Now, Arthur, you will have to explain to us how you navigate in this kind of ethics on the fly that Daniel described to us in your day-to-day life, and then I will open for Curie, Goethe or Arthur. So, I would like to warmly thank Thierry and Patrick for the opportunity to speak on this particular panel. As a scientist by training, one of my deepest fascination is the unrelenting power of technological progress to transform human societies, in many cases, serendipitously, and regardless of our attempts to try to control or organize it. And I think in the 20th century has been the century of chemistry and physics. The 21st century will be the century of biology and medicine. With the promise of a flurry of medical innovation stemming from a better and deeper understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms underpinning the human body and mind. And to understand how these provide challenging use cases for ethicists and policymakers today, we can come back at the very birth of the century in 2003 with the completion of the human genome project and mapping of the entire human genome. And interestingly for this WPC health, this was actually a brilliant product of successful global scientific governance, with genome sequencing being performed across the US, Europe, Japan and China, and the resulting world being immediately published worldwide. And this global scientific effort was later deemed a public good. So to come back to Thierry's introductory words, this is one of the rare cases where I would argue we have a public good, the human genome. When in 2013, in the case association for molecular pathology versus myriad genetics incorporated, the US Supreme Court ruled that human gene could not be patented because DNA is a product of nature. In parallel, the rapid accumulation of technological breakthroughs further accelerated the field of cell and gene therapy. One, gene editing technologies such as mega-nucleases, Zincfinger nucleases, TALEN, and most recently and crowned by a Nobel Prize this year, CRISPR, allowed any research center to seamlessly copy, cut and paste human genes. Two, viral vector technologies allowed to reprogram cells of patients suffering from genetic disorders by making them express healthy genes. And three, reproductive medicine technologies drastically opened up the toolbox available to humans to operate on their own germline. Of course, the COVID-19 pandemic provides a fantastic use case of such paradigm with highly complex and innovative biotechnology such as Zincfinger RNA or engineered viral vectors being at the cornerstone of the most promising vaccines. But of course, and as usual, COVID-19 is just a currently visible tip of the iceberg. And the ethical questions raised by these technological evolutions are certainly not new, but the practical applications are. First, and this was mentioned in the previous session, while the initial use cases of cell and gene therapy are hardly debatable, we're talking treating certain forms of cancer or genetic disorders. The R&D and manufacturing costs of these extremely complex technologies lead to often unbearable price tags. The first gene therapy, Novorez Tysagen Lacluso, commercially known as Chemriah, was approved by the US FDA in 2017.  And it also carry a monster 475,000 price tag pre-discounts. Just two years later, in 2019, the US FDA approved a Vexis Ensameno gene, Apapavovec Zy, the name also has to be complicated, commercially known as Zorgansma, which is another gene therapy to treat spinal muscular trophy, a rare neuromuscular disorder in small children. And as Alexandra highlighted just before, with the bewildering price of $2.1 million, this became the world's most expensive drug and explained a Vexis future further acquisition by Novorez for $8.7 billion. And what are currently isolated cases are bound to become the norm for healthcare systems in the coming years, with close to 400 cell and gene therapies being in development in the US alone. As Jack pointed out, most of these development come from academic institution and biotechnology companies and are only taken at a very late stage by pharma companies. So the questions of access that are particularly acutely felt for vaccines and treatment during this COVID-19 crisis will continue to rise. So the first question is how can governments and payers better coordinate and negotiate to ensure that patients in need access those treatments while keeping healthy incentive systems for biotechnology innovation? But also from a manufacturing perspective, how can efficient technology platform and supply chains be built across the globe to further industrialize and make these highly complex technology truly accessible off the shelf to those in need? Second, we have profound societal changes to be expected from the rise of these technologies. And I'd like to take as an example the evolution of the concept of family and parenthood, which has been partly driven by technology, starting with the first in vitro fertilization baby in 1978. But today, the questions are already infinitely more complex. In 2016, the first three parent baby was born from mitochondrial transfer. This intervention involved the prospective mother with disease mitochondria, these are the structures that provide energy to cells, which were exchanged by mitochondria of a healthy unrelated donor. So the newborn thereby carry genetic information from three parents, the sperm donor, the egg donor, and the mitochondria donor. This came from a very ethically acceptable principle, offering mothers the ability to avoid passing on metabolic diseases caused by faulty mitochondria to their offspring. Yet, this technological prowess triggered the need to rethink once again our preconceived notions of parenthood, genetic transmission, and family structures. Today, countries across the world battle with the place to give to culturally complex situations rendered possible by modern reproductive technologies such as IVF or surrogate pregnancies. How can we ensure that such core cultural concepts are being regularly revisited and debated at the local and global level as scientific innovation will offer increasingly practical challenges to fundamental societal frameworks. Third, and most importantly, more debatable use cases are coming to life. And we've talked about the first genome-edited human embryos by Chinese scientist Hei Zhengui in 2018. Interestingly, this has led to a very rapid Chinese and international outcry. But one must remember that the original purpose of such intervention, at least on paper, was as much a medical one as the one of the others previously highlighted. Indeed, the purpose was to offer an HIV-positive father and an HIV-negative mother the possibility to have children that would be free of infection. To do so, the embryos were edited by CRISPR gene editing technology to inactivate the CCR5 gene, which encodes a protein that HIV uses to enter and infect human cells. The purpose of this was to reproduce a naturally occurring rare phenomenon seen on the so-called Berlin patient and London patient, where a mutation in CCR5 conferred innate resistance to HIV. But here, the world quickly asked a difficult question. Did this commendable end justify the mean of human germline editing? Thankfully, this led to a rapid global response through the creation of the International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human Germline Genome Editing, which provided guidance at a global level this September 2020. The key conclusion, I quote, no attempt to establish a pregnancy with a human embryo that has undergone genome editing should proceed unless and until it has been clearly established that it is possible to efficiently and reliably make precise genomic changes without undesired changes in human embryos. And importantly, they add, these criteria have not been yet met and further research will be necessary to meet them. Some of the key scientific concerns include the specificity of gene editing, that is the ability to avoid off-target undesired gene edits, mosaicism, which is what happens when not all cells continue to carry the genetic mutation during embryo development, as well as chromosomal abnormalities which can lead to severe genetic defects. The evolution of gene editing tools is very likely to reduce and eliminate these issues. But importantly, this review did not wish to conclude on whether these interventions should be permitted by countries once this technology matures. It calls to continue ongoing national and international conversations on ethical, moral and religious views for potential long-term societal implications without forgetting issues of cost and access as highlighted previously. This essentially aimed to provide a sound scientific foundation for ethics to be guided by action, confronted with cases and produced on the fly in the words of my co-panelist Daniel, in order to aim for global science-driven consensus while avoiding the dramatic pitfall of ethics dumping. So to conclude, it is evident that with the rapid progress of technology and absence of international consensus on ethics, such dilemmas are going to continue flourishing in the future and our societies will need to understand and address them. The risk otherwise is to fuel a rising tide of scientific defiance, misinformation and actual fake news, as we have seen for instance with anti-vaccine movements which were discussed in the previous panel and as panelists have aptly pointed out will be extremely damageable to healthcare system across the world. Instead I strongly believe the recipe for success is neither to hand over societal and ethical choices to scientists and technologists, but also not to shy away from the multiplication of such technological use cases. Instead, we should keep building bridges between scientific, medical and technological expertise together with political systems as this WPC health is offering an excellent example. So my overarching final question will be can we ensure that we put in place the appropriate global governance structure to promote a healthy dialogue between scientific progress and ethical guidance so that society can truly choose the medical and biological future they want to live in? Thank you Arthur for your presentation grounded on very practical examples and that was a good balance with Daniel's introduction more on the framework and what you're confronted or what we've been confronted in history.


