68 y'all field goal The 68 y'all field goal, I can't I can't come if you make this JT Then even I went to the back of the crossbar Cheesy saying even though it's still true that in certain moments you never forget Where you were when it happened. So that certainly applies to Justin Tucker Hitting that 66 yard and not only a 66 yard field goal, but a 66 yard Game winning field goal And it of course broke the record or set the new record to longest field goal in NFL history and Justin Tucker has been just that a historic Kicker before we get into this video YouTube team keep it clean. What's going on? I love y'all appreciate y'all The game against the Lions was crazy the game against the Lions was stressful But this is not we'll talk about the the game later on today, but this kick and Everything that was involved with it was just it was epic man. It was epic and there has never ever Been anything like this before because again, it's a new record. It's a new record and just to take you Through what I was going through During that kick and I'm sure a lot of y'all can relate to so We get in position to kick a field goal and I'm thinking oh what did like they're going for that? And initially I thought it was like a 58 yarder. So a little more of a realistic kick And but then when they said a 66 yard field goal, I was like Like I love Justin Tucker. We all love him and appreciate him He's been doing this thing ever since his rookie year undrafted free agent kicker that the Raven signed out of Texas He was in competition with Billy Cundiff who the previous year just Gave Ravens fans and it wasn't all his fault obviously because if they played better defense and if they played better offense They would score more points if they played better defense than the Patriots would score less points But Billy Cundiff that that was as a Ravens fan. That was the most heartbreaking loss ever ever When he missed that field goal kick that would have sent the game in over time Oh that that that thing was painful But it led to the following year the Ravens allowing Justin Tucker to compete with him For the job at kicker and it took a lot of guts by the Ravens to go with a young Undrafted guy obviously no NFL experience Over the veteran at the kicking position So they went with them and it was history since they obviously won a Super Bowl his rookie year And he has just been kicking his way throughout the record books for the entirety of his career Always been an amazing kicker and something that we talked about yesterday with with Justin Tucker's is that we Since he's been so great We hold him to this this high standard and we expect Greatness from him. We expect him to we expect him to just make every kick and Even when he misses it's so weird man It's always so weird when Justin Tucker actually misses a kick because we're not used to that but Every single time we always is okay. He gets a pass He gets a pass because we're not used to him being somebody that ends up coming up short But right here on the 66 yard field goal, I was thinking oh I wanted to make it And I know he got a foot you're inside a dome. Yeah, but 66 yard field goals like That's something right there and When the ball went up It looked like it was it was in good position as far as going down the middle but Live when I was watching it just looked like it was short And I was looking like Did that it's not gonna make it all the way and then When it hit the crossbar, I was like, man I said, I I can't even be mad at him though, man Can't even be mad at him. This is everything that was going on in my head Because I'm like yeah, and he did miss the field goal earlier, too So again, there were so many different things that contributed to this Game and the reason why the game was in the shape that it was in for the Ravens And they because they could have put it away a long time ago, but a lot of miss cues obviously the drops and just poor tackling it just a mix of so many things and we'll talk about all that later, but um, I Was thinking all man.  I was thinking well Looks like we just lost to the Lions Shout out to the Lions. They were 0 and 2 not a 1 and 2 and we go to 1 and 2 not a good look But it's not the end of the world. It's not the end of the season is still early In Ravens, they they lose a close one and they had a lot of issues that they could have taken care of earlier But it just they we lost to the Lions But then I saw the refs slowly and they just knew they had our hearts They knew they had all of our hearts in their hands both Lions hearts and Ravens fans hearts were in their hands and they slowly went like this and I couldn't believe it. I Really couldn't believe it because I'm like that. How? How is this happening? What just happened? He made it. I thought he missed and I was just like wow So then they showed the replay and they showed it from the angle to where you could see the football hit the back of the crossbar and Then go to the back of the field goal post and I was oh, okay He did make it and there were obviously no complaints for me, but it was just It was just very very Emotional and it was just because it's just crazy in the Ravens. This is what they've been doing these past three weeks It's what they've been doing It's past three weeks. They just been taking us for these crazy rides, man They do it on purpose. It's like y'all know what y'all do to us Y'all know how his fans feel about the Ravens, man, and they just man It's just wild, but I'm very very glad obviously glad that he made it and I say they need to give him another race They need to give him another race Like cuz he deserves it anyway team keep it clean. I appreciate y'all I will see you all later on when we talk about the game and the good the bad the highs the lows the ends the outs and everything In our post game thoughts video later on today. I see y'all soon y'all stay up. Love you. We out


Well, thank you everybody for joining us today. I think we'll get started. It's great to see so many people attending these webinars. We have over 120 registrants, so that's a really impressive level of interest in our topic of the day. Today it's all about groundwater traces and we're lucky to have Frederick Cosmay from Geosyntec consultants to present to us on this topic and I'm sure it will be of interest to many of you. Before we get started, I'll just run through the outline of the day and a few administrative things. So I'm speaking to you now. My name is Richard Campbell. I'm the managing director of HydroTerror. Our presenter today is Frederick Cosmay and he's a principal from Geosyntec consultants. We really appreciate you presenting here today, Fred. And Churi is a field technician with HydroTerror and he's going to be handling the Q&A at the end of the session today. Before we get started, if you have a question and we do love your questions, that's a big part of why we are here today. Please use the Q&A button that's at the top of the screen. That would be excellent. Just put all your comments in there, not in the chat, but in the Q&A and we will endeavour to answer those questions at the end of this webinar. A little summary of reasons why we like to provide these webinars. HydroTerror really believes that knowledge sharing is very important and we like to facilitate it. So today I think it's a great learning experience opportunity from a real specialist in the area of hydrogeology. We also like to facilitate education and I think this is a topic that probably needs more training than we have out there. I know there's a few hydrogeology courses, but not many that would cover the use of traces. So it's one of those topics where education is lagging a bit behind industry need. And finally, we like to take a leadership position in the industry as we develop our marketplace for environmental monitoring. Today's webinar. So Fred's going to cover several things in this presentation today. Firstly, the differences between applied and environmental traces. Secondly, the key principles for applied tracer tests, their applications, future developments of these tests, monitoring technologies utilized and the availability of traces in Australia. Now, within HydroTerror, we obviously have a range of equipment for monitoring and we also do organise from time to time those traces that are used in these tracer tests. So when you're looking to conduct a tracer test, feel free to give us a call and we'll do our best to help you out at that side of things. But I suppose we should introduce the speaker of the day. So what do we know about Frederick Cosmay? Well, Fred started his career as an agricultural engineer training in Brussels. Well, he did his training and then he thought, no, agricultural engineering is not quite for me. So he went on and did geological engineering as well with a major in hydrogeology. Fred then embraced the world of consulting, leaving university in 1999 and really has had a career focused on contaminant hydrogeology since then. I was lucky enough to work with Fred in Golder Associates about 15 years ago, where we were both in the hydrogeology group. And it's a real pleasure to have Fred here to present to you today. Fred's also been heavily involved in the industry working, well, volunteering his time for ALGA. And he was the