Proudly, we hail. From New York City, where the American stage begins, here is another program with a cast of outstanding players. Public Service Time has been made available by this station to bring you this story as proudly we hail the Women's Army Corps. Our story is entitled, Wine to Vienna. It concerns itself with the first sergeant of a whack detachment. She is Julia Kingsley, and she's stationed in West Berlin. And this looks like just another routine day for her, so far. Our first act curtain will rise in just a moment, but first, young man, be honest with yourself. Have you reached a standstill in life? Is each day just like any other? Are you worried about your future? And most important of all, are you feeling dissatisfied with yourself and your personal development? Well, if this description or any part of it fits you, it's just about time you investigated the opportunities waiting for you when you enlist in the United States Army. Every man in the Army has a skill, and more often than not, the Army taught him that skill in one of its fine schools. The Army offers an interesting present and a secure future, with plenty of promotions along the way. And above all, the Army molds you into a man, a man whose family, friends, and country are proud of him. If you think you can measure up, stop in at your nearest recruiting office and see if you can qualify to wear the mark of a man, the uniform of your United States Army. And now your United States Army presents the proudly-behaved production, Wine to Vienna. The sergeant's blonde hair was worn in a most becoming upsweep. Just a few touches of makeup are all that were needed to bring out the highlights of a naturally pretty face. The uniform looked as though it might have been tailored by a leading dress designer. All in all, the sergeant looked as though she might be a smart executive in, say, an advertising agency or a big department store, or any one of a number of high-powered civilian enterprises. Actually, she did have an important job in what you might call a fairly large and complex organization, the United States Army. As for the job, well, there isn't anything exactly like it anywhere in the world. She was a first sergeant. Now, there's an occupation for you. A first sergeant is the kind of combination psychologist, foreman, executive, sage and miracle worker. A first sergeant has to be able to think like an officer, also has to be able to think like an enlisted man.  Come in. Use that for me, ma'am. I have a few questions before I sign these papers. Sit down, sergeant. Thank you. Why do you disapprove of a furlough for Yates? Because Connolly put in for one at the same time. Connolly's work is better and she deserves one first. I see you OK to pass for Smith. I remember her at Inspection. Very poor showing. She certainly shouldn't have a pass coming. Oh, well, Captain, Smithy takes things to heart. She got a reprimand from you and a tougher one for me later on. She's been nervous about it all week. I don't think it's necessary to do any more in her case. She'll be OK from here on in. Why do you recommend Gordon for the open corpus rating? Offhand, I can think of three or four others who seem to know more about the work. Well, Gordon takes a little longer to learn, but what she learns stays with her. She doesn't talk much, so people might think she doesn't know much. But give her something to do and she does it without any questions. She's not afraid of responsibility. You know, sergeant, it strikes me that there's absolutely nothing you don't know about the members of this company. That's my job, Captain. That's true. It's a job. But you've made a great deal more than a job out of it. You've made it your whole life. It's a pretty good life. You know that you're the only first three grader in the company who isn't married. Well, I haven't met the guy yet, Captain. Bet you're not looking for him either. Well, all I can tell you is that the commander-in-chief himself is married and it certainly didn't interfere with his career. I suppose I'll just have to get married one day, Captain. Everybody seems to be so worried about this, except you.  It's been 11 years. Well, what am I complaining about? I've got the best-run orderly room in the Army. Captain, I promise I'll invite you to the wedding. At the rate you're going, I'll be able to bring my grandchildren. Oh, I nearly forgot. An uncle of mine is in Europe on a business trip. He'll be in Vienna over the weekend. I was wondering why don't you take a furlough? Well, a weekend pass should be enough, Captain. Well, don't you want to see the sights in Vienna? It's a romantic city. No, I don't suppose you do. And so our brisk and efficient Sergeant Kingsley returns to her desk. She'll be gone for about three days. But in her characteristic way, she prepares the office as though she were leaving for a year. Now, you shouldn't have any trouble with the morning report. Remember, we have three enlisted women in the signal department who aren't part of the detachment, only carried for rations. So make sure you don't add them to the totals. The files are up to date. But if you should get into trouble, I'll be at the Hotel Imperial in Vienna. Oh, we'll get along, Sergeant. Oh, I almost forgot. It was a call for you from, I'll put that right down her name. Oh, here it is. Sergeant Miller in intelligence. Oh, did she leave a message?  This is important. There was another call from that guy in ordnance. Oh, him. What's wrong with him? A guy like that should only ask me for a date. Sergeant Miller, please. Go ahead, disregard these guys. But one day that blonde herald turned to silver and then see how they disregard you. Hey, Julia. Who? Colonel Bowen? Know what it's about? OK, tell him I'll be right there. Listen, if the captain should want me, tell her I've been called over to see Colonel Bowen. Now, what does he want? Sergeant, there may be something to this, and then again, probably not. I understand that you're a friend of Sergeant Miller in my office. Yes, sir. Sergeant Miller happened to mention to me that you have dinner quite often at a restaurant known as Mama Schoenbrunners. About three times a week, Colonel. Our office has reason to suspect that Mama Schoenbrunners may be the center of a red espionage ring. Mama Schoenbrunners? We may be wrong, of course. But at this point, we're trying to get a line on the place. Tell me, you go there often. Did you ever notice anything which may have struck you as being even slightly suspicious? No, sir. Mama Schoenbrunners' cell, are you friendly with her? Yes, sir, I think so. Every time I go there, she sits at my table for a while and we talk. About the army? No. Looking back at it, could you ever get the idea that she might be trying to pump you about any army information? No, sir. What do you talk about? Well, sir, about me mostly, and why I don't get married. I see. Well, you have a reputation for being alert and observant. And to the best of your knowledge, you'd know of no single instance where there might be anything suspicious in her conduct. Absolutely not, sir. Now, as I said, we have nothing definite to implicate her in any way. As a matter of fact, sir, I'm having dinner there tonight. Oh, good. If there should be anything at all unusual, no matter how unimportant it may seem to you, let me know about it. Yes, sir. Oh, so, and what is new with us tonight, Sergeant? Oh, nothing. Oh, yes, there is. I'm going to Vienna for a couple of days to meet my uncle. Your uncle? Oh, better you should go there to meet a nice young man and then get married. It is nice to be married. I have been married four times. I see so many good-looking men in the United States Army. You mean that none of them will ask you? A few of them asked me, but I know love. The first time I married, it was for love. When he died, I married for money. And when he died, well, I married because I was in the habit. How is Vienna? Have you ever been there? Wien, oh, wunderbar. If a girl will not find romance in Wien, she was born to be an old maid. You know, I have a niece who lives there. I wonder, could you do something for me? What is it? Oh, no, no, no. It is too much trouble. Well, tell me. Well, you see, she is so fond of this wine I make. I was wondering if you could take to her a couple of bottles. That's no trouble at all. I could put them in my bag. You are sure it is no trouble? Oh, it is such good wine. And it reminds her of home, poor child. She is very lonely indeed. Why, I, uh, I'd be glad to do it. I would give you her address. Sergeant? Yes? Anything wrong? You had a phone call at the orderly room. It was from your uncle. He says he's been called back suddenly to his New York office. He won't be in Vienna at all. He tried to reach you before you made the trip for nothing. Oh, I see. Well, thanks, Martha. Don't say anything about it, huh? Too bad. Now you will not go to Vienna. Mama Schenbrun, can you keep a secret for you? Anything. Well, you see, I really wasn't going to Vienna to meet my uncle at all. I mean, I would have had lunch with him maybe, but his coming was just an excuse to get a pass this weekend. You see, there's a certain master sergeant. Oh, of course, I see. And I think maybe he's the one, and he's expecting me. I never disappoint a man. You must go. So if you want me to deliver the wine, I would never thought anything of it, sir, if you hadn't talked to me today. Yes, you did the right thing. I'm the chance that maybe there's something wrong I thought quickly and made up a very phony excuse for going to Vienna anyhow. Now, why should she want me to deliver some wine? Could she be using me as a messenger? Maybe there's a message on the labels. Maybe not. Maybe I'm going to make a trip to Vienna for nothing. Well, our laboratory section is working on the labels right now. If there's nothing, you've scheduled yourself for a trip for nothing. But you used quick thinking. Thank you, sir. Excuse me. Colonel Bowen? Yes? Well, now, this puts the whole thing on a paying basis. Fix up the labels to look just the way you found them. Yeah, thanks. Sir, is there something? There's a message written in disappearing ink over the labels on the bottles. It's in code. We'll try to crack it. Oh, then Mama Schoenbrunn is an agent. You'll get the bottles back from the lab in a few minutes. And you want me to deliver them? No, not you, but we have no choice. That's the way they transmit messages, and so for our purposes, we want it kept open. I would rather Sergeant Miller wear in your shoes right now. This isn't the job you were trained for. Well, sir, all I have to do is deliver a few bottles of wine. And all you have to do is to keep them from suspecting you know what they're up to. It's hard to explain this to an amateur, even someone as bright as you are. You're being asked to play a game that's new to you. If you didn't know what you were doing, it'd be all right. You'd ring the bell and say, I have a gift here for Mama Schoenbrunn, and that'd be all. Now, you'll ring the bell and say the same thing, but it'll be different. Why, sir? Because you'll be armed with and impeded by knowledge. How about your reflexes? Well, your handshake? Will there be a tone of excitement in your voice? What will show in your eyes? Who