Hi, my name is Patrick Loner and I'll be your instructor on this course. Wanted to start just with a little bit about my background. I've been in the IT industry for a little bit over 15 years and been heavily involved with Microsoft operating systems since way back in the Windows NT four days. I primarily worked as a Microsoft certified trainer at a number of different locations but I've also been involved in some consulting agencies, going out and helping companies to do deployments of a new operating system, deployments of new Windows servers as well as working heavily with Microsoft Exchange. I've worked with the client end of the operating system in both a deployment or from a deployment standpoint as well as from a support standpoint. And Windows 10 is really no different. I was really excited to see Windows 10 because some of the disadvantages of Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 and the lack of adoption. So Windows 10 fixed a lot of those problems so I jumped in very early on with the beta versions of this operating system and have been working with it ever since. So it's my hope that throughout the course you'll be able to get all of the information that you need from me from a practical standpoint as well as for exam prep. So what makes Windows 10 different? Is it simply the next version of the Microsoft Windows operating system that is just destined to be replaced in a couple of years or is it something different? It is in fact something different. It's not like it's predecessors in many ways. It is not simply a new revision of the operating system. Now notice from what we say there, it is a revision of the operating system but it's not only that. This is created or Windows 10 has been created first of all to span a wide range of devices. I've started this back with Windows 8. They just weren't overly successful at what they were trying to achieve. They were trying to achieve a version of the operating system that looks and feels exactly the same regardless of the type of device that you have it installed on. So Windows 10 can be installed on smartphones. It can be installed on tablets like the Microsoft Surface or other vendors tablets and it can be installed on laptops and desktops both in home as well as corporate environments. The idea is that the look and the feel, the way that you configure settings is going to be exactly the same on all of those devices. Now this is important in today's industry because in today's industry, it's very much a BYOD type of environment. BYOD is bring your own device and so we've got of course home users that are using various devices that would have Windows 10 installed on them presumably but we've got corporate users that also follow that same line of thinking. Mobile devices are everywhere. Everybody has at least one mobile device and in many cases people have more than one mobile device and so Microsoft really was trying to achieve a version of the OS that looked and felt the same across all those devices. They attempted it in Windows 8 and 8.1. That's why you saw the major user experience changes such as the start screen and things like that but it didn't really take off too well and Windows 10 is here to try to remedy some of those issues. This then is the final evolution of the start experience. We've had a start menu in Windows XP and Windows 7. I skipped Windows Vista but of course that was included but Windows 8 came out and there was no longer any start menu. That's the start screen and the whole idea was that if a user had Windows 8 installed on a tablet they would be using touch input and the start screen the tile interface would make things easier for them to do for them to access those different apps or settings and whatnot but it was sort of cumbersome for the users of desktops to have to go toward to this start screen as opposed to the standard start menu so they tried to fix it in Windows 8.1 and they added a start menu quote unquote back in but it really wasn't much of a start menu more of an administrative menu that would get you into settings couldn't get you into programs and whatnot. What we have in Windows 10 is the evolution of both of those things. So we have a start menu that gives access to frequent programs, pinned items but on that start menu we will also have the live tiles that you saw on the Windows 8 and 8.1 start screen and we'll get into that in more detail that's definitely one of those areas where it's easier to talk about as we're looking at it. This is also a culmination of the good features of Windows 8 8.1 and Windows 7 so some of the features that we had in those operating systems have gone away and the features that still exist were the ones that were deemed useful and in many cases they are also enhanced. We also have a new updates model which we'll get more into in just a bit and this is quite possibly the last major Windows release that we will see. Microsoft does not intend for there to be a Windows 11 in two years. This is one of the major reasons that Windows 10 is not like its predecessors. Microsoft is really adopting more of the Apple model of slight revisions to the operating system being released through the Windows update process as opposed to a full-on deployment of the new OS. So that new updates model is a concept of continuous improvement. Instead of waiting or as soon as Windows 10 has been deployed now we start immediately working on the next version of the operating system they are going to continually improve this addition of the operating system. So new features are going to be delivered through Windows update as opposed to being set aside until the next major release. Now they are from an enterprise standpoint and even from a home standpoint you can opt into different levels of updates fast ring, slow ring, current branch are those levels. Basically what that means is you can go into the Windows update option in the settings app in Windows 10 and say I want to receive new revisions to the operating system. You can even get into what is called the insider preview program and you can get new versions of the OS or updates to the OS before they are actually publicly released. That would be your fast ring, slow ring would be I am going to get the updates after they have already been deployed in public for six months. Current branch is something that enterprises are typically going to use. We can deal with that a little bit more when we talk about updates but that is one of your major changes. And actually Windows 10 has already undergone one of these revisions. I can't recall right off the top of my head the revision number but just in the last couple of weeks. There was a Windows update that came out and it was a new build of Windows 10 and it actually added a whole bunch of different features to the start menu and the general user experience as well as some things behind the scene at the enterprise level. Another thing that makes Windows 10 different is its heavy reliance and integration with cloud based services. A few years ago when the term cloud started getting thrown around there was a lot of mystery and ambiguity that was associated with it. The cloud is apparently here to stay. If you're not familiar with what the cloud is, essentially just think of the cloud as a set of servers that provide services for customers. Because and I know that's really a very broad term but when we talk about public cloud offerings like Azure, Windows Azure, Office 365, Windows Intune, that's exactly what it is. These are servers that are spread throughout the world in Microsoft data centers that provide subscription based services to consumers and the consumer can be an individual. The consumer can be a business. So to give you a couple for instances, an individual can subscribe to Office 365 on a personal level. You can pay $6 a month or $8 a month and you can get all five of the major office programs and your email hosted. You are subscribing to software as a service and that's a public cloud type of offering. They're providing that service to you on a subscription basis. On a business side of things, we could use Office 365 as well but let's say we use Microsoft Azure. So Microsoft Azure provides me the ability to stand up virtual servers to provide different types of capabilities. Maybe I want to outsource a VPN infrastructure. Maybe I want to outsource the hosting of a web application and database that supports that web application. Those are one of 30 examples that we could use for Microsoft Azure. But the point is that the cloud is here to stay and many organizations are moving toward those cloud-based services. And so therefore we need a version of the operating system that integrates with them correctly. And so Windows 10 now has the ability to join a Microsoft Azure hosted Active Directory environment. You may be familiar already with Active Directory. Usually when we use that term we're talking about Active Directory domain services which is a Windows server feature that's installed on our machines. We set up a domain environment and everybody joins the domain for the centralized administration of resources and for the purposes of security. But Active Directory can also be hosted in Windows Azure and we can join now Windows 10 machine to that. Windows 10 automatically integrates with Office 365 as well. Windows Intune is often a new one to many people. There's certainly a lot of information about Windows Intune but basically it is a cloud-based management solution. A better term might be mobile device management, MDM for short, which essentially just allows me to manage devices that may not actually be a part of a domain. That's the best general description of Windows Intune. So users may have smartphones and tablets or home PCs or roaming laptops in a corporate environment and we have a cloud-based solution that can control the apps that are installed on those devices, can control security on those devices and various other aspects of the device. That's Windows Intune. And then OneDrive is a cloud type of storage. So most of us are familiar with Dropbox and Google Drive and Apple's iCloud storage and Amazon Drive and all these different storage capabilities, they're all in the public cloud. Well Microsoft's version of this is OneDrive and Windows 10 automatically integrates with OneDrive. If you have a Microsoft account, then you automatically have X amount of space in OneDrive and you can utilize that to store your information and not only to store your information but then to have your information available to you across multiple devices. That's kind of the key behind cloud-based storage and so Windows 10 is the first operating system that fully integrates with all of these cloud-based services.


Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon, everyone. I'm Chen Dan from Chen Unicom. Today is my great honor to give this presentation, Comparison Between Open-Eye Projects and ETSI MEC standards. Together with my partners, Li Kai from Nanan Cloud and Ding Jianfeng from Intel. Let's see now. You can go ahead. OK. Please. In the first part, I'll introduce the architecture of Chen Unicom new network, that is KubeNet, as well as the strategic layout and large-scale pilot of MEC iCloud of Chen Unicom. As we know, with the development and the combination of SDN, NFV, big data and artificial intelligence technologies, the Fauzi network will become the key infrastructure in the digital transformation of all industries. Fauzi services have the characteristics of lower latency, large bandwidth, and more extensive connection. The traditional vertical Fauzi network architecture has many deficiencies in the aspect of results, sharing the agile innovation, the flexible expansion, and simple operation and management. So to effectively meet the service requirements of EMBB, MMTC, and URC in Fauzi network, as well as enhance the industrial competitiveness of most all the global telecom operators, have started the network structure and transformation aiming to establish the DC-centered new networks. As shown in this picture, the Fauzi network of Chen Unicom will be an elastic network based on the three-layer DCs, that is regional DC, the local DC, and the IDDC, which will quickly respond to and shorten the deployment time of new services. Towards 2022, Chen Unicom will construct the 72IT, the regional DCs, the 600 to 600 and to 700 local DCs and more than 6,000 IDDCs with new management and business models. It is well known that the multi-access ad computing is a result of the ICT integration. So for the telecom operators, tens of thousands of the IDDCs are the best high-quality resources compared with OTT companies, such as Tencent, the Alibaba, and Fospoke, and so on. Now, Chen Unicom is committed to building an open ad cloud services platform and providing the resource capabilities and unified APIs for applications developers, aiming to accelerate the incubation and commercial use of the innovative Fauzi services. There are three main characteristics of our ad platform. The first one is open. We can provide the open cloud API, the open management API, and the open network capabilities, such as the LBS, the Amis, the QS, the AI, the real-time test coding, the cloud rendering, and so on. The second one is agility. We can provide the agile ads and past services, as well as the agile orchestration and management. So the customers can apply the online resources on demand. There are also many challenges in the process of IDDC construction, for example. The specific customized servers and lightweight open stack or containers are needed for adapting to the bad environment of the telecom access offices. So this slide shows the edge business progress of Chen Unicom. In 2018 MWC exhibition in Barcelona, Chen Unicom announced the large-scale cloud pilots in 15 China provinces, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Shenzhen. So the pilot scenarios include but not limited to the video and games, the industrial manufacturing, the traffic and V2X, venues, intelligent security, the tourist attraction, water projects, and so on. As an official communication service partner, for the 2022 Winter Olympics, we have started to establish the network infrastructure and verify the related services, such as the 360 degree, the VLR broadcast, based on the Fauzi and ad computing technologies. So the services of this video is based on the Fauzi networks and the ad computing technologies. Now Chen Unicom is expecting to work with more industrial technology, and we are also working with more industrial technology, and we are also working with more industrial technology, and we are also expecting to work with more industrial partners in the ad cloud pilot, the project, and commercial deployment, aiming to co-build the Fauzi-oriented ad ecosystem. Up to now, we have more than 100 partners focusing on the HD video, the enterprise and government services, the intelligent traffic and industrial IoT. Besides, we have established the ad cloud industry in Beijing. We investigate on the Starlink X project together with Intel and Nanan Cloud. In the following sessions, Li Kai and Ding Jianfeng will introduce our research and test results in detail. Welcome, Li Kai. Thank you, Dr. So the coming two points is about the ETSI Mac reference architecture and our decision and our practice. So before we go detail that for there are some different between telcon and IT environment. In telcon, there are some standards, like mandatory standard, and some reference standard, like ETSI. So far, we only have a clear standard defined by ETSI for the Mac and they define the framework, they define the interface and they define the modules that should be included, but this is not mandatory as I recommended. So, but that's what we have. If you want to build an edge, there are no successful reference that we can learn. So we follow the standard and see what's the gap, what we can have from the open project, especially for the open edge project and what we can do based on those projects. So there are three open projects related with edge. Those are Aquino, actually announced by Linux foundation and the VCO actually is also under Linux foundation. This morning Redhead announced it in the coming maybe their code base and also called C-O-R-D Central Office Reacted as a data center. So they have different progress and they have different missions. Overall, they are both to be deployed in the edge data center for the telcons. We are not talking about the confusion relationship between Linux foundation and OpenStat foundation, right? But they are all of them are open technology projects. And the underlayer, you can see the underlayer sorry the underlayer edge infra is should be the same, like most of them include OpenStat and Kubernetes. But the uplayer, especially the manual and the SDN layer are different. They select like ODL or NAP or ONOS or XOS, right? This is what code have selected. So in summary for Kubernetes, it should be the underlayer infrastructure options but for the manual especially for the application infrastructure layer or the data plane layer, they might be different. So currently you know Aquino is announced in this year, right? And VCO actually started from 2016 and we the version that they have released, Aquino just released, not Aquino, sorry. Study X just released its first version, right? And VCO have two version of demo, POC demo and code actually already in 6.0 version. So this is the first version from those three project and let we take a look into their architectures. First VCO, actually VCO, we cannot find some code base from online but we see some press release that there are two demos as already and one is in OCP and another is OCP demo. But the technology they use actually is open source software stack and this project is led by OpenRV foundation and integrated with OpenStack and some network project. This is code. It's like actually it's used OpenStack as the foundation of the infrastructure. They also use XOS to do the workflow design for the layout or the archer stream and they use onus as the data plane layer and they develop some effort in hardware design like they use OpenRack white box switches as a hardware layer and they also there are some license issue maybe but they use some open VNF project so this is the code architecture. Next page actually is more like I should say it's a blueprint architecture. It's not real but it's the architecture announced from AT&T when the first release this architecture. It's a most complex architecture among those three projects and you can see there are up-layer life cycle tools and like underlayer look code life cycle also includes some ops tools in the right side. Okay. So two projects actually relate to one one is starting X and another is airship. There are some you know different scope starting X is more focused on infrastructure in one edge side and airship do something like deployment to multi-side and you know they have some progress actually in this summit but we saw some synergy effort happen in the past months but actually they have some overlap scope especially in the deployment effort. So this is what we have from the architecture level for those three projects and then we take a look for the ETSI architecture. This is actually is the ETSI Mac. There are another architecture actually called Mac deployed in nfv environment will more detail to split like manual module into nfvo and meao but then we take a look into this basic framework first. We see the full architecture design from ETSI there are several models. The first one is I should say there are kind facing portal there are other APP proxy to redirect to the request to different edge and they also have meao is actually the application and the MEPM is actually related with life cycle management for APP for infrastructure and for some rule and request management actually those rule and request management is related with to call the VNF or PNF API to enable the traffic to be the most in most deployment model we might be in the aggregate data center and mobile edge host is about edge nfvi this is for host applications service and the VNF in edge side so this is overall architecture actually in the ETSI framework or the white paper you can also see some detailed definition for the MX is about the interface to external users and M is about management interface MP is about the platform interface so if we map these architecture with we introduced before we will skip VCO because we didn't find a very detailed architecture or source code so we just compare ETSI architecture with code and Acreno so this is a diagram the green boxes is about the model that we have in code like they use ODL as a data plane they also use OpenStack and Kubernetes as openinfra they use a tool to deploy OpenStack and they also use XOS as a tool but it's a very rough mapping and you can also see there are some other things like portal or like some OSS in OSS they provide an analytic model to pull those information happening in different VNF or infrastructure to suppress those components up to OSS layer when we go to Acreno this is another picture actually it's still a rough design actually I asked a question to the guy from AT&T that when they designed the big picture what is the the answer is that AT&T framework is just a reference so we only can do rough comparison so you can see we see some from actually it's for the V and for starting X is to do the network network control computer storage also they define some network edge models like unicycle and tricycle models and they will use own app as orchestration but we think it might be too heavy and they also use a design a lightweight edge orchestration model and they also they also have some design admin model user interface and user interface this is what we have and from the Acreno design we saw some tools actually it's very important to telcon for the OSS tools like