involved with the founding of the groundwater, fate and transport group within ALGA. He's passionate about nature and his wife is passionate about making cheese. So he spends a lot of time building their local cheese facility up in their company. So without further ado, I will pass over to Fred for our topic of the day, applied groundwater tracing. Another type of aquifer test. Hello, I hope you can hear me or if I haven't received any signal from Hydrotera, that means it's working, which is great. So thank you very much for attending the webinar today and thanks Richard for this lovely introduction. So today I'm going to talk about applied groundwater tracing and hopefully give you a bit of a sense for the possibilities in terms of aquifer tests. Let's see whether technology delivers. It does. So we're going to start with an introduction. And where I will essentially give you a bit of a difference between what I call applied tracers and environmental tracers. Then the bulk of the presentation today is focused on really what I love doing, which is applied tracers. But you can equally achieve similar outcomes using environmental tracers. And there are some pretty amazing specialists in Australia who can do that sort of stuff. So I'm going to concentrate on the applied tracer, just give you some ideas about how to do that with sort of monitoring devices you need or to think about a tracer test. We're going to go through then three main applications and such that you can see some real life example and how to get some really interesting information and useful and practical when you do a tracer test. So there is possibly a bit of a confusion in the industry, but there are two types of tracers. There is the applied tracers, which is essentially what I've done as long as I've been graduated as a hydrogeologist. And these are voluntarily introduced in groundwater. Something that is great about that is we know the quantity and because we know the quantity, it's more controlled. So some example of that you probably may have heard about bromide because it's a relatively conventional applied tracer. And you can also use fluorescent dye, like fluorescent, which is also a very common applied tracer. And then you have the environmental tracers, they are already present in groundwater. And like one of my friends at CSRO says, they are freely available in nature. Unfortunately, there is an unknown quantity of those tracers and therefore it's less control. But an example of that, classically, you've got the major ions, contaminants are great tracers in isotopes. So one of the things you need to ask yourself the question, which is really important in hydrogeology, too, is at what scale do you need to work? Do you want to do an assess a localised zone? Because you've got some de-napple or some napple somewhere. And you want to try to understand how the local zone works. You may want to walk at the side of a plume. Maybe you want to go bigger in a big site. Or you want to walk with a catchment. Obviously, when you introduce voluntarily a tracer, it's groundwater travel relatively slowly. So often you limit it to the scale that you can work on, which is typically more the local zone or the plume zone or the site. You rarely use applied tracers at the catchment scale. But that being said, I've done that in quifters that were pretty permeable, like cast. And then you can truly use that at the catchment scale and it can be great fun too. But always when you design a tracer test, think about the scale. Think about the anticipated velocity of groundwater. Because that's what is going to determine your tracer test. Other considerations, when you do a tracer test, obviously at the end of the day, there is a cost to an answer that you are trying to a question that you're trying to answer. And that question is a price and especially any sensor in particular. There are obviously side constraints that you need to think about. The build environment, some of the existing wells, etc. The aquifer conditions, of course, that determine the hydrodynamic of the aquifer. Detection limits are a pretty important component because it's really affecting your ability to detect a tracer. Whether you want some laboratory or field analysis, some sampling methods, you may want, I mean, you would want to look at the background concentrations, even with some of the fluorescence dye, some organic matter, certain contaminants can fluoresce and can interfere with your tracer test. It's always good to have a strong quality assurance, quality control protocol, and some idea of the spatial and temporal distribution of whatever you're trying to understand. And so, as someone says often to me, which I'm repeating here, it's important to begin with the end in mind and ultimately come up with a hypothesis to design your data collection. A lot of things that we do as practitioners is just trying to come up with a hypothesis and we test that hypothesis and hopefully you will understand why it's important further in the presentation that it's almost a discipline that you need to acquire when you do tracer tests in particular. So, applied tracers, so we're going to go through some key principles and how to basically do some tracer tests. Then we'll go and talk about three case studies. The first one is really what got me into tracer tests and it's called protection zone. Another one about groundwater recharge, which is a really nice story. Then we'll talk a little bit about effective porosity using an example very close to all part of the world in the western suburbs of Melbourne, then some conclusion and future development. So, what's the basic idea? Well, essentially you dissolve an own quantity of tracer in water and you introduce the solution into an aquifer via typically an injection well. But you don't have to limit yourself to that. You can do that into a sinkhole, that's pretty fun. A subsurface vault, a pond, a dam, ultimately anything that can get you to the system. You can also do that through the unsaturated zone, but it will possibly slow down and complicate your tracer tests so you may want to steer away from that. And then what you do is you monitor the changes in tracer concentration to obtain breakthrough curves, which is the little nice graph that you have here on the left hand side. With on the one hand the concentration in tracer with the time that you, the time since injection that you monitor in a particular portion of the system. In practice, it seems easy, but tracer tests methodology can be quite sophisticated. And you will see that some of the results can be highly dependent upon the adopted methodology. And sometimes, and maybe it's something you need to really think about, sometimes it seems too easy. And I think part of the reason, some of the tracer techniques, I think in Australia, have lost some of the interest, which is as early as the 70s and 80s, was essentially having probably the notion that it was too easy. You chuck a tracer somewhere and you hope for the best. And nothing happened. You don't find a tracer. It disappears and you don't necessarily achieve what you want to achieve, which is not really your outcome that you want to reach when you do a tracer test. You want to actually prove your hypothesis and you want to verify something. So the three main types of tracers for your information. The one that is probably more conventional and older is our salts. Analysis of salts is pretty conventional, but it has a higher detection limit. Think about 10 to 100 microgram per liter. Background is high, especially in some of our aquifers in Southeast Australia, being quite saline. And you can need quite a bit of salt to do a tracer test in the order of a few kilos sometimes, which can bring some issues about the toxicity due to the excess that you need to bring. What I love are the fluorescent dyes here in the middle. Because they have a very low detection limit, it can be as low as 0.001 microgram per liter. Yeah, sure. You need to address some background and interferences. Something I really want to stress on and one of the examples will support that. They are in a cruise, right? There are some publications that support that. And you will see in one of the examples, the context where it's used and hopefully it will make you a little more comfortable. And then you've got some of the nano-tracers. You even have bacteria and viruses. That happens. The analysis is a little more unconventional. It's really specific and it requires some risk assessments. So I wouldn't, you know, it's not for your information that you know that it's there, but it's not really the mainstream of tracer test. So how did you... So here are some of the great detection limits, typical of some of the fluorescent tracer tests. Here at the top you've got fluorescein. That's the reason why it's pretty popular. It's because it's got one of the lowest detection limits, 0.002. Then you've got sulforodamine, 0.06, somiozine, tinnopole. I like amino acid because that one is transparent. And so you don't see that and there's some advantages associated with that. Then a few other ones. Way to do a tracer test, but don't necessarily constrain yourself to very sophisticated monitoring. You can obviously detect that just visually, which, you