Hello everyone, welcome to the next lecture in the course remote sensing principles and applications. In the last lecture we discussed and concluded the topic of passive microwave remote sensing or passive microwave radiometry. From this lecture onwards and in the next few lectures we are going to discuss about active microwave remote sensing and especially the imaging radar. First of all we will quickly recap what is active remote sensing and what is passive remote sensing. Already discussed this in earlier classes but just to get a quick recap and telling it again. So in passive remote sensing the sensor observes passively the energy coming in from the earth like the sensor is a mere observer of the energy that is coming in from whatever be the source say earth surface. In active remote sensing the sensor produces electromagnetic radiation transmits it towards the target of interest and gets the signal back. So in active remote sensing the sensor itself acts as both as source and receiver of electromagnetic radiation. Whereas in passive remote sensing the source of electromagnetic radiation is something else say in optical remote sensing in visible and air domain the source of electromagnetic radiation is the sun. In thermal infrared domain the source of electromagnetic radiation is the earth surface. So these are all passive mode the sensor is not reducing any EMR it is a mere observer. In active mode the sensor itself will produce electromagnetic radiation and send it. So what we are going to get introduced to is an active mode of remote sensing that is the remote sensing system itself will generate electromagnetic radiation and here we are going to talk about microwave radiation. So the range wavelength range of in order of centimeters. So the sensor itself will produce electromagnetic microwave waves microwave radiation it will transmit towards the earth surface and it will get the signals that are received back from the earth surface. So what advantages do active remote sensing have over passive remote sensing? In active remote sensing we can collect data in any time of the day. If you take passive remote sensing especially the optical that is visible NIR and SDA player wavelengths we can collect data only during morning hours when there is or sun daytime sunlight hours when there is sunlight. During night time we cannot collect data in visible and NIR domain. In thermal it is possible anyway because heat earth emission is going to keep on continuing whether it is day or night. In active remote sensing also it is possible to collect data at any time we want that is a major advantage. And second is we can control the geometry between the source of EMR, the target of interest and the sensor that is in optical mode we have seen that objects will look different based on differing illumination conditions and the sensor viewing conditions that can be controlled to some extent in active remote sensing we can decide especially if you are doing remote sensing from aircraft or something where we can decide the path and everything. It is almost it will be possible for us to control this is that object of interest we would like to image it from this particular angle at this particular height and everything we can control it to a good extent which is completely not in our hand in optical remote sensing. This control over the source or target and the sensor geometry is a major advantage in active remote sensing. And also microwave we have already seen it microwave provides us complementary information to what we get from optical like visible and NIR wavelengths. Complimentary means in visible and NIR wavelengths we get information about like the chemical composition offered the what to say the structure of the objects within it discontinues and all. In microwave remote sensing we will get to know the properties of the land surface which are highly controlled by the electrical and physical nature like the surf we have already seen it the dielectric constant will influence the microwave emission. Same thing applies here the dielectric constant of an object will control the microwave reflectance also ok. So, the electrical nature of the object the surface roughness that is the geometric properties of object all these things which are complementary information to what we get from optical remote sensing. So, these are all some comparison between active and passive mode of remote sensing especially in the microwave domain. So, what exactly is active microwave remote sensing? In active microwave remote sensing what we are going to discuss is like the imaging radar. So, what exactly radar is? Radar is an acronym but stands for radio deduction and ranging. So, in the earlier days during like world war and all this particular technology was used for surveillance of incoming enemy aircrafts that is microwave transmitters will be fitted along the borders city border or country border they will be transmitting radar pulses continuously if at all any metallic objects like aircrafts are normally like metallic objects. If they come if any kind of aircraft comes in within this vicinity of the electromagnetic pulse the electromagnetic that is especially the microwave pulse will be reflected back and it will be received at the radar indicating it. So, these are all some of the earliest uses of radar and even the nomenclature like the nomenclature of microwave the PLSCX band those uncommon names those names that does not have like any meaning or physical sense when we just have a look at it. They are also framed during especially for like strategic purposes people wanted to designate each frequency using like a secret code. So, they were all actually the secret codes that were used in the olden days for military applications. So, the radar developed the technology developed for mainly military purposes but later people realized the civilian applications for which those systems can be used. Say nowadays we use the radar like ground based radar for monitoring clouds for like rainfall forecasting over like a city major cities have their like radar systems fitted at certain locations which will be able to monitor the clouds moving in or moving outwards of a city or even in airports we have this plan position indicator like what is indicated in the slide. So, something of this sort will be there and this will be like indicating where an aircraft is. So, this will identify here there is no aircraft here there is no aircraft we use such a system in airports. Similarly, like our police officers can track the over speeding vehicles using like a Doppler radar. So, these are some of the examples for which radar is widely used. So, radar is everywhere which normally we come across or we get to use its application in everyday life either in direct or indirect form. So, a radar is basically a sensor which will transmit microwaves here even though the acronym stands for radio deduction and ranging like initially when it was formed it was like formed with respect to radio waves which is another much longer wavelengths. But here we will talk about microwaves ok. So, we have a system which will produce electromagnetic radiation with a given frequency and that will transmit the electromagnetic radiation then it will receive the signal back. So, most of the radar operations happens by calculating the time taken for this electromagnetic radiation to go and come back. Say it measures the distance between the source of EMR that is the sensor itself and the object that is the earth surface features by calculating the time taken for the electromagnetic radiation to pass 2 way. It has to first go if there is an object it will be reflected back and it will come back. So, the time will be used to calculate the distance that is one thing and then the system will also record the incoming power in some form how much power the system transmitted how much power it came back it will measure the power of the incoming signal. The system can also measure the polarization of the electromagnetic wave that is being received. So, polarization is nothing but the orientation in which the electric field is vibrating right. So, that is that information can also be saved.  So, the active microwave sensors or radars if we talk about like airborne or satellite based systems they can be either nadir looking or side looking. So, what exactly are these are say we have an aircraft or something here the platform it will have a radar system let us say this is like a nadir looking system. So, this nadir looking system will transmit microwave signals which will move towards the earth surface say this is like the terrain then it will interact with the terrain surface feature then once it hits the terrain surface feature it will go back. Based on the time taken we know the velocity of EMR roughly 2.9910 power 8 meter per second. So, we know this velocity we can calculate what time it takes for the electromagnetic radiation to travel from here reach the surface and go back. So, that will give us like that if this distance is d you calculating this time we will calculate 2d one in the downward direction and one in the upward direction by knowing this velocity and time from this we can derive the distance between the radar antenna and the ground surface. Essentially and may these are actually height measuring devices or height measuring sensors or technically we call them as altimeters like the class of radars which looks at nadir like looks exactly downwards which measures the distance between them we call them as altimeters and we use them for measuring the elevation of various objects on the earth surface with respect to certain data. Whereas the radar that we use or we are going to see in our class is comes under the classification of imaging radar like altimeters will provide us x y z information they are not imaging systems they provide like ground elevations for different positions on the earth surface. Whereas we are going to discuss about imaging radar which will produce us a 2 dimensional image of the terrain. So, the 2 dimensional image of the terrain will be produced by radar that is side looking not nadir looking that is if this is the aircraft platform the radar will be now looking at some angle away from the nadir. So, like this it will not be looking at nadir like this it will be looking at an angle away from the nadir. So, essentially the imaging radar all side looking radar we can call it as SLAR side looking airborne radar if it is like the radar is carried from an aircraft platform or SLR side looking radar basically. So, why imaging radars are side looking radars basically this is to avoid what is known as a left right ambiguity that is let us say we have 2 points here on the ground surface a and b both of them are at the same elevation ok. So, let us say we have a radar that is looking at the nadir and let us say this is like the center point the horizontal distance is exactly the same from the center point ok. So, this is like the center point nadir and with respect to the nadir 2 points a and b are exactly located at same horizontal distance and also they have same vertical elevation above some datum. If this is the case we know that radar measures basically the distance. So, essentially the distance between this point and this point point a and similarly point b are one and the same right because they form like a similar triangle. So, this distance let us say this is L and L 1 and this is L 2 then L 1 and L 2 will be equal ok. If these 2 points are exactly the same horizontal distance from the nadir point and also the same elevation without any difference. If this happens then for altimetric purposes that is ok that is point a has a coordinate x a comma y a it has an elevation of z point b it has a separate planimetric coordinate x b and y b it again has an elevation z no in problem for us we can record it and use it. But let us say we need to image them we have an imaging radar let us say we have a house here we have a tree here ok and our system is capable of producing image of both of these. So, whenever the range comes in like it will measure the distance and then it will measure the power that is returned back in since these 2 features are different the power that is returned back will be different say this will be the power return will be P 1 the power return will be P 2. But once these 2 will reach the system both of them will reach at the same time because of the same distance there will be an ambiguity in the system and there are chances that these 2 objects are swapped in their horizontal position by some mistake it is easy to plot this tree here this point a can be mistakenly taken as tree this point b can be mistakenly taken as a house it is possible this is what we call it as the left right ambiguity ok. So, in order to avoid this say the radar is going to spread in 2 directions is going to measure the distance. But if we need to produce an image out of it there are some chances the image points the ground points may be swapped because both the features are at the same distance. So, there can be a confusion in the radar system in order to avoid this sort of ambiguity for imaging systems the imaging radars are will work with the principle of side looking they would not be nadder looking they will be side looking ok. If you are just measuring x y z elevation information no problem we can do it nadder looking is like people will normally do it altimeters. But for imaging purposes this may not work for certain circumstances it may produce some sort of ambiguity ok. So, the side bond side looking radar how it will work say the