AI tools testing framework those things and inventory tools we will introduce what our decision making and what we are going to design based on those projects so here we are going to talk about the China Unicons Mac architecture before that we will have some slides to explain the decision factors that we made when we do the selection from those three projects the decision making factors actually this is a diagram to show the three angles one is about the readiness is mature to support a production environment second is agency because the edge business is emerging and we should decide to get into this area as soon as possible the third one is our the size of the every circle when we replace with this open technology what's the return we can get so this table is about some options for the challenges and our consideration is about first we need to focus on those more readiness models and more urgent models second we will go into the hard one like open VNF we think it might be a little bit difficult and for the web box infrastructure it's ongoing but this is our strategy first to use the technology more mature second we go to the difficult ones and regarding code and Aquino this is a diagram we show from six angles first is VNF capability hardware redesign mobile edge application application edge VNFI and edge multi-edge deployment and OSS data feeding and from our perspective we think the code cover some scope like VNF the web box hardware redesign this is very important to edge because in some edge data center they need a re-architecture based on the hardware but we think it might be difficult and for the Airship Plus Stunning X because Stunning X is from Wind River there are some validation in the past one or two years based on the wind river platform to support VNFI to support like acceleration features those things so we think this might be more ready if we deploy it into edge environment but I should say it's a bit of a conflict because if code use Distro from Stunning X it's durable I think and this is the design we have done there are several colors the block the purple one is actually already existing from China Unicorn like OSS they already have some OSS platform and they also have VNFI platform NFEO and NFEM this is the existing one and in some we add two black boxes in this diagram this most commercial one like the base like the VNF and PNF Mac or the UPF we use and the yellow one and the green one actually we port from open source and we use it as a base to start our edge journey and the blue one actually is a third party third party applications like MEPP and those are ecosystem applications to support different edge so that's why besides there are ecosystem the ecosystem is very important and so the red one those models we are going to develop we can take a look for the portal level we might be have we need three portal one is for user another for user admin the third one is actually for ISV they will upload the application to edge we need to check and then put into application repository and for the life cycle side actually in the ETSS design there are application like life cycle and VNF life cycle we add two another one IS life cycle in the future we might need some path life cycle management and on the layer there are existing model to manage the data centers for cloud but in the future we need some data center management for edge so we want to add some MEDC managers in the VIM layer okay so that's it and Jian Feng will go through some validation progress we have done in the past months about the study X okay thank you so next I will share about some more detail of study X and the study X validation result in our lab in the collaboration yeah this page is just a very whole picture for the status of study X project as we know the study X project has been announced several months before in last summit and recently the study X code base has just released officially this is good news for study X study X the position is comparing to the ETSI's MAC spec study X will do the infrastructure basic for all the edge computing cloud from this architecture in the corner the study X project actually is based on OpenStack but study X has a lot of enhancement component comparing to vanilla upstream OpenStack especially we can see there are some configuration management some fault management host management and some other life cycle software application life cycle management component this is the part I want to talk about here by comparing to the ETSI MAC spec to give a clear mapping relationship between the study X actual code base and the ETSI MAC spec yeah the first component I want to talk about is fault management and also the event suppression features from the left part is from the ETSI MAC spec for the fault manager part there is some definition for the interface feature requirement some other definitions here and the right side as the actual study X running the snapshot of the UI we can see here the up picture we can see in the right block is the part study X has enhancement work comparing to upstream OpenStack is for advanced fault management features and the bottom one the second picture is talk about the event suppression and the event management features it's also the add-on feature comparing upstream OpenStack code base this is very from the testing and the validation you can see this part is very valuable to our customers the next component is about the system configurations the system configurations is about the mainly to provide the advanced systems resource discovery and report features for the deployment again the left part the bottom the back the bottom left picture is the architecture of the study X project to how to do the advanced system configuration features here maybe the time is limited I will not go through all the details of the design with the architecture but we can see from the snapshot of the UI we can have a glance have a feeling about the feature of the study X about the system configurations it's very important to say to mention here the first picture we can see the study X UI can show the topology or provide network topology that's very important it's the feature the upstream can provide we know about that the overstecker can provide the tenant network topology in a visual way but for the provider network that's the part of the study X has a more advanced feature to the easy deployment management and again the single in the middle and the bottom picture from this picture we can see from the study X by UI or by API the study X can provide more detailed information about the hardware resource for example for the network Knicks the study X can provide the detailed information about the MTU about the bandwidth ability for some other hardware acceleration information for example here we can see in the bottom picture this UI this web page can provide a lot of detailed information about the every network part this is the system configuration features the next is virtual machine actually management we have validation testing the left web page means during our testing sometimes we can just shut down the physical machine to trigger the study X the virtual machine actually management community to work to do the live migration from the failure failure node live node from the result of the PIN command we can see there are three lines so the network cannot be reached means the virtual machine cannot be accessed but after from our testing after 30 seconds for the CintoS virtual machine can be used again so from the validation actually the data is very promising 30 seconds is quite quickly for other regular scenario and here is code of the study X component for the HSE control we can see from the code this component is written by C++ next is the controller optimization component for the open stack or other control play services actually management from the left this is a picture to show the study X deployment or scale definition there are three different deployment mode for the study X project the left one is a single physical node and the middle one is the two node mode in this mode two nodes can be deployed the same control playing services and to be the support to each other and the third one is more than three nodes it's more like a regular open stack deployment for the other common private cloud here actually we are talking about the controller HSE control is for the middle deployment mode is two physical node deployment from our testing we can see sometimes we have three different cases to test the controller HSE features the first one is in this table the first one we manually to stop one controller here we use the normal computer services we just stop it and after one second the controller services will be restarted successfully and the second test case we just disable the service in the controller node then the result will be the 15 seconds later the NOAA computer service will be studied and enabled again very promising and the third one is we just shut it down one controller HOST the physical node will be shut down how about the result the result we can see from maybe this is a gap we need to do more work to make it better we can see the neutral the neutral service will be needed to be restarted manually this is our result can show and again this is the picture this is the UISM we can see during our validation after we disable or stop or just shut down the node the services the warning and the alarm will be shown in the fourth management page very visible management the next is the eventually management this part the feature is about how to discovery the detailed hardware deformation and exposure to the high-level software to be more smart or more efficient scheduling the first type of information is the DPDK DPDK cared about information the second system maybe some network hardware can be used together with the DPDK better or worse then the DPDK software can get the detailed information about that for the better scheduling decision the next is for the physical network the bandwidth data can be the hardware acceleration devices information in the edge computing cloud environment for example especially we can see there are two important features we can get from the hardware is the SRV capability and the SMARNIC capability that's very important for the smart scheduling that's that's my part of the detail information about the study X and the mapping relationship to ETSI Max back and the next part is the conclusion I would like to invite to have the conclusion again add one comment to the slides that showed in this page the dual model actually is very important to an edge in most of our department in the cloud there are three node normally required to avoid the your brain's spirit to a database but in starting X it's provided two node model especially for the edge in very limited space so the conclusion here is among those three projects that we showed in the slides code and Aquino have code base and they have some progress in version release and we think it's more mature for us to start and between code and Aquino code is with more scope in VNF open source and hardware hardware you know integration for central offices with Aquino is more focused on edge