know, in certain circumstances would be good enough. You have some fluoroscope, but then you can really get into the lower detection limit by using field fluorometer, which we will see what that can offer through a tracer test. You can use a spectrophotometer in your laboratory. And if you really need to achieve low detection limits, you've got active charcoal where you really literally filter your water and then you get the charcoal, which is really a granular activated carbon tested. So one of my favorite tool, the Gatshit, which is the high precision fluorometer. As you can see, it looks like a data logger. And it's designed to be placed inside groundwater monitoring wells. It's equipped with a data logger and a telemetry system. And it tests tracer specific sensors that provide the possibility to test up to three different dyes at the same time and conduct multiple tracer tests. So that's not necessarily very new. The first types of these fluorometer are dating nearly 20 years ago. They start to be more and more, I mean, multiple providers. This is just an example. They are orders. We can always talk about that if you have some interest. There are some of those in Australia, which can be rented. And so that obviously cuts down on the time you need to sample overnight because the tracer does that and the cost to do the lab testing. So here is the first example of tracer test, which is essentially where I've got into tracer test. You've probably heard from my accent that I wasn't born in Australia. And something important is that many European countries rely heavily on groundwater for their pot table water supply. Some areas are densely populated and there is a need to define protection zones inside which activities are regulated or prohibited. And it's got to a point where when there is an accident that occurs there is also a need to predict contaminant migration and support logistics of intervention. So in most EU countries, protection zones are typically defined using fluorescent dye tracers because they have this ability to quantify the effective porosity. Some of the hydrows amongst you might recognize this equation where groundwater velocity is the product between the hydraulic conductivity, the hydraulic gradient divided by the effective porosity. Really wanted to focus on the fact that these fluorescent dyes are used in zones where people are drinking the water from that aquifer. So if there was really some issue about toxicity, I would have thought the European would have known about that but there is more literature that demonstrate that it's not a problem then so why not using them? This is a tracer tested. I had some involvement quite early in my career. This image show an alluvial aquifer as you can see. It's pretty much gravel and relatively homogeneous. The layer here at that particular site, which was a groundwater extraction station for potable water, was about seven meters thick, some pretty high transmissivity somewhere between 10 to the minus four and 10 to the minus one square meter per second. Pretty high especially. And something important is the average storage coefficient by doing a range of long-term pump test was around 0.1. If you remember there is a rule of thumb that for unconfined aquifer you assume that the storage coefficient is essentially the drainable porosity of the aquifer and therefore it's equivalent to the effective porosity. And that's so you try to calculate your own water velocity and you try to define your protection zone around that. What was interesting here is we did a number of tests at that site with different tracers at increasing distances from the pumping well. We injected tracers and then essentially the exercise is almost like a pumping test. You've got a breakthrough curve and you try to fit that with a software and there are different softwares and you try to calibrate your breakthrough curve against some form of model with different parameters, which helps you to derive in this case the effective porosity that is then based to define how far you need to go to protect the zone around the water supply well. What you can see already here is remember the specific yield was around 0.1 and so 10% and here you've got an effective porosity that is lower and that is nearly sometimes a factor of 2 lower than that, which means because it's inversely proportional to the velocity, it means that in those cases if you use the specific yield to do your prediction you're going to underestimate the velocity to travel time to the way. So it's pretty important to try to get that right. So why essentially this is sort of repeating what I've said, but why is that the case and why do we have a lower effective porosity that is below the specific yield because you think well the contaminants should travel through the whole drainable porosity. That's actually not the case because the contamination will follow the path of these resistance and so it will really follow the highways the more effective portion of the aquifer and therefore the specific yield is more about parameter than something that you can use to do some prediction and some of you hopefully have done some numerical modeling and have realized that maybe there is some improvement to bring when you do numerical model to possibly reassess the effective porosity for some of the calculation and fate and transport. That's obviously an aquifer, it's a porous aquifer, this is even more pronounced in fractured rock. For example, effective porosities as low as 0.03% have been measured in limestone, so think about that when you do a tracer test, think about that when you do a fate and transport modeling and you assume a 30% effective porosity. I'd be happy to try do with you that it can be as low as 10% if not less even in porous medium. That case study is some tracer testing on saturated zone and the little picture here is actually a vanyard in champagne, so that's where you cultivate the grapes for champagne. But what is fun about limestone, which we see in some way not very different to other media like basalt in Victoria, it's a dual porosity medium, so you've got fracture and matrix. That is used pretty extensively also in the EU, especially in the UK, not with the EU to exactly for a potable supply. And a key factor of that is vulnerability because especially the migration of nitrogen and pesticides resulting from agricultural activities through the unsaturated zone. So at the time there was a need to better predict the recharge mechanism and integrate that into the vulnerability element. So when that was the job that I did to support a PhD student at the time, but a PhD student now is a professor of hydrogeology who is still a really good friend of mine. And we had that really great site where we had a number of monitoring well screened in different parts of the unsaturated zone and then we had a groundwater extraction well which was pumping groundwater. And so we did two tests using one piece of meter that injecting the tracer in a monitoring well that had a distance of a vertical distance of 10 meter between the monitoring well in the unsaturated zone and the pumping well. But we did two tests. The first test, making a round with my arrow, the first test involved salt and the mass injected was around 100 kilo. That was mixed in a volume of 300 liter. But what we did here we put, essentially we put the hose down into the monitoring well and that represented about a shaser, about 300 liter per hour. That led to this breakthrough curve where essentially the tracer arrived in the pumping well through the unsaturated zone. We started to get the first arrival after five hours and we had the peak after 11 hours. So we're pretty happy. Pretty quick response. And then the second part of the PhD thesis started where the second test involved the lower mass 10 kilo. The volume injected was a lot lower, 30 liter. And in this case, we didn't put any shaser. So it just naturally migrated through the unsaturated zone without some support. And what was interesting for the exact same test setting, but different injection circumstances, we only started to get information and detection on the breakthrough curve after about one year. And essentially, it took nearly three years to get to the peak. And by that time, our PhD student had to finish his master thesis. So he was quite happy that he was there, but it took quite a long time. So why is that the case? Well, essentially, in the first case, when we put a hose down the monitoring well, we literally saturated the unsaturated zone. But it's like we had an intensive rain which used the active fractures to quickly migrate the tracer across the unsaturated zone. The second case was more the one representative of a natural recharge where the water went first through the matrix blocks. And the fractures were not really driving the transport of the tracer. And so that was a really interesting experience because usually you think about recharge, people think, okay, well, it takes about a meter for the recharge front to move. And it's actually not the case. Depending on the pattern, the groundwater contamination can migrate a lot quicker and have some very different impact to the aquifer and the groundwater table. And I'm sure we will discover that more