Thank you, Lars-Erik. Sorry that I'm not in the room there, but I hope it works this way as well. So let me start by thanking the four presenters for their thought-provoking presentations. I think the presentations, we've heard were excellent, and it's absolute pleasure for me to be able to comment on these presentations and offer some reflections from my part. I think each of the presentation has a very interesting research question, and the presentation and the associated research is really based on fascinating original data collection and very meticulous empirical analysis. I also think the findings that come out are interesting. They are interesting not only because they help us understand new theoretical and empirical issues that are involved in these questions, but they're also important because they have important policy implications, and the presenters haven't spoken a lot about this in their presentation, and I will be asking some questions maybe to get them to reflect on that a little bit. Now having said this, I have to say it's quite a challenge to find common threads or themes across these papers. Given that they analyze and study very different topics, very different questions, focus on different time periods and different geographical locations, yet for me I think there are two important themes or conclusions that come out of these four presentations. The first one is the fact that these presentations on the score that the role identities, ethnic or otherwise, as a cause or a contributing factor to conflict or the development of peaceful societies remains a hugely important field of study. Now despite the extensive body of research that has emerged on these issues in the last 20 years or so, I think many questions and issues are not well researched and not well understood, and I think these presentations show us that there are indeed a lot of issues left to be researched and investigated. Now a second important theme that I think I want to highlight here and draw out of this presentation is most closely associated with the presentation of Mareike. Mareike in our paper with Bert and Reginas analyzed the political representation and particularly how political representation is being perceived in Rwanda and Burundi, and given the fact that people act and react on the basis of their perceptions of reality, I agree with these authors that it's indeed crucial to better understand what drives these perceptions of political representation, but more than that, I think we should not only be interested in understanding and analyzing how political representation or political inequalities are being perceived, but I think it's crucial for us to better understand how perceptions of other types of inequalities, be it in the economic sphere or in the social sphere of regarding cultural status are being perceived by individuals and group in society, and the reason why this is so important, in my view, is that for long-term stability and durable peace, perceptions of these inequalities, of these group-based inequalities or horizontal inequalities, are crucially important. Now, in the reminder of my brief commentary, and I think I have 10 more minutes left, I will provide some comments and raise some questions concerning each of the presentations. My questions, as I said before, will not only be focusing on some of the theoretical arguments that are being put forward by the presenters, but I also aimed at getting insights from the presenters regarding possible policy implications of their research for countries coming out of conflict or countries in search of durable peace. Now, let me get to the first presentation by Mareike. The presentation by Mareike is based on a paper by Bert Ingellara and Mareike and Reginas, and as I said before, it focuses on perceptions of political representation in Rwanda and Burundi, two countries that have experienced widespread ethnic violence at different times in their post-colonial history. Now, for me, this presentation and the associated paper is special for two reasons. Most importantly, this presentation is special because it's based on the work and research that was initiated and to a large extent conducted by Bert Ingellara, who, as Mareike mentioned in our presentation, is unfortunately no longer with us. Now, Bert was not only a wonderful person, but he also was a truly outstanding researcher and undoubtedly one of the experts with regard to conflicts in the Great Lake region in Africa. And I applaud Mareike and Reginas for their excellent efforts in further developing and writing up Bert's research. The second reason why the research presented by Mareike and Reginas is hugely important is because it addresses an issue which is not well understood and has not received sufficient research attention. As mentioned earlier, perceptions of political representation and inequalities are not widely studied, are not widely understood, despite established linkages between inequality, especially group-based or horizontal inequality, and the emergence or reemergence of violent conflict. I thought of paper that I was sent off a fascinating read. I have a couple of questions and I will limit it in the interest of time to two questions. The first question, if I have understood the paper correctly in the presentation, is that improvements in perceptions of political representation after the conflict, particularly in Rwanda, was mainly driven by improvements in people's perceived substantive representation. I think this is an interesting finding and it suggests, I think at least, that a regime that delivers in terms of developmental outcomes will be seen to be representative. Now this seems to be quite similar to China's model or social contract it has with its people. But if perceptions of political representation are based too much on developmental outcomes, and hence a regime has only outcome legitimacy, will such a situation not inevitably lead to sharp swings in political support for the political regime in charge and possibly result in occasional bouts of political instability, tensions and possibly conflict. A second question relates to the demography aspect. In both Burundi and Rwanda, Tutsis represent about 15% of the total population and Hutus about 85% of the population. How do groups demographic shares in the total population relate to perceptions of political representation? Are people aware of these large differences in population size? And how does this awareness or lack thereof affect their perceptions of political representation? Let me move on to the second presentation, the presentation by Rin Shan on the hybrid governance and conflict in Pakistan Northwest Frontier. I think it's interesting to draw attention, I think it's important to draw attention to the fact of the lasting legacies of colonialism and also the fact that colonialism should not be seen as a uniform event, in particular if you want to understand institutional differences and or differences in institutional arrangements and state society relations, it's important to take these elements into account. I have two, I guess two questions I want to relate, I want to put forward here. On the one hand is the presenter stated that hybrid forms of governance are much more fluid and unstable and cause much more instability and hence fluidity of governance systems are presented as something that is detrimental and negative. I was wondering whether a situation in which this fluidity can actually become a strength rather than a weakness or a problematic characteristic of a particular governance system. Second question relates to the fact that to the statement that hybrid governance arrangements are not very short resistant according to the analysis and hence this makes them more conflict prone. I'm wondering in this regard what can and should be done in the short term and long term respectively to reduce the conflict risk of such institutional arrangements. Can hybrid governance arrangements be made more shock resistant or is the only way to reduce the risk of conflict in the situation, the introduction of more formal government arrangements or more formal institutions of conflict management. Let me quickly move on to the third presentation by Omar. Now in his presentation he focused on a number of theoretical and empirical findings and insights which he developed more fully in his excellent book The Path to Genocide in Rwanda. I think the book is highly original and offers very interesting new ways of thinking about violence and mobilization in Rwanda and beyond and I have one question I want to ask regarding the third point that Omar was making and the link between radicalization and violence in this respect I just remind everyone he argues that radicalization can not only lead to violence but the violence can also lead to radicalization and indeed he argues convincingly I think that causation runs in both direction. Now while the argument rings true to me intuitively and also theoretically it's still not really clear to me how pervasive or universal the connection from conflict to radicalization is. So