infra and VIM things according to the China Unicorns roadmap we will keep on those projects not final decision but we will see the progress and mapping to ETSI standards it's not a mandatory standard it's a reference and we see some gaps for those three projects especially in the mobile edge application of gestation like the question asking last session how to do the application roaming between different edge side those things like the MEP for the life cycle models and also have some there are some work which is in most open source an open stack company or provider they may make those experiences to integrate with VNF and PNF functions like how to call those APIs to enable the traffic things DNS handling things it's not totally mature yet but I think it's a good start okay that's it any questions or okay we have the round out of time excuse me can we take one question one question is to what extent do you think that your traditional telco VNFs will share resources with these new MEC applications whether there will be new like ice layer for the MEC or whether they will share the same infrastructure with your telco services sorry and can you repeat the question are you planning to use the same open stack with your telco services like your UPF and with the MEC the same open stack we will use the same infrastructure to support VNF and MEC APPs are you planning to use the same infrastructure they can be the same for the under layer infrastructure because for the technology side they can be the same but in some cases when you look into a telco they have different operation teams to support the VNF operation and the application operation so they might require some isolate environment to support VNF and application just a question how China Unicom is planning to separate or use the same infrastructure layer so for China Unicom the I think for almost our global telecom operators the infrastructure of the VNF such as UPF and the MEPP are the same but I think the most important that at the access office maybe the scale is very small so we have several smaller servers so I think one that we have the specific requirement of the servers such as we need the small scale servers and we need the high performance the servers supporting the AI and other computing capabilities so for China Unicom and when there is a construction of the IDC and the regional and local DCs maybe the servers is different but at the IDC we use the same infrastructure for all the VNFs and the MEPP okay thank you


Should men do yoga? It's a great question. We men, we love to be tough and manly and masculine and lift weights. And yoga seems to be considered a very feminine kind of exercise, doesn't it? I've done a lot of yoga. I mean, I've done... I haven't done a lot of yoga compared to all the other exercise that I've done. But I still do equate it very much with being part of a feminine energy. Whenever I go to a yoga class, I'm only one of, like, a handful of guys and the rest of them are women. As a single guy, that's a pretty cool thing.  So what I'm going to talk about is yoga good for men. And to help us figure that out, I've got a gentleman who is about to join us by the name of Dean Pullman, who has created a company called Manflow Yoga. And he is a yoga expert and helps men do yoga and helps women as well. And today, we're going to talk about the benefits of yoga. How are you, Dean? Great to have you here. Yeah, I'm really excited to be here. Thanks for having me. Nice one. So how did you get into this? Like, what's your story? Where are you from? Where did you grow up? Like, how did you get into fitness and yoga? Sure. Well, I call myself a Midwestern mutt. I've said a lot of history in different states in the Midwest, but I got into yoga as an athlete, as a collegiate lacrosse player, and I literally stumbled into a yoga studio, a complete accident. I was trying to find a tailor, and I found a yoga studio instead. I asked them about the benefits of yoga, and if it would make sense for me to do it, they, of course, said, yes, it will help make you more tone. It will help with flexibility, with core strength. And I said, you know, why not? I'll try anything once.  And I kept going back because of the physical challenge and just the demand that the exercise is required of my body. And I kept going back. I started teaching my lacrosse team, and they liked it, and I wanted to get more of my friends to do it, but they wouldn't do it. They were still stuck on this concept of yoga as a feminine form of exercise, as something that didn't really work on fitness, but was more something that was spiritual or meditative. So I slowly, just as a side hobby, started creating a brand of yoga that was focused on the physical and focused on improving physical fitness and focused on the technique involved in yoga rather than some of the other spiritual or meditative aspects that dominated the traditional view of yoga as our society and as most men perceive it. And eventually, the brand got big enough to the point where I started doing it full-time. And now my job is running an online yoga brand, so doing the social media, coming up with products, workout packages, and training people via webcam and writing e-books and creating yoga apps. So that's my story, the short version, and as it applies to you. And so is yoga continuing to grow, or how much is it growing? Because I remember it was considered a bit woo-woo back in the 70s. I remember there was a movie I was watching with Warren Beatty in it, and there were women doing yoga, and he was kind of making... I think it was shampoo or hair style. I think that was the name of the movie. Anyway, it was considered a very niche kind of thing, woo-woo. And now, 40 years later, it just seems like everybody's doing it. What has the growth been, and where is it headed? Well, I can tell you that yoga is growing, certainly. It's growing among men. It's about 25% of people that are doing yoga now are men, which is a pretty big statistic. I can't tell you exactly how much yoga is growing, but I can tell you that there are 40,000 registered yoga teachers by the Yoga Alliance, which is the main governing body, non-profit governing body of yoga. And I think there are about 3,000 teaching... 3,000 schools that teach yoga now. And that number is growing up, one because the demand for yoga is growing, but also because with the increased interest of yoga... By the way, I was just at the dentist, so if it sounds like I'm struggling to speak, it's because the left side of my face is numb. But because of the increased demand and because of that increased interest in the whole lifestyle of yoga, more and more people are becoming instructors and people are paying a lot of money to become a yoga instructor. So it's growing significantly because of that. Now, as far as growing into the spears of, let's say, yoga for physical fitness or yoga, that's outside of the spiritual or the traditionally meditative woo-woo of yoga, which is still in what I see, most of it is still woo-woo and spiritual, and it's hard to find that yoga for athletes or yoga for fitness class. So it's growing, but it's definitely growing a lot. I'll say that. Okay, so let me ask you this. I'll just come out and say it. Why should men do yoga? Yeah, so people, let's say men in particular should be doing yoga because there is no movement, there's no form of physical fitness that covers flexibility, that covers mobility, that covers core strength, that forces you to slow down and examine your body as you're doing isometric exercises like yoga does. It's very common that we go to the weight room and we lift weights, we do bench press, we do squats, but as we're doing those reps, very few people know that they should be doing them more slowly than they're actually doing them, and very few people spend the time that they should be spending on mobility or spending time on flexibility. And if they do spend that time on flexibility, it's only going to make them stronger in the weight room. It's only going to make them better athletes. It's only going to make them better lovers and less stressed, improve their breathing, improve their control over themselves, which helps to reduce stress, which helps them look at that extra meal or look at the snack and say, no, I don't need that. So there's so many benefits that go into it. Let's go into five. Flexibility is, I think, top three for sure. Now, flexibility, again, leads to more strength. There's more range of motion. When you have more range of motion, you have more power in your movements. You can reduce the risk of injury. So injuries like ACL injuries, MCL injuries, ankle injuries, hip flexor injuries, and even lower back pain and tightness can be caused by inflexibility in all those other areas of your body. Rotator cuff injuries are caused by a lack of range of motion and just lifting your arms overhead. So if we can address flexibility in those areas, we can help reduce the risk of injury. Number two, core strength. More specifically, core strength in terms of your whole body. So a lot of people go to the gym and they do crunches and they do their ab exercises, hanging from a suspended machine. But very few people go to the gym and do exercises, full body exercises, where they are focusing on using their core in conjunction with everything else going on in their body. So that's the second benefit. Strengthening pretty much from your mid thighs up to your sternum. So increasing your core strength, increasing that range of motion. Number three is a healthy spine. We don't spend a lot of time working on our spinal health. So the range of motion of our spine, how often do you see people going to the gym and doing a lift that involves squatting, standing up, and twisting to their full range of motion? Very seldom. So getting that range of motion of your spine is important for keeping range of motion in your spine into your later years. And also keeping your spine healthy. So if it does go to that extreme range of motion, it's not going to get injured. Your body's used to it and knows what to do in that position. Number four is, well let's say for guys, just because we're talking about guys, we'll actually talk about testosterone. Now there's a few reasons why, and a few theories why about why testosterone is improved when men are doing yoga. Number one is the movements involved. So applying pressure to the area around your pubic bone when you're doing exercises such as a cobra exercise or a back bend or an up dog helps to stimulate that area. It helps to increase testosterone. The other theory, and this is kind of cool and this is what I really like, when your body is in stress mode, when your body is producing cortisol, when it's stress, your body cannot as easily focus on creation or reproduction. So your body kind of shuts down that area because your body is too busy focusing on the stress on that fight or flight reflex. So if you can control your stress levels, you can increase your literally your creative or your reproductive potential. Number five I'd say is definitely the stress relief aspect of it. And the reason for that is because of the emphasis on breath and the emphasis on technique in your body. So when you're focusing on nothing but your breath and when you're focusing on technique which is very important in yoga because there's so many subtle changes in your body to be made in order to do the poses correctly that if you're not focusing on everything you're probably doing something incorrectly but just because that takes so much effort and so much brain power to focus on the technique at hand it takes your body off, it takes your mind off other things that are going on in your life, bills, relationship issues, let's say work issues and it allows you to relax and allows you to de-stress. So flexibility, core strength, range of motion in the spine, and the stress relief. Okay, so they all sound pretty good benefits to be honest with you. So here's my issue with it. Here's why things that I don't like and maybe you can counter it for me. I don't understand all these weird names that people are saying like I don't even know, like what is it? There you go. Whatever it is. I don't understand it. I don't want to understand it. I don't know.   