knows? Now, we're up against smart people. People who have set up the most ruthless and shrewd espionage ring in the world. How long have you known Mama Schoenbrunn? Talked with her. Did she ever give herself away? Of course not. Could you be as self-possessed as she is? I'll do my best, sir. You'll have to follow through on what you told Mama Schoenbrunn. You said you were going to Vienna to meet a man. You'll meet him. But I don't know anybody in Vienna. You do now. You said you had a date? Sergeant Kingsley, a date is waiting for you in the railroad station in Vienna. You're listening to the proudly-we-hail production, Wine to Vienna. We'll return in just a moment for the second act. High school seniors, here's an important message for you. The United States Army's Reserve for You program will guarantee you a classroom seat in an exciting Army technical career course before you enlist. You'll get top-notch training on the job experience while serving side-by-side with America's finest young men. The choice is wide open, and it's yours to make. High school graduates can choose from more than 100 interesting career courses that range from atomic technician through welding. A fact-filled booklet called Reserve for You tells you about the entire program. Get in on the swing. Get your free copy of Reserve for You by visiting or writing your nearest United States Army recruiting station. You're listening to Proudly-We-Hail, and now we present the second act of Wine to Vienna. First Sergeant Julia Kingsley is enroute to Vienna from Berlin. As a favorite who restaurant owner, Mama Schoenbrunn, Julia is taking some bottles of wine to Mama's niece. Meanwhile, Army intelligence and Julia have discovered that she is being used as a courier for a red espionage ring, since the labels on the bottle contain a message in code. Colonel Bowen decides that the agents should not be made suspicious, that they are being watched, and Julia is directed to make the delivery as promised. And now it is the following day, and Julia's train has just arrived at the railway station in Vienna. Julia, Julia, honey. Baby, I was afraid you'd miss the train. What's the big idea? Careful, careful. Now look at me like I'm a long lost lover. Kiss me. All right, I'll kiss you. You don't know if we're being watched, now play it happy. Oh, sweetie, I'm living again. What hotel are you staying at? Let's hop a cab, drop off your bags, and I'll show you the town. My name is Kenneth Lindwood. Call me Kenny. Come on, come on, do the delivery. Kenny, Kenny, where is Hoffmanstahlstrasse? And why? Well, it's a long story. Some woman I know in Berlin asked me to drop off some wine to her niece. That's where she lives. OK, we'll find it. First, we'll get you settled. All right, taxi. Tell the driver the hotel. The Imperial driver.  You heard the Sergeant driver.  Sergeant Lindwood. Nick's name. You can't tell who this driver could be. Light and gay, honey. Hey, why don't we get married? I could swing a transfer to Berlin. Get married? Well, why not? Millions of people get married. Some of them even make a success of it. You know, I'll never forget the night we met. You remember? We're carrying this a little bit too far.  You'll have to live it. OK, I'll propose again after lunch. You know, you're crazy. Sure, I'm crazy about you. The first second we met, I said to myself, Kenny boy, seek no further. Here she is. Keep the change. Thank you, sir. Now we drop off your bag and deliver the wine. Look, can we talk here for a minute? I don't understand this act of yours. Go inside and register. Are the bottles wrapped up? Yes. Well, take them out of your bag and meet me out here. And we have to get this over with quick. You know, you're kind of obnoxious. I'd like to deliver the wine and get rid of you as soon as I can. Well, I'm sorry. But we have to make this whole deal stand up. I'm afraid you're stuck with me for the whole weekend. Oh, no. Oh, yes, dear. I'll wait here. Got a match, Sergeant? Oh, yes, sure. She's the one? Mm-hmm. And we'll walk to the place. We won't let you out of sight. And Charlie's covering the house. All right. Have we been tailed? I think so. Cab followed you. Guy got out. He's across the street looking in the shoe store window. I see him, OK. Thanks, Sarge. You know, the more I've been thinking about this, the less I understand it. Why do we have to pretend? Oh, I got something in my eye. Here. Take my handkerchief. Oh, where is it? Leave the eye alone. I wanted you to have an excuse to turn around.  You see him? Yes. Or don't gawk. What's he doing? Is he crossing over this side? Yes. That's all I want to know. He's telling us. Why? Thanks, honey. You got it out. Come on. Just to make sure, there's a sidewalk café just ahead. We'll turn in there and have coffee. But why should this? I'll tell you over some Java. Let's sit here. Uh-oh. Buster wants coffee, too. Sergeant Linwood. Kenny. If Mama Schunbrunn wants to send a message to another spy, why can't one of her own agents take the wine bottles? Percentages. A guy who did that would have to be a professional. There's always a chance that somebody might have him spotted.  But still, wouldn't it be simpler? Mama suspects we may be watching her in Berlin. Nothing definite, just a hunch in her butt. You see, you're ideal. Why should you figure there's anything wrong in delivering some wine for a friend? And if Peggy Miller hadn't thought of having Colonel Bowen talk to you, would you have told him or anybody else about the wine? I guess not. No, Mama took a chance. But she figured she had the odds in her favor. Now, her people are watching you to make sure you're just a girl on a holiday in Vienna with a heavy day, just as you claim.  You'll wish to order. Two coffees and soccer taught. Yeah. Now, remember, Buster over at that table is watching and trying to listen. So give him an earful.  It's such a lovely day. Great. I bet he heard every word. There's the house, two in from the corner. Nervous? Sure. Well, at least you don't shell it. Oh, Kenny, I forgot. What's this woman's name supposed to be? Frau Rievertz. Frau Rievertz. OK. I'll ring the bell. Say, are your eyes blue or green? It's hard to tell. Yeah. Are you Frau Rievertz? I have a present here for Mama Schoenbrunn in Berlin. She's a friend of mine. It asks me. Auntie, ah, she's fine.  Oh, well, no thanks. You see, we have a date and we're late now. And you went to so much trouble. Oh, there's no trouble. I'm staying at the Imperial. It's only a couple of minutes walk from here. Tell Auntie I'm so happy she thought of me. I will. I will. I'll be back in Berlin the day after tomorrow. Thank her, please. And thank you. Oh, it's a pleasure. Goodbye. Happy to see you. Good luck. How'd I do? Great. Refusing the invite to come in was an inspiration. It means you're not curious.  Buster's still with us? Yeah, Buster's across the street, making believe he's interested in a book in the store window. Well, aren't we in the clear now? Oh, no. These people have to make sure they're playing for high stakes.  And you mustn't be caught in any kind of lie. Otherwise, we lose control. Control of what? You see, Mama wants to make you her message center. Now, we say, Mama, go to it. So you and I are going to be on the town. Now, don't worry. Buster will never be too far behind. We've got us a chaperone. All right, admit it. Admit what? Admit you're having a good time. Shall we sit this one out? OK, let's go back to the table. You know something? For a girl as pretty as you are, you're a pretty bad dancer. Well, I'm a little rusty, that's all. You mean you don't do much dancing? No. I haven't danced in, oh, I guess, 12 years.  What's the matter with those guys stationed in Berlin? Nothing. Well, I'll tell Kenny all about it. About what? Well, you don't seem to know what it is to relax and have a good time. Uh-oh. Buster's here, too. He's got a girl with him. Well, what do you know? It's Frau Reeves. They're on the dance floor. It's funny, isn't it? His name was Kenny, too. Who? A boy I know. He was engaged, using the invasion of North Africa. His mother called me up one morning at 2 o'clock. She just received the telegram. I'm sorry. And the very next day I enlisted. Been in ever since. As far as boys were concerned, I just never get interested in anybody. Is that why you became the best first sergeant in the WAC? I wonder why I told you that. I've never told it to anybody. Hello, Hans. This is the soldier who brought us the vine from Antti, my husband. Oh, how do you do? And this is Sergeant Linwood. I hope you're having a good time. You will thank my aunt, no? Oh, yes, of course. Good. I'll see you soon. I think you brought it off. You know, I know that guy. He's Mr. Big of the whole operation. Look, they're leaving the cafe. You sold them your story, all right? I hope so. Well, I have to be fair about this. You did the job, and you can take off anytime you want. Well, I still have another day I can spend in Vienna. Mama Sharon Burn herself told me there was so much to see here. I wish I knew somebody in town. Hey, where do you get that? You know me? Yes, I know you, line of duty. But I told you I'd take you out as long as you stayed here. Sergeant Linwood, when a girl is on her own time, she likes to be asked, did you see my niece?  And she was so happy to get the wine. And did you see anyone else? Uh-huh. Oh, what a question I should not have asked. Oh, it was a lovely weekend in more ways than once. So will you marry me? I think so. Ah, you promised you would invite me to the wedding. Yes, yes, you and my CEO. You both deserve to be there. He can't get a pass next weekend, but I can. Will you be going back? Uh-huh, of course. Uh, perhaps you can bring my niece some more of I? Oh, that wine was very lucky for me. Anytime I go, I'll be happy to deliver it. Oh, you are so kind. Don't forget. Call on me anytime, Mama Shunbrun. I'll be going to Vienna quite often, I think. Our intelligence was able to crack the coded messages. And Sergeant Kingsley served as courier for three months until it was decided to round up the West Berlin members of the Espionage Group. And then, of course, Sergeant Kingsley no longer had any excuse to travel to Vienna. But by then, it was no longer necessary, because Sergeant Linwood transferred to Berlin. Why? Very simple. He wanted to be stationed near his wife. And her commanding officer thinks that she is even a more efficient first sergeant than ever. Did you know that you can get ahead, enjoy your work, have security, and a steady job all when you enlist in the United States Army? Why, you'll get your first promotion when you've been in only a few months. There's a wide variety of jobs available, but most important. You'll be helping to preserve the national security of our country. Why don't you check at your local recruiting office and let them tell you how you can make the most of your life in the United States Army? This has been another program on proudly we hail, presented transcribed in cooperation with this station. Proudly we hail is produced by the Recruiting Publicity Center in New York for the United States Army. And this is Mark Hamilton speaking, inviting you to tune in this same station next week for another interesting story on proudly we hail.