radar will be looking at like this then it will be transmitting the pulses and receiving impact. Hence if a platform is moving in one particular direction the image will be created only in one side of the platform. Let us say this is like the satellite it is moving like this ok coming in towards the screen of you. So, let us say the radar is looking something like this. So, this will be the radar will be moving like this. So, only the portion of the terrain that is on the right side of the satellite. So, satellite is moving like this. So, on the right side of the satellite will be imaged. So, the features on the left side will not be imaged. So, the side looking radar just maps only one side in order to avoid this left right ambiguity. Whereas if it is a nadder looking it will measure the entire terrain both on the left side and right side of the satellite that is that will give rise to this left right ambiguity. The imaging radar itself say the side looking radar itself can be classified as real aperture radar and synthetic aperture radar. So, real aperture radar means the antenna length whatever is there ficted in the system is treated as like the true length of antenna. In synthetic aperture radar by data processing means we increase the antenna length increase means not physically, but electronically we increase it so that it will improve the image characteristics. We will see it in detail later in the lecture. So, it can be real aperture radar or synthetic aperture radar that is another way of classification of imaging radar. And the radar systems can be monostatic or bi-static. What exactly monostatic and bi-static is? See the radar itself has to produce EMR, transmit and receive back. So, there can be two radar antennas like Mike Ray told you we may use antennas for sending and receiving the pulses like even in passive microwave radiometry we saw we just got to know this concept of antenna is used. So, the antenna can be the same like same only one single antenna will transmit electromagnetic radiation then it will switch to receiver mode and then it will receive the signals reflected back. This is called monostatic configuration. Only one antenna is present transmission and reception both are happening within that only one antenna. Whereas in some radar systems there can be two antennas in which one can transmit and one can receive. So, this kind of system is also possible like in one of the earth surface topography mapping mission shuttle radar mission there were two antennas. So, one will transmit and receive one will just receive. So, two antennas are doing like two different functions. So, such systems which has more than one antenna to transmit and receive are called bi-static radars. So, but most of the satellite based radar systems are monostatic they have the same antenna that will act as both transmitter and receiver. So, we already got to know like a very brief introduction about how a radar system works we will just see it little bit in more detail. So, this is like the aircraft in which the radar is mounted the radar is looking antenna is looking like this. So, this will transmit a microwave pulse we call it as pulse for certain duration of time that is let us say 10 power minus 6 seconds something of this sort. So, this will transmit some electromagnetic radiation for certain length of time for a time period of t it will be transmitted. So, there will be one pulse in the air. So, this electromagnetic pulse it will start slowly spreading out like once it is transmitted it will spread in terms of like plane waves. So, it will start slowly spreading out and it will come here. Then what will happen there are like features on the earth surface and then at this particular instant it is going to interact with this house. So, when it interacts with this particular house it will generate a signal here. So, this is like the reflected signal from the house at time instance 7. Similarly, there is a tree at little bit farther distance from the aircraft. So, that radar takes little bit more time to reach this gets reflected back and it again moves away towards the radar itself. So, this is the return from house that is recorded at this particular instant. This will reach the aircraft first because of the shorter distance this will be reflected soon and it will reach the aircraft first. So, it will be recorded here. Then the tree which is like at a farther distance from the aircraft it will reflect and the signal will reach the aircraft a little bit later time. So, the radar system will calculate the tree is nearer to the radar system and sorry the house is nearer to the radar system the tree is farther to the radar system. So, the distance will be calculated like that and the power will be that is written will be also recorded. So, essentially a radar is a distance measuring device. It measures distance in order to map the surface that is underneath it. So, it calculates the time or it calculates the distance based on the time taken for the electromagnetic radiation to travel through from the point of origin to point of reflection and then coming back. So, before we move further in understanding the concepts of active or imaging radar we will first get introduced to few terminologies that we use in active microwave remote sensing. The first thing is two terms known as range direction and azimuth direction. What exactly these are? Say while we discussed about how a optical satellite like a satellite collects data in optical and linear domain we came across two terms along track and across track. Similar terminologies along track means is what in the direction of satellite motion. So, in active microwave remote sensing we call the direction as azimuth direction. So, if you measure anything along the direction of the motion of the aircraft or satellite whatever platform we call it as azimuth direction. The direction that is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the platform or satellite we call it as range direction that is across track. So, whatever we called as along track here we will call it as azimuth direction. Whatever we called as across track here we call it as range direction. We call it as range direction because in the direction perpendicular to the motion of the satellite we measure the distance. Satellite or aircraft will be moving like this it will measure the distance in a direction that is perpendicular to the motion of this aircraft. Hence we measure the range that is we measure the distance in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction of motion of this platform and hence we call the direction as range direction. So, if some object is present near to the aircraft we call it as near range that is closer if aircraft is here this is the nadir point or to represent it diagrammatically if this is the aircraft this is like the nadir point on the terrain here there is like a house here there is another house. So, this house number one is at near range it is closer to the sensor this is at a far range. So, range near range means closer to the system radar system and far range means away from the radar system. We have seen now these three terms azimuth direction range direction near range and far range then what exactly is depression angle. So, the depression angle is the angle made by the horizontal say this is like the point in which the radar antenna is positioned. So, we draw an horizontal plane with respect to that point then say this is like a object of our interest draw a line from the object of our interest connecting all the way up to the radar antenna this will form a straight line right along this line it will measure the distance say from the antenna to this object. The angle that is made with respect to a horizontal plane and this line connecting the object with the radar we call it as depression angle. So, this is depression angle here the horizontal is measured like this. So, depression angle of different points are given here. So, for point n the depression angle is with respect to this similarly for point f the depression angle is this. So, this is near range this is far range. The look angle or complimentary of this 90 minus depression angle is look angle that is the angle we measure with respect to this vertical we call it as look angle. So, here this is the vertical from the antenna. So, with respect to this vertical the look angle is this for near range point n this is the look angle for far range point f. So, depression angle and look angle are complementary to each other. So, depression angle is equal to 90 minus look angle and vice versa. So, depression angle is your measuring angle with respect to horizontal plane look angle is your measuring angle with respect to vertical line. Then what exactly incidence angle is incidence angle will tell us the angle at which microwave signals reach a particular terrain point that is let us say we have an horizontal point on the earth surface horizontal ground this is like the aircraft. So, this is like the radar point and this is the line connecting the radar and our object of interest say this is the point p at which we are interested upon. So, the incidence angle is this particular angle theta is the incidence angle that is at the point of our interest like at the ground point the angle made with respect to vertical to the ground point and the line joining the ground point and the radar antenna that particular angle we call it as incidence angle. So, for a flat horizontal surface the look angle and incidence angle are one and the same. So, if the surface is flat especially like if the platform especially is airborne like we are doing remote sensing if from aircraft then essentially the look angle and incidence angle will be one and the same for flat horizontal surfaces. If the surface is not flat or if the surface is sloping then the incidence angle and look angle will differ also like for curved surface like earth like when you are measuring from satellite where the curvature of earth comes into picture then the incidence angle will always be greater than look angle say this is like earth surface which is curved you are measuring it from antenna from like a satellite. The distances will be huge and hence this is the point p this is the local vertical or vertical establish at that particular point this incidence angle will always be larger than the look angle when we take into account the curvature of earth into picture and when we are doing SAR remote sensing or active remote sensing from space satellites when the height involved will be in the order of say 600 700 kilometers effectively the curvature of earth will come into picture. So, the incidence angle and look angle will not be the same and similarly if the surface is not flat if the surface is having a slope then the local vertical to the point p this is like the point p this is the local vertical or normal to that particular point this is the true vertical line. Say this is like the at point p a true vertical will be like this but the normal to the surface will be like this. So, here the incidence angle we measure with respect to normal to the surface. So, the local incidence angle is this one at this particular point p. So, the local instant angle will be different from the zenith angle at that particular point. So, in order to make it clear let us just look at this again if someone is like let us say we are flying like here we are observing it from here and here there is this radar antenna ok. If you are like looking it from the space you will see the straight line this is this will be like the nadir point this will be like the zenith point right. So, if you are like looking exactly down when you are flying. So, the zenith and nadir are established like this but the normal to the surface the 90 degree to the surface is not this vertical this is somewhat oriented away from this vertical because the surface is now sloping. So, at this particular point the surface is sloping. So, you draw a tangent to that particular point and then you draw a 90 degree to that particular tangent in order to define the normal to the surface. So, this normal to the surface you defined by drawing a tangent and the zenith line you defined that is by the true vertical like if you are flying and exactly looking back that will define the vertical line. These two will be different because of the local slope and the local instant angle for this particular point p will be different from what you calculate from the satellite because the terrain may be more or less flat only at one location it can be like this. So, on an overall you can assume especially for an aircraft platform we will be thinking the look angle theta is equal to the instance angle on an overall picture. But these local points which are at different slopes they can have local instance angle that is different from this particular look angle. So, the look angle sorry the instance angle that we calculated as equal to look angle they can vary based on whether that particular local surface as any slope within it. And also for when we take the curvature of earth into picture then definitely the instance angle will be different from the look angle because the instance angle are always defined with respect to normal to the surface. Whereas if the surface is sloping the normal will move away from the vertical thereby changing the instance angle. So, as a summary in this lecture we got introduced to the concept of active microwave remote sensing and we also got we defined few terms that we commonly use in microwave remote sensing. With this we end this lecture. Thank you very much.