I want to pose the question on the which circumstances is violent conflicts likely to result in the radicalization of people. Are all people equally susceptible to become radicalized or are some people immune and can withstand pressures to radicalize and and and commit Rwanda's acts of violence. Moving on to the last presentation but on the question whether primary education has decreased the likelihood of insurgency in Turkey. That's obviously an interesting question and in the literature on education and conflict it's a well-known fact I would say that education has two phases and on the one hand it can it's argued to contribute to comfort, to peace by some of the mechanisms that Tugba has nicely set out but there's also a lot of literature showing that education might actually be a contributing factor to violent conflict. I think about schools and a national curricula that are being used to indoctrate young people. I may actually be used to disseminate hate and polarize people. So understanding on the which circumstances and in which context education is likely to contribute to peace stability and social cohesion and in which scenarios and in which cases it leads or might lead to conflict and violent group mobilization is a crucial question because it's also one of the areas where we think we can have an influence on creating long-term stability. Now the results of the paper are interesting in that regard that the prevalence and availability in this regard of primary education did not lead to an insurgent or a decrease insurgency participation quite the contrary and Tugba in a conclusion speaks about a possible backlash effect of the adoption and introduction of centralized education with a national curriculum and a national institutions structuring and structuring the educational curricula. Now I want to ask a question about that more specifically I would like Tugba to reflect maybe a little bit more on which circumstances in which circumstances such a backlash is more likely or less likely to occur and how can we actually avoid such a backlash from occurring. I will leave it at that. I will look forward to our discussion and I thank the presenters for their very nice presentations. Thank you. Thank you so much Arnim for really extensive comments and a lot of food for thought for our presenters but I'm not going to turn over the word to them as of yet because I think we should allow the audience to put a few questions. We are running behind schedule and I'm going to allow this panel to run over time just a few minutes so I hope there are going to there's going to be no starvation in the room in the interim but I would like to invite everyone or anyone to stick up a hand and we will hand over a microphone. I think we have one question here so would you please we can start over here. Yes and some thoughts are for Rinchen actually. So first and maybe you have this in the list of robustness checks but are you able to look at kind of trends between these places in the pre-colonial time just to show that you know they were kind of similar in other things even before colonization so maybe data from gazetteers or so on just to look at before as well and the second was that in terms of the in terms of the different types of mechanisms I mean you showed us the mechanisms that you think are plausible but also the ones that are maybe not plausible so maybe political shifts or things that you think are not to happen and then third also this you mentioned that there's a rise in violence against state is is it true that there is no rise or the difference across the discontinuity but you know for other types of violence is that unchanged and if yes that would be interesting to see sorry I took too long. No no that's fine so please also for the following interventions try to be as brief as possible so we are able to give the panel a chance to respond please. Hi I had a question for the last presenter on the education for the Kurdish so in terms of mechanisms why do you think education would lead to more conflict is it because of the nature of the curriculum and the nature of what is taught which which gives rise to this identity issue or are there other things which might also be different in the places where education there's more education versus less education are there other factors can you rule out other factors of reasons for conflict in your robustness checks. Hello I'm Baibi Karnista from UNVM and just linking to the panel session we had earlier where somebody said it's always about resources and and power over them so I wanted to ask in your research about ethnicity and perceived ethnicity did you see links how that was used ethnicity for getting access to resources and and their decision-making and how that affected inclusion thank you. So I have one question for Rinjan that do you also test and see whether there are differences in public good availability between these two areas so in line with like banner jire papers that show divergence in public good provisional effecting welfare and I have one question for Tukpa that in terms of the language of instruction when it changes to the national language do you observe larger school dropouts for for people for whom that's not their home language so I'm kind of thinking that would also have future labor market implications and increased resentment for that kind of an instruction. Thank you so much I have two questions one for Malike I think I want to understand why is colonial legacy so stubborn in the case of Pakistan and my question to Omar I think when you were talking about the role of emotions I think I understood the argument that you are trying to make and my question was how do you know that people when they are assessing you know when they are trying to exercise their rationality that they have good quality information because I would say maybe how can you account for the possibility of maybe over evaluating one's capabilities without taking into account the emotions because you know as human beings we are also favorable you know we can have our limitations when we are assessing situations thank you. In any case at this point I think we have to close the questions from the audience and we're going to turn to the members the speakers and so we're going to go in the same order as before and I think each speaker has roughly two minutes so be selective you don't have to answer all questions you can talk to the people in the room but in particular please try to respond to Arnim's points so please go ahead especially to Arnim for for intervening from distance and also for expressing again his appreciation for Bert's work we really appreciate that and his family as well who is following online today and of course we try to continue the legacy of his work but it is of course with mixed feelings as we would rather have him with us so Arnim made two comments the one was indeed if the legitimacy of a regime is only based on substantive representation it is fragile it's vulnerable to economic shocks and I share your concern on the other hand if you look at the data and certainly at the milestone moments of formalistic representation where descriptive representation is agreed upon or brought in practice you see that even Hutu in Havana experience or report a search in perceived political representation which means that they no longer associate the regime just with an ethnic identity so I think at least my reading of the data is that besides the substantive representation this policy of reconciliation also is entering the hearts and minds of people after a while but it took time but it could be that after a while indeed salience has decreased of ethnicity has decreased to such a point that this vulnerability to a drop in substantive representation has has also lowered but of course time will tell and any shock also I mean any ethnic incident even in the neighboring country Bohundi like Omar said could could actually spark these feelings again then on demography people know that Tutsi are a minority of about 15% and Hutu a majority of 85% and actually if you see the power sharing in Bohundi the Tutsi minority of 15% demographic minority has ethnic quotas of 40% which is quite generous certainly if you compare it to the Hutu majority in Havana who lost the monopoly on power and as de facto maybe 40% of ministerial portfolios but this is not public data it's based on our own investigations of the identity of power holders in in Havana and I have zero minutes but I will just say that in terms of resources in Havana Bohundi it's rather the scarcity of resources than the abundance of resources that plays a role in the violence in particular to mobilize people and motivate them to fight. Hi I'll be I'll be quick to respond to the questions that were asked thanks Arnim for for for your very important questions with regards to you mentioned fluidity is presented as a negative could fluidity be a strength I would say that it's more about fragility of the hybrid governance system or institution rather than the fluidity and it was fragile in the sense that it you know