So, today's webinar is on DOIs to support citation of grey literature. I'm Natasha Simons from ANDS and I'm going to start with a brief introduction on persistent identifiers. And I'm then going to hand over to my excellent colleague, Dr Daniel Bangat, who's the senior data librarian in library repository services at the University of New South Wales. Okay, first of all, what's the problem that persistent identifiers are trying to address? Well, I'm sure everyone will be familiar with this particular problem. When you click on a web link that takes you either to a 404 page not found error like this one or it takes you to content that's not actually related to the link that you clicked. And both of these things usually happen because the web resource has been moved to another location and you have the old link. The page not found error is frustrating and in the context of research, it's disastrous because it means that a scholarly resource which may have been cited cannot be found verified potentially cited again and so forth. And this is the problem which persistent identifiers are trying to address. So persistent identifier is simply a long lasting reference to a digital resource. Even if the resource moves location on the web, the persistent identifier is there to make sure the link always resolves. So if a pit is used as a citation link in scholarly literature, it will always resolve to information about the resource, either a descriptive metadata page, the resource itself for information about the removal of the resource from the web. Pids are key to facilitating the discovery of scholarly resources and play a key role in linking scholarly resources, for example publications and data, as well as tracking the impact of these resources. But it's important to note that pids do not guarantee a link will never be broken, but what they do is create a framework which helps to guarantee it. So pids have evolved quite a lot over the last 20 or so years. This slide is taken from Jonathan Clark's presentation at the Thor webinar last week. And he notes that now we have identifiers for people as well. We want to know what persistence means and how long a pit will last. Metadata has grown, so there is a lot more value in retrieving the metadata, as much as retrieving the object itself. And that object may no longer be digital because you can refer to digital information on a physical object, which is a big growth area. And we're looking at that in the IGSN webinar coming up. And last but not least, we want our machines to be able to interpret pids. So in this webinar series, we hope to explore more of these topics in more detail. What pids apply to research data is a very good question. There are many different types of persistent identifiers that apply to research data. I've put on the screen some common examples that ANS actively promotes or provides a service for, such as handles for identifying data or DOIs for citing data and related materials or orchids for people identifiers and really so many more. And all of these persistent identifiers schemes differ in some way. For example, they might have a different purpose. Some apply generally to all scholarly resource types. Some are discipline specific. The underlying technology differs between persistent identifiers as does the governance structure. For example, some are nonprofit, some are company driven. And metadata is collected. Some require more metadata than others and also in the extent of use. So pids vary in their uptake. If you'd like to know more about persistent identifiers, there is a PID guide on the ANS website. And there's a lot of information about our DOI and handle service as well. There's also this short bites webinar series. And I highly recommend the Thor webinar series on pids. The first one happened last week and it was a general introductory one. And that's been recorded and they are making the recording available by the end of this week. And then there are another two coming up on that series. So if you'd like to register, you can click on those links. So I'd like to finish now and hand over to my colleague, Dr. Daniel Banget. Okay, thank you, Natasha.


The next item of business is a statement by Keith Brown on policing in Scotland 10 years on from reform. The cabinet secretary will take questions at the end of his statement and therefore there should be no interventions or interruptions and I call on the cabinet secretary for around 10 minutes please. Thank you, Presiding Officer. As we approach, in fact, the 10th anniversary of our national police service, I am pleased to make this statement to the chamber with my reflections on the continuing police reform journey since 2013. I will also offer my thoughts on Serene Livingstone's recent announcement that he intends to attire as chief constable of Scotland later this year. Serene will be greatly missed of that. There is no doubt his contribution to the success of policing in Scotland has been immense but he leaves Scottish policing in excellent health with the service having been completely transformed over the last 10 years. Eight local legacy forces have been replaced by one national service providing a more strategic and consistent approach to policing than under the previous system, one of the most significant public sector reforms since devolution. It has been a success and one I believe that is recognised across the chamber if not in every part of this chamber. In 2019, the then justice committee stated its belief that the police intention, the policy intention rather, to create more equal access to national capacity had been met and should be considered a success story for policing in Scotland. That was the criminal justice committee. That success has been demonstrated by the successful policing of COP26 in 2021, Operation Unicorn in 2022 and by the policing of the Covid-19 pandemic. Since reform in 2013, £11.6 billion has been invested in policing and this continues. In the most recent budget the Scottish Government has recognised the importance of policing by investing £1.45 billion in 2023-24. That is an increase of 6.3 per cent, around £80 million to the Scottish Police Authority resource budget. It also provides a stable basis from which to improve the delivery of policing and to enhance the safety and security of communities across Scotland. Despite the UK Government making cuts to the Scottish Government capital budget, we have maintained the police capital budget, which has more than doubled since 2017-18, supporting investment in police assets, estate, fleet, specialist equipment and ICT. The money that we put into the police continues to be invested in the workforce. Our officers are the best-paid police officers in the UK, with starting salaries for constables around £5,000 per year more than in England and Wales, and there are more officers too. As of 30 September, there were 30 officers per 10,000 population in Scotland compared to 24 officers in England and Wales. Our investment has also paid dividends in terms of crime. Surin has rightly highlighted Police Scotland's murder clear-up rate as one of the strengths of the service in recent years. I would also point to Police Scotland's significant role in ensuring this week's statistics that show that Scotland is one of the lowest levels of recorded crime seen for any 12-month period since comparable records began in 1974. I believe that those statistics are a credit to the hard-working officers and staff of Police Scotland. Before I look to the future, it is worth reflecting on the legacy of the longest serving chief constable of the UK's second-biggest force. No operation was bigger than COP26 when the eyes of the world were on Glasgow. We hosted hundreds of world leaders and dignitaries among thousands of delegates that descended upon the city. Under Surin's leadership, demonstrations were policed in the traditions of Scotland's policing, ensuring that legitimate protest could be undertaken fully and safely. Scotland's rights-based system of policing, coupled with Police Scotland's engagement with activist groups, and an overriding common sense approach resulted in under 100 arrests linked with the event, staggering numbers given the scale of COP26. More recently, the sensitive and effective operation put in place following the death of Queen Elizabeth is something Surin can be rightly proud of. Perhaps above all, it is Police Scotland's response to the Covid-19 pandemic that has been rightly praised as officers took a measured and proportionate rights-based approach to their handling of an unprecedented crisis. As with our health professionals, places were at the forefront in keeping us all safe and we owe them our gratitude. I also sincerely hope that the chamber will join me in paying tribute to Surin's legacy. I was grateful to Surin for his agreement to extend his contract when his initial period of appointment concluded last year. That ensured continuity and stability as we emerged from the pandemic. I think that it has always been clear that, at some point, he would decide to step away from his role. As he himself said last week, he will have been an officer for 31 years by the time he retires. While last week's news is obviously disappointing, it was not necessarily unexpected. It will be for the Scottish Police Authority to conduct the process of finding Surin's replacement, but ministers will, of course, be asked to approve the appointment of his successor. Sitting at Surin's side has been an executive team that is brimming with talent. Just a few weeks ago, Deputy Chief Constable Jane Connors took up post, bringing a wealth of experience with her from the Metropolitan Police. Several new assistant chief constables have also been appointed as the team continues to evolve. Surin has paid tribute to the stability and leadership of his senior team. I would also like to express my confidence in that continuity as we move towards the final months of Surin's time in office. Surin will continue in the meantime to set Police Scotland's strategic direction. Last week, the Scottish Police Authority considered a draft revised joint strategy for policing. That builds on the principles in the existing 2020 strategy, while ensuring that policing in Scotland keeps pace with the challenges and opportunities of modern society. It is right that, ten years on, we continue to reflect on what the next steps in the reform journey should look like. In the last decade, we have seen significant changes in the profile of crime and demand, including increasing cybercrime and greater vulnerability. At the same time, there has been an increasing focus on how police respond to important societal issues, such as violence against women and girls. We have also seen significant changes in digital technology and public expectations about how they access services. Those trends are likely to continue and, indeed, to accelerate. We need to plan for the future and ensure that policing reflects those trends and changes and that it is able to respond to future challenges. Our national vision for justice in Scotland, published last year, sets out our transformative vision of the future justice system for Scotland, and Police Scotland will play a vital role in that. However, I recognise that the public sector faces a challenging budgetary environment combined with the cost of living crisis and the resultant impact on communities, which is hardly surprising after 13 years of austerity budgeting from the UK Government. Our plan for the future must therefore demonstrate the efficiency and value for money that is necessary while continuing to keep the people of Scotland safe and secure. For policing, that will mean an even greater emphasis on collaboration with other criminal justice agencies, and in particular where possible with the other blue-light services, to ensure that the public receives the most effective and efficient care and protection. It will also require a relentless focus on making sure that police are deployed where they add most value and work efficiently with other agencies. In setting the budget for the upcoming financial year, the Deputy First Minister was clear on the challenges that lie ahead and that further efficiencies and savings are still required to ensure that Scotland has financially sustainable person-centred public services. It will be a time for change, of course, but it also has a number of constants. As we commemorate the 10th anniversary of our national police service, and as we look forward in the coming months to welcome a new chief council of Scotland, we can be sure that the fundamental values of policing—fairness, integrity, respect and human rights—will remain. The purpose of policing set-out in the 2012 act remains paramount to improve the safety and wellbeing of people, places and communities in Scotland. The cabinet secretary will now take questions on the issues raised in his statement. I intend to allow around 20 minutes after which we will need to move on to the next item of business and encourage members who wish to ask a question to press their request-to-peak buttons. Now, as soon as possible, I will call Jamie Greene. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. I thank the cabinet secretary for advanced copy of his statement today. I, too, would like to place on record my best wishes from those benches to Chief Constable Sir Ian Limiston on his retirement. I thank not just him for his three decades of service to the police, but all those who have served under him over the years. It is no coincidence that, on the same day he announced his departure, his own jointly penned report into the future of policing stated a damning truth that many of us have known for some time. His parting shot of warning to the Government is that policing in its current form is, I quote, unsustainable. Why is that, cabinet secretary? Because everybody knows that policing in its current form is picking up the pieces of far too many other broken services. It is responding to an ever-increasing volume of mental health problems and situations problems, which are someone else's responsibility. However, the problem is that there is no someone else to deal with these issues. They are taking up so much of their time, and it is taking time away from other vital policing, and that includes fighting crime. I have to ask the cabinet secretary when will he, too, admit that the status quo is simply unsustainable? It cannot continue that too much is being asked of too few today in Police Scotland. Does he think that Sir Ian is right that the current direction of travel in policing in Scotland is unsustainable? I should say that my answer, which I am about to give, is informed by a number of quite lengthy conversations with the chief constable on some of the issues that Jamie Greene has just raised. I would say that it is made more sustainable if, for example, we have the best-paid police officers in the UK, if we have more police officers per head of population in Scotland than elsewhere. I did hear at the committee a number of times from Jamie Greene and others that we were about to see perhaps a reduction in police numbers down to below 14,000, but the only way that would happen is if we tried to match the numbers of police officers that the Tories have in England and Wales. We would be down over 2,500 police officers, although you have the answer that I am giving you, Mr Greene, if you could listen to it please. That would be the same courtesy when you spoke. It is, of course, the case that there are challenges that should be made. The chief constable has been clear. I have mentioned two areas in relation to violence against women and girls and cybercrime. It is not sustainable to have the same approach that we have had before, and that has to change. The police and the chief constable are well aware of that. Another factor that will have to change and that the chief constable is very much behind is what I mentioned in my statement in relation to the reform of blue-right services. Of course, things have to change. Existing challenges have to be met, but we also have to anticipate future challenges. The last point that Jamie Greene mentioned is fighting crime. I have never heard once any word of congratulations from the Tory benches on the fantastic track record of fighting crime of our police forces. Down to 1974 levels this week, a further reduction of 2 per cent in the court of crime. Not once have a Tory stock to congratulate either the chief constable or our police services on that record. On behalf of Scottish Labour, I associate my party with the tributes to chief constable Ian Livingston and, indeed, to the work of the whole of Police Scotland. As has been said, chief constable Ian Livingston has also warned that the cuts being proposed to Police Scotland are unsustainable. The cabinet secretary has referred to 14,000 police officers. Last year, the criminal justice committee were given projections of police officer and civilian staff numbers with a frozen budget. More money has now been made available, but we do not know what proposed police numbers are. Could the cabinet secretary confirm his understanding of proposed numbers of both police officers and civilian staff for the coming year and outline his strategy to recruit and retain both police officers and civilian staff, given that we know that officers leaving the service is a significant problem? I thank Katie Clark for her questions. First of all, there are no cuts to the police budget. It is a 6.3 per cent increase that we are proposing for the police in the forthcoming budget. The budget was not frozen—I realise why that discussion happened because of the RSR—but the budget was not frozen and the money was found. On recruiting and retaining police officers, if you pay police officers in Scotland on average £5,000 more per year when they start to work in the police, you have a better opportunity for both recruiting and retaining police officers. I think that there is more to do beyond that. One challenge that I would acknowledge is in relation to diversity in the police force. We are seeing increasing diversity at the senior levels. In terms of gender diversity, we are not yet seeing that at the levels that should be in terms of ethnic diversity, and there is more work to be done there. That is not just in terms of recruiting but retaining people who have joined the police force from ethnic diverse backgrounds. I would not pretend that this is all done and dusted by any means. There are challenges that should remain. That is why I talk to people involved in the issues in the police service and why we have other bodies that do monitoring and checking of the police's progress in this area. There is more to do in terms of recruiting more broadly and retaining more broadly, but in terms of the basic package that is offered to police officers, I think that the fact that they have such a tremendous track record in fighting crime is testament to the fact that we are recruiting and retaining some excellent police officers at this current time. Despite Westminster austerity, the Scottish Government has increased police funding year on year since 2016-17, and I welcome the fact that the Scottish Government has further increased the policing budget by £80 million in the next financial year. I ask the cabinet secretary how the budget will help the Scotland responding to the changing nature of crime. It has been mentioned that it is an increase of around £80 million in 23-24, a 6.3 per cent increase. In my view, that will help to improve the delivery of policing and support the safety and security of communities across Scotland, but it will also enable further collaboration and co-location opportunities with blue-like services across Scotland. We are ensuring that Police Scotland is sustainable, adaptable and prepared for future challenges. The point that was made by Jamie Greene at the start of his question was about other services and how they can pick up some of the work in relation to them. Of course, that is also a challenge, not least in relation to health services. By expressing the need and sharing that view with the police that there has to be reform within the police and blue-like services as well, we will ensure that the service has improved to the people of Scotland and will continue to fund the demands on the police service through Government grant. If Keith Brown has never heard praise of policing from Jamie Greene or my colleagues, he clearly has not been listening. On the SNP's watch, the health and careers of innocent whistleblowers have been destroyed. Millions of pounds of compensation has been paid out, but victims silenced with non-disclosure agreements. Officers on the grip of a suffocating complaints process have even been driven to suicide. For the sake of Scotland's police officers, will the SNP Government fix the system that it created? I cannot bring to mind any point at which anybody in the Conservative benches said well done to the policing and getting cleaned down to the levels that it has had. Good on the Scottish Government for making sure that police officers paid £5,000 more a year. Good on the Scottish Government for making sure that we have higher numbers of policing in Scotland. I have never heard that. I have heard constant denigration of the police service from the Tory benches. I can tell him from talking to police officers on a regular basis that the police know that just because you tag on SNP government to the end of it, they know what the target is and know the way that you have denigrated the police forces. They understand that point. Russell Finlay is also aware that one of the things that we are doing in relation to the police complaints bill that is coming forward to the Parliament is to address some of the historic issues about how complaints, whether it is whistleblowing complaints or other complaints, are dealt with. That will be in addition to the current means of address through the perk and so on. We take those issues seriously, we understand that there is need for reform and that reform is coming. I was very pleased to hear that Police Scotland reflects and represents the diversity of Scotland's population. Can the cabinet secretary say that, if he thinks that there is sufficient strategy within Police Scotland for that to continue and to continue to improve? I would say to Rona Mackay that, as I said in response to the points made by Katie Clark, I think that there is more to do in this area. The national service has detailed plans already under way to enhance recruitment, leadership and training to develop a culture that reflects its values. I welcome initiatives such as the policing together strategy that outlines the range of actions that Police Scotland is taking under DCC tailors leadership to mainstream equality, diversity and inclusion within the service and to attract, retain and promote a diverse workforce. The more the police service in Scotland looks