Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 digital filter for Sigma Delta modulators interface. The features of this interface, which behaves like ADC with external analog part and configurable speed versus resolution ratio, will be described. The DFSDM peripheral is a new digital peripheral inside the STM32 products. This behavior can be described as a standard ADC with the analog part outside of the microcontroller. The DFSDM represents the digital part of the ADC which connected to the analog front end by a fast serial interface. The external analog front end is usually implemented as Sigma Delta modulator and is offered by many vendors. Each solution allows to choose a specific analog front end tailoring specific designer needs like galvanic isolation from high voltage in motor control or metering applications, low noise and high precision measurements in data acquisition applications or cheap analog Sigma Delta modulators for price sensitive applications. The digital part represented by the DFSDM peripheral performs the digital signal processing of the external data. By nature it offers a scalable ratio between speed and resolution but also an additional functionality integrated in standard like built in ADC. Like analog watchdogs injected in regular conversions, flexible triggering system, emergency stop signal generation or extremes detector. Wilmem's microphones providing a PDM output data format can be directly connected to the DFSDM2 which returns the decoded digital audio stream. The DFSDM is able to process the external serial data and on top the internally provided parallel 16 bit data provided by the core or TMA unit. Transceivers provide the serial connection to the external Sigma Delta modulator. They support serial connections with various protocols, SPI or Manchester and configurable parameters. Their function will be explained later in detail. Transceivers also have support for internal 16 bit parallel data inputs which will be written to the DFSDM input data registers by the CPU or TMA. Digital filters are the core of the DFSDM function. They perform a 1 bit stream filtering to provide a higher output resolution at lower speeds. There is an additional integrator behind the digital filter which provides additional data averaging. Applications can be designed with various types of Sigma Delta modulators from various vendors. The parallel data input feature allows post-processing of data gathered by another means, for example from internal ADCs, digital signal and audio filtering and so on. The entire filter for Sigma Delta modulators interface consists of 8 serial transceivers, 4 sync filter parts and integrators, 4 output data units for analog watchdogs, 8 short circuit detectors, 4 extreme detectors and 8 parallel data input registers. Serial transceivers provide the connection to the external Sigma Delta modulators. SPI mode works up to 20 MHz or the DFSDM clock divided by 4. There are configurable options including sampling edge selection, data rate measurement and clock presence monitoring. An wire Manchester coded mode where clock is recovered from the data works up to 10 MHz or DFSDM clock divided by 6. A synchronization detection feature is available in Manchester mode too. Manchester mode also offers the lowest system cost in case of optical isolation of the Sigma Delta modulator, only a single isolator per input channel is necessary. The DFSDM features a clock output signal to drive the Sigma Delta modulators. It can be used as a source for the SPI clock transfer internally, avoiding need of additional GPI open. The clock output has an adjustable division factor and can be driven either from the system clock or from the fine tuned audio PLL clock. Parallel transceivers provide a parallel input from internal data sources, for example from memory buffers. Parallel input are usually used for fast hardware filtering of data from the internal ADC or any other collected data from a communication peripheral or algorithm. When DMA is used for processing of memory buffers it needs to be configured in memory to memory transfer mode. The digital filter of DFSDM averages the one bit input stream from the Sigma Delta modulator into a higher resolution data with a slower data rate. The digital filter is a sync X type with an order X from 1 to 5. A fast sync filter type is also available for selection. The oversampling ratio means how many samples will be averaged in a single filter run. The oversampling ratio can be selected in a wide range from 1 to 1024 steps. When high filter order is chosen the oversampling ratio needs to be reduced to avoid register overflow over the 31 bit data width which is also the internal filter resolution. The integrator unit performs additional simple averaging of the data provided by the digital filters. With sums the incoming data the number of samples to be summed can be set from 1 to 256. The correct configuration must guarantee that final data length fits into the 31 bit width which is the resolution of the internal integrator. The width of the data coming from the digital filter must also be taken into account. The output data unit adjusts the final data before they are written to the data register. An offset value can be defined in the offset register that will be automatically subtracted from the data in each channel. The correct offset values are determined using the user calibration procedure such as measurement