it was a it was a colonial era system that was put in place where sovereignty was shared by the center with tribal elites on the ground they were given some form of autonomy in terms of you know kind of maintaining political order in their areas but also the state had implemented some exceptional legal instruments and arrangements whereby they could from time to time in fact interact and intervene when they felt that you know the social order was close to collapsing or it did indeed collapse in the colonial era with with you know conflicts happening in in these tribal areas so this system which was fragile was adopted by with some modifications by the post-colonial independent state in Pakistan which then basically with these minor modifications continued pretty much up until the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 which is where we show this unlocking and violence so in answer to one of the questions that were raised by the audience do you have any pre trends essentially we see no difference between hybrid and non-hybrid areas prior to the US invasion of Afghanistan it's only that shock that you know unlocks this so the result I showed I didn't manage to show one of the further supplementary results was that the the difference in conflict between hybrid and non-hybrid areas is primarily driven by the post 2001 era the post US invasion era so there's you know this system remarkably fragile system worked well in managing conflict but then but then when a shock happens the fragility of this system is such to shocks that that that you know violence unlocks itself with regards to Arnim second question what could be a possible solution with regards vis-a-vis these hybrid areas in fact your suggestion Arnim is absolutely on point we need more formalized institutions in these areas right we need more formal forms of conflict management we need police presence we need formalized courts constitutional courts and we need electoral politics to kind of penetrate further the Pakistani state has formally de jure introduce you know kind of elections and district administration in these areas but de facto none of it has has really taken place on the ground and this de jure change even happened very recently so let's see you know that's something that that remains to be seen on the ground and in in answer to one of the questions one final question about you know differences in public goods that is something that we for sure are going to test I showed you balance on climatic as well as geographic dimensions but public goods dimension is another one that we want to show the balance test for for spatial rd but one of the thing is because the variation that we're picking up in our rd estimation comes from such a narrow buffer zone around the hybrid border we feel that even public goods provision things like roads or rail rail roads or you know other kinds of public infrastructure hopefully the balance test will will will pass but that's something that we're going to incorporate as the next step in ideas thank you thanks so I try to make three points in two minutes in the reverse order that they were posed so there was a question from this gentleman about how do we know whether emotions are driving the decisions that we make and it's a kind of relevant question if we think about what's going on in Ukraine at the moment and the way that we frame Putin's decision on the one hand we he's framed as you know he's lost it right he's emotional on the other hand perhaps it isn't that perhaps it that he's simply you know he can make a calculation and he simply made a miscalculation that that that there would be as much resistance and there would be as much support as there was in Ukraine so the answer to the question is it's really obviously very difficult to know what's going on inside the mind of an individual it doesn't stop psychologists from having a go though there is quite an extensive body of research where they do try to cue individuals with emotions to see how that affects their decision making processes in my case i'm simply inferring from observed behavior and coming up with the most theoretically reasonable explanation which in my view was it's a combination of both cognitive and effective processes there was a question about the role of resources and ethnicity yes i mean this panel is entitled ethnicity inequality and i and something else but resources obviously do matter when it comes to inequality but i would actually go back to i guess the 19th century into vapor so vapor when he talks about inequality he talks about three different bases of inequality of which resources by which he means economic material resources is only one the other is power and moica talked about how political power is a very important driver of conflict and also reconciliation after conflict but also prestige or status and this is more closely in line with what i've been looking at about symbolic and identity and things that are much more intangible to be able to measure but prestige as a very important dimension of inequality it kind of explains why it is that for example poor non-college educated whites in the united states vote against their material interests and vote for the republican party despite its redistribution preferences and then anum um thank you by the way anum for uh anum but so you should know only knew that i was going to present my book about 48 hours ago and i sent him the link to the e-copy i i don't believe anum would have had the time to do so but nonetheless i appreciate the fact that he engaged with the point so anum asks me about the third point about radicalization being a consequence of violence so and he asked specifically the question of well is it true that everybody is equally susceptible no no there is individual heterogeneity um from from a social science perspective what we would want to know about this heterogeneity is the distribution of the heterogeneity uh across societies and across time you only have to look at some of the classic psychosocial work um on violence for example Stanley Milgram's experiments from the 1960 philips and daros experiments from the 1970 solemn ash's experiments from 1950s we take all that research and we think well that means that in anybody's capable of committing violence under the right circumstances what we often miss in that research is that we look at the sample sizes there's actually quite a significant number of people who do not turn the dial all the way to the very end in the case of Stanley Milgram's experiment and who refuse to become abusive prison guards in the case of Solomon Ash's experiment so clearly there is individual heterogeneity because individuals differ in their disposition towards violence and therefore by extension to their susceptibility to radicalization okay so uh should i stand up or okay so uh about Arnim's question regarding where we could see this backlash effect most I think this completely depends on the nature of the education curriculum in a country and how exclusive or inclusive it is unfortunately because this is a very hard thing to identify and measure across different countries as far as I know there is no data that we can use to measure that or to see where we can see this backlash effect but I think the content of education the educational content of the curriculum and also the rituals embedded in the education system are very important and how exclusive they are will determine how much backlash they will receive in terms of participation of participation and insurgency I think um a second question was about how this backlash effect like occurs in practice so I think being excluded from like the school like if you see as a member of a minority group if you see yourself or your identity or culture if it's being excluded from curriculum or school content this is likely to create some grievance even if it's not like about material material circumstances this will still mean that you're excluded from some area that belongs to you originally and therefore this may actually induce grievances as is the case with like economic grievances and of course it's a big threat to group identity and against this threat it's very likely that this backlash effect may give incentives to some young people to join insurgencies and there was another question about how much student enrollment is given that the instruction language is not Kurdish or there are no Kurdish schools yes this is I mean the enrollment rate I mean historically was always lower for Kurdish areas and the compliance rate of course with mandatory compulsory education is very low in Kurdish areas of course this is not only a function of ethnicity but other things like the power of local elites and how much they are allies with the newly founded republic but still this affected students enrollment rates and probably future social and economic outcomes made it would like to like everyone to join me in thanking the presenters and the discussant for excellent work and excellent input so and I would also want to apologize for going over time with this panel I mean if I done this this in Switzerland I probably would have been fired but anyway I wish you all the bon appetit all the sponsored participants please remember to drop by the travel support office at the library yes join this break thank you