and more at the moment because that's exactly what's happening with PFAS because PFAS can also, you know, it gets released in smaller quantities. And I'm sure that it follows some of the rainfall pattern with some of the extra complication that PFAS likes to stick at the top of the saturated zone. But that's another story. This is a test that we did in the fractured basalt in the western suburb of Melbourne. I wanted to acknowledge my former colleagues from Golder, now WSB, in supporting this test. And they're actually an NCT who have that that furometer. And so if you're interested, I'm sure they can give you some contact and they can help you doing that. But what we wanted to do is demonstrate that we can do some of these tests in Australia. What that was was a regularly conversion test in fractured basalt. So pretty similar to the same, the first experiment where we had extraction wells and we injected the tracer in a monitoring well within the zone of influence from that extraction well. That was in the context of a hydraulic containment system. We injected only 27 grams of fluorescein, so not a lot of quantity, which proves that if you would have had to do that with salt, we would probably have to use maybe 10, 15 kilos, something like that. And we recovered that in the extraction well located at a distance of 17 meter away. The extraction rate was 1.6 litre a second. We had some contaminants that had fluorescein properties. So we had to accommodate for that in our approach and the design of the tracer. Here is the lovely breakthrough curve. We had the first arrival after six hours. The peak concentration arrival was in 40 hours. And we money-taught the tracer for about 16 days. So when you think about cost, we produced that with some data loggers. It's actually pretty cost-effective. It's just, it's two weeks of a data logger. A few grams of fluorescein. And what we were able to demonstrate in this case, we found that the effective fracture porosity of the basalt was around 1.3 percent, which proves that yes, in fracture drops, we can have some pretty low effective porosities. And that is probably some, that also means that there is a matrix porosity in basalt that is there definitely. And that plays a role as a storage zone for the contamination. But also think about if you do, you want to do some bioremediation or some relay on injection to try to get an idea of how much amendment you need in the ground, you're going to need a good estimate of the fractured porosity. And this is one of the best way to do that. So we went through the three examples. Hopefully you have realized by now that it's actually another toolbox to test aquifers. It's pretty versatile. There is nearly an infinite number of approaches. As I said, there is this importance of developing a hypothesis to be tested. I've honestly showed some traces that went wrong, but a lot of the ones that didn't is because the conceptual site model wasn't necessarily robust. And the tracer were in a different direction to what it was supposed to be. So if you do a tracer test, make sure you are happy with your tracer, your CSM, or be open to what we call the tracer truth. And then designing an applied tracer test is really about refining these hypotheses and bringing all these considerations about the design, especially in the injection approach, the tracer choice, the tracer monitoring, and the QHUC. I would just want to finish off, and that will give us plenty of time for the question, with some future development about tracers. One that I am particularly fond of is called resazarin. Resazarin is a fluorescent dye tracer that changes its fluorescent properties according to the redox potential. So when it gets in oxidizing condition, it has certain properties. When it gets in reducing condition, it changes to other properties, and you can really differentiate these conditions using that sort of tracer. It's been used to assess groundwater-surface water interaction. In particular, you've got to realize that the layer where there is interaction between groundwater and surface water is actually a zone that is highly reactive with lots of bacteria. And therefore, you've got often a gradient of strong redox, different redox condition, and it's been used to try to map that out. But I can see how that could be used to help other applications when you think about bioremediation or natural attenuation, and you want to quantify a little more some of that within your aquifer. That's it. So I think I will hand over to Richard and Nisteam, and I'll be more than happy to answer any questions. Well, thanks Fred for that excellent presentation. I think there's a lot of great information, and I'm sure the audience really appreciated what you had to say there today. From my perspective, there's a few things that I would like to mention in terms of key takeaways from today. Now, often as hydrogeologists, we create these conceptual models of sites. But in the end, sometimes we just need to really have a definitive answer of whether or not there is actually a flow path where we think there's one. We make a lot of assumptions as hydrogeologists and tracertests are one of the few truly definitive ways of determining whether or not there is actually a flow path there. So I think it's a great way to determine that. Second thing is be brave. A lot of people get a bit scared off with tracertests. I find injecting dyes into the ground and things like that. But be brave because they are worth doing and they are a very robust way of determining some things about groundwater flow paths. Finally, they're actually pretty cost-effective. So you think about all the other things we do in terms of characterising groundwater, like numerical modeling, that sort of things. I mean, they're a very practical way to determine quite a lot. So give them a go, I say. So without further ado, I'm sure you've got plenty of questions. Churi's going to run you through those questions with Fred and hopefully we can answer those questions for you today. If we can't, we will take them on notice and do our best to get back to you as quickly as possible. Without further ado, over to you, Churi. All right. Thank you very much, Richard. And thank you very much, Fred. That was very interesting. And there's a couple of questions here. There's a few comments in the chat from Claire, from Gareth, and Stephen, Mike. They're all saying thank you very much. Excellent presentation. They learned a lot. There is a question here from Mike asking, are all of the active tracer tests required to have an EPA approval? Well, I think that that's a really good idea. I'm just not sure the start of the conversation needs to be with the EPA. My understanding is the water authorities, if actually your authority to protect their groundwater resources associated with the ball construction license and that sort of stuff. So they would be the one I would tend to reach out first, depending on the circumstances, of course, and then bring EPA along. In some ways, but I think things have changed in terms of there has been a change in guidelines for the injection of remediation chemical. You could somehow look at that in a similar way. And what that means is EPA is not really involved in an approval process. They want to make sure that you comply with the guidelines. Depending on the stakeholders and auditors, you may want to get them involved in the support and then just make sure you have the authority across that. But I have a discussion with EPA. We went to present that there was a strong interest in doing these sorts of tests. And so there is enough literature to demonstrate that they are in your course. I hope that answers that question. And there's also a kind of follow along on that question. There's another one from Yelaine. Yelaine, sorry about the pronunciation of your name. She also says, thank you very much for this presentation. And they're also wondering what is your experience with regulatory approval in Australia for these tracers? I know you just covered that briefly. But is there anything more specific you can add to that? Look, I think at the end of today, it varies. But I think the main point of start is it's also a matter of discussing with the relevant stakeholders and then identify who these stakeholders are. And then because in some circumstances they may not necessarily need to have regulatory approval. And it's just making sure we're doing the right thing. Right. But I've done some tracer tests in South Australia. For that particular site, we didn't necessarily need to go to the regulator. But we presented the tracer test afterwards and then we're pretty happy to have that as a pretty strong line of evidence. So look, I would be saying, yes, let's make sure that everyone is on board. Let's make sure that we have the right approvals. But let's also be conscious that the risk is also limited. And what is the benefit that you get out of a tracer test versus leaving some contamination there with a very poor knowledge about how it impacts some receptors? And I think perhaps, I mean, that's a debate and that depends on what the other questions are. But I think we need to, in our industry, we also need, in some ways, we are a bit like doctors of human nature and we need to