In this presentation we will take a look at multiple choice questions related to the job cost system. First question. Entry to record the flow of direct materials into production. A. Debit work in process. Credit cash. B. Debit work in process. Credit raw materials inventory. C. Debit work in process. Credit accounts payable. D. Debit inventory. Credit raw materials. E. Debit finished goods inventory. Credit raw materials inventory. Let's go through this again using the process of elimination. Entry to record the flow of direct materials into production. Now if we compare these answers often we can use them and try to say okay what's similar between these types of answers and that can help us to narrow down on what the most likely answer will be. Support accounting instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. So for example the first three are debiting work in process and those are all the same so we would think well that's probably it could be wrong. Maybe they had three that are all the same and that's not the right answer but typically when they do that it's because that's a piece of the answer and D says it's a debit to inventory and E says a debit to finished goods inventory so these aren't similar even in amongst themselves. So I would think then just by that we can basically say that it's probably going to be A through C and just to double check I mean if we look at D debit inventory that's kind of a vague answer because when we're in a production process there's different kinds of inventory it's either materials or it's work in process or it's finished goods inventory debiting just inventory is not really an account I mean it's not really a detailed account doesn't tell us what the account actually is because there's three components of inventory and we're going to credit our raw materials which is possible right we did so but that's why it's not D I mean and again you could say D is correct technically you might say well we are debiting a type of inventory account it's going to be either work in process finished goods or raw materials but again you're probably going to lose that argument because this account is not is not really detailed enough to give us information and then E says debit finished goods inventory and credit raw materials inventory and we're not going to debit finished goods inventory because we're just putting the goods into production they're not finished yet because we haven't finished them yet so it's not going to be those two we're down to A B and C then A says direct debit work in process and credit cash so I'll keep that for now B says debit work in process credit raw materials inventory I'll keep that for now and C says debit work in process and credit accounts payable and that you know that sounds kind of an unwritten not quite right because it you know it's we're not going to just purchase it we that would be like we just purchased it with it like a credit card and we put it into work in process which may be the case for like a small company but usually it's going to go through the warehouse first we're gonna have to put it I mean if we're talking about a big company it's going to go through the warehouse in which we're usually thinking about and these types of problems so it's not going to be usually going directly into work in process and accounts payable we're first going to go through the inventory where we track the materials inventory so it's not C so let's go through this again entry to record the flow of direct materials into production is either a or b either debit work in process and credit cash or debit work in process and credit raw materials and again a and C notice are very similar here because that would be us putting it directly into the work in process at the time that we purchase the materials and again if it's for small company that might be what what is done if we're like a small like a contractor but for for larger company that makes inventory we're not going to do those so these two could actually eliminate each other most likely because they're the same except either we're paying cash we potted on credit it's not going to go directly into work in process as the point it's going to go instead into raw materials and then when we requisition the form we're going to debit work in process the account representing that we're starting the process of working and credit raw materials inventory the inventory account so these are two inventory accounts it's just going out of one the raw materials inventory and going into the other the work in process inventory so final answer entry to record the flow of direct materials into production is be debit work in process credit raw materials inventory next question a job order costing system records the cost of producing using a a job cost sheet be a calculator C inventory sheet D general ledger E first in first out ledger let's go through this again using the process of elimination a job order costing system records the cost of producing using a a job cost sheet sounds familiar we're gonna I mean sounds reasonable we're gonna use a job cross sheets in a job cost system to record the cost I'm gonna keep that for now the says a calculator and again yeah he's one of those questions you might say well technically I do use a calculator when I do this but probably not going to be a calculator so it's probably not going to be the most correct answer we're looking for here and then C says inventory sheet so an inventory sheet sounds kind of reasonable I'll keep that for now D says general ledger now the general ledger is going to track the costs but it's not going to do it I mean every account has a general ledger the general ledger is going to track by date not not really given us the the cost type information we want it's not going to be ordered it's not in the way that we want it to be ordered so it's not really the general ledger and then he says first in first out ledger and it's that first in first out is it is a system we use when we do the merchandising company we might use it in the materials section but it's not going to really track all the jobs that that would be maybe something we use in the warehouse when we track the materials because we have to use a cost flow assumption like first in first out last in first out or average but not for the for all the costs so we're left with a and see let's go through it again a job order costing system records the cost of producing using a either a job cost sheet or see inventory sheet now of the two it's going to be the job cost sheet now an inventory sheet you might say well that's kind of what a job cost sheet is right but but the term we're looking for is the job cost sheet in the job cost system that's what's going to be used in order to track the costs by job so final answer a job order costing system records the costs of producing using a a job cost sheet


Okay, our next guest is from Citrix, have a seat. Tarkin Cocky Glue? Cocky Cocky Glue, okay. Welcome to theCUBE, we are here in live, Director of Services Development, Worldwide Consulting Solutions. So first off, describe the scene for the folks out there who aren't here and can hear the noise in the background. So Citrix has been helping customers with virtualization in the cloud for some time. Obviously you guys power open source clouds. What are the top three things you hear from customers around deploying the cloud? What do you do at Citrix? What's your job? How has the services business changed over the past few years? Obviously cloud has changed the deployments, the kinds of services that consultancies roll out. A kind of a new breed of consultancies emerging, cloud, consultancies you have some new players. Now you've got the big players like CSC and some others out there. What's changing in that business model? It's getting more and more important and looking into that we touch much more in the RT architecture from the network, security and storage. So we need to broaden that part of knowledge and really consider it to provide the service the customer needs. Anything in the business model from your customers that have changed? I mean we talk to CIOs all the time, our research firm, rikibon.org, our partners, they do a lot of research with CIOs and we're hearing from them that their business models are changing and that they're asking the vendors and our consultants to change with them. Are you, what are you seeing on that side of the house? They ask much more from the business perspective. It's not this solely let's say professional service where we're going to go into like providing technology or technical knowledge, but really guidance in means of defining the strategy, like how business and IT aligns very well together and aspects are here for example, like looking to business models, savings, security guidelines, especially also with all the virtualization flexibility being agile. I mean today many many organizations have changes acquisitions and with that they need a totally different approach in IT. We're here from siliconangle.tv in the Cube on the ground live at Citrix Synergy 2011 in San Francisco, California. We're here with Citrix talking about services and consulting. Has the relationship between the vendor, hardware vendor in particular changed over the years between the vendor and the customer? We're usually a big deal.  Is that changed? Are they more commoditized as virtualization changed all that? That's a good question. Yes, it is moving more into, I think the customer wants a complete solution. So having all the hardware vendors, I mean there's a good hardware vendors out there, customers have the opportunity to leverage. But it's really getting into the direction that they want to leverage like a one stop solution. So meaning like having with the software designed accordingly to kind of really fit into the hardware solution as well. You know everyone in the blog is here, obviously Siliconangle is the leading source tech blog for emerging technology, siliconangle.com. You can find it there for the folks out there. Bloggers love to say things are dead. That's a great headline on blogs. So we've been talking about the desktop, the physical desktop is dead. And that seems to be a theme of virtualization, especially desktop virtualization that, the role of the desktop was a liberating concept 20 years ago. Empowering people to do their jobs with productivity suites, Microsoft.  People chained to their desk. It conjures up an image of like really a poor work environment. So is that notion dead? I would say no, not today at least. I mean, there's so many, let's say challenges that needs to be fixed. I mean, for sure virtual desktop gives you the flexibility you need or organizations are looking for just from a management perspective. How do I roll out quickly? Let's say my new application update or source packs and things like that.  But I think if you want to work like fully, you still need something like bigger device. I mean, you can do the think line. But I think the point where you need a bigger thing is probably your laptop. I mean, either you have a local install or like for example, you can type one hypervisor to kind of take your virtual desktop with you. But I think there's still work to do to get really, let's say, decouple the desktop from the hardware itself. So kind of a philosophical question for you is, the iPhone changed the mobile landscape forever. And since the iPhone was launched, we've seen Google race in with Android. The smartphone market is now legit, fully growing like crazy, big battlefield there. And certainly that was on the IT's radar. So they, a lot of them stand as in BlackBerry. But we're seeing a silicon angle that it's the iPad that has changed the game. So the question for you is, in the enterprise, how much has the iPad changed the game in IT? From being tech jewelry to a very sexy deployment for CIOs, so it's eye candy on one hand or tech jewelry on the other, to actually a real bonafide platform. Has that, how has the iPad changed that, if any, from your perspective? I think it started off, I would say, I mean, you had always like email access at least with your phone.  Now looking into, like you want to have some type of information in between. We had the netbooks still out there, but I think the tablet- The netbooks kind of ho-hum didn't really do much. Yeah, I mean. Yeah, I think it turned, or like the tablet PCs, I think it turned into really this easy to handle tablet and portable. And especially I think a good user scenario is like thinking about not only the managers like CIOs, but also like the healthcare area where this makes it more flexible for, let's say the doctors to carry around the information and things like that. So I think it, iPad threw in a new device scenario, which probably was there to some degree, but never reached probably the simplicity they kind of provided. And I think it's a new trend there. What about the real-time aspects of analytics and big data? Are you hearing a lot of customers talk about big data and analytics and real-time? You mean like- Yeah, reporting, data warehousing, business intelligence, those kinds of things. Yeah, I mean, once it's centralized, for example, in our case, it is being leveraged for exactly like that because your application, once centralized, sits very close to the source, meaning the backend. So that definitely speeds up the process of getting to your data instead of pulling it from the data center towards your clients. We're here at SiliconANGLE.com, SiliconANGLE.tv, the worldwide leader in emerging tech coverage. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. We are here at live at Citrix Synergy in San Francisco, California. This is theCUBE, our flagship teleclass where we go out to the events, extract the knowledge from the guests, share that with you, and we're here live talking to Citrix about some of their big announcements and some of their changes. Here talking with Tarkon about services. So the question about Citrix as a company, you guys have been pioneering the desktop, how real is VDI and desktop virtualization? Are we just on another rev of virtualization on the desktop? Is it real this time? It is definitely real. I mean, just to give you an example, what we built here is from a service perspective is with our partners Cisco, Dell, NetApp and EMC and McAfee and other Citrix Ready partners we have here, we actually want to show that how real it is. We have a data center onsite behind glass walls. People can see it and to kind of really show actually it is real, people can come and use any device they have and try out the virtual desks we provide them. We built them for them, optimized with all the applications they need and they can try it out. So it's really touchable, experienceable, it's there. You know, we covered last week or as EMC wrote two weeks ago, we covered the Microsoft acquisition of Skype. So obviously, Skype's got a huge install base, 800 million people registered, Microsoft's hurting, been reeling for over the years, actually sucking wind as we say, but it's kind of a desperation move, but it unifies them. You guys have go-to meeting and have these apps that literally over 100 million people have used at one point. I mean, you're there. So like video collaboration is not new to you. So how is the collaboration market and the work you guys have done over the years, how has the advances in virtualization and cloud changed Citrix's abilities? It means of the collaboration? Yeah, just in general, the app stores are now nomenclature in business parlance where you got, you know, people, the SAP launched the app store last week for enterprise apps and they might even be able to compete with Microsoft. Who knows, we were speculating that. I mean, Citrix seems to be in a good position if this plays out to really go in and change the game. Yeah, definitely. I mean, I think just starting from the application virtualization perspective and where we are coming from, I mean, we have definitely a good understanding how it is being done, applying it to the desktop virtualization and the other important areas, I think especially with all the, that's a device we talked about, like tablets, phones, the user experience is getting very, very important. It's not just the IT and I think there's a strong force or a change within organizations that users actually drive what IT needs to support them and just considering that, I think it changes the game. Give some examples of that because we were talking before we started about and with Simon about, this is a user experience computing paradigm where the user experience is at the center of it, they're driving the change. You can give some examples of the end user experience really dictating IT. Yeah, so again, I mean, as I said, we're showcasing here with our data center and we don't give anyone coming here to experience the desktop. We don't give them any device so they can use their own device, showcasing actually, you can bring it to your organization and let's say if it aligns with security guidelines, sure, you need to consider, you can use actually any device so the user has the choice which makes I think the work environment easier. Some people like a Mac, some people like a Windows. So things like that, I think that's what I mean, the user has a choice now what they should use to work. Okay, so I guess the question is, is that on a scale of one to 10, 10 being totally ready, zero being screwed up. Where are your customer base at in terms of adopting some of the new technology you're talking about virtualization, desktop applications, you've got all kinds of cool products on the personal side with GoToMeeting, you've got this things like receivers, you've got the new open stack stuff going on. So you're kind of bridging the people and the personal side with kind of private hybrid clouds and then you've got a lot of public cloud. Where's the marketplace on the integration of all those? Is it a three, is it a two, is it a eight? Where's the readiness on the clients? You can be honest now. Yeah, I can be honest, okay. Don't give us the Citrix shield. I would say, I see, let's say the organization between five and six. Just, I think, I know where, still, why is that? Because they have windows? No, I know still a lot of customers who don't do any virtualization or if anyone virtualized, maybe they virtualized applications. And as I said, it's a new move. I mean, we hear from all analysts, this will be the market, this will be here in 2014. So there are still a lot of things to do. And I think the adoption, personally, I think it will take time, especially with the cloud. Cloud is new and I'm sure anyone you ask here, you will get different, let's say, definitions of cloud too. And just taking that. What's the number one reason or what number one request you're hearing from customers? In terms of their needs, their biggest problem. There's always one room on fire. Is it licensing? Is it cost? Is it like a new feature? It's probably, for now, I mean, especially after Christ, the cost. Cost is one point. Security is another one. And the other thing, especially with changing business quickly, they want to be flexible. Those three items, I see the most coming up at customers, where they want to go. What about this emerging segment around small, medium-sized enterprises? Because that seems to be a really hot growing segment. We heard a lot about it at SAP Sapphire last week. You guys are going to be announcing some things in that area. Why is this area growing so much? Because they're a perfect fit to leverage the cloud technologies or just an underserved market, all of the above. What's your opinion on that? The small, medium business is, in my opinion, a big business area, which wants to kind of benefit also from enterprise technologies. Today, I mean, thinking about the coolest technology, the newest server hardware, the newest technology, is usually in enterprise areas. It is not easy to adapt in the SMB market. And even though, like, let's say, if you look at the large enterprise, the revenue, piece, or contribution overall to the economy is large, but the SMB, just amount of SMB we have out there is just immense. I mean, and that is not covered. So today, with the technology we have, the cloud and things like that, I think SMB market gets an opportunity to join the enterprise type of, let's say, technologies and cost-wise it is also getting very reasonable. Okay, we're here inside theCUBE. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE.com, your reference point for emerging technologies. We're putting out hundreds of blog posts a week. We have analysts, we got research, we got data. We have theCUBE, our flagship telecast. We go to the events and talk to the folks on the ground, get the knowledge, share that with you. Thank you so much for coming on theCUBE. Appreciate it. Good luck with your services and your consultants and all your army of services. Thank you.


Fellow veterans, French compatriots, and the proud people of Montibor. We stand here today on the 79th anniversary of the historic Allied invasion of Normandy. Fierce fighting between the heavily entrenched Germans and the Allied forces filled the air for several days. The Germans fled, and the citizens of Montibor were finally able to begin the long road to recovery. 79 years later, as my teammates reflect on the sacrifice and the steadfast and loyal spirit of the Ivy soldiers who fought for this beautiful town. We must also remember the local men and women who survived the most horrendous conditions. Montibor is a town that was rebuilt from blood and ash, and is a town that has not forgotten its legacy. The 4th Infantry Division has returned to Europe. We join allies to focus on a different threat to freedom. We stand together. We're stronger together, and we're prepared more now than ever to protect each other and protect freedom.


Bemidji swimming and diving, hosting Perm and Thief River Falls. In the 100 butterfly, Kaley Hickman gets a great start for Bemidji, needs every bit. She wins by 4 tenths of a second. In the 500 free, that's the really long one. Laura Davis for Bemidji blew the field away, winning with 5 minutes 55 seconds, 14 better than second place. And in the 200 free style relay, the Bemidji team of Paige Anderson, Miranda Porte, Kaley Hickman and Laura Davis comes away with the win, beating Perm by 4 seconds. Bemidji would run away with the meets, or swim away rather, 281 points for the Jacks.


Hi everybody, myself is Umash Shankar, Senior Physical Therapist, Manipal Hospital's Bangalore. During this pandemic stage, it's quite important to maintain your lung function healthier. As we all know that the coronavirus primarily affects your lung, it's quite important to maintain your respiratory muscles more strengthened. There are a few techniques which I will be describing to improve your lung function. Before entering to these techniques, there are few common instructions which you have to follow. The first instruction would be always inhale through your nose and exhale through your mouth. In each exercises, you need to hold for 5 seconds or 5 counts. And there will be hand placements in different lobes. In such a way, you have to feel the lung expansion and recall it. These are the three instructions which you have to follow while doing this breathing exercise. The first breathing exercise would be the apical breathing exercise. Place your hands crossed. Place it below your collar bone. This would be your apical breathing exercise. The second one would be your lateral breathing exercise. Place your hand on your lateral chest wall. This would be your lateral breathing exercise. The third one would be your diaphragmatic breathing exercise. Place your hand just below the chest wall, almost close to your abdomen. So these are the three breathing techniques which you have to follow with the instructions what I have told before. The next technique would be your thoracic expansion exercise. There are three thoracic expansion exercises. And here too, you have to follow some of the few instructions for all the thoracic expansion exercises. The first one would be your always inhale through the nose and exhale through your mouth. The second one would be hold for five seconds. The third one is quite important. Each arm movement has to coordinate with your breathing pattern. Okay, let's get into this thoracic expansion exercise. The first exercise would be try to raise your arm up. This would be the first exercise. The second one would be your thoracic expansion exercise. The third one would be your horizontal. Put your arms horizontal. So these are the three thoracic expansion exercises in order to improve your thoracic mobility. So let's get into the third technique which is your positioning. I would be explaining three positionings. So one will be in line and one will be in sitting. The third one will be in standing. All these positions, it's good to follow that to improve your air entry into the lines and to stop maximum using of your accessory muscles. So first in line position, I would be suggesting the best position is lying on your tummy. The second quite important position is you can lie on your back but make sure your head and or your upper end is elevated a bit almost around 30 to 45 degrees. So the next thing sitting. In sitting, where you can find the table in front of you. So you can put your arms resting on the table, make sure your shoulders are relaxed and try to bend forward and put your forehead on your hand. So this would be the best position in sitting. Now let's get into that standing position. So when you are in a standing position, you can use the same table wherein you can put your hands on the table and gently lean forward. So these are the best positions which will improve your air entry to the lungs. So these are the key points which you have to follow regularly. All these previous exercises, whatever which have been told, it's good to do it four times your day in each exercises 10 repetitions. So thank you all for giving me your opportunity to put forth my exercises here in during this pandemic stage. So stay safe, maintain social distancing, stay healthy.