Good morning ladies and gentlemen from Tucson, Arizona got some exciting things to share today Exciting thing number one to share. I'm gonna attempt to get this all buttoned up. I realized I had an issue here I don't know if this was pressing out or what but the wood was kind of jogging out. So instead of having a nice vertical Support system it was kind of bowing out a little bit. So I caught that yesterday I Used a variety of tools. I chiseled this out. I tried to use a multi tool that will kind of be hidden by the Piece of cedar so Can touch that up or something. I don't know no big deal.  This goes over this I'm gonna install this next That is to hide all that nonsense Use a couple cap cabinet screws right into the blocks to secure it and then I'm gonna cut a new piece here And run it across and attempt to make that perfectly vertical as or as much as I can Also, thank you to the guys out there who have been using my Amazon store That's been helping a little bit Amazon does pay a very small Commission, I don't know what it is just a couple few points or something like that percentage points That is where I have all sorts of stuff or have lots of the stuff. I've ordered stuff. I use stuff I like things like, you know a fuse block or radio or You know fans that I'm installing in the back with the on-off switch Lots and lots of things doesn't cost you guys anything extra Like I said, it's just a little commission of Amazon pays So that is always in every single video if you just hit that down arrow It'll it'll open up, you know more information. So yeah, check it out there use it Love it. Thank you guys in advance I'm gonna try and kick butt because I only have a about a week left here in in Arizona before takeoff and I'll be coming back here late May and then try to get out of here by June It's heating up out here and it makes me very afraid of things.  I already know So I dreamt up this little idea that's gonna go like that, but on the other side, that's a flagpole holder so I Painted before welding which shouldn't really do but anyways, that's how I did it I did that because well, I gotta sand this down anyways because this was an afterthought The garage is looking pretty good pretty empty. I'm gonna snag one of these one by twos and I'm trying to finish up the wire chase right now. Also once I get back on the road I'm gonna have a slight variation of what I've been doing before a New fun idea so stay tuned for that I'm not really going to give any details, but you will soon find out if I So it's still in the planning phases Just a kind of new fun idea to keep things fresh and And all that for bus number two which I still don't have a name for so if you have any suggestions Throw them in the comments right now, and I'll take a peek. All right, and there we have it secured with two cabinet screws It's like magic It's done and you know the funny part was I Sanded down some of this a little bit where this cable is this big cable is And the majority the problem was actually the foam so I kind of did a bunch of work for nothing Well, not really nothing because that was a little bit in the way, but yeah Just want to get this Perfectly straight so it matches up well with this and then I'll continue on on top of there all the way there and This whole thing will be one giant LED on both sides actually Front to back on both sides and actually connect it in the front and I know it's really hard to Know what to order sometimes so all of this like I said is on my Amazon store Link in this video But yeah, that's where you can get the exact same stuff that I ordered from the exact same cellar as you can tell It's a little hot sweating But super handy for stuff like that it takes out all the hours of guesswork research that I had to do and All the people that I spoke to An expert in LEDs actually set me up with that whole system. So that is yours To enjoy and to purchase all right now moving on I I Installed stain cut pre-drilled tapped and cabinet screwed my way To finishing this side. I also have this little I'm gonna call it an extension cord LED Sneaking through that corner This whole panel looks ready to go over here. I'm still waiting on Something I'm waiting on the top piece. I had a little issue Yesterday cut out that chiseled out that just to make it totally flush Against the wall as much as possible and then it stopped about here This morning When I recut it I think And before this was installed. So this is actually now going to go all the way there on the top The bottom part is going to be covered with wood Up to here and I'm not sure what to do quite yet on the bottom Yeah, in a perfect world I think I would I Don't know have this go all the way there and have the wires go behind somehow I'm not I'm not sure I might fiddle with that right now and see if I can come up with a solution What was slowing me down was the couch cushions They called me and they said hey your cushions are done And the cushions are done. So this is the color. This is a copper brown It is a marine grade Vinyl I have the bottom cushion for this other side But there's a little mix up and so they made actually two bottom pieces This is 25 and this is 12 so I have two 25 Not a 25 and a 12, but anyways it should look like this. I'll get The whole rest of the stuff done this week this part put up. I'll make it look nice and You know showable Like I said, we'll get all these things covered up here, but yeah quickly coming together Glenn and I Did the I mean we wouldn't know what to call this wire chase. I'm calling it It's gonna have LEDs behind it So this was nice and vertical here, but I noticed that It wasn't as wide I see my finger can barely fit in there and You know, yeah, so anyways, it's because this Wood was further away, and I didn't yeah, so anyways just forget that it shouldn't it's not gonna make a big difference indirect lighting anyways Just gonna be a little bit difficult to slide the LEDs through Then over here. We'll pick this up I'll have to touch this up. Also. I wasn't super I Wasn't paying attention to the wood that was on the bottom side But anyways, I'll make a piece of wood the same height continue it over to this LED Extension cord I'm calling it which goes over to the other side, and then this will have indirect lighting also So both sides will have LEDs from front to back the power source is there goes to a little extension cord to here and then ends right there so anyways, let's pick up tomorrow and Tomorrow I'm gonna probably paint this touch up some spots and maybe install the two fans there and Some other stuff on the inside Okay picking up where I left off the day or day before It was yesterday put in the fuel level Okay, I finally brought over the armrests. This looks complete so for The couple people who cringed at the site of exposed wires That piece is right there. That's nothing to do with the wires, but all the wires are hidden So can I get a thumbs up for that please? You know how long this has been exposed. I feel like we're making major strides here in this bus build and to be quite honest I'm very happy it looks Very very polished, and it looks like a extremely high quality build which makes me happy Because people will appreciate all the work that's gone into this now the armrest over here today still got to clean up the bottom part which has some I Don't know teardrops on it But this is what the cushion is gonna look like I pulled the bottom of the cushion out a little bit to mimic a Slant I could create a slant with like a pool noodle or something just kind of bump that out Just so it's maybe a bit more comfortable. Maybe I don't know these are called bolsters I just learned that the other day, but otherwise I am extremely happy with how this looks and Obviously we have some sun and some shade so it's a little hard to Here we go. I feel like that's a pretty good color match right there We went with trying to match the lighter colors instead of the dark Because there's very few dark colors in here, and there's a lot of of lighter colors Light well compared to like dark dark, right? This is a lighter color. This is mostly a lighter color This is where it mixes more so than anywhere else But it was either this or like a really dark chocolate brown, and I felt like this was I don't know I went with this not to explain myself the other option. I was thinking of was red to match the outside of the bus, but Nothing else in here screams look at me besides a high quality craftsmanship of a wander boom and read and mojo bus and Everyone else that's helped me on this Ronnie with the floors On and on and on Steve with the benches and anyways you get the idea But yeah, so this is a color I end up going with in a perfect world I would love to match the driver's seat But I don't have a driver's seat yet. This one is damaged So as Fun as it is to drive it does have