perform surgery. And when you do something like that, well, there are consequences in what you're doing. But it's still about trying to do the right thing. And does the surgeon always need to get approval from his regulator to perform surgery? I think it depends on some of the cases. But I think we also practitioner us and we need to, it's really about doing the right thing and making sure the stakeholders are on board. All righty. A couple of technical questions here. Is a typical injection bore a 50 mil bore usually? Yeah, Luca, I think that that seems about right. You can do that with smaller balls. I think the big question is how it's not so much about the typical injection bore. To me, it's about how do you want to deliver the tracer? And there are two ways. Either you have a very short, lived pulse that you want to deliver, which is what we did in the third example. Or do you want to deliver a relatively constant flow of tracer? And then think about that in terms of what you're trying to achieve. When you do the more classical one is just a pulse. For that, at the end of the day, it's really about mixing the tracer with the right volume. You really think about the well volume. And you try to have a shazer that is enough to make sure that it's pushing the well volume out of the aquifer. That's really more important. Then obviously, there is some consideration around connectivity with the bore. But hopefully, if you're a good hydrogeologist, you have well developed your well. You've even done that with a baler. You've done that possibly with a bit of a lift such that you are sure that it's actually going in the formation. All right. Another question. With the various case studies that you talked about, do you think that any of these would have also benefited from using environmental tracer methods in combination with the applied tracers? Yes. More data is always fun. Let me think about each of them. I'm just not sure with the first case and the second case whether you want to have some precision about the effective porosity. Because in the first case, it's really about defining your protection zone, so your transfer time. And in the third case, it's really about the effective porosity. And therefore, potentially if it's remediation, the quantity of amendment you want to inject. And precision means not to have too many in the equation. And having a known quantity makes a big difference. In the context of the third one, I think there would have been some merit in doing that. And I think it's been done elsewhere. And then look, I mean, it's also a question of cost. And how much you want to do that? What I often find is environmental tracer can become quite expensive when you start to think about isotopes. If you rely on salts and major iron, that's obviously cheap. But the price per sample can become relatively quickly cost prohibitive. So it's possible, but it depends on how much it comes back to the big question at the start. What is the price of the answer that you're trying to provide? Alrighty, thank you. And more specific questions. What is the brand model of the fluorometer that you showed in your presentation? That's a really good question. Well, I'm not sure. On the top of my head, I know the brand. Maybe you may want to reach out to be after the call, so the details are shared. But there are several brands. And there are more and more. There is one that I I'm watching on LinkedIn. It's a Belgian firm from the French-speaking part of Belgium. He's a really young guy. He's in his 30s and invented a pretty nice type of fluorometer that is even better than the one I've showed. He's not selling them. He's renting them. But he's got a service associated with that. So yeah, sorry for not answering that question right away. But in some ways, I think it's also important to me. It's part of the design. It's good to be aware of the different monitoring devices in the pros and cons, because that can also affect your cup. So Perchance, was it a, hold on a minute. Let's see. Mike mentioned specifically an Abalia FL24. I think that might be that. Yes. Well spotted, Mike. But there are some changes in ownership for that one. And it may not necessarily be, may no longer be available through that particular supplier. So it's also rapidly evolving Abalia. A couple more questions here. One question is, missed the injection rate for the Golder example, that the breakthrough is quite quick. Do you recall the injection rate there? There wasn't really an injection rate. So that was a, it's called DRAC, which is a near instantaneous injection. So pretty much it was based on the volume of, within the well, and how to displace that volume. That was it. Nothing really fancy. How useful are tracer tests for determining whether groundwater is discharging to a surface water body? It's from Steven. That's a really good question, Steven. Thanks for asking that one. Look, they are useful, but it can be also, you know, you need to have a pretty good idea of what your discharge zone or discharge point is. And that takes a lot of work in itself. And so it's possible. I've done that, but there is a lot of upfront work in understanding the CSM. That was an example where also, I'm also very mindful not to ask to, you know, a number of cases that I have, they ultimately belong to cuts. But so, but one example that that I've done to try to help with that was not, was there is actually a tracer technique that you can use that we've used to assess the behavior. No, sorry. I want to be too. So, yeah, so essentially it's possible, but you need to have a pretty clear idea about where the discharge point is. Or you have different hypotheses and then you may want to use a number of a fluorometer at those locations. That being said, if you're in that situation, you would want to use some of the cheap major irons and TDS and whatnot approaches beforehand. And then the tracer test becomes the ultimate verification of the hypothesis that you have developed with multiple lines of evidence. That's probably a better way to look at that. Now, no, the other thing I wanted to say is often in Australia, because all of our CDs are along the coast, the aquifers are tidally influenced, which makes things a little more complicated. But a technique that we've used to help bringing more lines of evidence is and using tracers is there is a technique that consists of treat feeding a well with a tracer. And that tracer is going to be diluted by the through flow through the well screen. And so if you're able to measure the concentration of the tracer within the well that is being drip fed, it's a direct measurement of the groundwater velocity. And that varies as the title changes. And then depending on how close it is from the discharge point, it can have a specific response. And we've done that on a transit to try to better understand where the discharge point was. And it just in this case, the discharge point was a little was not at the end of the transit. It was somewhere in the middle, because there was a particular feature that that acted as a preferential pathway. So that was a long answer, but I hope it generally answers your question. And I'd be more than happy to discuss that with you for lunch at some point. All right, and then we've got one final question from Giuseppe says, Hi, Fred, what would be the ideal ground coverage, i.e. plant spacing per square meter, ideal to improve water retention or increase field capacity in a state like Victoria with approximately 500 millimeters of rain per year? I'm not sure I understand the whole question. So can you repeat that? So if you have 500 millimeter of rain per year, what would be the ideal ground coverage of plants, I would assume, to improve water retention or increase field capacity? Oh, look, I think, I mean, I think at the end of the day, I'm not sure whether you would want to engineer groundwater recharge naturally, you can do that. But if you rely on a natural coverage, I think to me, it's to try to rely on a diverse vegetative cover, because ultimately plants helps improving the retention, but also cleaning the water before it gets to groundwater. It's a very interesting question because it almost begs the question, can we engineer a mother nature? And I'd be saying, well, no, mother nature is probably a better environmental engineer than us. And so I would more rely on observing that particular location, try to assess what would be the best cover naturally with some experiment and try to enhance what happens naturally, based on these experiments, rather than coming with a rule of thumb and hoping that we would make the world better, because that's a little bit, I think we are preempting a bit too much overall on this planet if we do that. All right. Well, I think that should conclude this wonderful presentation. Very informative. Thank you again, Fred. I enjoyed that a lot. And I hope everybody else that attended enjoyed that too. And everybody who asked questions, thank you very much. And hopefully you got some good answers. So once again, thank you very much, Fred. And thank you everybody for attending. Have a good weekend. Thank you. And don't hesitate to reach out if you've got more questions. I love to talk about, I love to talk and I love to talk about races.