So, in this lecture I will give you a simplistic flavor of an important like part of I mean important part of the design flow or design automation flow called system and net net list and system partitioning. So, in design systems the designs are becoming increasingly complex huge in size of the order of millions or hundreds of millions in some cases. One of the pragmatic the most pragmatic approach of handling such a huge complexity is to use divide and conquer approach where in the big partition the big design into manageable sub designs. So, that each sub design meet some constraints of the resource constraints like the each design should be fitable on the FPGAs we have at our disposal or whatever, but one of the main like optimization criteria needs to like try and minimize the number of connections which go across the sub designs that is kind of communication that is going to be the interaction complexity. So, we would like it is each one of the sub designs to be as independent of the other one as possible. So, clearly it the I mean the idea is to try and minimize the number of connections that is one of the most natural objective objectives to optimize in such partitioning approaches. So, the primary goal of partitioning is to primary goal often is to minimize the number of connections interconnection between sub circuits. So, for example, let us take this dummy example contrived example with say 8 cells of the NAND nor whatever kind very simple cells each one of them can be implemented on the standard cell. And let us say that we have we have been asked to like to implement this circuit consisting of 8 gates on to 2 chips for the sake of illustration assume that we have on this chip 4 standard cells which can accommodate up to 4 gates and on this chip we have 4 standard cells which can accommodate up to 4 cells. So, in that net list we had 8 cells 8 gates. So, this should suffice and let us assume that we have plenty of area to root connections if connections from between these cells. So, now there are plenty of options you know which of this 4 cells should go on this chip which of this which of which 4 of those 8 cells should go on to the other one right. So, supposing supposing we had like you know we try to we took the option of cutting this net list with 8 gates into into this 4 a b c d and the remaining 4 e f g h. So, along this cut line we partition the circuit into 2 parts 1 with a b c d and the other one with e f g h. Similarly, we could take other option some other cut for example, this cut 2 given by this green line in which we are going to put a b d e on one side one chip with those 4 standard cells and the cells or gates c f g h on the other chip the 4 standard cells of the other chip. So, let us look let us just visualize how it would look like if we were to take the first option of partitioning along the so called cut line one with a b c d a b c d on one side and e f g h on the other side this a this gates a b c d could be placed again using some algorithm we could decide that a b c d should be placed in those 4 standard cells in this passion and e f g h are safe placed on the other second chip on the 4 standard cells of that chip. Now, you see that while completing the routing we realize that the cell d has to drive the inputs of gate f and a cell c has to drive the input of gate g and this 2 these 2 connections have to go across the chip whereas, the all the other connections like a to c is within that within the first chip the other connection like e to f is within the second chip g to h is within the second chip and so on. So, only this connection from d to f and from c to g have to cross the boundaries of this chips. So, we say that to the cost of this particular cut separating this implementing this a gate design into this 2 parts is 2 because there are 2 wires that are being cut of course, this is fairly simplistic kind of example, but you just this is important to build abstractions. If on the other hand if we were to take the other option this cut number 2 as shown in this by this green cut line which is going to separate a b d e on like you know from c f g h. So, a b d e are we are going to try and we are going to put them on the left chip and e f g h sorry c f g h on the right side. So, by some placement strategy let us say we decide to put a b d e on this 4 standard cells in this fashion c f g h on this 4 standard cells. So, this is chip number 1 this is chip number 2. Now, you see that like you know to do the complete the wiring you will realize that as many as 4 wires a to c b to c the d to f e to f this have to go across this, across this partition. So, the cost of this particular implementation would be 4 lines 4 wires which have to be routed across. So, you know this would within a chip the delays would be small across the chip delays could be large. So, because of this reason we would like to try and keep this number of connections going across small. There are various considerations why we would like to minimize the number of connections which have been broken. So, clearly as shown in this example there are several choices we are consider two of the choices and we like saw that the one of the I mean the choice number 1 is cut 1 is better than the cut number 2. The algorithmic problem is how to identify this best best or nearly best choice of how to partition. So, to be able to design algorithm one has to built a use abstractions like graphs and hypergraphs for modeling net list. So, supposing we have with the help of a graph let us say let us assume that this particular graph represents abstractly some net list not really everything about a net list is being represented in this graph, but like you know enough information that we will going to use to partition this graph let us say. So, I just want to illustrate one simple concept which we are going to use in the so called cunning and lean algorithm. So, this example is just about adequate for that. So, supposing currently at some like you know intermediate snapshot of the algorithmic process to decide on a good partition into two parts this 1, 2, 3 this 5 nodes have been like you know grouped on into one partition and this file the remaining nodes have been grouped into other partition. So, this cut line is describing a particular partition of this graph. So, now we want to see whether we can improve upon this and in particular we want to kind of respect some constraint which a natural constraint justifiable constraint that the new partition like this particular partition should also have 5 nodes on either side same number of nodes on either side it is that like every node has equal amount of area requirement. So, we would like to make sure that neither of the side neither of the partition becomes like you know rather too big like compared to the other one or that roughly they should be of same size. So, ideally we would like them the new partition which hopefully is better quality partition to be also of equal size on both sides. So, natural idea would be to try and identify which a pair of node on this side and a pair of node on this side and try and swap them. So, that will help us keep the sizes also balanced, but we will try to identify which of these swaps find 5 square swaps 25 possible swaps we should do. So, as to improve this and a sequence of such swaps which we should like identify and commit to. So, that we have a better partition note that this is problem with only 10 nodes we could have millions of nodes of this kind. So, it is not going to be easy to like you know do it by trial and error there must be some like efficient algorithmic approach to take care of this to implement this.  So, look note that a and b are across the cut a is on the left side a is on one part and in one part and b is on the in the other part. So, notice that a is connected to two nodes a is connected to two neighboring nodes on its own side and b is connected to only one neighboring node on its own side. On the other hand a while a is connected to just two nodes on its own side a is connected to in fact three nodes on the opposite side and b is also connected to two nodes on the opposite side. So, if a were to move to the other side what is going to happen that three nodes three edges which link a to the other side they will become the internal edges of the new like partition. So, basically moving a from here to here is going to drag this two edges into the cut at the same time this three edges will be which are currently in the cut will no longer would no longer appear in the cut. So, on the similarly moving bead from here to here would drag this blue this single edge into the cut and this two edges will. So, this definitely this blue edge will be will be dragged into the cut this edge will also will will sort of vanish from the cut, but this edge which is currently in the cut it will continue to remain the cut because it is between a and b the pair of nodes which we are swap swapping. So, any node any edge which is between a pair of nodes which we are swapping that will continue to remain the cut any edge which is from a node being swapped into its own part it will now bring into the cut it will get brought into the cut and any edge which is across the cut and not between the pair that we are swapping like this edge or this edge this edge this edges which are currently in the cut they will vanish. So, the new cut. So, the revised cut will have slightly different cost and that will be based on this numbers how many nodes like is a connected to its within its own part how many that is how many edges does a have incident on itself from its own side how many edges does b have incident on to itself on its from its own side. So, a has two edges incident to itself from its own side b has exactly one edge incident to itself from its own side a has one to three edges going to the other side b has one and two edges going to the other side. So, this numbers are going to play some role. So, we will kind of define them. So, we x of a e x to stands for external. So, we will denote by a e x to of a number of edges which are going from a to the other side. So, that will be three here and int of a the presenting the internal connections from a to its own side that will be two. Similarly, x of b is one and two there are two connections from two links from b going to the other side int of b is one just one. Furthermore, the cost of connection a to b is one there is only one link that is joining a and b. Now, see what happens when we swap b has been brought here a has been moved to the other side. So, a was connected to this pair of nodes and b was connected to this. Furthermore, a was connected also to b and b was connected to b was connected to a as well as this node. This is the new partitioning after swapping of a and b and what we notice is that number of before we swapped we had how many edges being cut 1, 2, 3, 4. So, this is the after swapping a and b this is the resulting network. The change in the cost of cut will turn out to be we can verify prove that it is going to be e x t a minus i n t a plus e x t b minus a n b. So, what is this first term mean e x t a minus e x t a e x t a are the number of connections that a had to the other side and those kind of edges are going to get absorbed like you know vanish from the cut. So, that is an improvement whereas, int a the number of edges connected to its own side they are going to appear in across the cut. So, this is the bad thing this is the good thing this is the bad thing good thing bad thing. So, this is some kind of this minus this is some kind of gain of moving a from to the other side this is the gain of moving b to the other side, but since we have done the swap the connections between a and b would kind of offset things to a extent and that will be minus 2 times the cost of the number of connections between a and b. So, in this particular example the e x t a was equal to 3 int a was 2 e x t b was 2 and in b was is b in b is 1 and c a b cost is 1.  