This is one of the most forgiving drivers on the planet but what exactly does that mean for the average golfer? Does it mean it's longer? Is it straighter? Is the sweet spot bigger? What does forgiving actually mean because I think we're all getting a little confused. The reference to 10k is the holy grail number in the eternal quest for forgiveness. Sorry can't use the word quest that's a tailor-made phrase now. The MOI in the new Ping G430 Max 10k is off the charts. Well it isn't exactly off the charts because we know it's 10k. So as a golfer all I want to know is is it going to make me a better player when whacking a golf ball off the tee and by better I mean longer and straighter than my playing partner with his ancient Ping G430 Max. So I'll be testing both in today's video to find out what am I paying that extra money for. Well as I see it the tech within these two heads is almost identical except for the carbon fly wrap crown which can be found in the G430 Max 10k and was only previously seen in the G430 LST model from the original release. That crown reduces weight which is relocated for a lower CG. The weight in the rear position was 25 grams in the max and is now 28 grams in the 10k. But here is the first question why is it not a movable weight in the Max 10k? Is that not a possible negative before we start? There is also a change in shape. It is flatter and a larger visible footprint but it still falls into the 460 cc category. Now that price difference is 549 for the new model against 469 for the existing. Is it worth extra and can we confirm if 10k MOI is noticeably better performance? Now just to clarify what MOI means the higher the MOI the greater resistance to twisting or reduced torque but should that really be interpreted as forgiveness. And we should remember the G430 Max is a driver that already produces extremely high MOI. So is the gain that great? I'm going to show you what happened now on the golf course and also what happened in terms of dry ball distance when comparing the two. There's one thing we cannot discuss and that is the design of their head cover.  It's slightly bigger than the original line up but they've clearly got exactly the same head cover and I can't recall how it fitted on originally but that is ill-fitting to say the least and it's a poor effort and I think ping at 550 quid you really do need to up your game in terms of that head cover market. And before we go any further it's worth noting for those of you who haven't watched this channel before M&9 Handicap Golf I hit very much inconsistent off of the tee and I will test out the theory of 10k in terms of forgiveness and what it actually means in reality out here on the golf course. Okay so the first six shots hit out on the golf course was pretty much straight out the car park no warm-up exactly how I'd start my round of golf and did I notice anything hugely different between the two the answer in all honesty would be no it's so hard to gauge what this forgiveness actually means and if you take a closer look to the variables in my swing what you'll see across the six is none of them are fantastic I would guess and there's probably variables in each of them and I think they play a huge part in the end result and I'm not sure how much forgiveness can really eradicate the problems with my swing that said all the balls were relatively straight my swing curvature is left to right didn't do a great deal to straighten that out and they all ended up in a very similar position in terms of downrange. Now before we go any further I'm going to change the head out of this 430 into the 10k model the one noticeable difference don't forget I've already touched on it is there is a movable weight in the 430 max the original and a fixed weight in the 10k and just wonder how many of you think that is a possible negative and I'm a little bit surprised in many ways because from a custom fit perspective it reduces a few of the possibilities and I'm surprised that we're paying more for a driver with less adjustability which isn't quite the norm so I'm a bit surprised the fact is are you today's video is sponsored by our friends at hot golf the online golf retailer for all major brands and if you want new golf gear then please support us by supporting them I mean to be honest with you that is straight out with the old driver as good as I can hit a golf ball and it's very difficult to see how we would get better results than that but we'll move on to shot number two well again absolutely a bullet straight three on the bounce is a bit of a shock for me just as to how good they are as good as I can hit the ball as a first one back into the 10k version and I find it really difficult to separate these two in terms of performance I really really do right one more with the 10k but you know what I think that's me done I don't need to learn any more out here on the golf course and I think in many ways you know I think ping could be a victim of their own success because let's not forget the strongest point in pings lineup is just how forgiving it has always been so to try and emphasize that point I think is not a huge leap forward that's not because the 10k isn't a very good driver it's just that they're already in a very very strong position in that stakes as it stands right that is out there on the golf course finish the next thing you're going to do is see me collect dribble data and also one really interesting reveal about the fact that ping have already achieved near on 10k in that MOI number in a previous model that might surprise you but let's start off with the indoor hitting which was up at hollywell golf club on louis's new simulator software I'm playing and hit a number of balls with both drivers now to be quite honestly we could run this for quite some time but essentially what you will see is the only difference between performance whether I hit a fairway or not is based on my swing and not on the capabilities of each driver so I learned nothing there however we did of course carry and capture dribble data that dribble data is up in front of you now and the one glaring thing to note is that at first glance the g430 max driver the older driver of the two perform better if you look at carry distance however what you also need to note is club head speed and it is very much relative in other words I swing a little bit faster with the 430 max and I did with the 10k model and therefore produced a little bit longer results in terms of that carry distance there is however a few other noticeable things of note the spin number on both was very very good however one is a 10 and a half degree model notched down a degree or two the other is a nine degree head and whilst it was suggested to me the nine degree head on the new max version will launch the ball very very high because of that 28 gram weight and where the CG is placed I actually found that still for me the max model the older version I keep on to refer to launched the ball higher which as you can see produced a steeper descent angle without a huge loss in spin so pick the bones out of both sets of numbers there is a case for both as to why each different thing happened but essentially they both performed extremely well the fact is whether or not it's the 10k or whether or not it is the 430 max these are very very good drivers there is no denying that but my idea setting out today's video was to really decide why am I paying extra money for the new version and how much difference is that and I've got to say on the evidence that I found at least it's not huge and it's not measurable and it's not something that I noticed either in dry ball data nor out on the golf course and everything that separated the two was down to my own personal performance as I've continued to say throughout this video that it's not a discredit to the 10k it's very much the opposite it's a credit to ping on what they do in the forgiveness stakes if you are a driver right that is easy to play does a lot of things in terms of the performance attributes that you would want as an average golfer then you would now no doubt be looking at this 10k model whether you want to pay the extra money as opposed to the max well that's very much up to you this is the latest and greatest arguably what ping will be saying is that that 28 gram weight where it's positioned and other things they've changed in terms of perimeter weighting is going to help produce a balance of high launch low spin and no loss in terms of that forgiveness that torque and twistness in fact an increase compared to the previous models however I say models if we go back to the g4 25 you will see that they already pushed the boundaries of that 10k number so it's surprising to me that nobody has picked up on this as yet or at least not that I'm aware I've heard glowing endorsements on every review just how good the 10k model is yes it is but I draw you back to the fact that I've made throughout this video ping already produced incredibly forgiving drivers my question is just how much of a leap is it for them at least in that forgiveness stakes and what difference will it ultimately mean to you as an average golfer out on the fairway and of course the only person that can really decide that is you so I hope we give you all the information you need the truth about this model and others follow me subscribe hit that like button give me your feedback and what you're going to get is the truth from the average golfer and you're going to get to learn about how models differ and are they really a vast improvement to help you play better golf right thanks for watching see you all soon


Russians killing their own wounded soldiers with drones to prevent capture. Russian forces are killing their own troops using drones so they can't be captured by Ukraine. Kyiv's military and security services have claimed according to the Kyiv Post. Spokesman for the Tauride Defence Forces, Oleksandr Strupun made the claim saying, the fact is that the Russians do not allow their soldiers to surrender. There have been cases when Russian drones have killed their own wounded. Andrew Yusov, a representative of Ukrainian intelligence, told the Kyiv Post such incidents have been recorded repeatedly, including by Ukrainian aerial reconnaissance using drones. Referring to the documented cases of Russian units firing on their comrades, trying to escape the front lines, he said, Barrier units and killing their own soldiers is what the Russian army is really using against its own. Those who refuse to go into battle and carry out criminal orders or go on meet assaults. This is all a tactic of terror and intimidation of our own people in order to reduce the number of refuseniks, deserters and those who voluntarily surrender. This is actually a reaction to the fact that there are quite a few people willing to surrender to Ukrainian captivity, he added. According to Ukrainian figures, over the past three weeks around 80 Russians have surrendered in the Tavriya sector, one of the hottest areas of fighting around the besieged town of Avdivka. Russia's apparent tactic of killing its own troops to avoid them being captured poses a practical problem for Ukraine. Fewer prisoners to swap for captured Ukrainian soldiers. Yusov added, no matter how much we hate the Russian occupiers and invaders, of course, replenishing Russian prisoners in Ukrainian captivity is also important to speed up the return of our defenders from Russian captivity. While there is currently no video evidence specifically of drones being used by Russia to kill its own troops, there are plenty of examples of them using other methods.