In downtown San Francisco, there's a hotel dedicated to all who serve or have served. With reasonable rates, well-appointed rooms, and a top floor steakhouse, many military families find it a nice place for a little R&R. But the Marines Memorial Association's Marines Memorial Club is more than just a hotel. It's meant to be a living memorial. It started as General Alexander van der Griff's idea. During World War II, he led the 1st Marine Division to victory at the six-month-long Battle of Guadalcanal. Although it was one of the bloodiest battles of the war in the Pacific, he was worried people would forget the sacrifices made by his Marines. And his words were, no statue will pay proper tribute to our Marines and sacrifices in World War II. And we need something that's a living memorial. Those who work at the hotel have taken the words of General van der Griff and the Marines Memorial Association mission of education to heart. John Lockey and his team of volunteers are in charge of all of the historical displays throughout the building. It's the idea that when you come here, you're not in a sterile hotel. You're in something that has a sense of history about it. It has something that is maybe unusual that you've never seen before, or that you can look at it very close up and say, oh, golly, I didn't realize this was the actual situation. Tucked away in the bowels of the hotel is where Lockey's team prepares all of the artifacts for display. Just about everything they have has been donated. It's like a Christmas thing. You come in on a week. We go for a week and we come back for a week and we walk in and, oh, what is this?  Each floor has something different, whether it's the displays of uniforms or a library full of books about the military. There's also tributes to commandants and sergeants major of the Marine Corps, those who have received the Medal of Honor and other notable Marines. Probably the most solemn place in the entire building is a display of the names of each of the more than 5,600 service members who've given their lives in Iraq and Afghanistan. When people are up here and they're looking at a plaque of their son or something, you got to leave. It just gets so emotional. In the middle of the room is a place for visitors young and old to express their emotions through words. In addition to the displays, the hotel itself is a piece of history. What started out as an exclusive women's club in the 1920s became a barracks for the Navy's waves, women accepted for volunteer emergency service. General Vandergrift eventually bought it using leftover PX funds at the end of World War II. To this day, the Marines Memorial Association ensures the hotel's mission continues to be what General Vandergrift intended. A place to commemorate the service of veterans, educate the public about those sacrifices and to provide services to those who currently serve. In San Francisco, I'm Staff Sergeant Brian Wuckl.


Greater engagement with students for sure. I don't know if it's the use of Canvas or just how the technology tools have evolved but as we move towards more social tools I find that I'm engaging with students a lot more than I would in a face-to-face only classroom because when you walk into face-to-face classroom you walk in you start working there's not often time to chat with all the students whereas in a blended environment at least part of the time they're online they may write back to you if you give them feedback in assignment they might quickly reply thank you asking for clarification sometimes it's maybe a video chat and so I feel like I get a lot more one-on-one time with students. I think I'm a better teacher because I have to think more strategically about how the class is going to unfold in the 10 weeks and granted I always have my course objectives up front but I don't necessarily think through every single class in a blended environment I do think through not to the instagree but I definitely have it laid out and have all my assignments clarified and how they're going to meet the objectives and then by and large most of the content.


Good afternoon everyone. Thank you for having us on stage today. We're going to talk about coach up I'm Chris. I'm a partner with molten and we let the series be round But since we invested a lot of us a lot of us changed So the question for me is how did you initially come up with the idea of coach up and how has coaching changed? And then we jump a bit more into the expansion piece, which is the topic of today Around the world in 80 days Yeah, thanks for the question Chris and thanks for having me. It's a pleasure to be here. I And it feels like yesterday, but in fact, it's four years ago that it was my brother Janice and myself sitting in his living room and Dreaming out loud I would say and Both with a track record of an entrepreneur being entrepreneurs for the last 15 years. We said, you know what? Life is too short to do something that is not meaningful So what we said is the next big thing that we want to commit a significant part of our lives on that should be Building a good business and what does building a good business mean for us on one hand? Of course, it needs to be commercially good good, you know, economics good market potential good growth potential Plus at the same time doing something good doing something with a purpose and That is actually what coaching means for me and I Know some of you might have Experience with coaching for myself. It was definitely life-changing when I was a first-time manager 15 years ago And I was coming fresh if out of university and I was completely overwhelmed You learn so much great stuff at university at most in your universities You don't learn how to manage people how to manage your stakeholders and I didn't even learn how to manage myself So that's when my coach helped me to really overcome my challenges and to really become a better version of myself and as Yannis and me were discussing four years ago. We said, you know what? Coaching is so powerful and every top executive every top politician every top sports person They all have their own coach But why is it actually that only zero point zero one percent of the global workforce have access to coaching and That's when we said, okay. This is what we want to change. Let's democratize coaching Let's make it accessible for people of all career levels worldwide That makes a lot of sense today. You're considered as one of the global category leaders in that space Tell us a bit more about the experience of when you initially started how companies or corporates Talk to you what they perceived what coaching means and today, right? So I'm sure there was a very interesting journey with lots of experiences down the road But just share a little bit how it is actually evolved. Yes, happy to and I Mean when I look in this audience What do I see and maybe do this look around look left to your right to you behind you? What do we see? individuals different dreams hopes fears challenges and for hundreds of years Corporates would support their people in having one-off classroom trainings.  Oh, now you're being promoted now We want to have this career program now. We want to have a transition now We want to digitize now want to have a cultural change and you know what it doesn't work this way because we are individuals because we want to be addressed with our own needs and our own Opportunities to really unleash our own potential and that is actually what we are helping our clients with and Side note. Yes, all the new talent generations ask for this. It's not so much about Okay, who's driving the fastest car or who's earning the biggest paycheck nowadays? it's about person development growth and purpose at work and for the first time in history technology AI video conference saying all this Information are helping us to scale something as unique as coaching which in the old day was only exact Available to the executive throughout the entire organization and that's what we are doing really helping our clients most of them are corporates really the the who is who from Toyota Fujitsu BNP Paribas Coca-Cola Twitter you name it to scale coaching across their workforce So tell us a bit more. So initially you started off in Berlin So we're very strong focus on the German speaking market But then obviously you acquired a player in France last year which obviously put you into the European leadership And in this in this industry and so now you're going after the global category leadership What has changed not only in terms of organization But also in terms of the audience that you're talking to are you talking now to the the head of talent development in the big Corporates, or is it still more local divisions that you're talking to how has that changed? So let me take one step back When I was a little boy, I Always wanted to go into international politics. I wanted to become a diplomat I actually my grades were not good enough to to go in this direction But I studied law and did a little