So, that is 1 plus 1 minus 2 into 1. So, that is minus 2 so that is 0 in this particular example the change in the cost is going to be 0 there is no improvement in the cost. So, it is quite simple stuff. So, I mean in this model we are not going to describe the algorithms in detail or that is a study of a separate course on VLSI design automation. So, it is just for the sake of flavor and to kind of slowly proceed to the illustration helping you to develop your own insights into how this modeling is done with the help of graphs and how certain simple like you know calculations will be done by the algorithm which will on the basis of it the decisions will be taken and so on. So, this is I am just leading you to a very well known heuristic called Koenig-Hanlin heuristic which make use of such accounting information accounting approach with the help of this numbers which together contribute to so called gain in the cut. So, in general for any node define the so called d of u which is defined as gain in cut cost that means improvement that means reduction in cut cost gain means reduction when u is moved to the other side. Clearly this can be easily shown to be it is a x t of u minus i n t of u where we had I have already illustrated the definition of what is x t of u and what is i n t of u. So, this is the number of edges which connect u to the other side and number of here number of edges connect connecting u to its own side nodes on its own side. So, if only if instead of swapping we are just moving a one vertex from one side to the other one this is the reduction this will give us the reduction in the cut because this many edges are going to vanish from the cut and this many edges are going to come into the into the new cut. So, now this is for just a movement of a single nodes say supposing our intention is to swap right. So, gain in cut due to swap of nodes say u and v will turn out to be the reduction in the cut cost is turn out to be the gain due to movement of u the gain due to the movement of v, but offset by two times the number of connections between u and v can be easily proved you can think of it as an exercise. So, clearly, but supposing you have been asked to like find a pair of nodes u on one side v on the other side which will like you know swap will improve the cut that is reduce the cut to a good extent then you would definitely look for node u and v such that d u is very high that is this e x t u minus i n t u is high d v is high and hopefully the number of connections between them is they could be parallel connections of course, it is need not be just 1 or 0 this is small. So, then this particular reduction is as high as possible. So, clearly we would like to identify this pairs of nodes to be swapped. So, now let us work with an example which I think appeared about sometime last year a very good book compact book which gives very good illustration of basic algorithms also some theory behind it it is not an exhaustive book there are better books which there are books which are far more exhaustive on the subject or more specialized into certain certain sub topics, but this will be a good book for the starters also very nicely written and good illustrations exercises and some good support for teaching. So, the example that I am doing is borrowed from this book the chapter number 2 which is on graph partitioning you can get more details like you know from the this book. So, the example that I am going to lead you through is very simple example again highly contrived, but illustrates ideas very well. So, let us assume that out of a net list we have abstracted out a graph and the graph is like e a b c d e f g h. So, this is a eight node graph think of like assume that this eight nodes each one of them is representing one gate or a one standard cell and let us say we have maybe initially or at some point in the algorithm we have arrived at this particular partition the partition a b c d in one on one side and f g h on the other side. What is the cost of this partition is equal to you can see that it is 1 2 3 4 5 and plus 4 9 it is a high cost right it is a bad partition clearly like if you see that you know by just by inspection you can see that if you were to partition this eight node graph into two parts equal parts this would be the best this would be the one which would minimize the number of edges being cut that will be precisely one. So, yeah I mean things are not going to be so simple to visualize or in solve by inspection. So, let us use this simple example where we have good intuition of whether the algorithm the so called cunning and linear algorithm is it proceeding with some good natural intuition or like you know has some natural justification or not. So, it should be intuitively like obvious algorithm. So, now the let us collect some supposing let us proceed along the natural idea that like you know since we have to keep this partition balanced like you know these two parts balanced we will commit to doing only swaps one at a time. So, and without any further clue like the obvious thing is to be trying greedy supposing we have been told by experts that this problem of partitioning graph into two equal parts. So, that the number of connections going across is minimize this problem is known to be NP hard or like you know. So, it is it is good to kind of think in terms of heuristics and then develop further intuition insight and then try better approximation algorithms more theoretical investigations, but let us use our intuition first and try and design a good heuristic. So, that heuristic is one natural approach seems to be do swaps in a greedy way. So, what would be the first swap that you would kind of go for with the intention of improving this cut as much as possible right now the cost of the cut is 9. So, for that again I mean some kind of book keeping will help and that book keeping will be in terms of or the account accounting information or whatever would be this maintaining this d information for every node d a equal to how much d b d c and. So, d a will be how much for example, a was d a the cost of moving or the not a cost in fact, the gain or reduction in the cost if we were to move a to the other side of course, we are not just going to move will swap, but if we were allowed to just move a from to the other side a is connected to just one node on its own side that is internal cost of a is 1, but a is connected to two nodes on the other side e namely e and f. So, the gain in the cut if you move a to the other side is going to be 2 minus 1 that is 1 ok. Similarly, gain for b is going to be 1 gain for c is will be how much c is connected to 1 node only 1 node on its own side, but c is connected to 1 2 3 nodes on the other side. So, gain if we move c is going to be 2 and for d it is just 1 for e 1 f like c it is going to be 2 g it is 1 h it is 1 from this information and to information about the number of connections between any pair of nodes that is already available in this graph from this we will be able to identify a pair whose gain will be highest which when swap will be highest. So, recall that this recall that gain due to gain in the cut or reduction the cost of a cut due to swap a swapping a pair u and v assuming that u and v are on the opposite side is the gain due to movement of u gain due to movement of v minus 2 times of this is the offsetting thing, but fortunately like you know in this example rather in this example it is quite obvious that since c and f have the highest gain due to the movement and c and f although they are connected by 1 it will turn out to be the best pair to swap ok. One can verify that look by comparing it with all other pairs best pair swap is evidently c and f. Once we do that what will be the reduction or gain in the cost in the cost of cut that will be earlier cost that is 9 minus the gain due to c comma f which is 9 minus how much d c plus d f ok. I think I made a mistake ok. So, let us put a question mark here is c f because c and f have very high like you know both of them have the highest gain of just movement to each will it give us the best pair to swap this will be 9 minus how much gain will be 2 plus 2 minus 2 that is 9 minus 2 7. On the other hand consider swapping c and say e ok. So, gain due to the swap of c and e will be d c plus d of e minus 2 times c. So, this will be 2 plus 1, but although this is less than but here it is 0. So, this is 3. So, here the gain was just 2 that help reduce the partition with the cut cost from 9 to 7, but here if we swap c and e instead of swapping c and f we would have the improvement in the cut cost by 3. So, the cut would reduce to 9 minus 3 that is 6 which is better. So, like maybe you know we should not simply try and be like when we will have to work out all possible for every possible pair the gain and hopefully that is not too much of computation and then find a one that is best. So, in this case if we can verify and further and confirm that c and e is the c and e is the best pair to swap ok. So, c and f our earlier intuition means guess was wrong. So, this is the new picture across this cut line and the new cut cost is going to be 1 2 3 4 5 6 and confirm that it is 9 minus gain of c comma e that is 9 minus. So, now let us mark here that c and e have been like you know other ones which have participated in the swap and like you know to decide the next swap or subsequent swaps will not like you know allow them to play any role will kind of freeze them in their like respective parts they will not play any role until we kind of consider the other swaps as a sequence of swaps which will hopefully improve the cut cost to I mean in the best possible way. So, I say that now what was remark over here is that swap c e here a swap c and e and fix them. So, we are not going to allow them to participate fix this pair of nodes c and e like you know we not allow them to participate in future swaps. So, now in this in this graph in this partitioning that we have it has that has resulted after this first swap we have again have to kind of like you know find up next best pair of swaps like without which do not involve either c or e. So, could it be f or could it be d e or whatever. So, what do you think what would be the best pair of nodes to be swapped again we have to calculate those d values the gain values find which reflect the gain by movement of node on to the other side, but we have to correct it by that twice this connection c times u comma v and all that. So, we can here compute up gains by for every allowed swap and find a best one. So, it will so turn out that. So, if you just like in fact quite we can notice that d is a kind of node which is standing by which is kind of disconnected from everything else on its side. So, most naturally you know. So, you will start means you can start guessing that d should participate in swap because you know at this nothing to lose everything it has to gain all the edges which are connected to d are to the other side. So, by moving d on to the other side you are going to gain all that much and lose nothing. Similarly, on this side it looks like there is no such node like d which is isolated, but f is next best thing to isolated. So, if we move f to the other side we see that only one edge will come into the cut, but 3 as many as 3 edges will vanish from the cut and thirdly there is no connection between d and f. There is no you know the gain in gain due to the swap of d and f is going to be the gain due to movement of d the plus the gain due to the movement of f minus no correction because there is no link between d and f. So, next best pair to swap will turn out to be swap d and f and that will give us instead of in place of d we have brought f and in place of f we are going to bring d f was here. Please let me with the green circles mark that already c had participated e had participated in swaps and now d and f have participated in swap. So, they are going to be frozen. So, after swapping d and f and fixing fixing of d and f we get the following diagram following graph. So, you note that current cost of cut is equal to 1 like to check that it is earlier cost that is 6 minus the gain due to due to what the pair which pair we have swapped d and f is it 6 minus what is gain due to d and f that is d of d plus d of f minus 2 times c number of connections between d and f which is yes I mean can verify that 6 minus it is d of d is how much is d of d number of external connections from d that is 1 2 3 minus number of internal connection that is 0. So, d of d is 3 what is d of f number of external connections to the other side is 1 2 3 minus internal is 1. So, d of f is 2 minus 2 times 0. So, this is indeed 6 minus 5 that is 1. So, it is confirmed. So, that particular formula that you can easily prove we have been verifying that validating that with this example. So, so far we have made greedily locally greedily like 2 swaps the first we executed a swap c e fix those nodes did not we are not going to allow them to participate in any future swap until the so called pass is over I will tell you what the pass means then we again by looking at the revised partition we figured out that the pair d and f is the best pair to swap that we swap fixed it and that that has resulted in a very good looking partition with only one edge across it. So, you know that this is like something the best that we have already obtained, but