont. In the past century, the chemical industry in the United States has helped raise the standard of living to a higher level than ever before. To tell the complete story of the development of this industry, or even a single part of it, would take more time than is possible in an episode of the DuPont Cavalcade. So this evening we will trace the progress of one branch of chemistry. The story of American dyes, not by facts and figures, but through the influence the dye industry had on a typical American family. A family that profited by the work of the research chemist, and enjoyed the results of his efforts to provide, as DuPont expresses it, better things for better living through chemistry. As an overture, Don Voris and the DuPont Cavalcade Orchestra will play what is there to say from the Ziegfeld Follies of 1933. The DuPont Cavalcade moves forward. The DuPont Cavalcade tells the story of a typical American family living in a small suburb. The names are fictitious, but the facts surrounding their lives are true and their experiences might have been those of hundreds of others. They are the Stones, John and Mary, and we first meet them 21 years ago in the summer of 1916. It is early morning. Mary Stone is preparing breakfast as John Stone comes into the kitchen. What happened to my new blue shirt? Well, I put it back in your dresser drawer yesterday when the wash came back. I couldn't find it. Well, it's on top on the right-hand side. You don't mean this gray-looking thing, do you? Yes, that's yes. It faded a bit in the washing. Faded a bit? Yes. Why? I can't wear it like this. John, you know, there seems to be something wrong with all the colors recently. I bought Molly a new bathing suit the other day, and the first time she went into the school pool, it came out all streaked. Well, it just shows. It doesn't pay to buy cheap goods. Cheap! Molly's bathing suit wasn't any bargain. Neither was your shirt. It must be the fall of a dive. Nothing I bought lately keeps its color. I can't understand what's happened. Well, I wouldn't be seen in this thing either. Oh, see who's at the door, will you, dear? I have the toast nearly ready, and I don't want it to burn. All right. Yeah, through the curtain, it looks like Mr. Brown from next door probably wants to borrow the lawnmower again.  And Molly walked home with their boy Ted the other day and said she liked him very much. We must ask them over sometime.  I will. Well, Mr. Brown, come in. Mr. Stone, I wonder if you'd do me a big favor. Well, sure, if I can. What's on your mind? Well, something's the matter with my car, and I've just had words from the hospital that they want me over there as quickly as possible. My boy Ted's there. I wondered if you were too busy to drive me down. I should say not. I'd be glad to do it. Well, what's the matter with Ted? Well, we don't know. He's been feeling badly for the past few weeks. Tired and wanting to lie around, and the boy doesn't want to eat to something wrong. His mother and I have been terribly worried. They're making an examination today, and the doctor said, well, he wouldn't tell me anything over the phone. He just said he'd like to have me come right down. Well, you'll be there as quickly as I can get you there. Mary! I'm driving Mr. Brown down to the hospital. A quick run in John Stone's car brings them to the hospital. Stone and Brown enter the reception room. Thanks, Stone. It's awfully kind of you to bring me. I'll wait for you. Don't bother. I may be here for some time. If you don't mind, I'd like to find out how the boy's getting on myself. I've heard my little Molly speak a lot about him, and my wife will want to know too. Thanks a lot, old man. Well, here's Dr. Alcott. Mr. Brown, I want to ask you... How is he? I wish I could give you a direct answer. I'm having difficulty in making the diagnosis. There are symptoms that might mean something serious, but I can't be sure without the proper tests. Make the proper tests at any cost, doctor. Unfortunately, we can't. We're out of the necessary biological stains. Biological stains? What are they? Well, I can best explain it to you this way. Bacteria are small and colorless, and even under a microscope look somewhat alike. In order to distinguish one from another, a bacteriologist has to color them with certain stains. In examining disease tissue, for instance, these stains are of vital necessity to locate germs. Without their aid, one can't properly diagnose specimens from patients suspected of having tuberculosis... Tuberculosis? Tid! I hope not. I hope. You'd better sit down to Brown. We're not sure, though. I'm all right. I'm quite all right. Thank you. May I see him, doctor? Yes. I'll take you in there at once. But you must promise not a word to the boy or to his mother. I've told her I thought he needed a tonic. I understand. Yes, doctor. But what are we going to do? We'll do everything in our power. I only have the proper biological stain. I'd know at once. Pardon me, doctor, but where do you get these stains? Oh, doctor. This is our neighbor, Mr. Don Dr. Alcott. He drove me down. How do you do, doctor? You asked me