bit of work for the government until I realized, you know what? There's too much politics and politics for myself, but I still want to change the world I still want to work in a very very international setup, and that's when we said, you know what? If the public sector is not the right space then let's go to an environment where you can create your own future and where you can actually shape this this future and in coaching The wonderful thing Something is possible, which is not possible in politics a world without borders We're having a global network of 3500 coaches worldwide from over 18 nations coaching in any language that comes to any of your your minds and This is really so rewarding because all of them collaborating all of them sharing this vision of making people's life better Transforming careers transforming entire organizations and really building the future of people development So maybe quickly on your on your question on global category leadership And I think many startups and many founders in Europe Limit themselves Maybe that's something we've been taught at school or taught by our parents. No stick to what you can play it safe And it took us a degree of craziness I would say to really launch this business for years with a very clear Plan to build the global category leader in digital coaching and roll this out across the world And I remember the very first weeks when they started the business. We're still two people We looked at Wikipedia. What are the 20 largest economies in the world and we said, okay? Let's go there and let's help them and let's really transform those those organizations over there And that's what we did we started 2018 in Berlin where I'm born and half a year later We opened our UK operations our French operations our Scandinavian operations Ben and Luxe Eastern Europe Southern Europe One and a half years ago in the US North America where we have 130 people let in America Middle East and we have our APEC HQ in in Singapore We opened up our Shanghai office quite a while ago two or three weeks ago We opened up of our office in Tokyo and then in Melbourne Singapore. We have another 30 people So 850 people from only 50 nations I would say we have the United Nations right under our roof at at coach up and that's really It's really been in 80 days around the world What was the craziest experience on that journey which country in particular stood out I Would say every face as an entrepreneur has its challenges. I would say Maybe the most challenging moment was even getting the business started at a period of time where My wife was pregnant I was in a stable job and really to making this move as an entrepreneur to this uncertainty No paycheck. You don't know if your business is going to fly or not That was probably the biggest challenge to get started and then the ride over the last four years. That was just Just incredible and I think you know very good because we are collaborating since you let our series be but in four years we did seven funding rounds and to really bring this business global and Asking about what was maybe one of the tipping points and the game changer for us that was in fact when we acquired the leading Player for digital coaching in France, which was the second largest a digital coaching platform in Europe called move one end of last year and you significantly helped with this transaction and a hundred wonderful people in Paris and Bringing about 80% of all French corporates as clients that was really game changer because all of sudden We grew into this position where we were the unrivaled number one here in Europe and it sparked this idea of No, why is it always the big US tech startups changing the world and coming here to Europe? Why is it always Amazon? Google Facebook and the like we here in Europe can do so much more So we really said okay even more now than ever. Let's build a global player with the European DNA Yeah Look, I think you mentioned it already to to go international and to expand to quickly You obviously need to have a lot of capital on hand and you you raised 330 million to date and just a couple of months ago. You closed one of the largest rounds in Europe of 200 million How has the market changed compared to last year and how how was that fundraise? I mean, it's it's a it's a huge number and how did you sort of convince the parties who joined the journey? So in a nutshell I Can honestly say I'm very glad I have a very good coach who supported me on the way because it was it was very unexpected and We're leaving end of last year on a back of very strong three four results You know what it's gonna be a walk in the park January we go out six weeks later. We're done So instead of this expected six weeks walk in the park it turned into six months of walk through constant fire And I think it was a quite intense face for all of us But the results were really strong really worth all the efforts And I'm very grateful for for my wife and family and my coach and the entire team and our Incredible investors to really support this journey. Yeah, no, I think I can echo that Looking a little bit into the future. So obviously now you're sitting a lot of capital. How do you deploy it? What's the deployment plan and what are the next goals that you have set for the organization? Also the current market environment obviously which is different. Yeah, obviously if you look at today's market It's not the time of blitz scaling. It's not the time of coming up with crazy ideas We want to roll out across the world next year at the same time. I Am a firm believer if you have a dream then follow your dream and don't switch your plans Every now and then I remember when COVID hit two years ago So we're having intense discussion in the board and many many investors out there said, you know what? You need to completely change your plans.  Let's keep calm. Let's stick to the plan Clients will come and eventually turns out covered. We saw actually very strong tailwind many many organizations realized You know what? You're doing coaching 100% digital in the old world I thought that wouldn't be possible, but now I've run my entire organization remotely during COVID so I understand that this is the future and I Know today's situation is not a health crisis. It's a financial Crisis that's different at the same time. I still say let's stick to the plan. Let's be reasonable Let's make sure the business is fully funded in any case. That's a priority number one I've learned my lessons the early days with other startups and at the same time. Yeah, also Keep planting the seeds. So we keep growing in developing markets We keep growing in in Asia pack We keep investing and we heavily invest on one end in the sales side as well as in the product side of things because a challenging Market situation also always is an opportunity Yeah No, I think that makes a lot of sense and the other question I have is so I know that you internally always look at 600 largest companies in the world. So tell us a bit more about this Matrix, which is probably new to a lot of the audience here And why is that so important and how did you decide or how did you make the decision initially to move away from? SME and really focus on those large enterprise clients only which is basically what you do today And then the second question is how did it help with expansion, right? So landing those clients is obviously a bit harder, but then how do you expand them over time? Yeah, so I mean I can tell you when you're two founders in a living room and you're calling the sea level of Daimler It's a hard sell and it took a while At the same time, why did we take the different approach instead of like the typical startup approach you work with? SMB then you go to mid-market and then you go to the enterprise level We did it completely the other way around the reason being is because we identified this Incredible market opportunity and if you look at trend agencies if you look at the Gardner hype cycle on human capital technology They are predicting a hundred X growth in the space and they're predicting any major Organization to implement a digital coaching solution at scale by the end of the decade So that's a massive opportunity and even though I'm sometimes joking and say my brother Yannis is the guy with the golden nose because he can smell nice business opportunities I doubt that he's the only one who was smelling this opportunity So we said okay. We need to be fast and corporate clients are yes They are the most toughest to crack, but they are also highly rewarding. They're very loyal in Uncertain times like these where many companies are cutting their budgets. We don't see this with our corporate clients They are long-term planning. We're supporting our large corporates with topics like the digital IT transformation or their culture transformation and these are things and projects that are set up for 10 years and What we are seeing is that our satisfaction score. We're measuring NPS for all our personas It's