in general in a big algorithm in the when this algorithm is run on a very big circuit very big design you are not going to be able to easily conf like you know guess that this is the best or this is nearly the best that you have reached and you need not go further wasted time further. So, we should the algorithm should go ahead and sort of you know not arbitrarily stop here with some kind of confidence that would be that could be premature right. So, let us go ahead now we have this we are already arrived after swap of c e and followed by swap of d f this gave us the gain of 3 this gave us the gain of further 5. So, with the help of this two swaps and like you know we have reduced the cut from 9 to 6 and then to further to 1 and we have got this we have committed we have fixed the node c d e f not going to allow them to take any further. Now, we know intuitively that if we try to do any further swapping things will not get any better this is the only best cut, but you know the algorithm would not have known that. So, like so early. So, the main idea natural idea we have like that Koenig and Lin and Lin like you know develop was you know start with some initial partition initial equal size partition and just go through a sequence of swaps and every time while deciding the swap decide the best possible swap that like you know that would in the in terms of the amount of reduction that the swap would result in the cut cost and look find the best possible pair to swap among the once the nodes which are not fixed yet and keep on doing the exercising the swaps and fixing the nodes which are involved in the swap. So, that they do not take part in the swap and finally, after n by 2 such steps where n is the number of nodes you would have like you know tried out like you know enough swaps which would have frozen which would like you know which would complete a so called pass because after we swap a pair of nodes we do not let them participate in any future swap in the so called pass. So, after n by 2 such swaps we would have come to the so called end of a pass and in this end of the pass we would have been like you know based on the gain of the pair that has been swapped we would be like you know we would be changing we would be getting the new partition of a different cost if the gain is positive we would be getting the partition of improved cost if the gain is negative that is surprising why would we bother about swapping a pair of nodes with negative gain because but supposing we do that or we have to do that as required by the algorithm then negative gain would mean that next partition would have higher cost or like you know yeah that is actually worse. So, so far we have seen two swaps here swap C e that was the first one after which we commit like you know fix those vertices C and E and then swap D and F and both cases the gains were positive we are lucky. So, we were improving we improved the cut from 9 to 6 9 minus 3 6 and then 6 minus 5 1 that is a current situation, but like you know what about the non fixed nodes like a bs d g h we should optimistically try although by inspection we know that nothing will yield us anything better, but algorithm with would not like you know try and get any certificate whether like at this current time do I have the best one not like half way or you know before the pass is over. So, we have this so called notion of a pass a pass of it is basically a sequence of swap of pairs followed by where the swap and fix vertices vertex. So, so this this pass ends after n by 2 swaps where n is the number of vertices where n is assumed to be even these are all like you know we should not worry about these restrictions because one can always you know add some dummy nodes and make number of nodes even and all that and also these are some just basic ideas on which we can like you know from which one can think of lot of variations and improvisations. So, that is why like in this overview lecture like this or it just suffice to highlight the basic ideas and the simplest such algorithms there are far more interesting variations of this which are practical as well as efficient practical as well as interesting by itself that should we could leave it to the next course or some other course specialized course on VLSI CAD. So, this is the concept of pass that is a sequence of swaps how many n by 2 swaps because after every swap we are going to like you know disable the swap pair of nodes from any other from participating any future swaps. So, after n by 2 swaps you would have fixed all the nodes for that pass and then after that we can take a pause. So, so far we cannot reach that end of the end of the pass. So, we should continue. So, if we continue from here. So, pass is not over. So, the question is best pair next best pair of unfixed nodes that is a question right. So, what will it turn out to be we have a b from this side and g h from this side eligible to participate in swaps and it looks like we can take any pair at a, a b, g b, b g or b h whatever because it is all like uniform now same thing because the d cost for a b d for a the gain not the cost the gain for gain resulting in movement of a is going to be 1, 2, 3 rather like it is the other way round it is 0 is the external cost and everything is internal. So, the gain is going to be negative in fact it is going to be as bad as minus 3 d a is minus 3 right why because external cost is external connections is 0 number of internal connections is 1, 2, 3.  And also we see that there are no connections between any pair from this side like any pair of nodes one from here and one from here neither connection a and g a h all connections as there are no connections. So, by the gain formula you see that gains are going to gain by swapping is going to only make things worse for any pair the gain is going to be minus 6 high very negative gain. So, it is going to in fact, version the cost of partition next partition but still like you know we should we are committed to continuing with the pass and we let us say a b is the let us take not a b, but a g. So, swap a g and fix. So, what we get this result of this is the we will get a new partition a different partition of how much cost we had previous partition of really good cost one, but we are going to get we have to subtract from it the gain rather like negative gain that we get out by swapping a g which is going to be 1 minus minus 6 that is 7. So, let us confirm. So, this is going to be the resulting like you know picture verify that number of edges cut is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 confirm with confirming that our formula. So, things are really made this things were. So, but that is the interesting thing about algorithm it you have to proceed optimistically hoping that in future things will again get better, but in this particular example it would not. So, now let us just complete this pass we have only after this you would have frozen g e f c d a. So, only pair to swap is b and h. So, next there is no choice swap b and h and fix them and fix and that will be the end of pass. What do we get we do not even need to draw this now swap b and h and fix end of pass. Notice that what we had done by the at this last step of the pass is like you know swapped the last possible swapping pair of nodes unfixed nodes pair of nodes and what we will simply have is this the same picture just reflected as we that we started off in the beginning.  So, we will have a I mean with some rearrangement we will have taken the liberty to just rearrange this position of nodes accepting the of course, ensuring that like you know a b c d is on one side and e f g h are on the other side. So, this is the resulting picture with some bit of redrawing. So, cut cost is going to end up as it was in the beginning 9. So, this must have been you can verify that it will be 7 minus gain of the last swap that is b h. You can verify that this will be gain of b h is going to be minus 2. So, we are expected to kind of get back the same initial partition at the end of this pass. So, we need not actually go up to the last like you know we would know we do not need to compute and think explicitly, but this is the result that is inevitable. But now let us talk let us look at all this the whole pass what we have done in this pass we started with a swap c comma e then swap d comma f then swap a comma g last inevitable like a redundant swap the gain of was 3 gain 5 gain minus 6 we did not calculated, but can be verified. So, cut cost was 9 in the beginning after this swap it became 6 after this swap it became 1 then it became rose to 7 again and further rose and back to 9. So, you see that during the pass we have this particular sequence of like partitions and their cut cost and with then we simply like you know decide the best point after having seen the whole swap with we can now like you know see that this like this would have been the this is clearly the best partition to arrive at the best this partition with this particular best cut cost we should only commit to get the best partition in this seen during this pass clearly we only commit the first two swaps right because only after this first two swaps we exactly after this first two swaps we get a best partition with this best cost and then after that it will make things worse it might improve again, but it will never be as good as what we have got at the end of this. So, looking at this sequence of partitions and their cut cost we can decide and this is the what we call the result of this pass and this is the best partition that we got at the end of the pass then what the next thing that we can do the cunning and then algorithm does is uses this part the best partition as the initial partition of the next pass it hope optimistically hopes that like you know they might be some improvement in fact if it were the case that at the end of this pass whatever we best we get is the global best then this problem would have been tractable, but in fact it is been proved to be a hard problem. So, you know this will like will have counter examples where this although in this example after a single pass we got the best one in most general examples you will not get the best globally best partition as the best partition of a single pass of the first pass itself. So, we will one should the algorithm should go to the next pass and, but there what might happen is that the pass next pass may not improve the partition it might. So, happen that any pair or any sequence of swaps in that pass is going to give make the partition cost worse in which case we just accept that whatever we got at the end of the previous pass as the best one. So, that is the main idea behind the algorithm or like lose informal description of the algorithm it does one or more passes within each pass it does a sequence of swaps swap and fix once you swap a pair of nodes where the pair of nodes is chosen really on the basis of the gain gain in the cut cost you fix those pair of nodes that pair of nodes. So, that they do not participate in any further swaps in that pass at the end of n by 2 such swaps the pass is over then you take a look at the pass the sequence of partitions and the cut cost take stop at the best like you know look at the best point that you have reached you had reached during this pass commit only those swaps like in this example just two swaps first two swaps and that is the best partition out of this pass then use this best partition as an initial partition for the next pass and if things improve fine then go on to the next pass if the things do not improve stop may be some kind of we are stuck in some kind of local optima that is what might happen often there are ways around it, but still you know getting global optima for last size problem is going to be brutally hard. So, do not hope for that too easily yeah so this I hope is like something that describes the essence of kerningham linear algorithm and the main idea is to kind of try and like you know think of your variations the very natural variations which like you know make this algorithm more efficient or which make this algorithm more general and so on. So, that is how things proceeded from KL there were various variants and that they become more standard better algorithms which are still used in most of this CAD tool packages and you know and the research is still going on there is now more focused on performance based partitioning and performance based placement. So, objectives are changing and like lot of technology implementation related like objectives are being brought in this was purely topological number of connections being cut things can be far more general than that I will stop here.