like the rest of Scotland, the more trust will be built up between the people of Scotland and their police force. I know that the police take this seriously so does the Scottish Government and will continue to make sure that we have a more diverse and inclusive police force. Can I also wish Sir Ian Livingstone well on his retirement? The cabinet secretary is aware that Dame Eilish Angelini's report highlighted on-going issues with Police Scotland regarding discrimination in the service. His previous answer to Katie Clark suggested that recruitment of ethnic minorities was still a problem, and that gives us all concern, because obviously culture change comes before recruitment. Can I ask the cabinet secretary what specific steps he has taken since the Eilish Angelini's report and what outcomes have been achieved? I am happy to provide a full breakdown of those recommendations from Eilish Angelini that have been implemented, which do not require legislation, but the member will be aware that we will bring forward in addition to that very shortly legislative changes. That will give the member a full account of all the changes that we propose, but on the particular point that she raises in relation to diversity, I meet and have met regularly with, for example, Robin Ifola, who is conducting the review, who somebody I have known for a very long time, and others within the force whose job it is to make sure that there is a more diverse force. I would say that we have a challenge not just in recruiting people from ethnic minorities but in keeping them, and that suggests to me that there is more to be done in making sure that the culture, as the member has mentioned, of the police force has got to change to make sure that those people feel welcomed and valued. There is a lot of work going on behind the scenes, but the explicit response to Eilish Angelini's recommendations, which we accepted, I am happy to provide a full account of everything that has been taken forward and what is still to come forward because it requires legislation. Fulton MacGregor, to be followed by Beatrice Wishart. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I also put on record my thanks to Sir Ian Livingstone for all the work that he has done. Despite the Tory's politicking on this issue, they surely cannot deny the fact that police officer numbers in Scotland remain well above those in England. Does the cabinet secretary agree that the fact that we have more police officers with higher wages shows the value placed in the vital role that police officers play and that policing and the safety of communities is clearly a priority for this Scottish Government? I agree with Fulton MacGregor. If you are to be objective about this, I am looking in and saying, well, does this Government value this service? The fact that you are paying £5,000 per year for a starting person in the police force, we tell you there is a level of priority attached to it in Scotland, which is not true elsewhere. I agree with that point and also that we have more police per head of population than England and Wales. 30 officers per 10,000 population in Scotland compared, and this is difficult for the Conservatives to hear, but they are going to have to listen to it unfortunately for them. We have 30 officers per 10,000 population in Scotland compared to 24 officers per 10,000 population in England and Wales. We have a tremendously well-funded and well-remunirated police force, although we would always like to pay more, of course. That is the case, and the success of that is shown in the extent to which we now have fewer victims and fewer crimes because of the effectiveness of the police force that we have here in Scotland. Beatrice Wishart, to be followed by Stuart McMillan. I thank the cabinet secretary for advanced sight of the statement and I would like to associate my party with the comments made in tribute to Sir Ian Livingston as he retires. There is a sense in some rural and island areas that centralisation of Scottish police services has meant a loss of tried and tested local policing with the imposition of city-style policing, such as that seen recently during Lerwick's fire festival. What works on the central belt does not necessarily work in island communities, so is the legacy 10 years on from the formation of Police Scotland, not simply millions spent in a merger but a distancing of law enforcers and those who they protect and serve? I think that the point that is made is not just about the money that is spent, I would accept that point that has been made by a member, but I have, and I cannot recount the specific details that we are unfair to do so, but I have got testimony from senior officers served in north of Scotland police forces in the past that are hugely complementary about the capacity that they now have in relation to a national police force. We saw that most recently in order that Stuart McMillan is asking a question in his constituency where the specialist services that can be brought to bear by a national police force can much more easily be done so given the fact that they have the ability to direct them around the country rather than the old eight legacy forces that we have. It should be the case though, of course it should be that it reflects the community in which policing is undertaken and the points that the member has made will be taken on board and I am sure to listen to you by the police service and I am happy to relay them to the police service as well in order that we can further improve the service. Stuart McMillan, to be followed by Maggie Chapman. Thank you, Presiding Officer and the Cabinet Secretary, we are aware that I have actually written to him this week about what I am about to raise and one of the welcome outcomes with regards to unify police force was to have flexibility of officers being allocated to areas of need because of specific incidents at that time. Can the Cabinet Secretary provide an assurance that that flexibility continues and that that will be utilised in my constituency present due to recent serious issues? I very much agree with the point that Stuart McMillan is making, not least because he is referring to a number of really quite exceptional incidents that have happened at the same time. If that were the case in a smaller police force and the ability to respond to a number of incidents at the same time, some of which required specialist services, of course, is more difficult. That is one reason why I think the national police service works. I would also say that a number of the very smaller, very much smaller police forces in England and Wales do struggle with this kind of pressure when it comes on a very high profile case, the comms that are required, the specialist nature of some of the expertise. Stuart McMillan has got every right to expect that the full benefits of the national police followers should be brought to bear in relation to the incidents which he has managed. I am sure that once again the police will have heard his message. Thank you, Presiding Officer, and I thank the cabinet secretary for advance side of his statement. Scottish Greens believe that an effective police service must be community-based, enjoy public support and reflect the people it is responsible for keeping safe. The cabinet secretary has made some comments about the diversity of the force and the work still to do on this. When considering violence against women and girls, can the cabinet secretary provide more information on how people in Scotland can be confident that police will be part of the solution and never, as we have seen elsewhere, part of the problem? I do not underline the very real concern that Maggie Chapman is expressing here, some of the high-profile cases that we have seen and it has not just been in the met, of course there have been challenges here in Scotland as well. I think there are a number of ways in which that can be tackled. The member knows some of the things in terms of the bills that we are bringing forward in this area. We have mentioned Daily Changelini's recommendations. I am happy to provide the same information to the member that I previously said I would provide to Rhoda Grant. I talk very regularly to senior officers, especially the senior officer team. They are extremely committed to this. I mentioned in my statement that, along with cybercrime, the ability to tackle violence against women and girls is one that is growing. I have mentioned that we had this week another indication of a reduction in crimes, but that also contains a small increase in violence against women and girls. If you look at the comments of the chief constable and what I have said in my statement, it will be a huge priority for the police in terms of violence against women and girls. There have been many good reforms to policing in Scotland in recent years. Can the cabinet secretary provide an update on the roll-out of trauma-informed training within the police and how that will benefit members of the public? In relation to that and a number of previous questions, of course, those decisions are often for the police themselves. We do not have any operational control quite rightly over the police that is written into the legislation. It is for the police in concert with the SBA to take this forward, but the member will know that we have the justice vision, which requires every part, every agency, every body within the justice system that the system can be called to undertake trauma-informed training to make sure that the response that people get has to be more than criminals being captured and the right verdict being delivered in a courtroom. It has to mean that those victims and witnesses and other people affected by crime or who interact with the justice system have to have a trauma-informed approach. It is the case that most people, for example in prison, have a trauma-related background, usually adverse childhood experiences. That commitment is there, but it will be for the police to make sure that it is taken forward right throughout their force to the extent that it has not already been done in many parts of the police force. Police forces elsewhere in the United Kingdom are already on their second generation of body-worn video cameras, but here in Scotland they have not been rolled out routinely, and Police Scotland described the equipment that is already issued as basic. Even supermarket workers now have these body-worn cameras. Why do not all our police officers… I have not always been in this Parliament for a long time, but I am not sure if he is sufficiently aware of the fact that the purchase of capital equipment and any equipment is for the SPA and the police force, the chief constable himself, to undertake, according to the priorities that they see. I do not deny that I would like to see more body-worn cameras amongst the police as well, mainly because they can in the end reduce costs and reduce crime. I have full support for that. It will be a question of resources. It will be a question of how the police and the SPA prioritise that spend as well. Of course, the fundamental point is that, if you start off from a priority of making sure that police officers are well remunerated and well supported by having the right number of police officers, then you start from a good basis. It is something that has been looked at by the SPA currently, and it will certainly have our support in making sure that as many officers as possible have body-worn cameras as we move forward.