about the biological stains. We're almost totally dependent on Europe for our stains. At present, there's an embargo, as you know. Nothing can get through the blockade. No dye stuffs are coming in at all. Dye stuffs? My wife and I were talking about dyes this morning. Are these dyes anything like those used in dyeing cloth, the textile? Yes, there's a similarity. They come from the same source, mostly coal tar. I see. Well, I have a friend who runs a textile mill. Perhaps he knows where we could get some of these stains. I'll drive over there now. I'm afraid it'll be a wild goose chase. We've tried everywhere. You don't mind my trying? Mine. I'm sure we'll all be very grateful if you can help us. Well, if you'll just give me the name of the dye, I'll go at once. The next day, July 10th, 1916, was one that John Stone was always to remember. Calling on his friend George Phillips, manager of a textile mill in a nearby town, John is surprised and discouraged as he talks with Phillips. You mean we haven't a chance to get any of these biological stains? Well, there isn't much chance of getting worthwhile dyes of any kind. And the browns have to worry and wonder.  It's the whole country. You don't realize how important dyes are. Why, this embargo may throw thousands out of work in the industries that use dyes, besides jeopardizing hundreds of lives. I didn't realize how... The textile, leather and paper industries are frantic. Ours is just one mill. We've sent men halfway around the world, fairly pleading for supplies. We've scraped the floors of dye houses for anything we could get. We've fallen back on vegetable dyes that hasn't been used for years and stuff. It's just about useless for our purposes. But how long has this been going on? Two years ago, August 1914 to be exact, this country only had on hand four months normal supply of four dye stuffs. I should think America would make dyes of our own. Well, I wish they could. Don't we manufacture any dyes at all? Well, unfortunately, none made a mouth to much. What are we going to do about it? Come in. Long distance, Mr. Phillips. I'll take it here. Yes, sir. Shall I go? No, no, sit down, John. Hello, Phillips speaking. What? Well, that's impossible. No one hasn't gotten in the papers here yet. Well, yes, of course I want some right away. You know our requirements. I'll check the quarterly and call you back. Well, there's news. That was my agent, New York. He says that early this morning, the German merchant submarine Deutschland suddenly appeared in Baltimore Harbor. Pass the blockade. Yes, and crossed the entire Atlantic Ocean. That's astounding. But here's the really good news. She brought 750 tons of dye stuffs with her. The Germans know what we need most. If you'll excuse me, I'm going after some for my plant. Dye stuffs, eh? May I use your phone? You're not going to order dyes, are you? I'm going to call Dr. Alcott at the hospital and let him know so he can put in an order for biological stains. A few days later, John Stone again calls on his friend George Phillips. We find them in Philip Altus. Well, I see you're at work again. Yes, the moment we got our supply of dyes. By the way, was your friend the doctor able to get his stains? Oh, yes. And the boy? Ted Brown? Well, he's going to be all right. It wasn't what they feared. We won't have to send him to a sanitary mat, after all. Think of that little bit of coloring matter saving all that money and worry. Well, I'm glad to hear it. You know, I've been thinking over what you told me about the number of men who'll be thrown out of work if we don't have dyes. Yes, pretty serious. Mary's brother's in the wholesale dry goods business. His firm buys from textual mills all over the country. This might put him out of business. You know, you don't realize these things until they strike home. How's it happen we're so short of dyes? Well, the dye industry grew up abroad. We never felt our dependence until this embargo. The arrival of the Dutchman emphasized the flight of all our dye consuming industries. And points to the fact that America ought to have a dye industry of its own.  Well, we're meeting that challenge already. Early this year, one of the largest chemical organizations in this country considered the possibility of dye stuff manufacture. But it would take a lot of research and more trained men than they have in the country. There's a great future for the right men. Didn't you do specialized in chemistry in college? Yes, in order to prepare myself to look after my father's textual works. I found my knowledge of chemistry very useful. You said you thought there was a great future for the American chemistry. There is, John. So much so that I'm going to let you in on a secret. I'm planning to make chemistry for my future. You mean give up your business here? How about my brother look after the girls? I've had an offer to go with one of the best American chemical manufacturers. I think I'd like to grow up with a new industry. In 1914, all the coal-topper plants in America employed only 528 workers. The official citizens did not bother even to list American made dyes. But in