Hey what's up folks, welcome back to another 3D Hangout. My name is Noe Ruez, I'm a designer at Adafruit and joining me every week is my brother Pedro. Good morning everybody, I'm Pedro Esprit of Tech here at Adafruit. Every week we're here to share 3D printed projects featuring electronics from Adafruit. That's right, this is where we combine 3D printing and DIY electronics to make inspirational projects. Hello everybody in the chat room, we are hanging out in the Discord chat room. If you'd like to join us during the live show with questions, banter, preguntas. We can, you can, let us know in the chat room. We're in the live broadcast chat room. We're hanging out there now. We want to welcome everybody to the show. Thank you for joining us. We are hanging out on YouTube, Facebook, as well as Twitch and Periscope. So hello to everybody hanging out, giving quick shout outs to everyone. Hanging out in the chats, we got Mr. Certainly Bruce. Hello, good morning. Gary Z. Scur. Hello Scur. Du Wester. Du Wester. Hello. Yanni. Susan. Hello, hello. Alvaro. Hey folks. Serene. Frank. Wow, look at this cool board from Scur. This is a little trick or a stemma board. They're very cool. Yeah, go ahead and share your stuff too. We're all good here. All right. We are going to do the housekeeping as we do in the beginning of the show. Pay some bills and let you folks know what kind of deals are going on. So let's head on over to Adafruit.com slash free. The more money you spend with your orders, the more stuff you're going to get for free. So I'll just run through them real quick. For orders that are $99 or more, you'll get a free perma-proto half-size bread board. This is a really nice through-hole plated board. For orders that are $149 or more, you get the half-size perma-proto plus a stemma-qt board. If you have an account with Adafruit, you'll get a... Well, make sure you don't get the same one twice. So you kind of get a random one if you don't have an account. For orders that are $200 or more, you get the stemma-qt board, the half-size perma-proto board, and free UPS ground shipping for continental U.S. only. For orders that are $299 or more, you get the ground shipping from UPS continental U.S. only, the stemma-qt board, the randomly selected, and the perma-proto half-size bread board, and I think I messed that up. But go to the website adafruit.com slash free and you can get all the different tiers. I think I butchered that one. Sorry, I'm not that great at paying bills. All right, jobs.adafruit.com, you can check out the different job listings that were posted up throughout the week. There are some new ones that I'm seeing here since last week. We've got an embedded systems engineer in the Santa Maria, California area, space information laboratories. That is a cool name. There's another posting here for the Newark DE area, a design build wearable necklace pendant. That buzzes. That's a cool script in there. Yeah, so check that out. Check those out. It's free to create a profile, whether you're an employer or a maker, looking to offer some of your maker skills. Free to do so. Cool. All right. Circuit Python meetings happen every Monday at 2 p.m. Eastern. And it happened this week on Monday at 2 p.m. Eastern. It's a great time to listen in to the core devs of Circuit Python and the community. That's what's going on. It gets posted as an archive after the meeting. It's recorded live in the Discord chat room as well. So if folks want to join in on that, you can go to the Circuit Python chat room in Discord. Newsletters once, whoa, I need to update this one. Our image is gone. The newsletter is once a week. Go to newsletter. For the dailies, where you can subscribe to different categories that get sent on the daily. You have to opt into those. They're not automatic or anything like that. If you want them, you have to go and subscribe to them. And then sign up. So 80dayleave.com. It's a standalone website. Yeah. Cool. I think that is almost everything. Later today at around... I think it's three? Is it noon now? 3 p.m. today at Eastern. There is a hack chat that will be live streaming on this channel with Lamar, Lady Aida, and Scott Shacharoff. I think there might be other folks. But it's a hack chat that is going to be hosted on the Hackaday site. Yep. Yeah. Thanks, Pedro. It'll be rebroadcasted on Discord as well. If you want to join the chat in there with Lamar and Scott, they'll be in there as well. Yeah. And there's a blog post on the Adafruit site. So you can check it out. There's a reminder or read in some more details. And you can be a part of the hack chat as well if you have an account with, I believe, Hackaday. And there may or may not be some free giveaway. So definitely tune in for that. You don't want to miss out. May or may not. I wonder what the awesome giveaway is. Yeah. It should be cool. I'm not going to say anything. I don't know. I mean, they are talking about keyboards. Cool. Well, that is the... I think that's all this housekeeping. The housekeeping. Go ahead and jump into a couple more shout-outs. Oh, yeah. We got more shout-outs. We got Vince. Hey, Vince. We got Mad Badger. We got Rosin. Charles Beniford. Gary. Carlos. Loes. Silva. All hanging out. Cool. Thanks for joining us. Thanks for joining. And thanks for all of the current projects you guys are all working on. Get on that Discord, discord.gg slash Adafruit to join in the chat. SkyGaliant just joined as well. All right. Let's go ahead and, speaking of keyboards, jump into this week's project. All right. Very useful for accessibility. Yay. Yeah. Beyond the liquor for this one, we'll try to get it published later today, but we'll give you a sneak peek of what's going on here. Yeah. It's in the review. As we speak, it is a very handy Braille keycaps for a couple of your most common used, like, keyboard shortcuts, namely volume up, volume down, page up, page down, tab, home, copy, paste, escape, play, and the quit button. Yeah.  We wanted to make sure that we referenced the correct sort of forms. And there's a lot of different keys. A lot of the function keys are very different. We didn't think that they would be just an F and an A, for example. So we wanted to make sure that they are, you know, kind of the right way to do them. So we got this as a reference point. We made sure that it follows it pretty good. The spacing and the bumps on it was all correct. And it was a little difficult to track down some of the more obscure ones like tab home since a lot of the images on websites that you see, they're all like, you know, it looks kind of sketchy. You know how medical apps look like? They're like Web 1.0 looking. There's no CSS on them. They're just tables. So we had to make sure we had a resource for editable keycaps. I see one of the questions in the Discord is Charles asking if we have an entire Braille alphabet for that. We only have the key, the hot keys for this.  So we'll show you how to edit the actual file so you can create your own if you want to make the entire alphabet. Yeah, we'll do that in a sec. What's cooler about having it 3D printed is that you can choose different colors, of course. It might not be something people want, but it's something that you can do. So you have the option to 3D print it or use these overlays. It's really cool that you made it so that the cavities here, the little dots, that aren't properly kind of allow the light to shine through. So the neopixels kind of make it a little bit more layered and fun. And on top of that, Lamar thought it would be a good idea to have audio-able tones. So this is, I think, the first project that kind of uses the speaker. There's a built-in speaker buzzer right here in the back of the macro pad. And that's just loud enough to get some basic tones going. So it's kind of like a touch-tone dial. Right now I'm just doing page up and page down, and then volume keys. So you have very similar to Philby's Hot Keys demo code. It's kind of similar. It doesn't have different, what would you call them, like sets of keys. But one is good enough, and you could adapt it so that it has more. But yeah, having the ability to have the tones is pretty neat. And Alvaro posted a link to his GitHub for the CircuitPython Braille alphabet. If you want to check that out, post the link on all of the other chats as well. Yeah, let's check that out real quick, actually. Yeah, so we have this attached to your stand here. But of course, this could be used with, it could be used bare. Okay. And yeah. Yeah, tell me about the the stem and... Whoops. Press the play button. I did, didn't I? Yeah, so this stem, of course, this is the 3D printed version. I'm going to grab that out. We made these a couple of years ago, and they still hold up with the kale switches that we offer in the shop. And the printer is, you know, resolution on it. We're just doing the 200 microns on it. And the resolution is, you know, just good enough to actually print these out. Before when we were testing these out, we're using the resin printers. And a little bit of difficulty in terms of getting the supports to stay on there. But with an FDM printer, it's a little bit easier. It's literally just like, I think it's like a one millimeter tall stem support that you put on there. And it easily comes right off. And then the resolution for the little bumps on here is pretty good. You can feel the difference between all of the spacings. And yeah, if you want to get even fancier with like transparent resin, it will work for that as well, since that was what it was originally designed for. So, yeah, nice little simple way to make any customized key caps. And these are the DSA. So they're symmetrical on all four sides. And the tallness is, you know, just the exact same as the DSA kit that we have in the store as well. Yeah, when I was designing my own keys, I found it. Oh, great. Let me hit the quick key. Great thing. Wirecast warns you before. Yeah, the spacing is going to work out for kind of the closest you can get these keys to be. It's about 19 millimeters apart from each other. So it's good to see that bunched up together as close as they can. They're good, because I have made some that aren't good. So good job on making them actually nice, tight fitting and, you know, able to not kind of rub against each other. That's nice. So good work there. That's all I had to say about that. So let's go ahead and jump into, I guess, fusion and show how this is all laid out so you can build your own customized key cap. Sure. Okay, here we go. Jump in here real quick. So I'll post the link to the Fusion 360 file. All right, if you want to jump in, I will hand you over keys. Yeah, so