In today's lecture, I intend to talk about geomaterial characterization and the sub topics are need for geomaterial characterization. I have emphasized upon this several times that why do we require characterizing the material particularly geomaterial the soils and rocks or the waste form of the industrial waste. When we talk about geomaterial characterization the first topic is geotechnical characterization, mineralogical characterization that is how to determine the mineralogy of the material. Next is morphology particularly dealing with the shape of the grains and the size of the grains physical characterization which most of the time you have already done it. You are aware of how physical characterization is done. Chemical characterization some part of this you might have covered in your undergraduate. This is where we will discuss about pore solution sampling how the pore solution is obtained from the soil sample. Application of pore solution sampling would be in determining corrosion potential of soils or the geomaterials and this also falls in the category of chemical characterization followed by this option-disoption test which described the reactivity of a geomaterial with environment or contaminant followed by thermal characterization of geomaterials and lastly the electrical characterization of the geomaterials. In today's lecture I would try to finish the physical characterization part and then most probably in the next lecture I will be talking about the chemical characterization. Now, what is meant by geomaterial characterization? The first letters are not coming here it seems the physical characterization, the chemical characterization, mineralogical characterization and thermal characterization. So, basically what we want to do is we want to study how these things influence the geotechnical properties of the material. Till now whatever we have discussed in this course you must have understood the point that definitely all these properties are going to influence the material properties how they are going to you know exhibit their response in the nature. So, this is where actually we will try to understand how physical, chemical, mineralogical, thermal and electrical properties are going to influence overall geotechnical engineering properties. Now, why this topic is becoming very important these days? It is becoming very important these days because of most of the times when we deal with hazardous and toxic waste particularly radioactive waste. So, this is where the basic question is how to design the buffers for waste and when we say buffer these are the materials which will be acting as a retardant to the activity of the waste. Now, when this material comes in contact with the waste which is having attributes of atomic waste in terms of its radioactivity, temperature, concentration. A phenomena which is known as thermo hydromechanical phenomena becomes very important and in present day scenario most of the laboratories and most of the researchers are working in the area where they are trying to see the response of geomaterials under thermo hydromechanical situation. That means how hydraulic properties and mechanical properties of geomaterials change when the material comes in contact with thermal fields. So, this is a very good research topic in present day scenario. Most of the research groups in western world they are emphasizing on these type of models, but you will appreciate a point that to study THM model you should understand how material is going to behave under different energy fields which we have discussed earlier. So, let us start with the geotechnical characterization. Most of you are aware of what is the significance of geotechnical characterization, what are the attributes of this type of characterization. The first one is we would like to study what is the void ratio and porosity of the geomaterial. Because this is the gross property which helps in understanding the response of geomaterials towards permeation of a flux that is the water or the gas or whatever. This is the fundamental property of the geomaterial. Then we try to study the compaction characteristics by doing proctor compaction, modified proctor compaction and so on. Then we talk about consolidation and compressibility characteristics of the geomaterial. The next is hydraulic conductivity and shear strength parameters and this is followed by a parameter which is known as collapse potential. I am sure that you must have done some test while doing consolidation and compressibility characteristics of the material to determine collapse potential of the soil. Now, this parameter becomes very important in your analysis particularly when you are working on soils which are highly compressible and which may collapse because of inundation due to water or exposure to the water or pooling of water let us say. Normally the collapse potential is defined in terms of delta in the void ratio divided by specific volume that is 1 plus E naught and this term is always in percentage. Now, to understand this phenomena you can consider this figure where the void ratio is plotted with respect to the effective stress. Now, if you do a conventional consolidation test your void ratio versus sigma prime curve would be a non-linear curve. So, as sigma prime increases void ratio decreases, but suppose if I decide a pressure or sigma prime at which I am allowing material to get flooded with water in that case what is going to happen now this is what is known as inundation. That means, you flood the system with water and particularly when we talk about collapse potential the starting point is the dry soil mass you pack it in a consolidometer ring and then apply certain normal stress. At this sustained loading if I allow water to go into the sample what is going to happen there will be a sudden drop in the void ratio and this is what is known as collapse of the material. Now, what is the practical application of determining the collapse potential can you can you tell me can you guess that what will be the best possible application of this type of philosophy. You think of a situation where the waste has been piled up near the some industrial activity or near a mine and then what happens is this waste has been piled up in a loose form and then comes rains clear. So, what is going to happen a system which is packed to a loose form when it comes in conflict with the water or gets flooded with water the entire heap may collapse. So, this is where these type of test can be simulated very easily in the laboratory. Now, this is one of the examples of how waste environment interaction can be studied as far as structural properties are concerned. Because this collapse is nothing, but a structural collapse clear. So, if you know the initial void ratios and if you know the final void ratio after inundation you can work out what is the susceptibility of this material towards collapse. So, this parameter becomes very important when we design heaps or the landfills is ok any doubts yeah collapse potential is always defined for a given normal stress. So, incidentally what will happen is that you see normally if you plot E versus sigma prime this is a normal consolidation graph. Now, if I want to find out for a given embankment which is of height h I can compute the sigma prime value which is nothing, but gamma into h and some factor. Now, if I inundate at this point and I will sustain the loading what is going to happen this system is going to collapse like this. And then if again I continue loading the system this is what the response would be. I can do further I can apply inundation somewhere here. Now, what has happened the system will collapse like this and will continue like this. If I sustain this point what happens this is the collapse of the material and so on. So, if you consider C p 1 C p 2 and C p 3 which are nothing, but the collapse potentials I think you can understand that for higher sigma prime the collapse potential keeps on decreasing alright. So, this is a good example of how you can design your systems for sustained loading. So, this is what most of you would be dealing with when you design your landfills or the disposal systems particularly when stacking is in dry condition is this any other question. So, most of you are aware of how to characterize materials by you determining its geotechnical characteristic. Now, let us study how to find out the mineralogical properties that is mineralogical characterization. The most important and useful tool or device or methodology would be to conduct X R D that is X R D fraction. I have shown here a setup where X R D machine is shown the setup is available in our institute at SAF and in metallurgy department department. So, we take help from them to determine what is the mineralogical composition of a material which is known as X R D. So, essentially what happens is that you have some beams of X-ray which is which are falling on the sample and then whatever diffraction is obtained can be obtained by using some receiver unit. The second tool which is used for determining mineralogical characterization of the material is a scanning electron microscope which is SEM all right where you can find out the composition mineralogical composition of the material in the best possible manner. A typical result of mineralogical characterization is shown over here for different materials which I have included in my today's presentation. These materials are a C S type of a soil which is known as a silty clay, a white clay which is nothing but pure kaolin, some chalk samples in Israeli chalk, red sandstone, brown sandstone, different fly ashes, senospheres of different types and GGBFS or the blast furnace slab. Now if you look at the X R D analysis or X R D patterns which are also known as X R D defectograms you will get something like this you must be noticing a lot of peaks. Normally X R D is conducted by using a filter this case filter was copper K alpha. So, copper K alpha is the filter which is used for doing this analysis and we use the angle 2 theta where theta is the angle of incidence with respect to normal of the X-ray beam. So, normally this analysis the scanning of the sample is done from 10 degree to 100 degree and depending upon the minerals which are present you will find different types of peaks here. So, each peak corresponds to a particular theta angle. Essentially what you are doing is if you know the radiation source or the filter source you know the wavelength of the wave all right and then by using Bragg's law that is 2 d sin theta equal to n lambda if you remember. So, where you can find out the d value and d is the spacing between two atoms. So, this way you can work out the value of d which happens to be a characteristic value for a given mineral is also known as lattice structure. So, corresponding to a particular theta what you can ascribe is you can ascribe a particular mineral like in this case m, m corresponds to mulite, q, q corresponds to quartz and so on. So, whatever minerals are present you may get a picture of these minerals in the diffractogram. Now, the question is how we are going to read this diffractogram or reading this diffractogram in today's world people use JCPDS files. Now, JCPDS files were given by the powder diffraction center which is located in Pennsylvania USA. So, material characterization lab and they have come up with standards different type of standards. So, this is a CD ROM on which all the minerals are listed with d values. As I said d is the spacing between the two adjacent atoms of the material. So, this way you can identify up to fourth decimal place the value of d and that value is corresponding to a particular mineral. Now, what else you find the difference between this figure, this figure and this figure. Can you differentiate between one, two and three figures? Yes, one is the height of the peak. Clear? That is not very much important in excess diffraction analysis. Do you find any other difference? Correct. So, here you will find a band. Now, this is what I have been talking about sometime back that depending upon the phase of mineral which is present in material you can define its activity or reactivity. The basic difference between one, two and three is you have a less peaks is it not. However, in these two cases you have lot of peaks. So, what is the significance of this? Each peak corresponds to a crystal. That means, each peak corresponds to a crystalline phase. So, a material which has more crystals, more crystalline phase is always going to be less reactive. It is a passive material. However, if peaks are less and you get a band it shows that this material is going to be highly reactive because here alumina silicates and other minerals they are present in glass form and glass also can be crystalline as well as amorphous. So, here the glass happens to be in the amorphous phase. So, this phase of the material is highly reactive. So, the moment you put water into this or the moment interaction between water and this material takes place immediately the gel formation takes place. So, when you are making concrete which material you will prefer out of the three? Third one. Third one. So, incidentally this corresponds to GGBFS that is blast furnace slag. So, blast furnace slag we will see further that why it is used as a replacement material for cement. But the first trait is the mineralogically this material happens to be quite active because most of the minerals are present in a amorphous phase not in the crystalline phase. So, this is how you can differentiate between the materials immediately and then once you have differentiated the material you can use it for a specific purpose. So, suppose if I give you different materials and if I ask you to select materials which are the right candidate materials as a backfill material and the right material for replacement in cement so, which type of material you will use as a backfill material and which type of material you will use as a cement replacement material out of these three. So, first and second becomes a good material for filling or land filling back filling raising the foundation platforms and so on. So, if you want to construct embankment out of the fly ash clear. So, this I hope now you it should be clear to you that how easily you can define and use the material for a specific purpose is it for clear. I have tried to give you the maximum possible information analysis wise and based on this information immediately you can say that this material is best suited for this purpose or not. Yes, Sushit has asked a very good question that this is basically a qualitative way of defining the minerals which are present in the material. Now, is there any way to quantify? Can you guess is there any method to find out the quantitative value of the mineral which is present? For that what you have to do is you have to take the purest form of the mineral do XRD and superimpose XRD diffraction pattern on these graphs depending upon the relative magnitude of the peak which you are getting that is a relative intensity. You can define depending upon 100 percent peak length in the pure mineral and the