You're assigned to the business office. Past records show that you can expect 170 crimes to occur in the city during the next 24 hours. You don't know where. You don't know when. Your job. Handle them. You met a drama of an actual crime. For the next 30 minutes in cooperation with the Los Angeles Police Department, you will travel step by step on the side of the law through an actual case transcribed from official police files. From beginning to end, from crime to punishment, Dragnet is the story of your police force in action. Friday, July 10th was hot in Los Angeles. We've been assigned to the business office morning watch. My partner's Frank Smith. The boss is Captain Gilbert. My name's Freddie. I was on my way back from the coffee room and it was 12.10 a.m. when I got back to room 21 of the business office. Talking to a buddy. Oh, hi, Joe. Hey, try to stay around, would you? I've been here 20 minutes. I've had 29 phone calls and written three reports.  Oh, thanks. Hey, how you feeling? Any better? A little bit. I don't know what it is.  I think I'm coming down with a cold. That's too bad. A lot of that going around. Where's Skipper? He ran over the crime lab. Won't talk to Pinker. How about the fool card? Do you check them? Yeah, the book here sometimes. There it is, right on that paper there. Over there. There. Oh. Yeah, five of them out. Check from the book. Yes, ma'am. Something to do for you? You a detective? Yes, ma'am. That's right. All right. Yeah, ma'am, my car's been stolen. All right. I told one of the officers on the corner about it, but he said it might work faster if I came up here. Yes, ma'am. That's right. The car's stolen. All you've got to do is go out and find it. Just find my car. What kind of a car is it? Well, it was a brand new Chevrolet. That's 1954. That's right. Bell air with the windows that fold down. All right. Now, we'll need to know some more things here before we can start looking for it. Yes, what's that? Your name? Avis Bowen. That's A-V-I-F. Well, that's right. There's no other way to spell it. Avis Bowen. Yes, ma'am. Do you have a middle initial? R. I hope you're not going to ask me what it stands for. No, that won't be necessary. There isn't anybody that knows what my middle name is. Yes, ma'am. All we want is the initial. Well, that's all you're going to get. All right, Mrs. Bowen. It's Miss. All right. What's the license number? Oh, now, I think it's 1-U-44441. All right. Wait just a moment, please. Who are you calling now? DMV. Who's that? Department of Motor Vehicles. Oh, my, all this going on. It's a wonder you ever catch anybody. Hi, Harry. This is the body over at the business office. California License 1 Union 44441. That's right. Tell them it's a bell air with the windows that fold down by themselves. Yes, ma'am. Doesn't it? Well, hold on here. You sure about that license number? What do you mean? Well, it kind of looks like you made a little mistake, Miss Bowen. I did not because still- Yes, we understand that, but you gave us the wrong license number. 1-U-44441. I remember it because of all the fours. Harry, I'll call you back. Oh, Miss Bowen, that number is registered to a 1940 Studebaker. My license number? Well, I don't know, but the one you gave me, yes, ma'am. 1954 Chevrolet Bell Air, windows that fold down by themselves. Yes, ma'am, I understand. There must be several hundred cars that look like that. You've seen them before.  There are lots of them around. Mine's light blue with a gold on top. We still need the license number. Do you think you have it at home? Yes, I guess so. All right, fine. If you'll phone it in to us, we can start looking for it. Well, how do you expect me to get there? Ma'am. Home? How do you expect me to get there? I don't have a car to drop you off. Well, it's about time I was getting some kind of service around here. Yes, ma'am. I think I'll write a letter to the papers about this. All right, ma'am. The whole thing, right down to that TMV or whatever it is, expose the whole mess. Oh, you're going to be mighty sorry you ever opened this can of beans. We're going the best we can, ma'am. Well, that's not very much. Standing around here making phone calls isn't finding my car. Well, you said it yourself, didn't you? What's that? There must be several hundred cars like yours here in the city. Yes. If we find out the right license number, how are we going to find it?  Ma'am.  I'll take your turn. You ain't no detective. The business office, room 21. It's open 24 hours a day, but it's after the detective division closes that it begins to work. While patrol units in the city function normally, the men in the business office give advice on booking procedure, policy matters, and other police business. They issue pool cars and riot guns. And in the event of an emergency, they act as advisors and an overall plan for the dispersal of policemen. The captain on duty is in effect the acting chief of police. On the average weeknight, the activities are slow and routine. But over the weekend, the men involved can expect to handle several hundred phone calls from the thousands put through the complaint board. These calls deal with every crime in the municipal and penal code. In addition to this, they handle the citizen traffic through the city hall. Next door is a report room where statements are taken and forwarded to the captains of the detective divisions for appropriate action. Frank and I had checked in at 12 midnight, and for the following half hour, we did business as usual. At 12.41 a.m., we got a hotshot call reporting a sound of shots in the 4200 block on Albany Street. At 12.43, the call was changed to a shooting and ambulance follow-up. At 12.45, the hotshot phone rang again. That's shooting? Yeah, it's a homicide now. Gonna call a unit? Better have them check it out. Same address as the shots? A couple of houses down. This Friday business office, when you put out a call to 1K5, have them cover the shooting and ambulance follow-up at 4289. That's 4289 Albany. He's got it. Nice. Thank you. Looks like a good one, huh? Yeah. Turns out we'll get Geesey out of bed. Well, that'll make him happy. He'll end up in there last week. All right, Joe. Bob, what do you got?  What do you see? I don't know. We found in front of one of the burlesque houses on Main. The place was closed. He was just standing out there looking at the pictures. You got a name on it? Uh-uh. Haven't ever get him to say anything. You want to give it a try? All right. You want to tell us who you are, old fella? Come on, we want to help you, but there's not much we can do if you won't tell us your name. It's doing about as good as we did. Okay, I look pretty wobbly when we stop. All right. What do you want to do? We'll take him over to Georgia Street. You got a wallet? Let me look at it, will you? Maybe the something in here will help us. Yeah. You want the money? No. A few cards here. What's that one there? Something written on the back. Looks like a phone number. Yeah, that's what it is. You want to call and see if they know who he is? Yeah, I'll give it a try. He just sits still right there. This is Officer Frank Smith, Los Angeles Police Department. No, there's nothing wrong. We have a man here in the office. He's carrying a card with his phone on it. I wonder if he can tell us who he is. That's my animal. He looks to be in his late 70s. We've got white hair. That's right.  