Hey, the fans were back here at AT&T training camp. Hi, everybody. I'm Dave Archer. Yes, the fans were back. And boy, you could hear them, 1,700 strong, braving the hot, steamy weather here in Georgia as they came out to watch the Atlanta Falcons practice. In fact, Terry Fontenot and Arthur Smith both addressed the fans prior to practice. And at the end of practice, really cool moment as the players ran over to the end of the field where the hill is here and waved and set a low, threw some stuff up into the crowd and acknowledged that their fans are back with them. Let's get to practice. There's some guys that stuck out at practice. How about the number one draft pick, Kyle Pitts? Kyle was outstanding today, made a number of good catches and almost made a circus catch on a throw down the middle behind him. I think we're going to see that from him, the big time tight end out of Florida. How about as well, Michael Walker? Another guy I think you're going to see. He had 16 games under his belt a year ago, six starts. But I think you can see more of number 43 flying around the field. Bigger, stronger version of a linebacker in that Dean P's defense. And then how about a hidden gem, Austin Trammell. A kid you've never heard of before, probably played it rice. Only played three games a year ago because of injury. 16 catches, six of those went for touchdowns. This is a kid that has great short area quickness.  Talk to Matt Ryan. Matt Ryan says, hey, fun guy to watch play. No question about it. And how about the accountability? We heard about that from the coaches when they first came on the scene. You make a mistake here. You're running a lap. And as an offensive lineman, you don't want to be running a lap. There's accountability here with the coaching staff right here at AT&T Training Camp.


So, we managed to get six of them all, but that's quite a fair amount for us. He's a little bit far off. I think so. A 10 cents amount, I couldn't afford to wear them. Can I get a minute of this? You can be one of the seven. You're going to take this place. Wait, I'll have your own van. I'm still not a campus user. I'm a campus user. Pause the VMI. I'm sorry. You'll be alive. Yes. That's the West Point of the Sun. That's it. No, I've got it wrong. I learned that the West Point is the VMI of the month. Annual event down there, wasn't it? The movie. Oh, it is? I don't even know that. They still play rock. That's right. It's a season ticket. No, it's not. Sir. To Edward B. Hickey Jr. For exceptionally distinguished performance of duty and outstanding contributions to the Department of Defense from January 21, 1981 to November 4, 1985 as the Director, White House, Military Office, and Director of Special Support Services. Mr. Hickey's foresight, perception, and breadth of knowledge have ensured the smooth and efficient operation of the military office. The programs he developed to ensure presidential command and control of the armed forces in a national emergency are unprecedented in scope and have added immeasurably to the security of the United States. He worked tirelessly with numerous national security officials in assessing the terrorist threat and ensuring action was taken to enhance the safety of the President at home and abroad. He energetically supported and had a major role in the programs developed to ensure the continuity of the presidency and the government of the United States in every foreseeable contingency. Mr. Hickey's sense of loyalty to the President and to the nation and to the members under his personal operational command served as inspiration to all. His leadership resulted in a parallel record of effective military support to the President. He has earned widespread respect throughout the Department of Defense and throughout the government of the United States. I take great pleasure in presenting Edward V. Hickey Jr., the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, signed Casper Weinberger, Secretary of Defense. It's worse than christening a show. President, it was approximately 17 and a half years ago that in 1968, Ed Hickey was assigned to assist you during that campaign period when he was in the service the same time he met John Simpson. And I'd like to say in a bipartisan way that that was the best thing that President Johnson ever did. But since that time, as you know and as we all know here is one of the oldest and most faithful members of the Reagan team so it's a pleasure for me to swear I'm in for the new duties today. Raise your right hand. I, Edward V. Hickey Jr., I, Edward V. Hickey Jr., do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies foreign and domestic that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter so help me God. Congratulations. You're not going too far. I think it was very thoughtful of you also that out of his seven sons he left one of them on duty when the Marines protected him. Thank you. Mr. Secretary, Mr. Attorney General, with all of Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, that today is a very moving day for me because it marks really not the end but in some respects the end of the journey it was the greatest privilege of my life only after nearly 18 years when I walked in the shadow of this magnificent President. It's been every state of the 50 states of the United States many, many times in the only 30 foreign countries watching, observing, disemiring this President. But the greatest legacy that the President has given to me is the status of the world and the status of the United States as I look down the room and my seven sons have a magnificent future because of our great President. I'm grateful to you, sir. Thank you so much. Thank you. God bless you and good luck and I know what you'll do where you're going. It's been pretty good 18 years for me and I appreciate your kind and extremely generous words. I meant them, sir. I know you did. Even if there is a touch of money there in me. It was a wonderful time and it was back during a great tragedy that had occurred at the national scene that it had been decided in Washington that a number of other governors should have secret service protection and that was my first introduction and experience with them. I'm going to tell just one story. You know what I'm talking about. Yes, I think it would be beneath the dignity of the occasion to say that when you all came and moved in on us in Sacramento we were all delighted to see you that we named two of you Boston Blackie One and Boston Blackie One. How would I have to tell you something about this service? It was out at our ranch then. We'd go down from Sacramento to the weekend and I'd go out to the ranch and I'd always like to shoot a little so we'd go down in the woods and set up some tin cans and they'd like to keep their hand in and be blast away. And then one day I read an article and they said, oh yes, they had to do that too. And one of them set up a can and so I went into a crouch and missed the can and then one of them stepped up started blazing and went again. I said, wait a minute, you didn't slouch or crouch and it kind of pedal pushed and I said, well isn't it is the article wrong? The article said that you crouch and finally he's pedal pushing and he said, well we lose our rating if we crouch. I said, well what do you mean? And then I heard this line and I fell in love. The unit chief that particular day spoke up to save the other one from embarrassment and said, Governor, if we're ever shooting at anyone we're between him and his target.  And as I say, it's been a love affair which I saw all these times.