height of the peak in this case you can find out what is the percentage of the mineral present. So, this is how you can quantify the amount of minerals which are present in a geomaterial as well. This was a good question. So, this type of analysis we are using quite a lot in our study to differentiate the potential of the material for a specific purpose. Now, here I have listed some minerals which are present like anorthite quartz, montmoronite, in white clay normally which is nothing, but elliptic type of a soil or kaolinitic type of a soil, calcite, clenoptile, opal ct, elite and so on in chalk samples. These are the chalk samples which we had got from Israel and they are the best possible acupers. Their porosities are approximately 38 to 40 percent. So, in our studies you are using samples collected from Israel is known as the Zali chalk and then you are trying to study the response of the Zali chalk with respect to our own materials like red sandstone and brown sandstone. In typical fly ashes you will find quartz, molyte and hematite. Hematite is a compound of iron. Then I have used some senospheres where we have pure quartz and molyte. Incidentally if you can recover these senospheres you can do lot of industrial applications with them particularly manufacturing good dielectric material. So, these are purest form of the quartz which is normally used in a dielectric material in your chips and electronic circuits and electronic devices. You must be noticing here that for GGBFS I have written glassy phase. There is no crystal present except for the glassy phase and that is the reason it is highly reactive. So, is this part clear that how based on simple XRD analysis you can differentiate the material and you can at least suggest some possible usages is this ok. Now sometime back I had been discussing about activation of the fly ash samples. If you remember I had shown you some slides where fly ash got converted into a zeolite. So, how would you say you know with lot of inaffirmative that something has happened to the material. So, if you compare the XRDs of the original and activated ashes what you will notice is that quartz is present in both molyte is present in original and activated ash. However, in activated ash there are two more minerals which are available these are known as NAP1 zeolite and addoxyl sodalite zeolite. Sometime back I had given you an idea that you can work on SRT, what is SRT? Silica Reduction Technology where you can reduce the silica from the geomaterials and you can increase the components of alumina and iron. Now any guess how would you do SRT analysis? I am sure you will appreciate this point that if you have different XRDs of the samples at different stages of silica reduction you can make out very easily that whether your process of silica reduction is effective or not. That means, the content of quartz and molyte should be decreasing in the activated ash and content of zeolites should be increasing in the activated ash. So, this gives a very broad picture of how material characterization can be done based on XRD analysis. Is this part clear? Any questions? Oh tics means they are present cross means not present absent or two means most prominent. So, two tics correspond to most prominent phase, one take corresponds to present cross corresponds to absent and this corresponds to presence only. So, this type of treatment was with the help of sodium hydroxide. The second characterization scheme which is normally used is scanning electron microscope or microscopy. These are the scanning electron micrographs of original fly ash sample where you can see perfect balls or spheres which are present. There are some senospheres, hollow spheres, broken spheres which are present in the ash. It is an interesting word of fly ash you know. So, the more and more research you do the more you get involved in this difficult to come out of it. At the same time you may find lot of carbonates also present you see. So, this type of analysis takes lot of time you have to sit down patiently and study the micrograph and see what type of information you can get from this material. So, that you can use it accordingly. One more thing you must be noticing here that some numbers are written here is not like this number. So, this corresponds to 550 time magnification. This is 20 kilo volts that means the energy of the light which is being you know thrown on it is 20 kilo volts and then there is a line. So, this line corresponds to 10 micrometer scale. So, this much information you get. So, if I use this scale I can find out the size of the particles or the grains which are present in fly ash. It is very scientific. So, you can have more and more information coming out of this. Interestingly, if you are using an electron probe you must have used I am sure in geology. Have you used it? So, what happens if I use the electron probe along with SEM exactly I can find out or I can ascertain what is the elemental composition of each particle just by using some electron probe. So, well this is the photograph which I have already shown you of the activated samples of the ash where some growth is taking place. So, this was also ascertained with the help of scanning electron microscope. We could not do its electron probing because that time it was not available. Otherwise we could have estimated the elemental composition of the coating on each particle that would have been the wonderful thing. Some of the typical SEM micrographs which I thought I will show you in this lecture of different fly ash as are you do can you see a typical shape over here. So, sometimes you have either a medler type of a structure or flaky structure also available in the fly ash particle. This is a very interesting photograph. Can you make out something from here? Apart from that I hope the picture is clear on the screen.  You can see small small particles entrapped in this nest. Is it not? So, this is a peculiar type of a structure which you find in some of the ashes which are known as chlorospheres. So, these are the broken spheres in which there is a particle of ash got entrapped at the time of formation. So, the question is how ash is formed? It is nothing but the at very high temperature the ash particles might have got molten or melt. It trapped lot of particles inside and has got frozen. Now, geologists will use this type of slides for finding out the composition of different minerals which are present in the rock which is known as spectrographic examination. So, you go for thin slides and find out the mineralogical composition of the rock mass. You can find different type of structures here you know some big units small perfect spherical units small small particles of different shapes and so on. Look at this a beautiful assembly of particles is it not? Now, this was artificially created by Dr. Shantagumar. The person who finished his PhD recently I will show you why you are trying to do this type of growth of the particles on the fly ash. I hope you will appreciate this. This is intentional see what we are doing is a arrangement of the finer particles on bigger particles. So, bigger particles are being used as seed and on the seed we are growing something. Where can you use this type of system in geotechnical application? Yes filters where you can grow something in the micro pores. So, what happens? The entire pores get locked and then you get the best possible durability. Actually he was working on agglomeration of ash particles due to flue gas conditioning. It is a new concept in which we worked sometime back. What we wanted to do is we wanted to create a flock of the ash particles for improving the precipitation process in the boiler units. So, that no fly ash particles should go into the environment. Now, this is what is known as SPM reduction suspended particulate material reduction in the atmosphere. So, if you are going to work in a power plant nobody is going to allow you to throw the emission or the fly ash into the environment. So, this is where there was a need to develop a technology by which we can capture all the finest possible airborne ash particles and precipitated them. So, this is how the agglomeration was achieved with the help of dosing the gas the flue gas which comes out of the chimney with the help of ammonia and sulphur trioxide. So, this is known as ammonia conditioning and sulphur trioxide conditioning and then you can form different type of structures you know what happens. The moment this type of flock is formed it will precipitate down easily in the boiler unit and nothing will go into the environment. I hope you will appreciate that it is a very interesting idea where you are capturing the finest possible particles making a matrix it becomes big in size and ultimately it settles down in the boiler unit itself or the ash collection unit. Just wanted to show you how agglomeration of the particles can be studied with the help of advanced techniques like scanning electron microscopy. So, you generate a hypothesis and you can prove your hypothesis by going into the microstructure of the material curtsy advanced technology which is present these days like 7, 8 years back it was not really so possible. Here you can see lot of you know ammonium carbonate which is getting formed and the white color and the gray colors are of the ash particles. So, again you can get lot of information particularly if you are using a electron probe to determine the composition of each particle and what type of substances getting formed during the process. Any questions here? Any question? Sorry what extent would be the extent of agglomeration this is what your question is? Well we could not quantify the agglomeration process what we have studied is how ultimately the agglomeration is taking place, but yes your question is very valid and my guess is that agglomeration phenomena will depend upon lot of things particularly the surface charge, then the size of the particle, then size the type of the conditioning agent which is being used the structure of the ash particles and so on. So, if you do a very systematic study you can define what is the uptake capacity of ash particles that means how many finer particles each ash particle will uptake on it. So, this requires lot of fundamental study please be louder. Good this is again a very good question on which we have published two international journal papers. I wish you had asked this question three years back. We have shown that there will not be any difference in the ash properties. So, this paper is going to come in the ASC Journal of Materials. It is already in the print where we have shown very systematically there was a question asked by the users they were not collecting ashes from the power plants because their hunch was you are conditioning them with some chemicals and ultimately the properties may change and these properties may not allow this material to go into the construction material. So, we have shown that first of all the dosing which is done is very very small in terms of its magnitude or amount. Another thing is the whole concept of dosing ashes you just want this agglomeration to take place no mineralogical alteration is going to take place no chemical composition is going to change and no other properties are going to change. Interestingly if you put this material in water again disintegration takes place and all the particles will disintegrate. So, it is a sort of a temporary system by which you are trapping the particles by making a bigger flock. Because of this reason many power plants are unable to sell their fly ash because at on one side they are they are using flue gas conditioning to trap most of the fly ash which has which is trying to go into the environment. But then on the second side the question was whether this ash will be suitable for construction material or not. So, it is a real environmental engineering problem and civilian problem where lot of consequences are seen it is any other doubt sorry please speak loudly. Yeah this is what is known as flue gas conditioning that means you are adding either sulphur trioxide or ammonia in the gas fumes or the stack of the chimneys. So, this gas is responsible for creating a sort of a physical alteration and depending upon the surface area and the surface property of the ash particles this type of process will take place. So, lot of electrostatic concepts are involved in this and lot of you know chemical concepts are involved in this. So, truly speaking these type of problems are studied by chemical engineers, but because our interest in fly ash and its application in construction material we entered into this field. A good study would be you do these type of studies using SEM and then trap the fly ash which is going out of the stacks or the chimneys and then match the results of the two. So, what you will notice is there will be a drop in the particle sizes which are emitting into the environment because of this process. So, both of them are going to complement it to each other and this way you can show the efficiency of the traps or the back filters normally which are designed for safeguarding their environment against emission of pollutants in the environment. It is a big technology right now only one company in the country has a technology available with them. So, they design back filters for different emission units for cement plants, fly ash, power thermal power plants and so on. It is a good research idea and then another question would be how to increase the efficiency of agglomeration further because there is a limitation to this method. So, that is where you have to study the effect of electrical field and chemical field put together on the dynamics of the ash particles in an electrostatic precipitator all right. So, this type of modeling also should be done well just to give you some feeling of we have been talking about silica fume and GGBFS how do they look like. So, this is the particle of silica fume what is your observation here how do they look like. If you remember I had said that silica fume is a highly carcinogenic material it gets airborne very easily why it is so look at the shape of the particles. Surface area is very high that is right and you have lot of furs you know which make it very light because air entrapped in this system is much more. So, specific gravity is very very small very less 0.6, 0.7 and because of very high surface area if this thing goes in the lungs what will do it will absorb more and more moisture from the lung and that portion of the body or the lung may become cancerous. Now, the second group of figures these two are for GGBFS sometimes is also known as BFS that is blast furnace slag. The full form of GGBFS is ground granulated blast furnace slag. Ground means you are basically making it a powder in the granulated form as a blast furnace slag. So, this is how this slag looks like as all sorts of a regular shapes, but very highly reactive material why it should be so reactive go back to XRD. Amorphous form. Amorphous form that is right plus another thing when we talk about chemical composition then I will show you that why they are so reactive that is ok.