inside of the sketches, you can see the Braille sketch for this and, I don't know, your navigation. Yeah. Welcome to. I'm using like the Maya navigation. Sorry. So all you do is basically just click on whichever circle you want and extrude those out. Yeah, so you want to have a reference like this. The website or this overlay here, you can have this as a way to reference what letter or what kind of combination of keys you want to do. And if you want to do anything else with like, I don't know, elevating the stem or changing the height of this to like have varying heights for your key caps, you're more than welcome to do that. And that's pretty much it. Super easy to edit all these. And if you don't want these, you can of course go into the timeline and delete that or just not have it in your extrude. Yeah, I'd like having them. The little cavities, holes, they let you know what's the full arrangement. Because right now you kind of can get confused on what's the right orientation of these things. That's the incorrect orientation. That's the correct orientation. So it's three rows down and five columns across. Because you can do some different combinations. Which one was it? The home screen? Yeah, the home, the print, like all of the escape, the f1 functions, and some of the numbers have more than one column in row. Yeah, our shot doesn't show this right now. It's just the screen. Oh, okay. So yeah, pretty much it. Okay, cool. Yes, it's a simple way to have an editable one since every time I look around, none of them are set up in this way where you have the sketches and you can easily update the entire key cap along with the way that it lofts and just the arrangement of how you'd want to customize it. Okay. So then do you want to set it up in Cura and slice it up? Yeah, so if you jump into Cura, this is just showing how easy it is to add one of the support materials that you'll need for the stem. Cue the weed whackers. I apologize for the work outside, but there it is. All right. I'll go ahead and add it for you. Where's the, what's the folder name? I'll do it by date. My iMac is new, so it's not going to have good date. This is by date. Okay. It'll probably braille, I think. Oh, keyboard caps. I'll do it by name. Down. Okay. Support. And just button and copy, I guess. Okay. That's a little simple one. All right.  You don't have the plug-in to do custom supports. Yeah, let's show folks how to install it. Where do you go? So you go to the marketplace, I believe, right here, and it's custom supports. Is it working or not working? I don't think it's working. We didn't plan this, did we? Nope. I clicked on this little button here, and I think my iMac is like, it might crash. So it's basically just putting, yep, it's done. You're just putting one little piece of support material right underneath the stem and using the support settings. Is it one of these? All right. Search here for supports. It should be the custom supports, which I'll get them to show us in case people don't have this because I assumed it was standard. I have to sign in. You shouldn't have to. I don't remember signing in for this. Wow, Kira. Refuse. I refuse. No, I have to sign in. Okay, well, sorry about that. Yeah, well, letting people know, hey, this is what happens. I think it lets you install it if you do it through Kira and not on the website. Oh, hey, let's try it here. It was just loading, folks, sorry. It was trying to pull all this stuff from the internet and, well, we're streaming right now, aren't we? So, custom supports. Did I scroll past it? There's no search, right? It should really be built in, guys. What's going on? There's no way to search, huh? Custom supports is right there. I'm going to install. And you probably have to restart. My whole machine? No, just the Kira. Cool. Quit. Okay, here we go. This is live, folks, for sure. This is the latest version of Kira, by the way, 4.10. All right, here we are. Let's go ahead and add it again. It should remember the folder where we were. Use. Okey-dokey. Got that there. And you'll activate your supports. Cool, so this icon down here, that's new. Custom supports. Or the S key. All right. And then rotate right underneath. Okay. And then just place it right on the stem. Like, click anywhere? Yep, right in the corners. And then move it.  The base have it the same as the size. So 7.5. And then how do you delete it? Just the delete key. Okay, delete key. And then click on your object. Click on your object. And then you're good. Now click on, like any of the corners there. And then you just move it to the center. And you move it by dragging it? Yep, you'll click on your move tool. Okay, I'm getting the hang of this, folks. Yeah, look at that. There you go. So you can fine tune where you want this thing to go.  The reason I didn't include this is just in case you want to have, or your printer is definitely going to be different. So you will want to have different Z offsets for your supports. Right, so under here I need to generate supports, right? No, no, no. Leave that off. Leave that off. Yeah. What about settings, density for my support? In the cog wheel there, it'll let you adjust that. Okay, what would you turn on here? Just go ahead and turn it on. And then just so you have access to all of the options. And then turn it off. It's just so you can show all of the options for what you're going to have to turn on. Sorry, I forgot that. This is a completely fresh install. It is. And folks are going to have a fresh, complete install. More likely. So I'm glad you're setting mine up. So support, I think it's like the offset. Support offset? Yeah. Horizontal is... Density is one, definitely. I want to play with that. It's like the Z height. Z support distance. Turn that on. Yep. Anything else? I think that's it for now. Okay. Don't let these settings be daunting, folks. The one you want to look at is this Z distance and probably support density. Is that fair? Yeah. Close and it will show up here, right? Yeah. Yep. So you just set that on mine. It's 0.21. The distance? Okay. And what is that doing? It's just how the gap between the actual printed part and the supports. Ah, distance from the top and the bottom. Okay, cool. You can just roll over the tap. Yep. And then you can disable generate supports. Right. But because you have your own custom ones on there, it'll still add the supports to that. Okay, let's slice it up. Just so you don't have any additional cura trying to add any other... Yeah. So here's the preview tab. You get a good look at your, you know, your render thing and there is our support. Does that look good? Yeah. Do you? That should snap right off. Sweet. Nice. That's pretty much all the supports you need for that. The top should fill in if you have a good active cooling fan. Yeah, the top will fill itself up because the perimeter catches itself on it. So that's good. It's always hard to judge sizes when you're zoomed up into object, but it is pretty small. So your fan shroud is probably bigger than this entire geometry. Yeah, the tool heads, like, just we'll be able to see because this is just small thing. Yeah, but this is FDM printing. I think folks are aware, but yeah. Cool. Nice. I got my support, custom supports now. So that's cool. I wish I had something loaded up for like how to do it with the resin supports that was kind of tricky as well. The trees, yeah. Tree support. Cool. And then I did find a way to actually print it. Remember where we would just have the top stuck to the bed and we didn't need any support material at all. That was cool. But we don't have any of that loaded up. But I guess just an anecdotally to let people know that you can do that with a resin printer where it's just printing, like it's being held on just by the little bumps. So there's a way to do that. That'd be cool. All right. Well, there's a quick look at kind of slicing it up. Installing the plug-in. Yeah. Susan says, thanks. I was wondering how to do the custom supports. I've never done it. I'm glad you did it, man. Cool. All right. Well, let's kind of jump back over to the website. And I think you have a little bit of here. And the learn guide. Here we go. So, yep. The homepage just kind of has some links to the products. Please sign up to get notified when the macro pad is in stock. They're making more. Yeah. I was about to slip and say something, but no. Yeah. So, the code is by Katni Ramboer. So Katni's Circa Pythonista. And she wrote up the code so that folks can use the download project funnel and get all the libraries, the code, and any assets. This one, I think there are no extra images or anything like that. So that's cool. And then you can change up the sounds and everything inside the shortcuts.py file. Here's just a sample of it. So you have like four different things you can change. The note is more of like a frequency that sounds generated. So you're kind of have to pick a number or look for a chart online if you want like a specific note or something. You can play with that. And then the key and the label is followed by here in the parentheses. And then the key sequence. So you can string together different key codes or consumer keys. So it's set up pretty nice. Yeah. And I'll go ahead and open up Mew, Mew Editor, and then look at it. There it is. I'll switch my shot so I can see the whole screen. Here we are. Here is the code. It's very nicely commented. That's excellent for folks that are new to programming like myself. And what I'll do is I'll pull out the shortcuts.py file. Here it is. And again, it's nicely commented. So sound, it could be an integer for a tone in Hertz. Here's an example of it. You could also do a wave file. I would, yeah, wave file. It's coming. Coming soon, wave files. The label, that's what's going to appear on the OLED display. And then the key code type. This is really cool how it's set up. When it comes to key codes, you have two different types. You have the key code, which is sort of like your standard keyboard character. And then you have special keys, consumer control keys. These are media specific, play, pause, volume, next track, previous track. I think those are all of them. Maybe brightness is also a consumer control brightness.  