at 70 which I believe is pretty nice It's actually higher than the than the Apple NPS Which means that our clients employees love the coach up coach more than Apple fans love their iPhone Which also results in quite nice stickiness and retention rates But this shows that the full focus on the top clients is so critical because this phase is a land grabbing phase and No matter what's going on in public markets in 10 years from now the market shares are being split Now is the time to actually gain those and that's obviously explains why you so aggressively internationalized and Today you're in Japan. You're in China. You're in India. You're also in the US Tell us a bit more about us us obviously is the largest market with I think 225 out of just 600 Largest companies in the world. What's the strategy for the US? How do you actually approach this this huge gigantic market? For us in general our internal is Internationalization strategy is basically we're following our clients when we started the business We started from day one working with the large clients those large clients are typical multinational then we're falling in Land and expand approach that means we're working maybe with one local entity in Central Europe then we're rolling out use cases We're rolling out across geographies. I know this leading E-commerce Companies now they do a lot more stuff as well They started in Central Europe rolled out across the UK rolled out then across North America China India Australia and the alike so that led us to also build our coach base Globally and then we said you know what we're having People being coached in all those geographies. We have coaches in all those geographies. There's a huge market Okay, maybe we should also build a sales force in all those geographies and that was for us the the starting point And if you look at markets, of course Europe is a quite developed market when it comes to coaching the US is still the most mature Market and then Asia pack. It's a giant a green field Yeah, I mean you already mentioned on the on the demand side obviously a lot of the younger generation Potential high potentials. They're asking for coaching right so this there's very strong tailwinds Tell us a bit more about the supply side of things, right? So obviously there's coaches out there But you need to make sure that the quality is right that they live up to the standards that you want to represent on the platform How do you ensure that and also? Once you expand in a country like India are there enough coaches who actually have the same quality Compared to the US where this might be a bit more advanced so When you talk about coaching I'm pretty sure anyone here in the audience would agree It is a big thing and probably everyone has considered coaching at the same time It would be very hard to find a common definition. What actually coaching is what does it mean? It's a non-regulated industry. So that's where we come in. We say, okay, let's really create this principle So it's really create these standards Let's really make sure that we are focusing on quality because many of our clients would go to Google and they can promise you The first hits on Google's they're probably great at marketing not so good and coaching most likely so and That's why we're building this this this global pool this global community And Actually our acceptance rate to become a coach with coach up is 5% which I understood It's harder to become a coach with us than to get into MIT. So I Take this with pride and the majority of the coaches is exclusive with us But it's really it is it is an effort to really heavily invest to build a value at not only for your clients But also for for your partners and and you were asking about geographical differences. It is very different if you go to France generally The organization set up is much more hierarchical So this needs to be catered into in the product if you look at Asia Pacific Japan for example, there is not a word for coaching The word training also covers coaching in these regions So there's a lot of educational work to be done as well I know that you have a very scientific Approach to this as well So there's lots of science with Jonathan Passmore. You're one of the leading Coaching experts in the world tell us a bit more about this lab that you actually built and what are sort of the the learnings that you derive from it What we realized early on When we really want to grow big with our clients and really want to support them at scale we need to prove The impact on what we are doing an impact can look different for any client if it's if it's a Diversity equity and inclusion use case is probably different measures that you would look at then when it's a a change project or a digital transformation project or Anything alike so we are working closely with our clients and that's where our lab and our behavior scientists come in We pull them in with our our key deals and work together with our client to define How does success look for me for you? How can we measure success and then to deliver on it? We're not signing up a client unless we jointly identified how success looks like because then we can come back In a reach role and say look these are the metrics you wanted to measure We're having some scientists and some researchers in our in our own ranks And then we can show you this data do you want to roll this out because if you're talking about multi-million budgets? typically an Executive level is involved and typically organization want to see some kind of impact or some kind of our eye make it measurable and That brings us to the last point that I wanted to discuss with you So obviously the current product offerings is already serving a lot of people But how do you actually expand that and what are sort of the next things the big things on your roadmap? And are they also driven by some markets like India or Japan where you might have different requests? How do you look at this and how is that actually shaping the roadmap? So last part of the question first, how does the product offering different differ by market and best example for example is France Where we were having a tough time to enter the market and I believe it wouldn't have been possible without the merge with the Category leader in France one key learning is because the market is more hierarchical We've developed a feature to involve your line manager So our coaches in France in the first session can loop in the line manager where they join jointly aligned on the target of the coaching and Then the two individuals can have their coaching session and this kind of features We're then taking and rolling out for example in Asia Pacific. We're seeing some similarities and companies can benefit from the same Same features that we're developing here and this is I believe one of the advantage of coming from a European nation because actually there is no one European market Europe is a combination of many many Different nations they have different languages as we as we all know different cultures different philosophies different approaches different regulations and This early need to adapt also makes you quite flexible as an organization And that's probably what gave us this competitive edge over some US players that grew up in a very consistent Very big market. They have no need to adapt and once you have a huge business running in the US Would you really implement this small feature because in Finland you have a specific requirement probably not? So what it really means is that the international markets have an impact on how the product will look like in the future and Tell us a bit more about the executive coaching piece because that's something that you're working on How big is that opportunity or is that actually going back to how it has been in the past? Executive coaching is an interesting one because it's actually one one step back to the roots of coaching So as we know in an old world coaching would be accessible to the 0.01% of the workforce just the executives what we're doing with our core offering is really making this available for a larger audience At the same time I have to admit until we've reached our vision to democratize it Meaning for everyone in the workforce. It's a long way to go We still have to work on your features. There is something coming up I can't say anything yet, but maybe maybe a next year's time And to really address the whole workforce and while we're working towards a solution to address the bottom of the pyramid We've also developed this little feature to develop to address the small executive level as well because oftentimes They are the sponsors and if you get the buy-in from the executives if they feel the power of coaching They are very likely to also roll it out across their business line Famous last words. We're coming to the end. Thank you so much Mati for sharing some of your learnings That you gathered in 80 days around the world. So thank you very much Thanks a lot. Thanks for listening