Hello again, everyone. This is Brian. And in this video, we're going to cover the dictionary in Python three. So what is a dictionary? It's a key value pair. More appropriately, it is a list that's indexed by keys. If you want to be really specific, you notice the brackets, this is actually a set indexed by keys, which can be any immutable type. What does that mean any immutable type means unchangeable. So let's take a look and let's see what it takes to create and work with a dictionary. Let's take a look and see what it really takes to create a dictionary. We're going to do this two different ways. We're going to do it the hard way and the easy way. First, let's do it the hard way. I'm gonna say the equals, we've got our brackets, we need a key value pair. So let's create the key. He is going to be the string pet colon. And now we need a value. Let's say dog. That's it. That's really all there is to it. Now if we want to make another one, we just separate it by a comma. Now we need a key. Let's call this age. Value is going to be five. Let's go ahead and make another one. Let's call it name. And its value is going to be spot. I'm always bad at picking pet names. Good print out the dictionary in all of its glory. There it is. Pat to dog age five name spot. Now let's do it the easy way. I'm going to say equals. And we're going to call the dict function. Funny names say that real loud in class and watch everybody just kind of look at you. But we're going to say pet equals dog age equals five and name those spot. So what's really going on here is it's doing all this formatting for you. That's why I call it the easy way. The end result, however, is exactly the same. They are exactly the same. It doesn't matter which way you create it. Just under the hood know that you have to have a key value pair. For example, pet dog age five name spot. Let's take a look at the keys and values and how we get at them. There's a third type really and it's called items. We're going to work with that one first.  And we're going to call the dictionary items function save run. And this is going to return a dict underscore items, which you guessed it. Look at this thing. This is insane. So we have a tuple containing a list containing tuples. But what it's really done is it's packaged it into individual items. So you can very distinctly see the key value pairs. Not abundantly useful for us. What we really worry about are well the keys and the items. So let's go ahead and look at those real quick. I'm going to just say keys and values. I say items earlier I did. Alright, so we want to look at the keys and the values save and run and voila. So we're returning three different things, dict underscore items, dict underscore keys, dict underscore values. But what we've got is all of the information in this dictionary right here in these three functions. See items returns pretty much everything nice and packaged the keys is going to tell us what keys are available because remember, everything's a key value pair. So when we go to look something up, we can't do it by index, we have to do it by key, which is why these keys exist. You could easily make these keys integers or numbers of some kind. But we've done it as a string. We can also get the values dog five and spot, which are abundantly unuseful without the keys. So in the next section here, we're going to take a look at how you would actually get those. Let's go ahead and take a look at how we would get a value from a key because these are key value pairs. It's called the key because it unlocks the door to the value. And let's take a look at what I mean here. So I want to format this. And I'm going to say name those capitalize that. And we're going to say D and you inclined to do something like this D zero. Let's run this in the error. What does that mean key error? It means the key was simply not found. We don't have a key named to zero. We do, however, have a key name name, we also have one called pet and age. So you have to use the key to get the value. Let's demonstrate that the name of spot. Now, you notice how I have different quotes, I have single quote and double quote. There is a very interesting little issue here, where if we do a single quote within a single quote, bad things happen very quickly, we get an invalid syntax. You're looking at this going now wait a minute, it should treat everything in these brackets as a separate entity, but it really doesn't. So you do have a quote issue that we've talked about in a previous video. All right, so now that we've wrapped our head around that, let's take a look at the key error in depth. And let's call this test. And let's just say blah. Some key we know doesn't exist. Really, what's going on here is it's going out and it's trying to find any key of that value. If it doesn't find it, it throws a key error. At the very end of this, we're going to show you a little trick using some simple logic, which we haven't covered yet to get around that to determine if the key even exists in the first place. But just right now, know that you have to have the key, otherwise it will throw an error. So just put a quick note there will throw an error if the key is not found. Let's go ahead and take a look at how hard is it to add an item to a dictionary. Well, it's not it's ridiculously simple. You just simply do something like this. There you go. It's that simple, you just simply say dictionary and then some key that's not in use equals a value and it will add it automatically. It's very cool how it does that. Now you should note and we're just going to copy and paste this. What happens if the key already exists. So here we're adding in here, what's going to happen, let's run and find out. It's just simply changed it. This is what I mean by the key is immutable, we cannot change this key. We could delete it and read it. But once that key's in there, all we can do is update the value or delete it. The key itself cannot change. And let's take a look at what it takes to remove an item. Our good old buddy, the delete statement. So we're going to delete. You guessed it, the trick. Now, this is what I mean by this is a key value pair. When we run this, and we delete a key, the value associated with that key is also removed. You see right here, trick, roll over, we've deleted it. And now it's just simply gone. It's not in there. Very simple to do that. But just understand that once you delete the key, the value is gone. However, if you were to try to delete the value, the key will be there, but you'll have a null value. And that could lead to some issues down the road. That's a more complex topic we're going to cover in a future video. I just want you to be aware of that. I've been getting a lot of really good feedback about this video series.  I realize these are for beginners, but I want more now. So we're going to give you a little preview of what to come. So we're going to test for existence. And we're going to do something called a loop. And both of these may be a little challenging, especially for newbie programmers. But if you're an experienced programmer and you just want to learn it now, let's just go over it and get it out of the way. So we're going to say if and this is basic logic. Let's say name in the colon and hit enter. What we've done here is an if statement. This is a logic. If this key is in the dictionary, do something. Now, Python has this little guy right here, this colon at the end saying, hey, it's not the end of the statement expect more. And then you have to have it's either spaces or a tab. It doesn't really matter, but it has to be the same amount. If you're from another language, you're expecting something like this. And you may be going, why do you need tabs? Well, if you think about it, your code is here. And if you get rid of the tabs, it looks like this. So it just makes sense. But a lot of people when they're first starting Python can't wrap their head around the tabs or the white spaces and it just infuriates them. So this is what I was saying earlier about we're going to test to see if that key exists before we try to access it. Now if the key was not in the dictionary, it would throw a key error, but we're saying if so only if this exists in the dictionary, are we going to run this code, we're going to go over all of this in more detail in a future video. But I've had a lot of people saying, Hey, they want more now. So there's one. Now let's go over loops. This is the other thing that really trips people up, especially in newbie land is because they're new. They don't understand this stuff. Nobody's explained it to them. What is a loop?  That's basically what you're telling the computer to do. You're gonna say for a key in the keys.  Again, gotta have that white space. We're going to go ahead and print. And let's go ahead and format this. And I am going to explain this, but at the moment, just take a huge leap of faith with me here. We got our key. And then we're going to say dictionary and then the specific key.  It works. So it's saying pet dog age five name spot. That's what we're doing right there. So what's going on here is we're saying for every key in, there's that in keyword again, the dictionary keys. Remember, we talked about this way up here, for every key in the dictionary keys, go ahead and print out the key and the dictionary value that correlates with that key. Again, you have to have that tab there. We're going to cover looping also in a future video, but this is just because people have been saying we want more and we want more now.  And we're going to talk about them. And I do mean in depth. But if you are a season programmer, that's very simply how you do it. If you're having trouble wrapping your head around these tabs, just think of it like this, you have some code. And then normally, you would do something like this. And Python's trying to help me out here. But you would have something like that. Strip this out, replace it with that. And of course, you have something here. Sad code. I know, let's say sad code here. But then you strip these out, and it becomes that. And that's why Python is so much smaller than other languages compared to something like Java JavaScript, because it takes all those special characters out of there. I hope you enjoyed this video, you can find the source code out on github.com. If you need additional help, myself and thousands of other developers are hanging out in the VoidRome's Facebook group. This is a large group with lots of developers. And we talk about everything technology related, not just the technology that you just watched. And if you want official training, I do develop courses out on udemy.com. This is official classroom style training. If you go out there and the course you're looking for is just simply not there, drop me a note, I'm either working on it, or I will actually develop it. I will put a link down below for all three of those. And as always, help me help you smash that like and subscribe button. The more popular these videos become, the more I'll create and publish out on YouTube. Thank you for watching.