I don't want to hear those words. Even like the upward dog, downward facing dog, I mean I get that, like I can understand that but these kind of like, what are they? Hindu names or something? Yeah, they're Hindu Sanskrit names.  Can you explain to me why this is such a, like what are these words? What do they mean and why are they so important in practicing yoga? Because if I'm feeling that resistance to it because of it, I'm sure there are some of my male listeners who are feeling something similar. Yeah, absolutely. I'm glad that you, there again, there's the anesthesia. I'm glad that you brought it up. So the reason why that Sanskrit terminology exists in yoga is because yoga is, you know, borrowed from, it's an Indian form of physical fitness, it's an Indian lifestyle that was developed, you know, hundreds of years ago. Now here's the cool thing, those actual, the poses, some of them were developed, I think, circa 15th to 19th century but the majority of the poses that we use in yoga classes today were actually not developed until the 20th century. And they were given Indian names, Indian titles, Sanskrit vocabulary to represent whatever they looked like. So for example, there's chair pose, there's upward facing dog, there is downward facing dog, there's awkward pose, there is, let's say, cobra pose. So there are all these poses that are named after... Warrior pose, well isn't it a warrior pose, I think? Warrior, yes. So there's all these pose names named after whatever, animals, historical figures would have you. And the only reason that people use them is because honestly, I think they like feeling special because they know the name. Okay. So it's kind of, it's this culture where people kind of are intrigued by the mysticism of it and so they use those names because they feel cool doing them. Now I for one couldn't care less about the Sanskrit terminology which is why I completely, I don't ban because I don't have anybody to order but I never use Sanskrit terminology in anything that I'm doing because for me that would be like me going to an English class and teaching it in Spanish. Right. It has no merit whatsoever, it makes no sense. So you use things like chair pose, upward facing dog and all those things though, you just don't use the Hindu name that they write. Correct. And I've actually renamed some poses to make them make more sense. So I can handle I guess warrior, cobra, awkward, upward facing dog, chair pose. I mean I can face it. I mean it's not, it's realistic, right?  I know what that is. So I guess, you know, cobra, warrior pose, upward facing dog, that makes sense as well. But it's all this chanting and these weird Hindu names that I'm like, ah, I'm just gonna, I'm always like, I'm not really into it. It doesn't inspire me to want to go back and do it a bunch of times. So my next question really is just to challenge this a little bit. Like I want to make sure I ask questions that I think my viewer or listener is thinking. But maybe a too polite to ask. You were talking about how yoga gives you flexibility, core strength, range of motion, testosterone, it relieves stress. But quite frankly, I can go to the gym and feel like I stretch beforehand and I get flexibility. I breathe, the mere fact of doing exercise means that I am relieving my stress because I'm breathing.  When I'm in the gym I'm doing a high intensity 20, 25 minute workout. At the end of that I am gassed. I mean I'm like, because I've just lifted weights at an intense pace and interspersed cardio with it as well. So how is it any different? How is the stress relief benefits from yoga and the flexibility benefits from yoga and the testosterone benefits from yoga and the range of motion and the core strength any different than if I'm just doing a good array of weights at the gym and doing general exercise anyway. Sure. So the flexibility is really easy to answer because it takes your muscle anywhere from 15 seconds to two minutes to release to the point where it can start to lengthen. So if you're doing stretching beforehand that's not the same as doing flexibility work. You know, you going and doing, alright let me just grab my foot and stretch my quad or let me just arch my back a little bit. Sure, that's going into existing range of motion but that's not actually improving your range of motion. So yoga exercises will force you to improve the range of motion or to deepen your flexibility because you're holding those positions for a longer time. When you're weightlifting, you're not working on flexibility. You are using your existing range of motion but when you're weightlifting, you're not spending 30 seconds on trying to get more flexible in a certain position. Like when you do a curl for example, I'm not improving flexibility anywhere. I'm just contracting my muscles. I'm strengthening my muscles and that's essential to a good workout program either if you're using body weight resistance or weight training but you aren't actively improving the range of motion or the flexibility in your muscles and that's important because if you want to be able to go deeper into a squat, if you want to have a longer stride when you run, if you want to be able to do a deadlift and go all the way to the ground or most importantly and significantly in what I see, if you want to be able to simply lift your arms straight overhead without arching your back, that's something that you need to work on. That's not something that most people have. If you went to the gym and asked most people to stick their arms overhead without arching their back, they'd probably get right about here before their chest started to go like this in order to lift. Right, okay. Alright, so here's another question then. Thank you for explaining that. So just to be clear, when you're doing weights, you're using your existing range of motion but when you've been doing yoga or when you are doing yoga, you're increasing your range of motion and flexibility. So presumably once you've done yoga for long enough, when you then go back in and do weights you're going to have a larger range of motion and flexibility which will help you lift more weights which if you're a man at least wanting to put on size will help you put on more size. Okay, that makes sense. So the other hesitancy I have when it comes to yoga is well, I work out in the gym. I like to lift weights. I like to feel strong and, you know, I like the look of my muscles. There's a vanity part of it as well. I like to look good. I like the way that t-shirts fit on my body. And so I've always been concerned that if I start doing yoga and scale back the weights, then I'm going to lose size.  So can you allay any of those fears? Well, let me ask, how often are you lifting? I lift weights probably four times a week. I'll do two days a week will be heavy and then the other two I incorporate the weights into an all-round, you know, high intensity. So for example, I'll do a chest and back day where I'm lifting as heavy as I can, it's a five, you know, very heavy. And then on the other days I will do, you know, just 35-pound dumbbells and I'm doing like a set of 15 and then I'm throwing some burpees in between and like I'm really getting a cross-training. Yeah, cross-training. And then I'll walk, I'll run once a week and I'll walk once a week and then I just take one day off where I do nothing at all, really just whatever, you know, just walking around doing my thing. Well, here's the thing. Just because you're not using weights doesn't mean that you're not contributing to building muscle mass. So physical therapists use isometric exercises to help patients recover from injuries. It's one of the best ways to building muscle, actually. And what yoga is, is essentially composed of isometric exercises and the movements from one isometric exercise to the other. So when you're doing yoga, it's not just working on flexibility.  So think of a wall sit, think of a plank. Think of, let's say, doing, going to the bottom of a squat and just holding it. Your muscles are under tension there. It's not like you're just working on flexibility and that's relaxing. It's tough. You know, you've been to a yoga class. You know that a lot of those things are hard to do. So as long as you're doing a yoga class that focuses on holding the poses for a long time, you have no reason to think that as long as you're doing weights in conjunction with yoga, that you would lose any muscle mass at all. In fact, I would bet that you would gain more muscle mass just because you're doing more to increase your flexibility, you're doing more to increase your range of motion and the overall attentiveness to your body to perform movements slowly and with more control, which is ultimately how you build muscle by build size. If your concern is with building muscle size, the best way to build size is not by going to the gym and doing bench press like this, but taking a lighter weight and going like this. Just slowly pushing back up. Yeah, my mate Mark Dahmer, who I've had on the show before, taught me, you know, like when you're lifting up, like push up explosively, but then when you bring it down, like count to five, like one, two, three, four, five. And that tension, that time where your muscles are under tension is where you get the most growth and then you kind of explode up powerfully really quickly. And then bring it down two, three, four, five. Bring it down like that. Yeah. Rather than... Right. So it depends on your goals. So if your goal is to gain muscle mass, it's slowly.  