That's right. You want to give me that again? No, he's all right. Yeah, that's right. We'll have him brought home. Right away. That's mine. Thank you. And we got it. His name is McKinley Dunn. He lives out on Vincent Avenue in Highland Park. Talk to his daughter. Yeah. She says they got into an argument after breakfast. McKinley here just got up and walked out of the house. She hasn't seen him since. Pretty worried about him. Figures. Says he's always kind of independent. A little bit of run improvement. Hey, you want us to take her? No, we can't have you out of service that long. I'll call Highland Park and have them pick him up. You want to take him over to York Boulevard and make the transfer there, Bob? Sure thing. Thank you. All right, Mr. Dunn. Here you are. We'll put this back in your pocket. Come on, sir. We'll take you home. Thanks, Joe. There's no trouble, Bob. Tell the boys from Highland Park to have his daughter put a card in the wallop with all the information on it when you're making it easier next time. Sure. I think the car's not going to do any good, Joe. No. The car's not going to help. The daughter says she always puts one in. As soon as the old man gets out of the house, he tears it up. I got it. We'll go solve it Friday. Uh-huh. Photography, get there. How many? We'll see you then. Sam and 1K5 on the shooting. Yeah. They got two suspects in custody. They're bringing them both in. Uh-huh. Third man left the scene. Sam says the accidental death possibility is out now. Yeah. It's a clean case of murder. Ten minutes later, the officers in Unit 1K5 arrived with the two suspects. They were identified as Fred and Harriet Purcell. The names were run through R&I, but no record was found on either one of them. It was obvious that the two people had been drinking heavily. The husband was taken to the report room while Frank and I questioned the woman. I don't remember too good. Everything seemed to happen so fast, that all of a sudden there was this kind of noise and Norman was dead. Norman, is that the victim? Yeah. Norman Mancreep. You must know who had the gun. I've been saying that to myself, but it doesn't do anything. I guess I had too much to drink. Who else is in the apartment with you? You mean besides Fred and me? That's right. It's just the three of us, that's all. We got a report that was not a man present. Well, then you're no more than me. All right. You want to give us the whole story? No beginning when? From the start. Okay. I had a tooth pull this morning. I guess that's what caused all our trouble. How's that? My tooth was impacted. I had it pulled in a dense game. You shot an overcoat and you pulled it to a can. I can't. I can't. I got home and the overcoat started to wear off. The whole side of my face started to hurt. Terrible. Yeah. Well, I told Fred about it. It was a terrible thing. And I tried to tell him how much it hurt. He was a clawed. Told me to have a drink and forget it. And it wasn't long before we were having the beef. Oh, Fred. He was very bright at times, you know. I guess I'd have a little sympathy for his wife at a time like that. That's right. Not old Fred. He was a clawed.  Was man free there at the time? Yeah. How many Fred had been playing pinnacle when I came home? I guess they'd been at it all afternoon. Norman was on my side. Made Fred mad. And we got to fighting pretty good. Norman was right with me. Yeah. Told him Fred he ought to be quiet. I think Fred was sore about being beat up pinnacle. He thinks he's pretty good player. One long after that there was a shot and Norman was dead. Were you in the room at the time? No. Where were you? Out in the kitchen. I went out to get some more ice. Who was in the room when you left? Norman. No one else. If there was, I would have sold you. Just a minute. I'll get it. It was all a party. No man. No man, you'll have to call him tomorrow. Yes, ma'am. That's right. Let's go on here. You know Mrs. Regiman? No. Is it Leo Regiman? Yeah, a lot about it. She told the investigating officers there was another man in the apartment. Said that he left right after she heard the shots. She would. She already got her nose where it doesn't belong. Oh, she's pretty certain about what she saw. Didn't ask her if she saw the man. Let her tell you who he was. Well, I think it'd be better if you did. Then it ain't gonna be good because I don't know. Did you hear anybody come into the place when you were in the kitchen? Nope. You're pretty sure of that, huh? Oh, look. I got enough trouble. Me and my old man's in jail.  I want to get home and get some sleep. If I knew anything I'd have told you a long time ago. Leave me alone. What did you do after you heard the shot? Went in to see where it was. That's all. Just opened the door and looked. Norman was lying there on the floor. Where's your husband? Just standing there looking at Norman. Where was the gun? Glad to have it. Whose gun is it? I don't know. You never saw it before? I don't like guns. I don't like to have them around. I don't look at them when they are. I never saw it before. You talked to Fred yet? No, I'm not sure. No. Well, he looked at it the same story, the same way I told it. You'll see. No need to even talk to him. Is that right? Sure. You already got it the way I told you. What more you want? Just one thing I can think of. Yeah? The truth. You are listening to Dragmit, the authentic story of your police force in action. I attempted to talk to the husband Fred Purcell. He was too drunk to be coherent. We made arrangements for some hot coffee to be brought in. His wife was taken to the interrogation room to wait until we could fill out the reports. At 4.20 a.m. we got another hot shot call regarding a cutting on South Fifth Street. The investigating officers found the knifing had resulted from a quarrel between a man and his common law wife. The woman was in critical condition. She was removed to Georgia Street receiving hospital and the husband was booked in at the main jail on charges of assault with a deadly weapon. We notified Chief of Detectives Thad Brown and Captain Norman of the shooting and the cutting. During the next hour, there were two armed robbery reports, several burglaries and numerous fights. 5.31 a.m. Frank went down the hall and brought back two beef and cheese sandwiches and some coffee. At 5.46 we got a call from the men in Unit 1K5 telling us that they were on the way into the office with a gun that had been used in the killing of Norman Mancreef. Ten minutes later, two uniformed officers brought in a pair of possible car thieves. One of them was held in the hall while Frank and I talked to the driver of the car, a Melville Hobart, age 19. Where'd you get the car? I bought it. Where? Well, from a lady. She put them out in the paper, said she had this year a sharp 52 fault for sale. You remember what paper? Well, no, sir. Yeah, I think it was one that morning one. When'd you buy the car? I don't know. Well, you must have some idea. Oh, I reckon maybe it was in January. Yeah, around there in January. Let me take a look at your driving license, will you? Yes, sir. There you are. Take it out of the wallet, will you? Oh, yes, sir. Here it is. What's your present address? Sir?  