a swivel seat, but it just wiggles like crazy and makes me feel like I'm gonna tip over the bus when really it's just my chair No figure All right, I went ahead and cut open the hole larger I figured it'd be easier to drop this in and try and move an 800 pound tank or try to Move all the fuel again. It takes a long time hours. This took me 20 minutes max So anyways, I have an 18 inch tank From the bottom side here down to there. It's about 17 17 and an eighth They say leave it off the bottom about an inch. I have some more between three quarters and seven eighths and You can see the diagram here coolant goes in coolant goes out and heats the tank And also is an inline heater for the fuel In this case is going to be vegetable oil or diesel if I decide to put it in there So the orientation is going to be like that I may swap this fuel Elbow around to here and have everything kind of grouped up together But I'm going to go ahead and install relatively simple I have a push fittings hose barb Which connect into there. I'll show you later. They're pretty simple I don't know where they are currently, but here they are So those are not removable from the hose itself. You don't need a hose clamp. You push them on once That's it. They swivel at the bottom so I can tighten them on the threads here All right This is This is my hot fox This is installed I went ahead and um These are all new hoses I thought it'd be easier to um Wrench them in with access so I decided these are very hard to push on by the way So Yeah, went ahead pushed the hoses on Screwed them in With these fuel sending units, there's only one direction that The screws go into Which doesn't matter when you have um Some big gaping holes like this But it does matter for the gasket which is under it So If it doesn't work in all five positions like this you need to flip it over um That's what I've learned From these projects. So um Yeah, so this is what This is what it looks like. I did end up leaving this screw on top even though the strap will need to uh Go on here rather closely to everything Um I don't I don't know how that's gonna work, but we'll sort that out The main thing is it's installed Finally I'm very excited for that and uh I don't know if I'm gonna continue on with the hoses It's a little late in the day And I'm pretty tired And the camera's on 1% I will be making some slight upgrades to my uh camera equipment. I'm gonna get a um microphone So if anybody out there has complained about audio quality in the past Hopefully this will fix it. It will be a slight inconvenience to me because it will make it might make my camera twice as tall um I have been doing the stealth thing up until now, but I feel like you know There's a few things I want to work on going forward And one of them is the audio quality along with the video quality and of course the story And the videos. I really want to make these a lot higher quality And that might mean a little bit less videos, which is okay with me. Um, but um, you know Really, I don't know Just want to make something super high quality. So when people watch it, it looks Like it's a tv show or something kind of I don't know if I can even pull that off. Also a quick update uh, alaska, I'm trying to leave No later than july 1st to cross the border to drive up there If anyone wants to caravan, you're welcome to But I don't yet have a solid concrete plan. So for those people who are going up anyways, that's my kind of rough, uh date Um, I am trying to make it to the bus fare in oakridge or or again um The weekend of june, I think it's 7th and 8th um on instagram The bus fare, uh for more information Okay boys and girls I'll give you a uh brief overview These two lines come out uh Two of three fuel hot water Hot water right over there by that other tank uh, I took off one that looped into this And then it that that actually on the far side looped down and went here It's coming directly out of the diesel coolant diesel power coolant heater So instead of looping directly here. I'm looping it to the tank first and then back here and then I took off The fuel plugged it on the other side of this And uh ran a new line from the top sucker To the inlet Now I did drain this here into this bucket Uh got a little water On the uh ground That's all the oil that spilled Less than a cup did a pretty good job this time Uh crimped off this line Cut off the fitting Reused the fitting for that one have an extra fitting So here's the moral of the story The moral the moral of the story I forget Oh when I drained the oil there was red coolant mixing with my oil yet again and water coolant Uh Gets blocked by the fuel filter. I'm using it as an oil filter veggie oil filter in this heated Davco filter. This is a second one to be leaking, but This since I had two of them we rebuilt this one badge and I so I don't know what the problem is I do have another one So I'm thinking thinking I'm thinking Ow that hurts when I think I am thinking This is it right here. This is the original one. I'm thinking of rebuild this one again Maybe use high temp O-rings. I'm not really sure. I don't know all I know is that if you have an old semi truck And you have a Davco and you're having engine problems filter problems It's probably the Davco Well, at some point that issue will arise Moving right along good news bad news Good news is everything's hooked up The bad news like I think I mentioned there was coolant coming out of the filter Let me walk you through my thought thought process I called Kyle Volkman my veggie guru who also was taught by nategun22 at gmail.com for everybody who says Who's your guy? Whatever This is a coolant heated system. It's leaking coolant into the oil Water coolant is the worst thing possible for a diesel engine Along with the particulates. All right, so I'm gonna get a racor. Here's why more surface area more surface area means less filters to To replace they're about the same cost as the ones I use about 12 bucks 11 bucks um and two The one that I'm thinking about getting is electric heated and apparently I only need to heat it Just on startup for a few minutes And then it should be hot enough to flow through the whole system because of that heated pick up hot fox thing Which is heated from coolant so I need to order something because I've now failed Three times at this I've used a half dozen filters And Kyle Volkman says that I should be only replacing filters every 2,000 miles I've replaced these every 50 or so except for the first time I used it got a couple hundred out of it So that's the update on the veggie oil for those wondering Um, I have some more to put in here. I haven't really been playing with the oil that much Um, I'm just going to check for leaks on the hot fox unit. Actually, let's go inside and Check for leaks together. All right, so for those wondering I'm running a uh was well currently I'm hooked up running a davko 382 And that's what was leaking Now nothing No water coming out That's one No water coming out on the number two Holy crap this whole unit is hot to the touch probably 150 degrees Maybe 120 it's it's hotter than my way hotter than my body temperature And these fittings here Especially this one over here. This must be where it comes in this one here is If it was any hotter it would burn uh, so It's hot. It's working Just like the name hot fox It is heating the tank. I had it on for about 20 minutes So I'm now just going to touch the tank Just to see if there is any Noticable difference none at all Seems to be about the same temperature um You know about 70 degrees or so it's in the shade Takes a long time to heat up After overnight all that stuff so From here on out I'm going to work on the inside of the bus. I'm going to try and put the floors back in maybe tomorrow Work on the sub floors And then address this system after what i'll do is i'll just bypass this uh Heated filter I'll just connect this hose to this hose here And uh, I'll just replace that with a ray core


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following problem today. Find the zeroes of the foreign quadratic polynomial and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients. We have f of u is equal to 4u square plus a2. So, we have f of u is equal to 4u square plus a2. Now, solving this, we take 4u common. So, we are left with u plus 2.  Therefore, f of u is equal to 0, which implies 4u into u plus 2 is equal to 0, which implies 4u is equal to 0 or u plus 2 is equal to 0, which implies u is equal to 0 or u is equal to minus 2. Zeroes of f of u are alpha is equal to 0 and beta is equal to minus 2. Now, the verification part, sum of zeroes, that is alpha plus beta is equal to 0 plus minus 2, which is equal to minus 2, that is coefficient of u by coefficient of u square, which is equal to minus 8 by 4, which is equal to minus 2. Similarly, product of zeroes, that is alpha beta is equal to 0 into minus 2, that is equal to 0, that is constant term divided by coefficient of u square, which is equal to 0 by 4, which is equal to 0. Hence, verify it. Hope you understood the problem. Bye and have a nice day.