CC, meaning the consumer control code, or the KC, which is the key code. Yeah, so you can see here the way you would do volume is you would say macro pad, consumer control, and then volume increment or volume decrement, play, pause. That's the same key. And then for a regular key code, it's just like C, Q, V. Or if you want like a command or an alt or a tab and escape, it would be keycode.escape and tab. There is a list of all of these in the read the docs. I don't have that loaded now, but you can pull it out of the library. The learn guide, rather. The keypad library, I believe has that all there. So you can check those out. But yeah, it's nicely laid out. So it's super easy to customize it. And then the color, the color is a little bit different. The color is just kind of randomly being generated. I can see here that it's kind of using the color wheel. Yeah, so if you want to do specific colors, you have to tweak it slightly. But there you go. That's a quick and easy it is to change up some of the key commands and just to decipher them a little bit. Right, so there you go. I'll switch back over to learn guide. Hey, looks like Susan and DeWester are adding the Cura specific settings for those supports. Cool, man. Hey, you helped me out. I didn't realize you didn't have it on there. This cool tie should. When do I use supports? You kind of do. I know, I know. You can glue things together. I know, yeah, that's true. You have here, so you have the option to, if you have existing keys, you could just print the top cover and then glue that onto an existing key or a custom key or what have you. So that's really cool. Yeah, so this is another demo that I wanted to show how to do, but I'm pretty sure you don't have Prusa Slicer to show people how to slice an object really easy and then rotate it. Right, right. So we'll save that for like next week or something. Yeah, I can show you how to do it in Fusion. Yeah. Split body, right? So this is an offset construction plan? Yep. This is like with any existing like... Right, any STL that you can break apart. Like the Loki horns that I had to do. I saw some people posting, oh, I can't get the support material to work. Oh, you do it all in the slicer, yeah. I printed it completely with no supports and it's just glued together. That's cool. We'll look at that next week. Yeah, yeah, cool, cool. All right, but here are some of the other things that you want to do. Looks like I missed a couple things. It's the exact thing. Oh, yeah. Yeah, you want to turn the interface off? Yeah, just to speed up the segment. You can see all of the additional options you'd like to turn on just to make the supports like so easy, like just flick off. Okay, okay. And again, this is going to require a trial and error with your specific printer. But with the Curltease, they should be pretty close to these settings. So you have those. I've been putting this in every single one of the guides that do use the supports just for my reference feature. That's good, yeah. Future made it look back and go, what was that setting that I was using? Yeah, zigzag. Support roof on. Yep. So if you want to download the design and hover over there, the buttons, you can see the links to those. It's the Fusion 360 file, which of course will give you any sort of format that you want to import into your favorite CAD project. Yeah, you can get a step file if you're using Blender or any of the other cool apps out there. Up through here, step. That's right there.  OBJ if you're doing like a Cinema 4D. Yeah, and just have to orient yourself like that. And there you go. Cool beans. And then the STLs, if you just want to print these out, I'll link you to the Thingiverse. Right, which just went up. So very cool. Simply for this, super easy. Just make sure that they're oriented correctly. Right upside down. Yes. And then they just snap right on. Cool. Cool, man. I'm going to be printing more caps now that we have some nice, hey, thanks for joining us, Ruth. Some nice settings. I can make some all sorts of fun, different key caps. That's pretty much it. All right. The blank key cap, of course, as we've shown before, you can add any graphics on there and import like a CG or something and do a nice little extrusion to have a custom logo or something on there. Yeah, that'd be really cool. Some more kitty paws or something. Satisfying to completely customize your keyboard. Cool. All right. That is this week's project? Yes. And then for next week? We'll continue with a couple of more keyboard stuff. Then we'll do some custom casting with resin. Oh, that's good fun. It's a UV resin. Right. And just quickly wanted to show your UV, little nail UV cure that you designed a couple of years ago. It still works. Yay. So this is a little 3D printed case, and it has on the inside the half size promo proto, which you can get for free if you spend $99 or more over that fruit. You get it for free. So this has a bunch of UV LEDs. And the idea here is to make sort of a little mini UV nail cure. This was back in the day. We made this one with Becky Stern. And now we get to use it for curing UV curable resin casted keycaps. This is actually the thing that Lamar used for her experiments. Yeah. And we were quite pleased to see that that thing still works. And it's nice.  Good job, Pedro. It's not easy to wire. So that's something in the works. We're just getting our tool sets ready so we can do curing resin. Yeah. We're going to try for the galaxy look for these. Got to find some pigments to do a little swirl for the galaxy. It's kind of like tie-dye shirts, but for keycaps. Whoa. So fun. Keep going on with that. And of course, we're doing that because of all of the keycap molds that went into the store. So if you guys want to pick up some of those, it should be one of the latest things under the new category. Yeah. Let me pull that up. Hurry up and pick these up. We have, it looks like the keys for every single type of a different key size. So control. We got chocks. We got chock, low profile keys. Spacebar, keycaps, skate tab. It's all the different sizes along with the key. What is the other one? The one U sized keyboard molds. Sorry, I was just gawking over the chalk. I just noticed that too. I was like, whoa. That's great. Yeah. I've read about these. And if you haven't guessed already by now, this is one of the pages that we bookmark and continuously refresh. So we can see everything new coming out. Yeah. Even the Mars sometimes doesn't know when things come out. So back over to the waterproof prototyping. Real quick, just comments on this segment and the next segment. A doctor is saying, are they the only person that has different versions of Cura for basically every printer and never changes it? Oh, that's awesome. I remember those days. We had a custom version for the Type A machines, a custom version for the Siemens C, a custom version for the Tads, Bullspot. Every printer had its own version of Cura. It was a year where... That's one of the things I like about upgrading or getting a new computer because I leave all that baggage behind. I never do the time machine thing anymore. I just start completely fresh just in case something was messing up with it. Yeah. You have the model price select. You have all those... You have a Cura 15 point something. I know that was used like so long for all the different versions. And then for an upcoming segment, Matista was asking what they suggest for designing PCBs, which is... Yeah, there's quite a few... I'll just wait till the segment about that. All right, what's the next thing coming up? What are we prototyping? Yeah, we're prototyping another keyboard. More keyboards. Yeah, this is a Calam project with Liz. She had a really cool idea to use the 1x4 QT I2C breakout board with the QT Pi RP2040. So this is a emoji keyboard. So the idea is that this will execute a couple of key commands and you can customize it to be a very specific emoji. So each one of these will do the pop-up menu for the emoji thing. It'll type in really fast. The emoji, it'll push the arrow down button and it'll hit Enter all in one key. So you're not having to kind of pull out your thing. There's five different operations that we actually have. Yeah, literally five different operations for one button press, which is really cool. That really shows how powerful a circuit pi thing can be. A little 3D printed case. I got four screws and standoffs that will secure it. Now what's kind of interesting is the way that these come off. Like the top cover is also the key plate. So as I take this off, it's actually going to pop out of the kale sockets. So I just have to be very careful with it, but it is a snap fit thing. Nothing got bent. Look at that. That's so cool. So here's the QT Pi RP2040. What's so cool about this, we're no soldering required. This is literally plug and play. This tiny little STEMI QT cable just plugs into one of the two ports that you have here and into the port right there. You can make, without any soldering, you just plug and play these things. You've got your NeoPixels right here. So as you press one key, you can light them up and do two-punt stuff. I was going to say, there's no screws. Yes, there are. There's eight of them with some standoffs. But really, really simple design. This frame comes off too. And then like that. So it's just a little frame. And then there's your standoffs there. And the QT Pi just gets press-fitted into this little holder. And you can see here that we have it set up so that it elevates the QT Pi so that none of the components are going to break off of it. So I'm a little close there. I think I was going to update it, but I think I like the tightness of it. So it works out fine. Yeah. So the way this is going to mount underneath or above a desk or a computer. Oh, yeah. Tomorrow I was inspired by these under the desk sort of little wick. Yeah. There's some things we can do there. Do a different version like that. Oh, I put this one wrong. This goes in this way. Like slides in or something? No, it just clicks in. There you go. I just noticed there's a headphone jack on the bottom of this. I was scared earlier in the show because I heard noises. It turns out it's the IMAX fan. I never heard it before until today. You just want to be careful putting this back in to make sure all the keys get inserted incorrectly without a kind of... Yeah. They're all good there. All right. So let's go ahead and actually try it out. Hopefully it works. It's a live show. All right. So how am I going to show this? I'm going to show this with the full screen. I think we can do this. This shows the whole screen, right? Somewhat. I hope this works. Now I'm running Big Sur. So it might not work exactly. Oh, yeah. I don't think that one didn't work right. There you go. Drums. Synthesizer. So it's popping up the... Lightning bolts. The... The... Pudging. What is it called? Modal window. Yeah. It's the modal window. So on a Big Sur you have to enable it. It's control, command, spacebar. And then it actually types out the Pudging name. And there's delays that need to happen. So you need to wait like