Colgate dental cream to clean your breath while you clean your teeth and help stop tooth decay and Bluster cream shampoo for soft glamorous caressable hair bring you our miss Brooks starring Eve Arden for another comedy episode of our miss Brooks under the direction of Al Lewis Well, the schools have been closed during the Christmas vacation and our miss Brooks who teaches English at Madison High School has spent hers quite Enjoyably yes indeed during the day's preceding Christmas There was the thrill of wondering what kind of gifts I'd receive Then in the days following there's been the thrill of wondering what I'd get in exchange for the Christmas gifts. I received By last Thursday though I had made up my mind and paid a visit to the exchange counter of Sherry's department store Pardon me. Are you in charge here? Yes, ma'am Dale is the name Rex Dale and who might you be? I might be mrs. Boynton if I keep my New Year's resolution Right now the name is Constance Brooks several of my friends have purchased gifts here that I'd like to exchange I see first of all, there's the plastic monstrosity in this box That doesn't seem quite the way to talk about a gift from a friend miss Brooks This happens to have been presented to me my by my principal mr. Conklin and believe me. It's terrifying No Christmas present freely given should be referred to as terrifying here. I'll open the box for you There In the world is it? It's a figure of Atlas carrying a globe only the globe is built in the shape of a round house Which tells the changes in the weather by a small man and woman who pop out of their respective doors when you least expect But what's this on the back of the figure he seems to have a red spine that's a thermometer and dangling from the thermometer is a small alarm clock Now I recall this item it must be quite popular the gentleman who bought it ordered six of them He said it was giving to several members of the faculty Well, there must be some place you could use it mr. Dale This sort of thing was old-fashioned when grandma was a girl. Where could it possibly fit in the modern home? Well, let's see. Do you have a fireplace in your living room? Yes, and I thought of the fireplace myself, but plastic doesn't burn very well I was thinking of the mantelpiece. Couldn't you put it up there? I tried that too, but my landlady keeps a canary in a cage on the mantelpiece. Well, isn't the room for them both? Yes, but I don't believe in being cruel to our feathered friends The first time I put this thing next to the cage the canary took one look at it and fell headfirst into his bird bath Well, if you don't mind I'd like to exchange this for some lingerie. Well, if you insist miss Brooks I'll give you this credit slip just short of the clerk in the lingerie department. Oh before you make it out There's something else mr. Dale these earrings were purchased here, too. Oh, what's wrong with them? They're a trifle to ornate for me. Oh nonsense. They're beautiful. Just look at the workmanship and those exquisite brass crowbars I'm afraid they're a little too heavy for me mr. Dale. Heavy? Well, let me heft them. All right, I'll put one on the counter here Yes, they are a bit substantial aren't they substantial they pull my ears down so far. I look like a Cocker Spaniel I'll just get a nice manicure set instead very well miss Brooks anything else not much I'd like to exchange this pen and pencil set for some stockings and these slippers for a handbag Miss Brooks wasn't there anything you received for Christmas that pleased you? Oh, yes, mr. Dale I have a blue and white scarf that I'm just delighted with and who bought that for you. I did Now if you'll give me those other exchange slips, I'll get the rest of my unshopping done I don't like to rush you but Walter Denzin a student of mine has offered to pick me up in his car in a few minutes Well, I wouldn't bank on it miss Brooks. What do you mean? If he's a student of yours.  Magnificent miss Brooks. Well, you should have seen my house the spirit of giving was rampant the gifts for everybody all over the place Sounds wonderful. Yeah, the horn of plenty was really loaded this Christmas Well, you can't blame your father for relaxing on a holiday Presence what did you get Walter? I got some lovely gifts miss Brooks Didn't you notice anything different about this car when you got in let's see the four fenders are still missing What is still off the motor? Wind shield hasn't been replaced yet. Yeah, go on something new has definitely been added the convertible top is still absent There's only half of a rear-view mirror and the glass is out of both doors. I can't figure it out Walter What's been added nylon seat covers? Just what this car needed Who gave them to you both my mother and father together yeah My father gave me a sweater and my mother gave me a muffler and I exchanged them Today I was right like teacher like pupil. What did Harriet Conklin give you? Oh, do you like this plaid sport shirt? I've got on yes, it's very attractive.  Boynton got you for Christmas? I know Harriet was egging him on to get you something real personal and feminine Oh, he almost got me something extremely personal, but I stopped him in time.  Finally settled for a pair of very clever earring shaped like crowbars, but just between us I exchanged them for a manicure set But why what was wrong with the earrings? I couldn't get them on without a stapler Well Connie did you get all your exchanging done? Yes, Mrs. Davis. I got some wonderful things good I'm glad to see you looking so chipper. You seem pretty blue last night when mr. Boynton broke a date with you He couldn't help it. Mrs. Davis. He had to attend the meeting of the biology club besides. I enjoyed the movie I saw very much. What did you see Connie born yesterday with Judy holiday broad Crawford and Bill Holden? Well, if they were all there you couldn't have missed mr. Boynton too much Before I forget Connie mr. Conklin called twice while you were out mr. Conklin. What did he want? I'm not sure Connie, but it's about some kind of a report or something He wants you to help him with it, but this is my vacation if he calls again, please tell him I'm out Oh, I'm afraid you'll have to tell him yourself dear. I'm going out in the garden one of our crawling vines has tripped over the garage door Oh Well, I won't be home very long anyway, maybe he won't Then again, maybe he will Mrs. Davis, this is us good conklin again has miss Brooks come in yet miss Brooks. There is no miss Brooks here This is main two four nine six, isn't it? Wee. This is the French and laundry. Pee-pee speaking The girl in charge of the mangle Well, you look for monsieur. I'm looking for a school teacher named Constance Brooks a school teacher Oh la live you got the wrong number Well, that's a reprieve for a while. Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Davis dear. She's out in back Hello, hello, this is the one question for one thousand program. We're trying to contact miss Constance Brooks What if miss Constance Brooks can answer one simple question? We have a thousand dollars in cold hard cash Waiting to be sent to her a thousand dollars. This is miss Brooks.  Of course, what's the question? The question is how could you in the French hand laundry of switch phone numbers so quickly? I Guess you must have gotten our party line, sir. I'd all right all right miss Brooks We'll forget your little him the reason I called is to thank you for your Christmas gift to me Oh, it was just a little remembrance. Mr. Conklin. You couldn't have chosen a more perfect reminder miss Brooks Two big heavy bookends They just seemed to sense that we haven't had any personal contact since Christmas and yesterday as if by magic One of them toppled off the table and landed on my foot Like old time sorry, mr. Conklin if you'd rather have something else I couldn't part with those bookends if they eat up half my salary in band-aids See miss Brooks in spite of your raffish and undisciplined displays of wit I feel that you like myself are basically a sentimental person when I receive a present I feel it's a token of someone's affection and I wouldn't dream of exchanging it for anything else. I Presume you feel the same way Hello I mean certainly mr. Conklin by the way miss Brooks. How did you like my gift to you? Stunning mr. Conklin, and you know for the longest time I couldn't decide whether to buy something ornamental or utilitarian then I saw that figure of atlas and you gave up both ideas You combined both ideas Did you find the right spot for it miss Brooks perfect mr. Conklin? I'm keeping it right on the mantelpiece here in our living room Quiet dickie. I'm just kidding Well, I'm glad to hear it miss Brooks I'll be able to kill two birds with one stone then when you assist me with my report parent teachers association But mr. Conklin, this is my vacation That's mine to miss Brooks, but this is for the first important meeting of the new year So I'll be over to your place in about an hour at which time I can see how effective my atlas looks in your living room But mr. Conklin, you can't come here. The house is a mess. Mrs. Davis is in the midst of her spring cleaning Spring cleaning But this is the middle of the winter I know but she likes to give herself plenty of time If you don't believe she's doing her spring cleaning you can ask her yourself. Mr. Conklin. Mrs. Davis you Mrs. Davis Sorry, sir. She must be out in the kitchen dying Easter eggs Tell her to save me a pink one. I'll be there in an hour Oh, no, this is a fine spot to be in did you call me Connie? It's too late now. Mrs. Davis too late for what for me to get down to Sherry's and get mr. Conklin's present back He's coming over here in an hour to give me some dictation and he expects to see it on the mantelpiece Forgive my absent mind Connie But there were so many gadgets here around this Christmas that I just don't remember mr. Conklin's gift What was it a plastic figure of atlas with a big globe on his head that tells the weather And a thermometer spine and also an alarm clock. Oh, where in the world is the alarm clock? You wouldn't believe me if I told you Brush your teeth with cold gates cold gate dental cream. It cleans your breath.  