It's doing box jumps. It's doing quick lifts or quick squats, which doesn't necessarily grow mass, but if your goal isn't to build muscle mass, then you're not going to do it slowly all the time. So how many times a week then? Let's just... I've given you my workout at the moment, right? It's two times heavy, two times high intensity, one run, one walk, one day of nothing, right? One rest. What should I do then if my goal really is to... I mean, I do want to increase my flexibility certainly, but I also want to keep my size. I'm not looking necessary to put on more weight, although I'm happy to put on a little bit more muscle, but I certainly don't want to lose any more muscle. What would you suggest would be a new weekly routine that incorporated yoga? Here's my questions. How much time do you have for each workout? And, well, that's the first question. How much time do you have for each workout? Well, I give myself an hour. It's always an hour. Okay. Do you think that you can finish your hour-long workout in 40 minutes? You mean my weight's workout? Your weight's workout. I can, yeah. Okay. So I recommend, and this is what I wrote a blog on this, but I recommend doing 15 to 20 minutes of yoga before you go lifting. So if you can put 15 to 20 minutes of yoga before you go lifting, and if we do one longer yoga session per week that focuses more on balance, that focuses on holding poses till failure, that lasts anywhere from 30 to 60 minutes, that's what I recommend, and that's not going to eat into your training schedule too much. So all I'm saying is put in 15 minutes of yoga at the beginning of your weights, throw in some restorative yoga, so that deep stretching that I didn't really touch on, but deep stretching and restorative yoga after you do your running or your cardio, and then one workout per week where you're just focusing on yoga, focusing on building more flexibility, focused on holding your poses for a longer time. Okay. So if I, let's just say that I ignored the first part about doing the 15 minutes before I do the weights. I'm not saying that I will, let's just say I did for time's sake, right? But I was willing to do one yoga workout per week. Is that going to make considerable difference in my life if I'm just doing one solid hour, hour and a half yoga session per week? Is that going to change things for me dramatically? It will make your body feel better, but it will not significantly increase anything. I think it will make your body feel better, but it's not going to do much for increasing your flexibility or increasing your core strength. I think that at a minimum, you need to be doing it twice per week. Okay. So a minimum of twice per week, and you're saying that if you do 15 minutes of yoga stretching before a workout, rather than what I do at the moment, which is I do about eight to 10 minutes of stretching, which is not really yoga, but I do like, you know, Spider-Man lunges and I've got my back up against the wall and I'm moving my hands up and opening my spine. I'm doing all those kinds of, I mean, I don't know if they're considered yoga poses. A guy called Eric Cressy told me how to do this. Eric Cressy helps rehabilitate major league baseball pitches in his place in the side of Boston, very famous. Is that, I mean, are those kind of stretches that I just described, are they sufficient or are you saying that, and are they considered yoga or are they not considered yoga? Well, here's the thing, a lot of those exercises are considered yoga. They're just not called yoga. Movement is movement. So whether I call a push-up, a push-up, or a Chaturanga doesn't make it any different. In terms of, again, so what you're doing is warm-up. What you're doing now is warm-up. It's getting you into your range of motion and it's helping prepare you for the workouts so that you don't injure yourself so that your muscles are warmed up. But it's not, I don't think it's significantly improving your flexibility or allowing you to check in with your body. And I've said that a couple of times, but let me just say what that means. It means checking in with your body and noticing where your shoulders are when you're doing a plank. It means what are your arms and your shoulders doing when they're out at the sides? What is your knee doing in relation to your hip or your foot? So just doing those slow movements allows you to check in with your body more and be more tentative to form which is going to help you become stronger, more flexible, and less prone to injury. So doing the yoga exercises beforehand is going to help you increase your flexibility and increase your range of motion. Whereas it sounds like what you're doing now is good for preventing the risk of, or lessening the risk of injury in your workouts. But it's not, you know, it's getting you to hear and you're just staying there. It's not really improving, at least from my interpretation. Okay. Okay, we're talking to Dean Pullman who's a creator of Manflow Yoga. What are some other benefits besides what you just talked about? A range of motion, flexibility, testosterone, stress relief.  There's a lot more women.  Like there's a social component to it as well. You're all doing it in a group kind of setting. At the end of it, you can talk about it.  Whereas yoga, it seems to be more like a community and more like a sharing, being more social. Is that fair to say, Dean? Well, it depends on how you're doing it. If you're going to a class, absolutely. If you're joining it along to one of my apps or my videos, no. There's not the social component involved. But what I will say is it's a different kind of high.  You feel great. I think my bicep looks right now. But you're exhausted and you want to eat a ton of food. You're like, all right, I need your food. Give me a protein shake right now. When you finish a yoga workout, you feel more relaxed. I've heard one friend say, ready to slay a dragon? You finish and you still have some energy. It can help to elevate your mood. Whereas I think weightlifting is kind of draining at times. So there's different highs. I'll say that. Anything else besides those benefits? There's a lot of really interesting benefits. People talk, I've read multiple studies and a lot of these studies have come out of a book called The Science of Yoga by William Broad. In studies done, they've done studies on yoga in terms of your VO2 max or in terms of your lung capacity or your rubber capacity. They've also asked, well, what else do you feel? The response, the unflinching or the dominant response from everyone that responded was that they feel better and they feel more content with themselves. So they're happier because they're doing yoga. I guess there's many theories on why, but in my research, what I've seen is that it's just because of the movements involved in yoga that make you feel better.   So it makes you ultimately happier overall. So that's just one benefit. But a couple of other benefits that are of note. One was that it helped musical performers be more confident when performing. So just the stress relief aspect, maybe it's the movements that are involved in yoga. But in a, I think they did a, I forgot what school they did the study at, but nine out of 10 musicians are naturally, here's how it went. Every musician reported that they were more confident or more relaxed when they were performing solo. And nine out of 10 students said that they would continue with their yoga practice after the study was done. So there's another kind of just random benefit or random reason because you'll be a better performer. So if you're a speaker, that's a really good thing to have, being able to relax more. Number three, what's another interesting benefit of yoga? We talked about the physical, we talked about the mental. Creativity is actually a huge one. So when your body is, when you're stressed, it's very hard for you to be creative.  So what yoga does, and I just saw an article, Christina Aguera is using yoga to help inspire her new album, or something came out like that, like last week. And there's documented cases and musicians. I just saw Sony Rollins. The jazz legend has been doing yoga since the 1950s to help with his creative abilities. So yoga helps to take away stress that allows you to feed your creative mind. So that's another really cool benefit. Okay. All right, so there you have it. There are some, some reasons for you. If you are skeptical about yoga to dive right in, you've got flexibility, your core strength improves, it increases your range of motion, especially in the spine. It raises your testosterone if you're a man. That's very good for stress relief. Apparently you can gain more muscle mass because you're able to, because you've been able to increase your flexibility and your range of motion. It's good from a social point of view when you're going and doing it in a class. And it improves your overall creativity. So certainly when I recently came back from my trip overseas, I said, you know what, when I come back to my place in LA, I'm going to make sure I increase the yoga that I do to one a week. So I'm certainly going to do that. I'm going to do that at the Equinox gym there on Sunset Boulevard. I actually saw David Beckham there the other day. It's a bit of a celebrity star sighting place at Equinox gym and I worked out next to the rock about six weeks ago. So some pretty famous people there. And so I'm going to do one of those a week for sure. And what I might do is I might look at a few more of those yoga poses and start incorporating them as an experiment, as a test into the beginning of my workouts. I like to test things. So I will test it. I'm also a little stubborn. So when I get set in my ways, I'm kind of like... Most men are. Yeah. But I will certainly test it out and give that a try. And if you are on the fence, make sure you check out manflowyoga.com. You can get Dean on Instagram as well. His Instagram account is manflowyoga. His Twitter account is manflowyoga. So send a tweet right now if you're listening to this, wherever you are, or watching this. And send him a tweet out now. Dean, thank you so much, man. I appreciate your time. James, thank you for having me. Is there anywhere else besides those places where our viewer and listener can reach you, besides manflowyoga.com? Sure. Oh, I have the Manflow Yoga app available. So if you're on Apple or if you're on Droid, that's a free download. And that actually has a pose guide and a routine section. So if you're looking to learn the poses, it teaches you, I think, about over 100. I think there's about 105 poses. Just list the technique step-by-step instructions to doing the poses correctly. What are targets? Why would you want to do it? Practical benefits. And I would also look at my website and take a closer look at my Yoga Basics for Men starter's package, which involves six highly targeted workouts, 20 to 25 minutes. The Yoga Basics for Men ebook, which was the number one bestseller in four categories on Amazon. And a bonus 18-minute core workout. So those are my number one resources for getting started with Yoga and what I recommend to everybody who comes my way. Okay. I'm looking on the Manflow Yoga app right now. Let's have a look here, man. Cool. I'm putting it in my phone. Let's see what comes up here. There we go. Get install. There you go. I'll show you right there. I'm installing it right now, Dean. Boom. Nice. All right. Well, thank you so much. I appreciate your time, Dean. This has been very educational.  Thank you very much. Fantastic. And to you, the viewer and the listener, thank you so much for watching and listening. Get into some yoga. It'll get you to increase your flexibility and build your muscles a little bit more as well. Relieve your stress. And I'll catch you on the next one. See you later.