half of a second and then type your thing. Let's say it's cat. You need to delay in between those characters. So then you need to hit down, which is the key, right? Down. And then enter. Oh, wow. So if the arrangement of the emojis changes... Yeah. You'll need to update it. So it's... That's the way you do it, man. That's just the way it's done. On Windows it's pretty similar. I think there's just less delays on Windows 10. But let's test it really well on the Windows computer. And in Catalina it was... She was testing on Catalina. And it was a little bit... Like the delays were a little bit less. But on Big Sur I don't know if I just had to change it. So it's got a little bit more delays. Wow. Very, very cool. Yeah, very, very easy to get this up and running, too. With the whole STEMI QT going on. Yeah, unfortunately this board is... It uses one of the chips that we can't get. So I think Lamar is going to revise this one. So yeah. It's just a little highlight note there. For Lamar, rather. Saying the exact same thing to... On YouTube, Super Chat, Locita, French was asking them a 2 volt 2 amp LiPo board. I could have swore I saw Lamar showing one off. But I'm going to guess it's, again, chip shortage. So probably being reworked as well. So come soon. One of these days we will have a more powerful power boost. For sure, yes. And thanks for the 699 for the Super Chat. Yay, thank you. That's really, really awesome. So part of the show like that. That's great. And shout out to our man VP. How's it watching a while? Cool. Thank you for tuning in. It's good to have you back. Excellent. When will the Macapab be available again? Sign up. Sign up. And you'll get known. You'll be the first one to know if you sign up. Cool. So that is one last thing. Yeah, one last thing. We got our hands on this one. Is this in stock right now, I think? This is the 5x6 NeoKey Ortho Snap Apart sheet. We just made a little 3D printed bracket. What's called a bracket? Is it a bracket? It's like a plate. A plate, yeah, a plate. And interestingly enough, it's really cool that the center of the keys have mounting holes. These are actually mounting holes. So I was able to use mounting holes. You can snap this apart. Your mounting holes won't go away because as long as you have 4x4 arrangement in the middle of that, you can do a little mounting hole there so you can add these standoffs like this. These are actually our aluminum super fancy feet. I figured I'd try to use those out. They work freaking awesome. I really like them. I also have a little key plate here. I don't have enough keys. That's why not all of them are populated, but I'm working on it. And the idea here is that you can snap this sheet, this bit, and this bit, and create whatever arrangement and all of the traces should work out. So that's something I'm working on. I just wanted to make a quick little plate so that it wasn't scraping on the desk. And I got these feet which are new in the store and they're different colors and stuff, but I thought I'd try them out. They're fairly chunky. They're pretty big. They're not going to be for something like this. I can't quite maybe two of them there, but I don't know. It might be weird, right? So if you've got a bigger thing and you want some really nice feet, these aluminum feet are just awesome. And then I have a 3D printed bit here. But yeah, let me show you in CAD kind of some shop talk tips that I have.  So I use Eagle. This is what Lamar uses. She uses Eagle CAD from Autodesk. And this is the design that I pulled from Lamar's private GitHub. And one of the things that was challenging about this one is it has some very peculiar kind of shapes for creating the slot. So I wasn't able to kind of create a good 3D model out of this because I can't quite pull a good outline. So they're not translating correctly. So shout out to Katni who made another version of this without the panelization and made it so it's a little bit more easy to play with. So when you go to the Learn Guide that's in the work right now, we'll have a better, a much more like easier Eagle, a board file that you can play with. But having said that, this is an Eagle version 9.3. This is sort of like a couple of versions back, but I really like this version because it has an ability to send the file, the board, and automatically generate it as a 3D model in Fusion 360. You can do that in the latest version of Eagle, but it doesn't allow you to manually change the component type. So let's say the NeoPixel, you would have to link it to your library and create a managed library. And I've tried doing that, but it kind of goes outside of my workflow. So I really like just manually changing and mapping components. So that's why I really like using version 9.3. So having said that was like, how do I get access to version 9.3? Well, there's a link. It's sort of a backdoor link. Don't let them know I told you about this. I'm sure they're aware of it. I'm sure they're aware of it. But this link here, eagle.autodesk.com, eagles, software versions, they have all the way back to version 6.6. So you can download the original, you know, Eagle way back when. I'm glad the Autodesk has this. You can Google search it. It's not a big deal. So version 9.3 is what I'm working on. You can click on the files and here are the direct downloads to the windows, the Mac 64 bit, and even Linux. So if you want that version of Eagle that I really like and enjoy, you can grab it. And I need it. I only know about this because I got a new iMac and M1 iMac. And hey, it installed and runs really good, really fast, and it's all good. So that is just a little tip here. Let me go ahead and throw that in the Discord chat in case folks want to use Eagle 9.3. In conjunction with Fusion 360. So with that, let me go into Fusion 360 and show you the 3D model of the ortho thing. So here's what it looks like. It doesn't have the kind of tabs that you're supposed to snap off. So this is one thing you want to be aware of. But when it comes to mapping the components, I ran into an issue because of the way it was kind of the way it's tiled and evil. I'm only able to link one component, so I reworked kind of how I'm doing it. And I made it so that it's more like one key, and then I use patterns to create the arrangement. So here's what I'm talking about. Let me just hide. I can't select anything. Some weird oddities with Fusion right now, but bear with me here. So here is my Neo Keys. I have basically started with one because I was able to populate this one with the capacitor, the diode, the resistor in the kale switch. So that's one. And then I used pattern to make it a five by six to create that arrangement there. And you'll notice that there is some gaps in between them. That is actually supposed to be like that. And the main thing you want to know about these is that they are 19 millimeters apart. So if I go into the pattern, you can see that 19 millimeters is the spacing between the columns and the rows. So they're perfectly matched like that. And if you look, the corners, they have that little bit of a curve. When they're combined in a four by four, you get an M3 mounting hole. So that's what's cool about it. And you want to be aware of, you know, the orientation of it because right now this is the top and now this is the bottom. So I have it correct. I thought it was incorrect for a second. So that's how I have my five by six set up because I want them to have all the populated bits. And for whatever reason, I couldn't get a good silk screen like it covers some of the holes. So if I come in here to the 3d PCB and open the board, I can hide the silk screen you see it just shows right through. So that's like that. And you can see here that it actually does have those slots, those little vias here in between those three traces there, those three pinouts. So you won't get that, but I think it's fine the way I have it because then this way I can come back in here if I ever need to. And let's say I want a four by four, I just update these and say I want my four by four. So I'm thinking I actually want to do a four by four. And then my design could adapt if I set it up that way. But that's the way I'm thinking that it should be is just have a one key one by one, and then y'all will, you know, make it. But I'll probably have both PCBs available. This is a really tricky one because although the tiling was quite a bit, I'm sure for Lamar it was kind of a challenge to figure out. Because if you look, there's actually two types of tiles. There's one that goes across and then the other one goes the opposite way. So it was a bit of a challenge, I think, to route it. But she got it going pretty good. And I don't want to snap it just yet. I want to get that on video of me snapping this piece off. But yeah, what else do I have here? Oh, the feet. They're just little feet modeled, right? I'll throw up the plate on Thingiverse or something later. Yeah. But that's all I got there for the ortho, the five by six ortho thing. And eagle 9.3. Got it installed and works fine. Cool. End of segment. That posting up the CAD parts on GitHub. Thank you so much. Those are posted there. That's the next thing I have then. So the Adafruit CAD parts is a great way to get started with modeling something, a prop. So that's what we got going on here. So the next project that I'm working on is a collab project with Phil B. Paint Your Dragon. This is going to be a very obscure prop from the Star Trek animated series. And what I was able to do is pull out some of the components that we want to use. This is going to be the handle for this ray gun. And in the handle, I needed to see what parts fit inside. And so the 3D parts that we have, I was able to bring them in and arrange them in a way where I could start figuring out what's the right sizes and dimensions for this handle. So for folks that are just getting started, definitely download some 3D models of things that you want to be in your project. In this case, it's the prop maker feathering with one of the feather boards, a 22 milliamp battery and one of these cool slide pot switches. So I have models of those. Folks can grab those from our GitHub repo, throw them into your CAD app and start working with them. So here I just have three sketches and I have some user parameters set up so I can adjust the height of the handle and also the diameter. I'm just trying to figure out what is the best placement for everything with accommodated wires. And because the feather boards have all the connectors and things on there, I have a really good one-to-one representation of clearances. Am I going to have the right clearances? Am I going to run