My name is Rex Fernando and I'll be talking about statistical ZAP arguments. This is joint work with Sikrishna Badr Narayanan, Ayush Jain, Dakshita Corona, and Amit Sahae. I'll start by going over what an argument system is. So let's say we have a language L in NP, which means that for every X and L there is an efficiently verifiable witness W for X. So the story is that we have a prover that knows X and W and a verifier that knows only X and the verifier wants to be convinced that X is an L. To that end, an argument system is a protocol potentially randomized that the prover and the verifier can participate in such that if X is in the language then the verifier is convinced of that. Now for this argument to actually be convincing, it needs to be the case that for every efficient malicious prover and for every X that's not in the language, the verifier should reject with overwhelming probability. We call this property soundness. In the context of cryptography, an argument system usually satisfies some sort of privacy requirement. One such privacy requirement is called witness indistinguishability or WI. And what this says is that for any two different witnesses for the same statement X, if the prover chooses one of these two statements at random, then any malicious verifier should not be able to tell which witness was used. In this talk, we'll focus on a particular type of argument system called a statistical zap. And this type of argument system has the following requirements. First is that the protocol is only allowed to have two messages. Second is that the verifier is not allowed to have any private state and its message is only allowed to be a uniform random string. This property is called public coin. And what it means is that any outside observer who observes the transcript of the protocol should be able to decide whether or not the transcript is accepting. Finally, we want that the WI property holds against computationally unbounded verifiers. We call this property statistical WI. So computational zaps with computational WI were introduced by Dwork and Nauer in 2007. And they gave the first construction of computational zaps from Nizik proof systems. But since 2007, it's remained open whether or not statistical zap arguments exist. And this question will be the focus of this talk. Our first main result shows that the answer to this question is yes. We show that there do exist statistical zap arguments for all languages in NP in the plain model assuming quasi polynomial LWB. And in fact, the actual assumption that we use is even better than this. It's a variant of LWB that I'm just going to call LWB star. And I'm going to explain this at the very end, but for now you can just forget that I said this and think of our assumptions as being quasi polynomial LWB. For the remainder of this talk, I'm going to give a high level overview of how our construction of statistical zap arguments works. To do that, I'm first going to talk about an exciting recent line of work that shows some new techniques to build something called non-interactive zero-knowledge. And then I'll show how we use these techniques and build on them to get our construction. First, let me quickly review what we mean by a non-interactive zero-knowledge system, or Nizik. The goal of a Nizik is similar to that of an argument system like a zap, but now we want to remove the interaction completely. What this means is that we want the protocol to consist of a single message from the prover to the verifier. On top of that, we want a stronger notion of privacy called zero-knowledge to hold. It turns out that these two requirements in tandem are impossible in the plain model. So to fix that, we're going to work in a slightly different model called the CRS model, which allows for the possibility of Niziks. In this model, we assume the existence of a trusted party, which we assume will behave completely honestly. And this trusted party's only job will be to provide a uniform random string to all parties. This uniform random string will be called the common random string, or the CRS. I will introduce the recent work on Niziks by describing a simple classical technique for taking a public coin interactive argument and turning it into a non-interactive one. Let's say we're starting with a three-round interactive protocol, and we want to somehow make it non-interactive. One very simple idea that we could try is to have the prover run the protocol in their head and then publish the resulting transcript to the verifier. Since the verifier's message is simply a random string, the prover can compute it on behalf of the verifier. And since the interactive verifier has no private state, the non-interactive verifier can use the public verification algorithm to check the transcript. There is a problem with this, though, and that is that the underlying interactive protocol assumes that the verifier's message E is uniformly random, and soundness is only guaranteed to hold if this is true. So it could be possible that there are some bad E's that the prover could choose in order to be able to publish an accepting transcript for an X not in the language of false transcript. So for this to work, we can't let the prover have so much freedom in choosing E. There's a classical technique that fixes this problem, which works as follows. Let's imagine that both the prover and the verifier have access to some public hash function. Remember that we're working in the CRS model, so we can assume that the CRS is a description of the hash function. So if this is true, then we can require that the prover choose the verifier's message E by hashing the prover's first message A. And then when the verifier receives the transcript, they can verify that the prover computed their message correctly. Let's think about what kind of properties this protocol has. I won't go into the details, but it's fairly straightforward to show that if the underlying protocol has some zero-knowledge properties, then the resulting protocol, the non-interactive protocol, satisfies zero-knowledge. But soundness seems more tricky. To argue soundness, we would need to rely on some property of the hash function. So let's take a step back here. The reason that it makes intuitive sense to use a hash function here is because they're supposed to be unpredictable. But it's not clear whether any of the classical properties of hash functions, such as collision resistance, would be useful for us. This technique of using a hash function to compress rounds is actually quite old. It was introduced by Fiat and Shamir in 1986. But when they gave their construction, they originally didn't give any security proof. So this technique was originally presented as a heuristic. And since then, it's remained pretty wide open whether it's possible to give security proofs for Fiat-Shamir-based constructions in any realistic model. Before we go any farther, let's try to define more formally what a hash function would need in order for us to prove soundness for the protocol. So let's say there's an adversary who has some x that's not in the language. In order for the adversary to produce a corresponding false transcript, it would need an a star such that when you hash a star, there exists some z star such that the corresponding transcript is accepted. So now we can define a relation, r sub bad, to be such a star as an e's where there exists some corresponding z star that accepts. So in terms of this relation, we can now characterize exactly what the adversary needs. So the adversary needs an a star where the corresponding transcript prefix is in this relation r sub bad. So if we can construct a hash function that makes it hard to find such a stars, then we would achieve soundness. Obviously this is a very generic and vague outline of what is needed. But recently, a line of work was able to take this basic outline and turn it into a specific method for getting physics from Fiat-Shamir. And moreover, the last in this line of work was able to get physics from LWE, which was not known previously. I'm