Good afternoon, everyone. I thank you all for coming. I'm Denver Chief of Police Ron Thomas here with Major Crimes Division Commander Matt Clark to provide an overview of the officer involved shooting incident that occurred Saturday, August 5th in the 2300 block of West Cedar. But before I turn it over to Commander Clark, I understand that you all have had an opportunity to watch the video. Hopefully you will be able to provide some additional context. But I also want to acknowledge the fact that this is a tremendous tragedy and certainly a life was lost of family will forever be impacted in so will an entire community and so I'd ask for some respect there. So thank you, Matt. Good afternoon. Thank you for being here and giving us an opportunity to provide an overview of the incident as we know it that occurred on Saturday, August 5th 2023 just after 8pm in the 2300 block of West Cedar. I'm Matt Clark, the commander of the Major Crimes Division for the Denver Police Department. This briefing today is intended to be a follow-up based upon the information we've gathered after interviewing numerous witnesses, speaking with the involved officers, reviewing available body camera footage and analyzing evidence that was collected at the scene. There may be information that I do not know or cannot disclose at this point which may limit our ability to answer some questions but to the degree we're able we'll take questions after we go through. On Saturday, August 5th 2023 at 7.56pm, the Denver Communication Center received a 911 call from an individual reporting a domestic violence incident occurring in the 2300 block of West Cedar Avenue. While the caller did not know exactly what occurred, it was reported that a male had possibly pushed his wife who was in a wheelchair out of the chair and onto the ground. The caller had not seen any weapons and did not know if the female was injured. The call provided a detailed description of the male half who she identified as Brandon and reported that Brandon was possibly under the influence of alcohol. At one point during the call, the witness reported the male was going after his teenage son and yelling could be heard in the background of the call. This call for service was dispatched to patrol officers within a minute of being received. Two uniformed Denver Police officers driving separate marked police vehicles were nearby and arrived at the location at 8pm. When the officers arrived, a female was observed propping herself up in a gutter on the north side of the street. An empty wheelchair was nearby and was found with two wheels on the gutter and two on the sidewalk. An officer had a brief interaction with the woman on the ground inquiring if she needed medical assistance. Without providing the officer details regarding the nature or severity of her injuries, the woman related she needed an ambulance. Before an ambulance could be summoned or further investigation conducted regarding the possible domestic violence incident, the attention of both officers became focused on the male half of the incident who was reaching into the driver's area of a vehicle that was parked on the north side of Cedar Avenue. When the subject stepped away from the vehicle, he began challenging a uniformed officer who was directly in front of him by taking an aggressive stance and yelling let's go. The female officer who was behind the subject observed him holding an object in his right hand that she believed to be a knife. The officer described observing the subject moving the object back and forth from his back area to his front holding it in a threatening manner. The subject began moving in the direction of the male officer who was in front of him. This officer presented his taser and began moving backwards away from the subject while attempting to de-escalate the male by calling his name and speaking calmly with him. The subject then turned his attention to the female uniformed officer who would reposition herself behind a vehicle on the south curb line. As the subject began moving towards the female on the sidewalk, the male officer discharged his taser device. Every patrol officer in Denver is issued a taser device. These less lethal conducted energy devices are used to incapacitate individuals allowing officers to safely approach and take control of a person. While these devices have been effective in countless situations in Denver, there are limitations specifically that the device functions by firing two probes at a target and both probes must make contact with the individual to be effective. The maximum range of the device is 21 feet. In this case it appears that only one of the two probes struck the moving subject and as a result the taser did not have an effect on the individual. The male disregarded multiple commands to stop. He went around a vehicle to the south side of the street and aggressively approached the female officer on the sidewalk. Quickly closing the distance with her as she backed away. When he was within several feet of the officer, the officer explained that she feared she would be stabbed and potentially overtaken by the subject. She discharged two rounds from her duty firearm. The subject fell to the ground and dropped the object from his right hand. The officers immediately called for an ambulance and began rendering aid. Both officers including one who had prior training as a paramedic began life-saving efforts including the application of a chest seal, multiple tourniquets, and the administration of chest compressions until Denver Fire and Denver Health paramedics arrived at the scene. The subject was transported to the hospital and despite resuscitative efforts he was pronounced deceased. Male subject has been identified as 36-year-old Brandon Cole. His birth date is December 7th, 1986. Investigators are still working to understand the nature of the interaction between Mr. Cole and the female prior to the arrival of officers including how she came to be out of the wheelchair. Through the investigation it was determined that the object Mr. Cole had in his hand during the interaction with the officers was a black marker. Multiple individuals were interviewed during the initial investigation. Several independent witnesses believed Mr. Cole was armed with a weapon as they approached the officer who discharged her weapon. Only one Denver police officer fired a weapon during this incident and a total of two rounds were fired. The officer who discharged her weapon is a patrol officer assigned to District 4 in southwest Denver. She's been with the department since 2019 and has not been involved in a previous police shooting incident. The body worn camera devices for both officers were activated and captured both audio and video of their interaction with Mr. Cole. The involved officer will complete the department's reintegration program before returning to a patrol assignment. The investigation of this critical incident as any other critical incident is investigated in cooperation with the Colorado Bureau of Investigations, the Colorado State Patrol, the department's homicide unit, and the district attorney's office. It's overseen by the Office of the Independent Monitor which is a civilian oversight entity. I'll conclude by just asking anyone who may have additional information about this incident who we haven't spoken with to please contact the police department or crime stoppers with any additional information. Now address any questions you may have. I don't believe they did. It transpired very quickly. It's in fact it's almost just over 40 seconds between when the officers arrived and the shots were ultimately fired. So it happens very quickly. They are quickly addressing and trying to calm Brandon and get his compliance and that wasn't effective. Part of the escalation is specifically calling him by name, speaking calmly with him, trying to get his compliance, and that just wasn't effective to him. And then we see Mr. Cole moving towards the officer. Yeah I can address that question. I can certainly appreciate the thought that that might have been the appropriate tactic however. So in our training when we have less lethal deployed, regardless of how many officers are on scene that have less lethal options deployed, we have to have one officer that has a lethal weapon deployed in case those less lethal options are not effective. And certainly in this situation there are only two officers on scene at the time of force and so it would have been appropriate for her to have her duty weapon out while the other officer was deploying the less lethal option of the taser. And as you can see there just wasn't an opportunity to transition to a taser. Well again I think you can see in the video that when she finally deploys her duty weapon the person is so close to her that her view of that young child and that other person are not even clear to her. And so you know certainly that was a consideration. But I think it was just not much time to act before she was overrun by that individual. Yes in fact we have met with the family and some representatives of the family. We've showed them the video, we've connected them with victim services so yes. So she is elected not to be to provide a statement to investigators at this point. So she did not provide us a specific explanation as to why she was out of the wheelchair. So we don't have specific information about how she got out of the wheelchair. I think just to provide additional context either for those who elect not to watch the video it is graphic or in this setting who are watching to go over some slides to put some context into some of the spatial distance between the officers and the individual and some of what they may have seen. This first is from an officer, the officer's body camera. He's positioned to the west of Mr. Cole there in the 2300 block of West Cedar. This is essentially the distance they were when they first when he had just come out of the driver's area of the door. He had closed the door. The yellow object in the officer's hand is a taser or tasers are all their yellow. And this is where they specifically start talking. The other officer, the female officer had arrived from Yuma and so she's east of Brandon there. So this is the distance initially. Brandon begins approaching the officer as he's backing away. He has a taser and then he is the officers backed up to this point behind his vehicle. That's how close Brandon had come before Mr. Cole turns his attention to the south to the officer who had repositioned herself on the sidewalk and behind a vehicle. Of specific note and as described by the officers, the way he's holding his hand and that there's an object that they believe to be a knife in his hand at that point. This is the view from the female officer who positioned herself on the sidewalk and put a vehicle between her and the subject to create a barrier. Mr. Cole is coming around that vehicle. She is given up ground and continues to back up. She's backing up to the west, backs up farther. And this is her location and Mr. Cole's location as the prior to the shot being fired. In response, as you can see at this point, the young child who was behind Mr. Cole is not visible to the officer or it's not visible in this frame, excuse me. Any other questions? So we always train our officers to be conscious and aware of their target and beyond and certainly we we do both live shooting and virtual reality scenario shooting where we're in crowds where we're amongst people where there are targets that that we're not supposed to hit and there's a failure when we when we hit those targets. Yes ma'am. No, so again, when we deploy less lethal weapons, we need to have at least one person that has a lethal weapon, a handgun, just in case those those less lethal options do not work and in case it escalates to the deadly force encounter. Absolutely, absolutely. As yeah, correct. You had a question, ma'am? We're ready to get answered. Okay, correct, correct. So, you know, we worked with Colorado Bureau of Investigation and State Patrol to conduct the initial scene investigation that investigation continues and that investigation is being done on the watchful eye of the officer of the independent monitor. And that complete investigation will be turned over to the district attorney for review. We're going to have to continue to evaluate that, certainly. And so, you know, we're going to wait until after the review by D.A. McCann is complete before we begin our administrative review. We have not, unfortunately, toxicology reports are quite a distance out. We will not at this time, but obviously those names will be included in the report that's released by D.A. McCann. Well, unfortunately, we don't know exactly what that means. And we did interview the caller. We did interview a number of other witnesses on the scene. And so we're not exactly sure we were not able to determine whether or not an actual domestic violence incident had occurred involving the why for the son. That's just a couple of years old. Well, thank you.