into some wires here? So that's how I start my props. I get my parts in and start figuring out. You can do this in real, but when you're in CAD, you can, I don't know, do it better. What is it? Inspect? You can do the slice. You can really see my connector in there. So that's the thing I'm working on. It's a collab project that you can have with Philby. And it'll be quite obscure. Yeah, so that's my promotion for the GitHub repo that we have here. We also have a fritzing for our wiring diagrams. The run guide system guides, the CAD parts. And I'll be sure to update the 5x6 ortho here as soon as we get that out. Cool. Is that all this stuff? I think so. Let's go ahead and jump in to Community Makes. We have 10 minutes left this week. The finale of... Last week was Lady Loki. This week, Gator Loki. Marcell was being posted all over Twitter and was like, I want me a Gator Loki. He floats. He does. How freaking cool. Here he is floating. I think it was just a mash-up of one of the alligator STLs that are floating around with the addition of some... His supports fell off. He's so mischievous. Oh, it's the support materials. Yeah, his supports fell off. He don't need no supports. Well, after they were already printed. They look great, though. His supports held on until the horn was done printing. The screen PLA is quite interesting. It's not a shade of green I've seen before. It's dark. They just call it dark translucent. It's a very cool PLA. Fondant Amazon. Yeah, Pedro painted the horns with acrylic paint. So if you're wondering if it's a dual extruded, no, it's not. I thought it was because he did such a good job painting it. One of the things that I am super impressed with having so much support material on the inside of his mouth is that his teeth all printed out. Here, get really close. Look at his teeth. They're all there. Even closer. There you go. They're just dribbles. Right? That's the lowest resolution you can make.  Frightening. So nice little floaty as you saw there. You probably want to add a drill hole for having a drain since water was able to get in. That's right. I had to rinse him out. Let him dry out. Let him dry out. I shook it a bunch. I was like, I hope he doesn't break. Disappointment here is on the bottom. As you can see here, those come out pretty good with the same settings we were talking about earlier. Nice. And yeah, just nice little, I think it would be a cool case for having, what is it, IOT pool temperature lager. It's cool to have this as a case. That would be pretty cool. It could be big enough where you can fit the components inside there. Cool. So this is a free STL on Thingiverse. There is the website. It's got some weird, it's not loading. The thumbnail is not loading. Right. But you can see that people have made it. There's some makes here and there's some comments. And Thingiverse follows here. You can download that. And that's where we got it. So shout out to Thingiverse user krlozwaffle666. Great job. Very nice. It could be a kit, like you said, a kit bash thing. So that's cool. All right. So if you want to print your Gator Loki. Hold you until what's next? I think Hawkeye is next in the year. I'm sure I'll make an appearance there somewhere. Gator Loki. All right. Cool. We got some more community makes. I'm sure it'll be the top Halloween costume for any pet or animal. There's folks wearing crocs with little 3D printed horns on it. All right. Another community to make here. This is from John Gallifer. Hello, John. Oh, this is super cool. Super cool. He made a really great improvement to the infinity cube with Neopixel, LEDs, and circuit Python. So John 3D printed the frame, cut out the merit acrylic, laid out the LEDs in super really nice. Like they are really nicely laid out. That is fantastic, John. Really, really good. It looks better than mine, for sure. And John also made it Bluetooth enabled so you can control it with the Adafruit Blue Fruit app, which is super cool. So I'm going to be updating my infinity cube with it and I pulled it out of the project bin behind us and I was actually playing with it. I was interested to see that my version is running circuit Python 5 beta 3 with a very early version of the LED animation library by Catney and Crayola. So Roy, right? Roy Crayola. So very, very cool to see that this got a really nice update for Bluetooth control. So I will be playing with that. Thanks, John, for sharing that with us. It's a fantastic job on making it. It's one of those projects that can have an infinite amount of issues. Because I know it's quite an achievement. Though we have to bang the LED strip. I can't stop looking. Super mesmerizing. It is. It's so good. All right. We've got one from Stuart on Twitter. This is actually a 3D printed design that John, JP, John Park, he put this up on Thinkiverse. It's for the MacroPad and I noticed Stuart made two of them. It looks great. He made it two different colors. Look at the yellow one. Yeah. So you can check this out. It's on Thinkiverse. The Adafruit's Thinkiverse. You can check it out. You also put the link here to it. Nice. But I just wanted to share Stuart's because he did super fast to print. Like, whoa. Nice man. Nice. Very, very cool. So lots of MacroPad designs are going to be out there when you all get yours. Very cool. And that's the Swiss community makes. If you all would like to share, you can tag us in any of the social channels or Discord. So there we go. I'm trying to manage my tabs here. Where is Discord? There you go. It's cool. Questions posted in the Discord. Avro was asking about the filler that we used for three printed parts. I posted a link to the Rustoleum gray automotive filler that we used on the Daft Punk helmets. Yeah. That's cool. And that was, I saw all the people using that. And I think it was like next day delivery on Amazon. Get up, man. We're pretty good. Sweet. All right. That's over there. Well, later tonight, folks, we are, I think we're still doing show and tell at 7.30 p.m. Eastern time. But instead of asking Junior, I feel like there might be some more. If not, it'll be next week. Right. If we get that wrong. Yeah. But there might be some sort of unboxing going on. We're, you know, stay tuned. It could be a surprise. But I was going to say, is there a coupon code? Maybe. There might be. Yeah. We don't know. Sorry. So I think show and tell for sure 7.30 p.m. Eastern time. So if you have some projects you'd like to share with Lamar and Phil or folks in the community, definitely stop by. It doesn't have to be electronics. You can be arts and crafts too. And it doesn't have to be a finished project. And it doesn't have to have any different parts. I love working. We like working stuff. Working progress stuff is always cool. Yeah. We like maker spaces as well.  We want to see all your fun stuff and maybe any tips and stuff on organizing or that sort of thing. So, cool. All right. And then tomorrow is Thursday. JP's workshop. 4 p.m. Eastern time. Friday we got a deep dive with Scott. All things circuit Python. Sundays are Lamar's from the desk of the data with the great search from Digi. Right? Yeah. JP's on Tuesdays. Part pick of the week. The circuit Python meeting is on Mondays. And you could always check the Discord server by hitting the code. What is the question mark? Showtime. Yeah. You could get the hours there. And then HackChat at 3 p.m. That's in three hours. So we got to get out of here. So we appreciate it. Someone's corrected us. It's his email says, someone's email says the 28th for unboxing. Cool. So ask engineers tonight then, I think. Okay. Go, go, go. I'm glad. All right. Anything else with you? I think that's it. Thank you all for watching. We'll post. We'll keep reading the comments in the post. There's a really cool one on this new slicer called Super Slicer. Oh. Want to check that out. The new slicer has entered the arena. Super. All right. Well, thank you so much for watching, folks. We'll see you next time. Until then, don't forget to make your day. Great thing. See you later tonight. Bye, folks.


A federal high court in Abuja has voided the February 7, 2023 list of delegates submitted to INEC by the APC in Kyrgyz state for its forthcoming governorship primary election. Justice James Amatochot, in a judgment, held that there was no evidence before the court to show that valid special-word congresses were held, from which the said delegates emerged. Justice Amatochot also noted that the party failed to provide credible evidence that INEC monitored the said congress or congresses, from which the names on delegate lists were derived. The judge who restrained INEC from accepting and acting on the delegates list said the APC in Kyrgyz state still has an opportunity with the existing timeframe to conduct valid special-word congresses to elect delegates who will elect the party's candidate for the governorship election. The APC in Kyrgyz state ought to have conducted special-word congresses to elect delegates that will virtually elect the party's candidate for the governorship election, but none was conducted at all, at any word. And also those who are that are claims are for the court to say, look, there was nothing but they just saw it perpetually submitted and that they should put aside. And the court granted it, and even warned that the days of impunity, political impunity, have gone forever and it's not been tolerated. And advise the parties to go and conduct congresses prior to the nomination of their candidates. They were in court to strengthen democracy at a state level, to entrench rule of law and internal democracy. And we thank God that the party has seen the fact of the case from our own ends and has given judgment that is favorable to every party. We appreciate all the members of the party at a state level and the leaders who supported us in the course of this struggle where our case is not against an individual or anybody who is to fight for the right thing to be done within the party and avoid some of the, you know, avoidable mistakes that cost us so much in other states as, for example, our river state and our inflatable Nassau state. And we also thank the leadership of the party because the last time I met with the National Working Committee presided over by the National Chairman, you know, I told him we discussed as to what can be done to bring justice to the parties in the state. And we said, no, the only thing to be done is to do direct primaries. And if you must continue with indirect primaries, then you must do delegate a lesson, Congress, that will throw up legitimate, you know, Congress. And he assured me that he was going to ensure that we do direct primaries.