the following years, this country's chemical industry awoke to its possibilities. Millions of dollars were invested and many young Americans entered this new field. George Phillips is one of these. We meet him again after the world war talking with his friend John. We meet him again after the world war talking with his friend John Stone on one of Phillips' visits to his hometown. How is the chemical industry getting on, George? Well, on its way to success, John. And American dyes? Very encouraging. We're already making some of the finest dyes in the world. Mary's brother was telling me something about the new fabric that had been coming in from the mills. And I haven't had to complain about the laundry ruining my shirts lately. Well, of course, we haven't reached the point where all the dyes being used here are American made, but we're producing fast dyes of our own more and more. I bet it hasn't been an easy job. Anything but. Compared to what become technical difficulties, we've had to train hundreds of chemists and technical men. It's meant building expensive plants and equipment and learning the complex needs of the dye-consuming industry. Sounds like a real undertaking. It is. I know of one large, well-equipped manufacturing house commanding the best talent money can buy. It spent 18 months on one research job alone. Before they were in any way successful.  Well, there's no doubt of that, John. There's still plenty of hard going ahead. But if the American people back us up, we're going to have an industry that not only will produce good dyes at low cost, but will make America independent in many other things that we need. The DuPont Cavalcade moves forward. Since 1914, number of American chemists has increased from 14,000 to more than 30,000. While the 528 workers in coal-tower chemicals has grown to over 11,000, another nation has chemistry awakened on a scale comparable to that in the United States. There were 71 chemical doctorates in 1914. Twenty years later, one-third of all the doctorates in American colleges were chemical. Our story now moves up to 1937. John Stone, whom we first met back in 1916, receives a visit from George Philips, the former technical man. Well, George! How are you? Fine, thanks, John. I couldn't go back to the city without stopping in a scene. I should really not sit down. Sit down. It's been a long time since you've honored us with this visit. Over 10 years, how has it been? How's the Mrs? Splendid, thanks. Splendid. Of course, you see Mrs. Molly. And your daughter? Yes, she's married now. You're married, eh? Well, anyone I know? The boy next door, Ted Brown. Ted Brown. Ted, wait a minute, wait a minute, I remember. That was the boy that you wanted that biological stain for. That's the one, and you should see him now. 31 years old and big as a house. He's a doctor practicing in Boston. And I'll have you know, I'm a grandfather. I don't believe it. It's a fact of the boy of six. That's his picture on the desk there. Well, say he's a corker. He's big for his age, isn't he? Where's eight-year-old clothes? Well, now that's what I call a fine-looking boy. And you are grandfather. Well, you certainly don't look it. The fact is, you don't look a day older than when you came into my office asking me about dyes. The day the Germans sub-arrived. That was a long time ago. Yes, 21 years. They'll never forget. Sort of a landmark. My new work started right there. It made me realize the importance of dyes in industry, and I wanted to be in on the ground floor. American dyes. Well, tell me, George, has the American dye industry really lived up to all the great things you talked about back in those days? Yes, indeed, and the great deal more. American-made dyes are the best in the world, and there's hardly an industry that doesn't depend on ours. Aren't you taking in a great deal of territory when you say hardly an industry? We hadn't been in the business long before we found that the same raw materials used for making dyes would also give us other useful products. We put chemists to work developing new uses for dye-stuffed manufacture. Now, this country has an organic chemicals industry that makes dozens of products we can't get along without. Camphor, synthetic rubber, bases for medicines and perfumes, chemicals for gasoline and oil, photography, texture...  And we don't have to depend on any foreign sources? At last, the chemical industry in the United States is independent of the rest of the world. Well, I had no idea that it had gone that far. And, of course, it's an America alone that's progressed in chemistry. The whole world has become part of this new era of chemical progress. The scientist seems to have come into his own at last as the most important contributor to the comforts and conveniences of today. Putting nature in its place, as it were. No, not exactly. Just putting nature's materials to better use. Excuse me. Certainly. Oh, hello, Molly. How are you, dear? What? What's that? Well, well, yes. Yes, we'll come at once, right away. I'll call your mother and we'll make the next train. Now, listen, don't worry, dear. Everything will be all