now going to give a high-level overview of the last two works in this line. The first of these two works is by Kanedi, Lombardi and Wix. They make some important observations about classical interactive zero-knowledge protocols which are useful in this context. I don't have time to go into the details of the underlying zero-knowledge protocol, but in essence they observed that we can get a protocol where if x is not an L, then there is exactly one bad e for every a star. What this means is that the relation defined in the previous slide is now a function. And moreover, they observed that if you make some modifications to the underlying zero-knowledge protocol, then you can get that this function is efficiently computable. So in essence they were able to make the requirements for the hash function that we need much more specific and attainable. The second work by Pyker and Jihan was able to construct a hash function from LWE that satisfies exactly these requirements. In particular, they were able to construct a hash function that has the following security property. Let's assume we have an efficient adversary and let's fix an efficiently computable function F. What we are guaranteed is that if a hash function is chosen uniformly at random from the family, then it should be computationally hard for the adversary to find any x such that the hash of x is equal to F of x. So one detail about this, which will be important later, is that the choice of F has to be fixed before the choice of the hash function. So Pyker and Jihan were able to take this result, this new hash function, and plug it into the result of Kennedy, Elamarty and Wix to get the first construction of Nizics from LWE. Now I'm going to talk about how we build on these techniques to get statistical zaps. And as a first step, let's try constructing a computational zap. If we have the Nizic construction from the previous slides, then a natural idea to turn this into a two-round protocol without a CRS is to have the verifier choose the hash function H, and then to have the prover send the computed transcript. Let's think about the security of this protocol. I won't go into the details, but it's fairly easy to show that this protocol satisfies witness indistinguishability. Soundness is more difficult though, and so in order to talk about soundness, I'm going to need to talk about commitment schemes, which I'm going to introduce now. A commitment scheme is a two-phase protocol between two parties called the Committer and the Receiver. The Committer has a value X, and will first interact with the Receiver to commit to this value. Later on, the Committer will supply an opening to X, which the Receiver will verify. In order to be useful, such a scheme is required to have two separate properties. The hiding property says that the committed value should be hidden from the Receiver until the opening phase, and the binding property says that the Committer shouldn't be able to open to any other value than the one that they committed to. With that in mind, I'm going to describe the messages of the underlying interactive zero-knowledge protocol that we've been working with this whole time in more detail. So it turns out that the prover's first message, A, is actually a set of commitments, and then the prover's second message, Z, is a set of openings for a subset of these commitments, and the prover chooses which of the commitments in A to open based on the verifier's message E. Going back to our WI protocol and filling in the details, I can now describe for you a problem which we will have when trying to prove soundness. Remember that H is correlation intractable with respect to some efficiently computable F, which takes A as input, and it turns out that in our case, for F to be efficiently computable, it needs to be able to open the commitments of A. The way that the NISIC construction solve this is that they use a specific type of commitment scheme called a trapdoor commitment, where there is a set of public parameters which the commitment algorithm uses, and then corresponding to this set of public parameters, there is a master key which can be used to open any commitment. In the context of NISICs, the commitment key can be embedded in the CRS, and then the corresponding master key can be hard-coded inside of F. But the problem in our case is that the prover chooses the set of public parameters for the commitment which determines the master key. So one thing to note is that we can't have the verifier choose the public parameters, because then otherwise no form of privacy would hold because then the verifier can open any commitment that the prover commits to. Also recall that the Piker-Chihan hash function only guarantees correlation and tractability if F is fixed before H. This seems like a big problem, but here's a seemingly silly idea. What if the verifier just guesses the master key at random and fixes the corresponding choice of F? So let's play this out. Let's imagine for the sake of contradiction that there is an adversary that takes an X that's not an L and is able to produce an accepting transcript with non-negligible probability. So the question now is does this A, does this transcript contradict the correlation and tractability property of the hash function? So if the verifier guesses the master secret key correctly, then the answer is yes. And what this means is that we can write the probability of contradicting correlation and tractability in terms of the advantage of the adversary and the probability of guessing the correct master key. So let's fix the guaranteed advantage, the guaranteed correlation and tractability advantage that the hash function gives us. So if we can set the parameters such that the first probability is much bigger than the second probability, then we're done. And it turns out that we can do this if we're willing to assume that LwE is sub-exponentially hard. So with that, we have soundness. And it also turns out that the hash function description is pseudo-random, so we also have public coin. And like I said before, we also get computation of wi. So the only thing remaining is the question of whether this protocol achieves statistical wi. So it turns out, unfortunately, that this protocol fails to achieve this because of the specific properties of the commitment scheme that we are using. Let's explore why this is the case. Recall that a commitment scheme needs to have two properties, hiding and binding. So it turns out that in our construction, the binding property holds even against computationally unbounded committers. So even a computationally unbounded committer will not be able to open to any other value than the value that they committed to. And this is because there is the master key. So because of the master key, every commitment has a corresponding well-defined message. So we say that the binding property is statistical, so we have statistical binding. And because of the statistical binding property, it means that we have computational hiding. We have hiding that only holds against computationally bound receivers. So what we would need in order for the previous protocol to be statistical wi is we would need statistical binding because of the master key, and we would need statistical hiding, too. But unfortunately, it is well known to be impossible to have a commitment scheme with both statistical hiding and binding. We can construct commitment schemes where either one of the properties is statistical but not both. At this point, it seems like we're stuck, and I think it makes sense to take a moment to appreciate just how stuck we seem to be because the requirement for the function f is that it has to be efficient. And what it seems to imply is that the commitment has to have a trapdoor, a master key. And because of this trapdoor, the commitment has to be statistically binding. And like we just said, commitments that are statistically binding have to be computationally hiding, which dashes all hopes of getting a statistical wi protocol. So it seems at this point that