No, sir, I moved. I got me placed over on Olympic. How long you live there? You mean Olympic, sir? That's right. I know. Reckon maybe a couple months. Don't you know for sure? Well, see, I got just your bad memory. I think it's been a couple months. You live with your family? No, sir. They down south. Where is that? New Orleans. They know you're out here? Yes, sir. When'd you come to California? August. Last year? Oh, yeah, last year. You got a job at Craft Factory out in the valley. It's got a long drive to work for you, no? Yes, sir. But I got a good deal on the place I live at, see? How come you haven't reported the change of address to the Department of Motor Vehicles? Reckon, I just forgot. I got this year bad memory, you know. When you bought the car, did you finance it? Sir? You buy it on time. You pay cash for it. The cash. You got the pay slip then, haven't you? The lady sold it to me, signed it. Where is it? I don't know, sir. Didn't she give it to you? No, sir. She told me she was going to send it to Sacramento someplace. Did you get any kind of a receipt for your money? Yes, sir. Well, where is that? In Mawallet. Let's see it. Yes, sir. I got it right here someplace. Pretty funny about this. What's that? Well, I wouldn't steal no car. It's pretty funny to think I did. All right. Now, how about that receipt if you found it, Jen? Yes, sir. Now, here it is. The lady sold me the car. What's her name here? Oh, yeah. I guess so. She wrote it. When'd you say you bought the car? I guess. This year, huh? Yes, sir. You sure you couldn't be wrong about the date? Oh, no, I don't know. Maybe. Where'd you meet the woman who wrote this receipt? At her place. Where's that? Out in Westwood. I think that's what you call it. Apartment out there. You remember the address? No, sir. You haven't got any idea at all where it is, huh? Well, it was up on Wiltshire. I know that. Apartment on the second floor. Mm-hmm. I think it was number B or something like that, I don't know. Right. Yeah. Now, what'd you make all that big deal about when I bought the car? I ate on the bill of sale as a year ago. Well, somebody must have made a mistake. Now, we knew that when you walked in, we're trying to find out who. What do you got, anything? Yeah, it checks out names in the books. Less department B. Yeah, now that could be it. I know that it was on the second floor. It looks right out on Wiltshire Boulevard. All right, man. You go over there and sit down. I won't be right with you. It's going to be okay. We'll see. Now, look, I didn't steal that car, mister. I should have told him about how I moved. But I did not steal the car. All right. Yes, sir. It seems to check out that on the bill of sale could be a mistake. A woman might have just written her own year. Yeah, it's pretty close to first if it happened. I need to give the kid his first felony booking, don't you? Yeah. What do you want to do? Yeah. Let's hold him over till we can check with a woman. Yeah. Officer. Hmm? Going to be all right? We'll see. You ain't going to send me to jail. No, not yet. You wait down the hall with him. Now, as long as you know I did not steal the car. We'll check with a woman first thing in the morning. I won't tell you one thing, though. Yes, sir. We're going to give you a break by not booking you right now. Don't make a sorry about it. Oh, no, sir. Thank you. All right, go on. Get out of here. Where is Jimmy? He's down the hall. The officer there will take you. Yes, sir. Officer? Yeah. Thank you again, you hear? Yeah, you take care of that bad memory, will you? I got it. Headquarters Smith. Oh, yeah. Yeah? What's the address? No, he's not here. Just a second. I'll check. Police went out in Hollywood.  What?  I guess it's all right if it's the other way they can get rid of it. The way he puts it, it is. Really? Yeah. What's that? Why don't you better check with the watch commander. Yes. Okay, good night. I got an injured animal report. Turns out the people out there had trouble with skunks. Got a permit for the traps and caught one tonight. Once they had it, they didn't know how to get rid of it. I better make a report on it. Must have been pretty funny. Officer said we could use the skunk in the department. What was that? Officer said we could use the skunk in the department. Says he'd qualify on the target range any day. No, no, we got the word. Where you been? Check out with a lamp? K-5. Yeah. They just picked up a third person in the shooting. Three minutes later, the officers in unit one K-5 brought in a tired looking man in his late 20s. His name was Harry Carnell. He'd been drinking, but he seemed to be in complete control of his faculties. He ran his name through R and I, but we found no record on him. The officers also brought in the murder weapon, a .32 caliber automatic. A check of gun records gave us the name of the store where it had been bought and the name of the owner. According to the registration, it belonged to Fred Purcell. The crime lab reported there were no fingerprints on the weapon. We tried once more to talk to Purcell, but again, we were unable to. We asked Harry Carnell, the latest suspect, to tell us the story of the shooting. I went up to the place to collect some money, man. What happened when he got to the apartment? He knocked on the door and Purcell let me in. Who was in the room? Just him and man. That's all? Yeah. All right, go ahead. I came in and said I had to have the loot, and the man kept telling me he was stony. Bill. He said to check him tomorrow. Mm-hmm. Purcell got in his bag, said he was always welching in the basement. You mean between there and there? Yeah, they were both pretty gassed when I got there. Do you have anything to drink with him? No, no. I had a date, sir. That's what I needed the money for. I got a girl with a pretty big appetite. I was broke and I figured I'd tap man for what he owed me. For what? Anyway, these two got in a big beef. Purcell told Mancreef to get out. He wouldn't go. So Purcell ran over to a desk there in the room and hauled out this big gunstar to blaze away. How many shots he fired? Well, one's all I remember. Might have been more, but I didn't spend a lot of time counting. Just one, huh? Yeah. Well, guys, that's a clay pigeon on your head. You ain't gonna stand there. What happened then? Purcell pointed the gun at me. He said I should get out, too. I didn't feel like telling him he was wrong. During the time you were there, did you see anybody else at all? No. Fred's wife was around someplace, I guess. Why do you say that? Well, they started yelling at each other. I heard Mancreef say they'd bother Harriet. That's Fred's wife, Harriet. What?  Where'd you go? My place. I had a couple of belts and then walked by the apartment to see what was going on. An old broad there started yelling about how I was the guy who ran out of that place after the shooting. Next thing I know, I got the collar on, and here I am. What was Purcell doing when you last saw him? I was standing over Mancreef holding the gun, looking like a cover on a pulp magazine. You willing to sign a statement of what you just told us? Well, sure. I got no part in this action. I just went to collect a bet at the wrong time, that's all. Pretty lousy night. Missed my date, didn't collect the money, end up in a can. It's pretty lousy. But I'm not the only one, though. Old Purcell always thought he was such a great card player. He's a real fish. He lost six bucks tonight. Well, you're part right. Huh? He lost more than that, didn't he? Harry Carnnell was taken to the report room where he made a full statement. At 7.03 a.m., Lieutenant Ray Geesey from Homicide Division came in and took over the investigation. Fred Purcell was questioned and he made a voluntary statement that he'd shot and killed Norman Mancreef. He couldn't remember why he'd done it. He was removed to the main jail and booked in on a charge of violation of Section 192 P.C. Manslaughter. His wife and Carnnell were released from custody. They made out reports to all divisions for the follow-ups on crimes committed during the night. At 8.02 a.m., the men on the day watch came in and relieved us. It's gonna be a nice day. Yeah. Two clouds up there. Might keep the heat down. Yeah, let's go. You wanna stop for breakfast? Well, I guess I might as well, yeah. What do you think, Joe? Hmm? You like to drive the business office for permanent duty? No, sir, not me. I guess okay once in a while. I don't think I'd like it steady, though. Huh? Not busy enough. It is true. The names were changed to protect the innocent. On November 18th, trial was held in Department 98 Superior Court of the State of California in and for the county of Los Angeles. In a moment, the results of that trial. Further investigation proved that the purchase of the automobile by Melville Halbert was legal and no further charges were made. Frederick Neil Purcell was tried and found guilty of manslaughter and received punishment as prescribed by law. Manslaughter is punishable by imprisonment in the state penitentiary for a period not to exceed 10 years. A series of authentic cases from official files. Technical advice comes from the Office of Chief of Police, W.H. Parker, Los Angeles Police Department.