Yes, the cold gate way is the most thoroughly proved and accepted home method of oral hygiene known today Over over two years research showed brushing teeth right after eating with cold gate dental cream Help stop more decay for more people than ever before reported in dentifers history the cold gate way stopped tooth decay best No other dentifers amniated or not offer such conclusive proof And you should know that cold gates while not mentioned by name was the only toothpaste used in the research on tooth decay Recently reported in readers digest so always follow the cold gate way to clean your breath while you clean your teeth and Stop tooth decay best Brush your teeth with cold gates Go get dental green it cleans your breath what a toothpaste And the cold gate way stops tooth decay best Well when I had calmed down a bit I realized that mr. Conklin had perpetrated his Atlas clock on several other members of the faculty So the only question was from whom to borrow one then Mrs. Davis reminded me that mr. Boynton had received one And there was no more question. I had never seen mr. Boynton's new apartment and this seemed like as good a time as any Be right there Well miss Brooks, this is a surprise come on in. Thanks mr. Boynton here. Let me take your coat. All right So this is your new apartment. May I look around go right ahead? Aren't you coming with me? Well, you don't have to go anywhere. This is all there is to it Please don't mind the appearance of the place after all. What can you do with a bachelor? There must be a nonsensorable answer to that Don't you find this place a bit confining for a big husky broad shoulder dashing vital I Forgot what I started to say You were wondering if I found this apartment confining actually I don't miss Brooks I don't spend very much time in it But when I'm here, I rather like the compactness of it. Of course, it's different with a girl I don't suppose you'd care for a tight squeeze. Try me This place certainly wouldn't be any problem to keep clean I'm afraid I don't pay any attention to that end of it All you'd have to do is wrap yourself in a damp towel get in the center of the room and spin around a little Maybe small but this place has all the facilities of a larger apartment Did you know that I have a two-burner electric stove in here really where I keep it in my breadbox Oh In the kitchen now, there's no kitchen. I just keep the bread box in the refrigerator. I Give up. Where's the refrigerator in the closet? Just open that door on your left. All right, I Still don't see the refrigerator your coat strapped over it Well now that you hear miss Brooks, how would you like to stay to lunch? No, thanks, mr. Boynham I wouldn't want you to have to unwrap your kitchen just for me Besides, I've got to be getting back to my place before mr. Conklin comes to work with me That's the real reason I dropped over mr. Boynham to borrow the atlas. Mr. Conklin gave you What did you do with the one he gave you? I exchanged it for some lingerie. So did I what color? What am I going to do he expects to see that atlas prominently displayed on my mantelpiece Well, why don't you phone mr. Conklin and tell him you went out without your keys and mrs. Davis has left the house, too I could do that then he'd probably suggest that I come over to his place. That wouldn't be so bad Well, I don't have my phone in yet miss Brooks, but right on the corner. There's a gas station or a candy store You can call from I'll use the gas station. I'm on a little bit of a diet Before you go miss Brooks, I I haven't seen you wear the earrings I got you for Christmas is yet. You will put them on for New Year's Eve, won't you? New Year's Eve? Well, yes, I've gotten hold of an extra ticket to the biology club dance I took it for granted that you'd tag along then you can take it for granted that the earrings will drag along with me And while we're on the subject of presents you don't seem to be wearing the cuff links I gave you the cuff links Oh, well, I'm saving those for New Year's Eve, too. Yes, sir Well, you better run along now and phone mr. I guess we won't be seeing each other again until our date Sunday night. Oh, we'll see each other before that When it all depends on what time we both arrived to exchange our exchanges at the exchange counter Well, well if you've lost your keys and mrs.  Yes, sir. That'll give me plenty of time That is I'll see you. Bye. Goodbye Harriet. Oh Harriet. Here I am daddy. What can I do for you? Do you know what's been done with those two monstrosities that miss Brooks gave me for Christmas? You mean those two cute bookends? Yes, those cute bookends Two green midgets with purple beard shoving their shoulders against yellow wheel Last time I saw them your mother was cracking walnuts with them Gosh daddy mother told me she exchanged them for a vase what but miss Brooks is coming over here to work She'll expect to see those twin nightmares on my desk Well, there's only one thing I'll do I'll run down to Cherries and try to get them back before she comes It was just wonderful of you to drive me down here again, Walter I've got to get back the Atlas and mr. Boynton's earrings at once. Oh, that's okay, miss Brooks I've got to get back the key chain Harriet gave me Oh, did she ask you about it? Yeah, she said she expected me to wear it on New Year's Eve Gosh, I wished I'd had my wits about me. I'd have asked her why she wasn't wearing the pearls I gave her you gave Harriet pearls Walter certainly not but I know she's exchanged so many gifts It would have thrown a good scare into her Too bad about the key chain Walter the shirt you exchanged it for looked lovely on you. Yeah, it did didn't it? No, the thought of exchanging it distresses me deeply. I guess I'm just a sentimentalist at heart miss Brooks a sentimentalist Yes, when a person near and dear to me gives me a present. I hate to exchange it more than once Here's the counter. Uh, how do you do mr. Dale? Remember me now? I don't tell me Let's see. Oh, of course you were the lovely lady who almost gave me a nervous breakdown this morning Remember me certainly you gave me a nervous breakdown yesterday Look you too. I'm going to start all over again. Are you know mr. Dale this time. It's going to be very simple Oh, good. I'd like to turn in some lingerie and get back my atlas But this morning you were practically livid about that was this morning Then I'd like to turn in my manicure set and get back my earrings Yeah, and I'd like to turn in my sports shirt and get back my key chain.  What is it? Just stand behind this counter for one moment while I go out for a smoke I'm beginning to feel my nerves nibbling at the base of my skull like mice Oh, but mr. Dale, I'll be too many customers at this time of day But if anyone does come over just be courteous by that I mean be sure to say please when you ask them to drop dead. Oh Oh, he'll never make a good exchange clerk too sensitive Well, while we're waiting for him I'm gonna look at some sports equipment over in the next aisle But you can't leave me behind this counter all alone water. Why not it might open up a whole new career to you Especially if you don't get mr. Conklin's atlas back in time now. Listen, Walter See you later miss Brooks and don't forget to say please Dandy this is turning out to be some vacation. Oh, pardon me miss But I'd like to swap this pen knife for miss Brooks.  Oh and go right ahead What in the blazes are you doing behind this counter? I'm just pinch hitting for a busy friend busy friend Yes, he's brushing some mice off the base of his skull I Can do for you mr. Boynton. Well, there there was something I wanted to exchange for something else But I'll wait until the regular clerk comes back, but he may never come back the mice may brush him off Why don't you tell me what it is you want to exchange? Well, I couldn't miss Brooks. It's it's rather personal I'm a young man. Pardon me miss. I'd like to swap this vase for miss Brooks. You can't have miss Brooks for that base Not even if you threw in a pen knife, but what in the blazes am I doing behind this counter? Exactly and you boynton. What are you doing here? Well, I have something I'd like to exchange mr. Conklin a deplorable practice exchanging gifts chosen abysmal lack of consideration for those who presented them to you What are you doing here? Mr. Conklin for me? I've just been doing some last-minute shopping I've never been near this exchange counter since Sherry's opened its doors to the public or me either but today Well miss Brooks. I feel a little better now. Thanks for well, what do you know? It's a Madison High reunion Then you know these gentlemen mr. Dale know them since Christmas we've been practically living together This chunky boy with the malignant mustache has been back about nine times Mr. Conklin, I thought you didn't believe in exchanging gifts. I don't miss Brooks It's just that well, I was down here with my wife a couple of times couple of times He was here so often. I thought he was trying to turn her in That's a hot one Well, I'll be running along now. I've got one moment mr. Boynton Mr. Dale has this tall gentleman been down here too. Has he he's the most insidious type of all He's the sort who expects the Brooklyn Bridge and returned for a pair of cuff links Oh, mr. Boynton you did exchange the cuff links.  I gave you miss Brooks How could you do it?  He gave you desk lamp Well, that's what I gave you mr. Conklin. What about those earrings that pulled down your ears miss bro? And more important than any of this what about getting out that report of mine to the parent-teachers association? You're right mr. Conklin. I'll settle this matter of gifts once and for all mr. Dale I'm going to turn in everything. I've received this Christmas for just two presents for these gentlemen two presents Yes, give mr. Boynton a Cocker spaniel and mr. Conklin a workhorse Returns in just a moment, but first dream girl Luster cream tonight. Yes tonight show him how much lovelier your hair can look after a luster cream shampoo Luster cream world's finest shampoo No other shampoo in the world gives you k-doom.  Yes tonight. Try luster cream shampoo dream girl dream girl beautiful luster cream girl You owe your crowning glory to a luster cream And Here's a New Year's greeting card to each and every one of you in 51 a year of love happiness contentment and joy from the makers of luster cream shampoo and now once again here is Eve Arden Freedom is everybody's job That's why all of us must work to keep our individual rights and freedoms by voting in an informed way Serving willingly on juries and public committees and taking an interest in the development of our community state and country That way we can all make 1951 a year that will prove the strength and success of democracy And now on behalf of my sponsor the Colgate palm olive Pete company and myself a very happy new year to all of you Good night This is burns left reminding you to tune in next week to another our miss Brooke show brought to you by luster cream shampoo Or soft glamorous caressable hair and Colgate dental cream to clean your breath while you clean your teeth and help stop tooth decay Our miss Brooks starring Eve Arden is produced by Larry Burns written by Al Lewis and Arthur Alsberg with the music of Wilbur Hatch Mr. Boynton is played by Jeff Chandler. Mr. Conklin by Gale Gordon others in tonight's cast with Jane Morgan Dick Kranagh Gloria McMillan and Joseph Kearns Doctors prove palm olive soap can bring you a lovely a complexion in 14 days Yes, 36 leading skin specialists proved in tests on 1285 different women that palm olive soap facials using nothing But palm olive brought new complexion beauty to two women out of three Just wash your face three times daily with palm olive soap each time for 60 seconds Massaging palm olives beauty lather onto your skin then rinse So start your palm olive facials today remember doctors prove palm olive soap can bring you a lovely a complexion in 14 days If you like mysteries that are as full of chuckles as chills be sure to hear mr. And mrs. North every Tuesday over this same network Don't miss the exciting and laughable adventures of these amateur detectives here mr. And mrs. North every Tuesday night and be with us again next week at this same time for another comedy episode of our miss Brooks Bob Lamont speaking stay tuned now for Jack Benny. This is CBS