right, I know. All right, dear. Goodbye. Anything wrong? That was my daughter Molly. Little Jack's quite sick. He's terribly worried. I've got to look up trains. Well, my car's outside. I can get you there quicker than if you have to wait for trains. Thanks, George. I'll be right with you as soon as I give my instructions to my secretary. And, meanwhile, at the home of Ted Brown and his wife, Molly, in the suburb of Boston, the young father and mother are anxious and worried. Ted, you can tell me. I'll be brave. I don't know myself, honey. Don't trust my own judgment. So I went again to the hospital to be sure. I phoned father. He and mother are coming right away. That's good. We'll be glad to have them with you. Oh, Ted, it all seems too hopeless. Darling, Jack may hear you. No, I closed the door to his room. He must get well. Now, don't let's think of it. We can't tell a thing really until we make the test. But there's your ambulance now.  Now, now, take it easy, sweet. We'll pull him through. Oh, how can you be so calm? I'm almost crazy. I know, honey. I know. You've been very plucky. But you mustn't let him know that we're worried. Hello, the men. Hello, Doctor. Hello, Dr. Bate. Thanks for getting here so promptly. Your wife? No, I'm a boy, Jack. Emergency operation? No. I'm afraid... Well, I'm not sure, but it... It looks like Step to Cocket. Yeah, I'm awfully sorry, Doctor. I only hope the ambulance doesn't frighten the boy. It's all one of his cousins taking away for an operation once. We're ready, Ted. Come on, Will. Go to the boy's room. Don't bring that stretcher there. All right, we'll frighten him. Now, it's all right, Jack. Here comes Dad. This is Dr. Bates, dear. My wife. How do you do, Mrs. Brown? How do you do, Doc? Well, son, you all ready? Here's my friend, Dr. Bates. He's come to take us for a trip. How are you, Jack? My throat hurts. Well, we'll have that fixed up in no time. Down at the hospital. All right, come on.  Can I walk, Dad? No, I think I'd better carry you. I want you to get tired with that sore throat of yours. All right, Mommy, just throw that blanket over. Hey, don't I get dressed? No, dear. We're in a hurry, and we haven't time to dress you. Now, you must be quiet. You see, Jack, I have to put the car back in a hurry, so you'll have to come along as you are. Dad, am I awful sick? Well, I know, son. What makes you ask, Dad? Well, going in an ambulance... Why? We thought we'd give you a treat. You know, it isn't every boy who gets a chance to ride in an ambulance. You like to go fast, don't you? Will we go fast? Well, we sure will, right past the red lights with the bell ringing all the time. You're a lucky young man having a doctor for your father, so you can have a ride like this. Oh, tell me. Very, very. Gee, past all the red lights. Can I ring the bell? We'll see, son. We'll see. At the hospital, the Stone and Brown Fallows with George Phillips anxiously await word from the specialist. Oh, Mother, will Ted never come? Yes, dear, of course. I know it's hard waiting. Oh, but, Jack, if anything happens to him, I'll never forget myself. You can't blame yourself. Heh, and I've said anyone might pick up the gem. But he said Dr. Corkin. I thought that meant there was no hope. Well, now perhaps the specialist wasn't sure. Oh, yes, Mr. Phil. He made the test with those biological stains. There's no doubt. But Dr. Brennan said there was a chance. One faith, sir. Oh, well, no, dear, a good chance. He said that he's used this whatever it is before and with good results. Was it self-anilomide? I don't know. Yes, I think that was the name. Do you know of it? Yes. Self-anilomide is a dye derivative. It's been quite successful in streptococcusy. I never heard of it. It's new. But I'm told it's already saved a number of lives. Of course, an infection must be treated promptly if success is expected. Well, we can only hope. Here's Ted now. Oh, Ted, tell me. Jack. He's all right, dear. Dr. Brennan says he's out of danger. Oh, thank God. Oh, no. Honey, don't cry. Well, you were so brave when things looked badly. Well, you're not going to break down now if everything looks all right. Jack's going to pine because of this new chemical discovery. Plus the doctor skill, of course. Oh, pardon me. This is my old friend George Phillips, Ted. He brought us over. How do you do? How do you do, Mr. Phillips? I heard Molly speak at you. Mr. Phillips is connected with the dye industry. I know. Medicine knows a lot to you, chemist, Mr. Phillips. Not only the doctors, Ted, but everyone in the world. Thanks to a discovery of research chemistry, another life is saved. From small beginnings in a comparatively short space of time, the dye industry in the United States has become an important factor in the lives of all of us. And its leaders have won for themselves a proud place in the cavalcade of America. Now let's look in on a little scene which took place in the home of a young couple just the other evening. Oh, my blue dress is all faded. I'm just sick about it. Faded? Let's see. Boy, how faded. More hard-earned cash gone for nothing. I wonder what happened to it? If