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Iyer's Academy. The list of topics chosen for today's discussion along with the page numbers is given here for your reference. Here is the first news article. Let us look into this opiate column which discusses the issues associated with foreigners tribunal. First, let us have a brief recap on foreigners tribunals and then the issues discussed by the authors. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. See, many of us know that the NRC was published in Assam on 31st August 2019. So, in that NRC, out of more than 3.2 crore applicants, 19 lakh people were excluded from the final NRC. So, an individual whose name is missing in final NRC can represent their case to appellate authority. This appellate authority is nothing but the foreigners tribunals. So, these tribunals are based on foreigners tribunals order of 1964. And the objective of these tribunals is to identify whether a person is a foreigner or not. And a foreigner is defined as who is not a citizen of India. So, in order to prove citizenship, the individual has to provide evidence and the tribunals would take decision accordingly. So, burden of proof lies with the accused. And going further, know that these tribunals have the power of civil court while trying a suit under civil procedure code of 1908. And there was a recent amendment that is last year. And after the amendment, the power to constitute tribunals was even given to state government, UT or even to district collector also. Previously, only center can for establish tribunals. Now, the district collectors or district magistrates can set up foreigner tribunals. The amendment also empowers individuals to approach the tribunals. Earlier, only state administration could approach a tribunal against an illegal foreigner. And the final order of tribunal on whether person is foreigner or not shall be given within a period of 120 days from the date of production of records. So, this is the brief background on foreigners tribunals. We have covered the same topic multiple times in the recent months. Today, we are going to discuss what are the issues surrounding these tribunals. Firstly, the authors have analyzed more than 800 orders passed by foreigner tribunals during 2017 to 2019. And according to them, 96% of the orders were given exparte, which means the judgment was made without the presence of parties to the dispute. It means the affected people are not present while the judgment is being delivered. Also, it is said that the orders were inconsistent, vague and biased. For example, most of the orders of these tribunals followed a set template. So, just to the names of persons, police stations and dates were changed. So, this shows that individual cases were not given enough importance. The authors also disbelieve the description given by the police in many cases, such as the suspects failed to produce documents for their citizenship. But considering the seriousness of citizenship, it is very hard to believe that the several hundreds of people failed to provide proof. In majority of cases, police reported that they were unable to locate the suspected foreigners. In such cases, F.T. passes an exparte order. So, as we said, here the burden of proof lies with the accused. So, those who couldn't represent themselves at F.T.s are declared as illegal foreigners. So, we can sense that many people, many villagers in northeastern areas are not aware of these legal proceedings. So, they are facing very difficult to represent themselves in these tribunals. So, to ensure complete justice, the suspected foreigners should be allowed to refute the allegations made against them. But unfortunately, this is not happening often, even though F.T.s are quasi-judicial bodies. The author also cites unnecessary delays at the hand of police in serving notice to the accused and unnecessary haste by judges in passing exparte order. So, all these indicates an urgent need to make the procedure followed by these tribunals more fair, more equitable, more inclusive and more transparent. Because if even one person is not given adequate chance to prove his citizenship, then we cannot call this process completely genuine and transparent. So, this is all about the discussion of this news article. Before going further, there is a small question to you. There is something called Parichai, P-A-R-I-C-H-A-Y, which is relating to these Assam's NRC. Try to find out what is Parichai and post your answer in the comment section. Let us move on to next news article discussion. Let us take up this lead column from today's editorial page, which discusses some of the issues in the defense acquisition procedure 2020. As the name suggests, defense acquisition procedure means the procedure to buy defense equipment. So, this new policy that is 2020 procedure focuses on simplifying the defense acquisition procedure and institutionalizing monitoring mechanism with actions using digital technologies, database, etc. It also focuses on increasing participation of Indian vendors, including MSMEs, in line with governments making India initiative. It also has certain change to the offset clause in the defense procurement. In this regard, you need to know what is meant by offset policy in defense procurement. If you remember, on September 24th, we have talked about offset clause in detail. We will have a brief recap today. See in the defense sector, the concept of offset primarily aims to provide additional benefits to buyer of a product from a foreign supplier. As we know, India is one of the world's greatest importer of defense goods. So, the potential value of offset is very high. See, the main objective of this offset policy is to make the defense sector self-sufficient and not dependent on imports. But in order to manufacture indigenously, Indian industries need access to modern technology. So, this is where the significance of offset condition comes. See, under the offset clause, a foreign company which wins a defense deal is supposed to invest a part of the contract value in our country, thereby developing skills and bringing in technology which also generating employment. If this policy is implemented correctly, offset conditions can change the indigenous defense industry and provide a much-needed boost to the R&D sector. In such kind of defense deals with an offset clause, price is also a major factor. Buyers from developing countries often lack an industrial base and R&D facilities which take a long time to mature. For example, in India, still we don't have many critical technologies required for defense production. And also, the price and terms of contract also reflect the government's relative bargaining strength. For example, large buyers like India seek to exercise their buying power to secure not just the lower price. They also try to acquire the technology to upgrade domestic production and build R&D capabilities. And this offset clause is the instrument for securing these goals. See, simply put, we are spending a lot of billions on defense inputs. So this offset clause mandates the foreign suppliers to source some material from India or to train local industries or provide technology transfer, thereby developing local industries