these techniques might be inherently limited to proving computational wi. But of course, the ending to this story is a happy one, so let me tell you how it ends. It turns out that there is a very particular type of commitment scheme, which will somehow provide the two seemingly contradictory requirements of statistical hiding and efficient extraction. And this commitment scheme is going to look like this. So the commitment scheme is going to be a two-round commitment scheme. So the receiver is going to first send a message, and then the committer is going to send a committing message. And then there's going to be an extraction algorithm that takes the receiver's private randomness and the committer's message and outputs some x. And it should be the case that the only valid opening that the committer can give is to x. Of course, this picture as is is impossible since it would contradict hiding because any receiver would be able to run the extraction algorithm. But the main idea behind this commitment scheme is that we are going to allow the extraction algorithm to succeed with some negligible probability mu. And then we're going to guarantee that even unbounded receivers cannot do any better than mu. More specifically, the committer and the receiver will agree on an extraction parameter m. And then the extraction algorithm is going to succeed with probability approximately 1 over 2 to the m. And in the case where the extraction algorithm succeeds, the only valid opening is going to be to x. And unlike before with the trapdoor commitment, this commitment scheme can be statistically hiding. So this idea was introduced by Kalai, Gurana, and Sahai in a sequence of two works. And in the later work, they were able to construct this type of commitment scheme assuming LWB. Let's plug this back into our construction and see what we get. So we can assume that the correlation intractable hash function guarantees a negligible advantage of mu prime. And now with this new extractable commitment scheme, we can define an F that unlocks the commitments in A with probability approximately 1 over 2 to the m. So now if we set m so that 1 over 2 to the m is negligible but still much bigger than mu prime, then we achieve soundness. And it also turns out that the first message in this commitment scheme is pseudorandom just like the hash function. So we get public coin as well. And now finally we get statistical WI. So there are several technical challenges that I'm sort of sweeping under the rug. One particular one is that we have to modify the commitment scheme of Kalai, Gurana, and Sahai slightly so that we can support committing to a set of commitments without shrinking the extraction probability. Second, remember that in the computational WI construction I said that we need to assume sub-exponential hardness of LWE in order for security to hold. But it turns out that in this construction we can use a much weaker version of LWE. And so I'm going to describe this version now. Recall that in the standard version of LWE and in the standard version of almost all cryptographic primitives the advantage of the adversary is specified as follows. For all adversaries A, there should exist an epsilon sub-A that upper bounds the advantage of that adversary. In the version of the LWE assumption that we need, ostensibly the main difference is that we change the order of the quantifiers. So there should exist one universal epsilon that asymptotically bounds all adversaries advantages. This might seem like a big difference but in fact Bellarie in 1997 proved that these two formulations are equivalent. So it turns out that in essence this is all we need to construct statistical zap arguments module of the following two requirements. One is that this epsilon, this universal epsilon should be efficiently computable. And two is that we are allowed to build a protocol that depends on this epsilon. This version of LWE with these two small differences is what I meant when I was talking about LWE star before and this is sufficient for our construction. So just to recap we show that there exists statistical zap arguments for all languages and NP in the plain model. And I should mention that there was a concurrent work by Goyal, Jane, Jin and Malavota which gets the same result. I didn't have time to go over any of the details of our second main result but we also observe that the same protocol essentially unmodified also satisfies statistical zero knowledge under super polynomial simulation. Thus we achieve the first two message public coin SPS statistical zero knowledge argument for all languages and NP in the plain model. And I'll refer you to the paper for details on this. With that I would like to conclude. Thank you.


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What up? It's up. Neeks Nice Dotson silver there RPS silver Echler the chargers and a lottery ticket Justin Jefferson for the Vikings Yeah, we're doing pretty good. Neeks Bruins lost. I'm contemplating my life right now Everything that has led me to this point Why did they ever become a sports fan? Garrett Wilson Cave on tibedo rookie ticket auto Giants 60 Cinnabon Breeze off all rookie ticket auto or on card for the Jets here Dude, you guys remember the one time they had the captain crunch minis remember those yes, dude They only had him for like like two months. Yeah, we're insanely good They were like twice as good as a Cinnabon's to that was like that was almost like 10 years ago I want to sell silver season ticket Trevor Lawrence. They have like the crunch berry ones. Oh my god So overseas take Trevor Lawrence. They need to bring those back. We got to get a movement going. Yeah So let's pick it out front of it. Yeah, I'm sure all the kids working inside would All the people making way too less way too little money would be Would care so much those things were legendary I only had them like twice because they only had it for such a short time Just 75 rookie ticket auto blue Jelani Woods for the Colts I'm telling you George Pickens red on the RPS to 149 say Steelers That's like the cool ranch to Locos taco. That was the best one That was the best one by far even the spicy was solid, too But the cool ranch Cool ranch man silver my favorite I'm surprised even still have the quesaritos and like the and like the cheese agreed to your crunches Honestly, silver Aaron Donald season ticket Rams and silver X's and it was Aaron By what Yeah, I know ridiculous.  It's like like it's like three bucks Drake London. I would every time though because I don't care. I mean like They know what they're doing You know, they'll order it. They'll order it. Don't worry. Yeah, jack the price up.  Wow Orange is a conma dolphins color match So all those adds to 50 on the rps. You got blue corral Panthers just to 99 and Randy Moss Vikings pink X's and O's to No, 75 sorry 75 was eight points points cards at eight. It's most I've seen in the case All right. So again, there's eight points cards here top eight in the random will get points 64 10 times So again top eight here one two three four five six Seven eight nine Ten top eight are the Seahawks jets Niners Falcons Eagles commanders bills and lions Seahawks jets 49ers Falcons. Yeah Eagles All right, autos of Eric Yuzucanma George Pickens Jelani Woods Breece Hall Cave on tibetan Johan Dotson Isaiah Spiller Kenneth Walker the third Cole Strange Jeremy Ruckert Son Haskins Jack Jones Troy Anderson Roger McCreary Kate Aughton as Alec Pierce Desmond Ritter Tyler Smith George Pickens Damien Pierce Tyler Linderbaum Cole Strange David Bell Garrett Wilson nice one there jets got Nicoby Dean Vila Jones Jr. James and Williams Drew Brees Saints Redemption legendary contenders auto Steelers Redemption RPA Kenny Pickett and a red Sam Howell RPS to what's this 25 to 50 It's just like this is nasty right here green pulse our variation to 15 Garrett Wilson RPS jets that is absolutely filthy and A JJ watt 2011 contenders tribute auto redemption for the Texans out of be sick as well. Thanks again everybody on to another full case