that young wife were to ask a DuPont chemist why the color in her dress faded, he'd answer her something like this. Probably because the fabric was not that dyed. To give many types of cloths, such as cotton, linen, and rayon, colors that are really fast, chemists have developed a class of products known as vat dyes. Before the vat dyes produced by the DuPont company are placed on the market, they must pass more than 20 rigid tests. Materials that have been dyed in DuPont laboratories are subjected to every possible color-destroying agent, such as acids and alkalis, repeated washings, long exposure to brilliant light and perspiration. Thus the fastness of DuPont dyes are known before they are sold. That's why it is now possible to buy garments or other goods in the most brilliant colors without fear that they'll fade. DuPont vat dyes are real insurance against disappointment and loss. More and more manufacturers are guaranteeing fabrics to be color-fast, and some put tags on their goods, stating that the cloth is vat dyed. Today we enjoy gorgeous colors without sacrificing utility because modern textile houses using the fast dyes that chemistry has created do such fine work. This is true whether the dyeing is done in the raw fiber or in the yarn, whether the goods are piece dyed or printed. Prints, by the way, are very much in vogue right now because you can get printed goods in a great variety of color combinations and designs that are really fast. One of the largest printers of fabrics for men's shirts says this about vat dyes. Quote, they give clear, uniform colors that make it possible to produce more interesting patterns and the colors can be depended on to last the life of the garment. End quote. The DuPont company, a leader in the development of America's dye stuff industry, pioneered in producing vat dyes. This contribution is just one more illustration of how DuPont chemists are making good their pledge better things for better living through chemistry. The eighth wonder of the world, the story of the building of the Grand Coulee Dam will be the subject of the broadcast when next week, at the same time, DuPont again presents the Cavalcade of America. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Hello everyone, welcome back another Premiere Pro Tutorial. In this one, I'm going to show you how to remove gaps, pauses, audio pauses, using text-based video editing. We're not going to be going on the timeline and doing it, we're going to use text instead and it's super easy to do. Let me show you. If I click here and I hit delete, you'll notice that that gap is gone. You see this gap right here? Let's just go ahead and look for the next three dots. You'll see here I clicked on it, delete. This is all there is to it. Let's start from scratch so I can show you how to do this. It just takes a few seconds and it will save you a ton of time. Here we go. So the first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to grab some footage, drag and drop it on your timeline like I've done there. Now this text, I'm going to text window, chances are this is not open for you if you're just using the default workspace. So next go up to window and then make sure there's a check mark beside text. When you do that, you get three options, transcript, captions and graphics. I want transcripts. Now for me, if I go here into my settings and then I go into transcription, you're going to see here that I've got automatically transcribed clips selected. If you don't have that, you can go ahead and select to choose that if you want your transcription every time. If not, it'll ask you to transcribe the clip presto. Now, all you need to do literally to get rid of those audio gaps or where you're not talking and you want to just go, you just find a three little dots or the ellipse or the ellipsis, I believe it's called. And then when you're on top of it, just hit delete and it will ripple delete. And let's go really tight in on the timeline here for the next one. So you can see what's happening. So here, right here it says let's go and then there is three dots. When I click on it, you'll see here that it selects the correct part of the timeline. And if we zoom in super close, it is perfect. All you need to do now is you can right click on it and select correct text if you want to type something in. But you can do what basically you just hit delete here is this delete ripple. And that's it. So even to go faster, don't even right click on it, just delete. So let's go through here and then let's find the next three dots. And there's probably some here. My eyesight's starting to fail me here. It's a little early in the morning, but there we go. Three dots. I hover over it. It's 1.7 seconds. When I left click on it, it shows me where it is. And if I listen to it, so that's just me hemming and hawing. That's it. Doesn't make sense to keep that in there. Just click on it, delete. Oops, there we go. Yes, delete. And there's another one here. Click on delete. That is literally all there is to it to close the gaps using text-based video editing and text-based AI video editing. Thanks for watching.