also. In India, the offset clause was initiated in 2005. For example, the requirements are like sourcing 30% of value of contract domestically, indigenization of reduction in a stripped time frame, and training Indian professionals in high tech skills for promoting domestic R&D. See, with the introduction of offset policy in 2005, things improved a lot in India. For contracts valued more than 300 crores, 30% of it will result in offsets. So for 300 crores, 90 crores of inputs should be sourced domestically. As aerospace imports increased rapidly, the exports via the offsets also increased a lot. For example, in 2007 compared to 2006, the exports increased by 544%. And by 2014, exports from India increased to 6.7 billion dollars from a very small amount of 62 million dollars in 2005. So because of these offset clauses, domestic industry is also getting orders. As I said before, 30% of inputs should be sourced from India. As a result, domestic industry is getting too many orders. And with the help of this offset clause, India was able to join the League of Worlds Top 10 Aerospace Exporters. And this is very surprising because India is the only country without a major domestic aerospace company in the top 10. However, the success story was short lived. This is mainly because the exports significantly reduced after the offset clause was relaxed. Initially in 2016, the threshold, that is 300 crores, was increased to 2000 crores. So from 2016, the 30% offset clause works only if the defense order is more than 2000 crores. If you see the 2005 policy, help to promote a vibrant aerospace cluster, mostly MSME companies around Bangalore. And as I said before, this policy has undergone a lot of changes in the last decade. As we told on September 24th, the recent CAG report mentioned that between 2007 and 2018, the government has signed 46 offset contracts costing around 66,000 crores. However, the realized investments were as low as 8%, which means the offset clauses are not being respected or honored by the foreign companies. Also, the technology transfer agreements in the offsets are also not implemented. This thing we have discussed on September 24th, to make it even more disastrous. On September 28th, the government has brought in new changes which has diluted this offset policy further. So after this dilution, the offset clause will not be applicable to bilateral deals and deals with single seller. So this policy dilution is further going to affect India's R&D in defense sector, as well as India's goal of self-reliant India. This is why because most defense deals are bilateral. Or a single supplier deal. For example, we have bought S 400, which is a bilateral deal. We are buying Chinook, which is also a bilateral deal. So most of the deals which we are going to make in the future will not have any offset clause. So the dilution means practically we are giving away the offset clause. As a result, this is going to be very disastrous for defense production and technological self-reliance in the country. However, government is saying that by diluting this offset clause, we can claim a cost advantage. Which means if you are not enforcing 30% sourcing from domestic companies, foreign companies may provide defense equipment at even more cheaper rate. But this reason does not do any good for the country because the higher cost of the agreement due to offset clause, that is the cost of defense agreement will be higher because of offset clause, would pay for itself. So which means reducing cost in the long term by indigenization of production and the potential technologies billowers for domestic industry. So even though we are paying more money because of offset clause at the time of agreement, if these offset policies are implemented properly, they will have a very good impact on domestic manufacturing of defense equipment. So giving up the offset clause is a severe setback to indigenization of defense manufacturing. And not just that, India has voluntarily given up a powerful instrument of bargaining to acquire advanced technologies. And as many people say, this move of government is a setback for augmenting domestic capabilities or for realizing the goal of Atma Nirbar Bharat or self-reliant India mission. See, this kind of problem in our country exists in almost all the departments. On one side, we say we need to improve our indigenization of technologies and to become self-reliant. But on the other side, we are giving away the offset clause, which is primary driver of indigenization of defense manufacturing. So this policy inconsistency is not going to benefit India, especially in defense procurement. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. Let us move on to next news article discussion. Let us take up this comment column from today's editorial page. This article is authored by experts from Nithya Yoke. They talk about the reasons to focus more on innovation and how India can become an innovation hub of the world. See, in today's discussion, we are going to discuss different aspects of innovation, different schemes of government. So this discussion will help you in your main answer writing. Before going further, the relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. Firstly, what do we mean by innovation? See, innovation literally means a new method or idea or a product. See, it rearranges the existing elements into various ways that benefit society. For example, from the Indian innovation of zero by Brahma Gupta around 650 CE, till now many innovations have reordered the history. Why we are saying zero is, the zero has changed the face of mathematics. So authors are urging to focus on innovation in this pandemic, which provides an opportunity for similar reordering of history for future generations. And current context, that is, entire world is in chaos, is the best opportunity to innovate something. If we see reasons, first reason is, India provides a rich ground to be a technology-led innovation, a technology-led innovation base. This is clear as India is the fastest growing economy in terms of internet usage. And as said in the last economic survey, the number of internet subscribers was around 66 crores in India. So, India is now the global leader in monthly data consumption and not just that, cost of data has also reduced substantially, enabling affordable internet access for millions of Indians. So, according to authors, the current 66 crores of internet subscribers could rise to 97 crores by 2025. So, this augments the Jam Trinity. What is Jam? Jam stands for Jandan Yojana, A for Adar and M for Mobile. So, we are integrating all the three programs that is Jandan, Adar and Mobile. So, by integrating these three technologies, a modern and modernizing digital infrastructure of financial inclusion, unique identification system and a well-developed mobile infrastructure can be established. Along with this, the recent sensation or recent buzzword is artificial intelligence. And according to recent reports, there is a potential to add over $957 billion to India's GDP by 2035. $957 billion means close to $1 trillion. So, based on this, authors say that India provides a rich ground to be a technology-led innovation station. And second reason is that because innovation in India is structured around the triad of collaboration, facilitation and responsible regulation. And if we go further with respect to collaboration, government of India organized events for collaborative knowledge creation. For example, Vaishvik Bharatiya Vaigyanic, shortly Vaibhav. This Vaibhav celebrates science and innovation from India and as well as the world. It is a collaborative initiative by science and tech and academic organizations of India. So, it enables deliberations on thought process, practices, R&D culture with a problem-solving approach for well-defined objectives. So, simply put, it aims to bring out the comprehensive roadmap to leverage the expertise and knowledge of global Indian researcher for solving emerging challenges. So, in collaborative sphere, we are having Vaibhav. Similarly, there was also responsible AI, that is artificial intelligence for social empowerment, 2020 summit on artificial intelligence. This program is also called RACE 2020 Summit. And if you come to a second aspect of triad, that is facilitation, the requirement in innovation is the risk capital in terms of resources and also psychological security for researchers. So, what does it mean? It means there is need for an environment where it is safe to fail. So, even if you are failing, we do not need to worry about the consequences. Only then people start taking risks to innovate. So, for this, government is incentivizing research and development with several schemes. For example, we are having Inspire Scholarship, which promotes school students to innovate something. And also, it aims at enhancing research fellowships for doctoral students. Then we have National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems. The cyber physical systems is going to be the next global trend. See, the CPS are a new class of engineered systems, which integrate computation and physical processes in a dynamic environment. See, for example, now we are having a lot of IoT devices. See, many of us might have seen the Alexa. Sometimes we say, Alexa, turn on the light. So, the command we are giving through artificial intelligence is helping us to work in a physical environment. With the help of Alexa, we can control many physical devices, like motors, engines, domestic appliances, etc. So, these systems encompass technology areas of IoT, big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, quantum computing, etc. It means all the current technological inventions are being grouped together to make our lives even more better. Apart from this, we also have other schemes, missions, fellowships. For example, Ramanujam Fellowship, Adel Innovation Mission. We are also having Stars Program, Spark Program, Impress, Inspire. So, there are many programs government has brought in to inculcate innovation in citizens. And talking about third aspect is regulation. The government is actively supporting collaborative and lenient regulatory practices to promote innovation and incentivize risk taking. For example, Troy has recently introduced recommendations for regulating cloud services in India. It suggests a lenient regulation which balances both commercial freedom and principles adherence. And coming to third reason, innovation facilitates recombination from multiple sources. Thus, it brings diverging benefits of products and services, sometimes even differing from their initial purpose. For example, founders of Twitter wanted to be a platform for people to find podcasts. But now it is a micro blogging and social at working site. Similarly, we have something called Swiggy Dunzo wherein they have come up with innovations integrating the off-range stores and online technologies. Plus, in the current technological world, innovation has the potential to build a strong future which provides ease of living for citizens. As of now, we have technologies like artificial intelligence which will transform education, healthcare, machine learning and blockchain, which will make commerce robust and resilient and obviously gene-editing the current buzzword. It would help us bring back extinct species and repair depleted ecosystems. So innovation in any field when grouped together will make our lives even more better. So because of all these merits offered by innovation, it needs a relentless and continued focus. Best example can be VSA. And because of its technology, its economy developed and became a global superpower. And current example can be China. This is all about the discussion of this news article wherein we have discussed many points regarding innovation and how India can be an innovation hub of the world. This news article mentions that the Department of Expenditure, which is under the Finance Ministry, has recommended to divest or to remove the autonomous status of Wildlife Institute of India. So this is the result of the review by the department of 194 autonomous bodies across 18 ministries. So we'll try to understand why autonomous bodies are established and what are the consequences of divesting or stripping the autonomous status. See, autonomous bodies are set up whenever it is felt that certain functions need to be discharged outside the governmental setup with some amount of independence and flexibility. And there should not be any day-to-day interference from governmental machinery. In most of the cases, they are registered as Societies under Societies Registration Act. And in some cases, they are also set up as statutory bodies. And coming to their funding, they are funded through grants in aid either fully or partially, depending on the extent to which such institutes generate the internal resources of their own. So if they are unable to develop their own resources, government provides the funding. So these grants are regulated by Ministry of Finance, which is why the department under this ministry has given the recommendation. The department has recommended to merge 109 bodies out of 194 into 26 bodies. Then it also recommended government to disengage from 23 autonomous bodies, including Wildlife Institute of India, Indian Institute of Forest Management, etc. So disengaging in the sense, government will not provide money to this body. Here, know that Wildlife Institute of India was established in 1982 and was made autonomous in 1986. So it is an internationally acclaimed institution which offers training programs, academic courses, and mainly advisory in wildlife research and management. It is also actively engaged in research on biodiversity related issues. And coming to its mandate, it is to build capacity through training, education, and research in the field of wildlife conservation, and also to advise central and state governments in wildlife matters. So simply put, it is an expert's body which looks into wildlife welfare and research. And here are the objectives. As you can see, building of scientific knowledge on wildlife resources, training the personnel, carrying out research, and providing information on advice on wildlife management problems, etc. And as we said before, Wildlife Institute of India set up as a society which is headed by Union Environment Minister, that is, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. So this recommendation of finance ministry has triggered anxiety among the scientists of Wildlife Institute of India because according to the article, the diversity will happen in the way of cutting the funding of Wildlife Institute of India. So the government is going to cut 25% funding every year. So after four years, government is not going to provide any money to Wildlife Institute of India. So after that, Wildlife Institute of India is expected to become a deemed university which is primarily engaged in teaching and research. But unfortunately, if this happens, it would affect the institution's ability to be seen as an unbiased opinion generator in which both government and public sector units consulted for assessing the impact of development projects on wildlife. And not just that, it would also lead to destruction of the prestigious organization. This is due to fact that it is difficult for Wildlife Institute of India to qualify as a deemed university. Why? Because there are only few students and only few courses are offered. Because of this reason, already UGC, that is University Grants Commission, rejected to offer deemed university status to Wildlife Institute of India. So one side government is cutting funding and on the other side, as proposed, WII may not become a deemed university. So the funding will be choked and the ability of the organization to work will be disturbed. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. If you ever find a main question like how independent bodies are losing their significance, you can write about this example. We already had a CSO example, that is Central Statistics Organization and NSSO, which were merged into NSO. There also, one independent body was brought under control of a government machinery. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. This news article mentions that foreign direct investment inflows into India in the first five months of this financial year, that is 2020-2021, have hit a record high. In this, the total FDI inflows increased to 35.7 billion dollars by the end of August and very particularly, equity FDI has more than quadrupled and India received about 50 billion dollars in equity FDI in last financial year. Thus both total FDI and equity FDI when viewed in isolation were the highest ever for the five month period. The reason for this is a result of FDI policy reforms, investment facilitation and ease of doing business. So what do we mean by terms total FDI, equity FDI? See, for that, we need to understand what is FDI. FDI refers to a direct investment made by a foreign company or a foreign individual in any business that are located in the other country. In our case, if the foreign company or individual invest in India, then it is called foreign direct investment. Very importantly, foreign direct investment provides the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company. For example, we have seen that Google has invested around five billion dollars in reliance to geo-platforms. So that is called foreign direct investment. And know that FDI is a major driver of economic growth of any nation because it is source of non-debt finance for the economic development of any country. If you have seen the 2020 prelims paper, which of the following is the major characteristic of FDI in India, one of the options is it is non-debt creating. And according to IMF's definition, FDI has three components equity capital, reinvested earnings and other direct capital. So equity capital is the foreign direct investors purchase of share of an enterprise in a foreign country. While reinvested earnings is the retained earnings of foreign subsidiaries and affiliates of a company. That is the reinvested earnings comprise the direct investor share of earnings that are non-distributed as dividends by affiliates or also the earnings that are not limited to direct investor. Such retained profits by affiliates are reinvested. Say for example, Google has invested in geo-platforms that comes under equity capital. So let us assume that after one year Google got some amount of profits for their investment in geo-platforms. But Google does not take the money back to home country that is America. So they are investing the same money again in geo. Then it is called reinvested earnings. Then the other capital covers the borrowing and lending of funds including debt securities supplier securities between direct investors and subsidiaries branches and associates. For example, Google is having an Indian subsidiary here that is Google India. So they are extending some amount of capital or credit to its subsidiary in India. Then it is called other capital. So based on this, the data of foreign direct investment provided by government is given in two types. One is total FDI which covers all the three things equity inflows, reinvested earnings and other capital. And the second one is FDI equity inflows which includes only the equity capital component. As you can see in this table, first one is about total FDI, second one is FDI equity inflows. So this is all about the discussion of this news article wherein we have learned what is FDI, what is the subclassification of FDI and we also said that the equity component in FDI is quadrupled in the recent period. Let us move on to next news article discussion. Let us move on to practice questions discussion session. Consider the following statements with reference to Wildlife Institute of India. Statement one, it is an autonomous organization of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Yes, as of now, the statement one is correct. But in the future, if autonomous status is removed, the statement may go incorrect. Statement two, it was established under provisions of Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. This statement is so incorrect because this body is not set up under WLPA of 1972. Coming to statement three, it provides advice to central and state governments in wildlife matters. Yes, statement three is correct. So which of the statements given above is or are incorrect? Correct answer is option B, two only. Consider the following statements. Under the Foreigners Act 1946, the burden of proof of citizenship lies with the state government. This is incorrect because the burden of proof lies with the accused. Statement two, the power to constitute foreigners tribunal is vested solely with the central government. This statement is also incorrect because after the amendment brought in last year, even state governments, UTs, district collectors, and magistrates can constitute foreigners tribunal. So both statements are incorrect. Therefore, correct answer is option D, neither one nor two. Let us take one 2020 prelims question regarding foreign direct investment. With reference to FDI in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic? Option A, it is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company. This statement is incorrect because the FDI need not to be essentially in a listed company and coming to India's FDI, it is not the major characteristic. Coming to option B, it is largely non-debt creating capital flow. Yes, the statement is correct because FDI come as investment into private sector and it is not considered as a debt because if company goes down, their investment is also lost and there is no need to pay it back. So option B is the correct answer. Coming to option C, it is the investment which involves debt servicing. As we said before, mostly FDI does not involve debt servicing. So what is debt servicing? Debt servicing means cash that is required to cover the repayment of interest and principal on a debt for a particular period. If a foreigner is investing in an Indian company, the Indian company, if it get profits, it just shares the profits with foreigner company. It does not pay any interest. And coming to option D, it is the investment made by foreign institutional investors in government securities. This is incorrect because the investment made by foreign institutional investors is called FYI or FPA, that is foreign portfolio investment. So the correct answer is option B. Let us take main questions. The question reads, what do you understand by the term offset clause in defense deals? Discuss its role in achieving self-sustenance in defense production in India. This is a 10 marks question and so the word limit is 150. Let us take one more main question. Government is putting in place a framework for collaboration, facilitation and regulation in India's innovation horizon, elucidate. This is a 15 marks question and the word limit is 250. Write the answers and post them in comment section. With this, we conclude today's news analysis. If you find this session resourceful, click on the like button, show your appreciation in the comment section and don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.


Space is big like really big like think of the biggest thing that you can think of and it's even bigger than that So how do a scientist take all of this? Bigness and put it into something that you can comprehend Well, that's where the light here comes in handy and what's interesting is that with astronomy You can actually do a little bit of time travel without having to hop into your DeLorean This is your space pod for May 1st 2015 The speed of light is based on extremely precise measurements of how fast a beam of light Moves one meter through a vacuum turns out. That's about two hundred and ninety nine thousand seven hundred and ninety two kilometers per second or about one hundred and eighty six thousand three hundred and twenty two miles for our imperial unit friends light takes approximately one two hundred and ninety nine millionth seven hundred and ninety two thousand four Hundred and fifty eighths of a second to travel one meter This is ridiculously fast for example if I were to run around the earth at this speed I Could run around the earth eight times in one second And if I wanted to get to the moon it would take me only about 1.3 seconds to traverse the 384 thousand kilometers between the earth and the moon Light years are a unit that allows us to measure both distance and the approximate time It's taken light to travel from an object to us We like to use this unit because the distances are vast between objects outside of our solar system And that can make it very difficult to comprehend for those of you curious to just how far light travels in a single year It's about nine point four six trillion kilometers. That's going to be quite a few tanks of gas For some context Voyager one is currently the fastest of our probes headed out of the solar system And at its current speed of 17 kilometers per second it would take nearly 17,500 years to travel one light year so the closest star to us Proxima Centauri is about 40 trillion kilometers away from earth But that's a lot of distance to wrap your head around so we use light years as our measurement Which comes out to about four point two four light years away This way when we talk about the furthest visible objects away that we can currently see with the Hubble space telescope We tell you that they're in excess of 13 billion light years away as opposed to the billions trillions Quadrillions and many more numbers of miles followed by a ridiculous amount of zeros away Now we also can use the speed of light as a measure for time For example going back to Proxima Centauri at four point two four light years away The light you see today has taken four years and just about three months to traverse the vast Distance between our stellar neighbor. This means that the light that you're seeing today on May 1st 2015 actually left Proxima Centauri sometime around January 2011 and the further you look out the further back in time you see the Orion Nebula is about 1,600 light years away from the earth so that means that the light you're seeing from it today left the Orion Nebula back around 400 AD the mighty Andromeda galaxy it's 2.5 million light years away Meaning it's light left 2.5 million years ago. So what about these distant objects we're seeing over 13 billion light years away Well, that light has taken 13 billion years to reach us it left those objects over 9 billion years before our own solar system began to form So can we apply this even to human scales? We can actually I've got my dad and my dogs Missy and Asuki out here on our lawn. They're about one meter away from me So does that mean that I'm seeing them right now? Well the answer to that is no I'm not I'm seeing them as they were one 299 millionth of a second ago turns out no matter where you look anywhere in the universe Even with your own two eyes. You're looking back in time Thanks for watching this space pod. I'm Jared head. Don't forget to subscribe Comment on social media and we do have a patreon campaign and if you donate to us we can continue to bring you Fascinating science at the speed of light. So thanks for watching and keep exploring


I'm doing my job.  I'm talking about traveling from Grand Theft Auto. His nigga said, yeah, I voted for that nigga. I said, what? He said, I said, I voted for that nigga. I said, well, thank you. I appreciate you, nigga. Can't walk. And then my brother was in there deep. I'm talking about them big, white, them real, the gangster, red, that white one. Why didn't they really get to perform? Nigga, because that's when you, nigga, we would just get started. Oh, okay, okay. Nigga, it was just anywhere, my nigga. Like he asked you to come out. You want to go out? To the next page, that's $100, right?  We thought so good about the $100. Nigga went back the next week, nigga.  Yeah, that's $400 a month. That nigga said, let me show you how broke he was, bro. Nigga went back to get that honey. You know I know.  That's how much I got. I'm not much more of a host. No, you're on the tip. I'm on the tip. How do you guys do on the tip? Oh, nigga. I'm on the tip.  There was on Vine, but I had no switch over to Instagram, but I probably ain't like self-hunger, but I'm like man, I don't want to scare money away. You feel me?  I said that for a second, I said that for a second, but I ain't want to run away though, right?  He turned into a club with two levels, the nigga had a wrestling ring at the stage.  He used to have wrestling events at the stage.    Nigga's just getting paid to do this.  Soon as we get, I'm like, bed, come from the gold stove, get the, you know, get some change so we can get fit there, peace. Then he put out another hondo and handed it to Clay. I cut the car off. We chillin'. Nigga! We ain't chillin'. That's what I'm saying, bro. I'm about to talk about niggas, niggas, niggas, niggas, niggas. They gave it that 100 ball in there to the dial. I was like, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you. Gardner, Gardner, I wasn't supposed to make no real money in the first couple of years, because he knew you weren't going to be there long. You weren't going to be doing this long. You couldn't get no thousand your first time, because I know what you're going to do. You're going to go buy some weed. I need you to slow down. Get too long. I'm going to make you a couple of home. Sit on the dial. I'm going to get you another gig in about another month. Spend that little 300. How about this? Let him marry me. Let him get in. Don't you like it? Let me ask you this. Don't you want to wait? You're going to get no more money right now. What's the first check you got when you was like, niggas, I can't believe this shit? Really?   I remember, I remember, we were doing the show, right? And they could load carry more. I never get to see like, oh, yes, I'm a guy with a school. Niggas load walked up on me. We were like, yeah. See that? She said, $4,500. He was like, that was your for one show. I ain't even cashed it yet. I said, you want me to cash that yet? No. I'm like, damn. I'll tell you what that is. I'm like, I'll probably be like $20. I'll probably be like $2,000 in that show. I was like, I need to cash them in the night though. I'll tell you this one. Niggas, it's like after the first second, first or second season of Wild'n Out, nigga. We go do a show. It was Viet Lo's. We was, I can't remember where we was at. They on that load dot. On that load dot. Niggas, I'm talking about broke us all with $35.  Like we sold two bricks, nigga. $25,000. $25,000. $25,000. $25,000. $30,000. $30,000. $30,000. Remember that weekend? That was the first weekend that I hadn't pulled out the 50 ball. Yeah. I had all them consoles. That first weekend I had 50. I was like, nigga. Stop it, boy. 50 ball. Niggas. I told them, I said, Chico, I don't know if they ever told you this, nigga. I found the magic number. I know exactly how much money it takes to make a black man happy. Yeah. What?  Niggas, $10,000.   Where you go? Niggas said you never walked around with 15,000 miles of cash. I was like, nah.   I was like, work. It's all facts, man. No facts. A 10 piece. No cap. A 10 piece of changing nigga. Whole everything. Y'all ready to do the same thing? You work? Yeah. I told them off. I told them off.