of shunt voltage when the power stage is switched off prior to starting the application. The maximum resolution of the output data register is 24 bits but the internal resolution goes up to 31 bit. Certain applications have their own constraints for example 8, 12, 16 or 32 and 24 bit data resolution is needed. Therefore there is an option to perform a right bit shift of the data to provide the final data result with the required width and to prevent the overflow of the 24 bit data register. Right bit shift is configurable from 0 to 31 bit. The final resolution depends on the digital filter and integrator settings as well as the bit shift option. The analog watchdog monitors sampled analog data to see if it remains within the selected high and low thresholds. The input to the analog watchdog function can come from the result of the final converted data or directly from the input serial channels through a configurable filter. If data exceeds the allowed threshold an interrupt can be invoked or a break signal generated. If an interrupt is invoked the software decides about the next actions. The break signal can perform a predefined safety action directly in hardware. For example it can stop a timer which controls the motor. There are separate high and low threshold levels and separate flags for each threshold to learn if a threshold has been reached. The analog watchdog can monitor two types of data. The first type is a standard output as with the internal ADC. The second type of data can come from a serial transceiver through a dedicated configurable filter. The second option allows to select faster signal monitoring when the required speed and resolution is set by the filter parameters. Each watchdog sync filter order is configurable from 1 to 3 and filter oversampling ratio in range from 1 to 32. The data from these watchdog filters can also be read by user firmware. The short circuit detector monitors input serial channels for a saturation. When an input signal is saturated it is outside of the allowed measurement range and therefore an overflow or underfall flow of the signal can be signaled. This event can be easily used to detect overvoltage or overcurrent. Detection of the input signal saturation is based on monitoring of the serial data stream coming from the Sigma Delta modulator and watching if there is a consecutive series of ones or zeros for a relatively long time. This maximum saturated time can be set in a range from 1 to 256 of samples with the same logical value 0 or 1. Monitoring is performed independently from the main conversion process that can proceed with another channel or can be stopped completely. All input channels can be monitored in parallel with their own timeouts. When a saturation event is detected an interrupt can be invoked or a break signal generated. Then just like with the analog watchdog the software decides the following action or the hardware break signal can launch a safety function without any software interlapaltency. In the example of the motor it can stop the timer if short circuit is detected in the wiring. The extremes detector monitors the conversion results and stores the extremes into minimum and maximum registers together with associated channel number. Monitoring of data extremes is performed only on selected channels to ensure that channels do not mix different input levels. Stored extreme values are refreshed each time the values are read from the register. Regular conversions have a lower priority and can be interrupted by an injected conversion. If the regular conversion was interrupted by an injected conversion it is restarted once the injected conversion is finished and this interruption is flagged for this delayed regular conversion. Regular conversions can be launched only by software and there is no scan mode available. Regular conversions can run in continuous mode where there is no channel switching and they can be performed in fast mode without filter refill. Regular conversions are used for measurements for which timing is not critical. For example when measuring temperatures or slow signals. Regular conversions are also typical for continuous conversions from one channel only. For example audio or energy measurement applications. Injected conversions have a high priority. They can interrupt regular conversions and start immediately after being triggered. Any of the input channels can be assigned in an injected channels group. There are available two modes of conversion scan and single mode. In scan injected mode all channels from the injected channel group are converted at once starting from the lowest to the highest channel number in the group when the trigger occurs. In single injected mode only one channel from the injected channel group is converted and the next channel from the injected group is scheduled for the next trigger occurrence. Injected conversions can be launched by software or by hardware. For example from timers or an external pin. Injected conversions cannot run in continuous mode but this can be emulated using a periodic timer trigger. Combination of injected and regular mode features make application needs an easy task. In this example the two MEMS microphones share the same data and clock lines. One transmitting on falling and the other on a raising clock edge. The DFSDM multiplexer can route their data to two independent channels. Using injected group both channels can be converted sequentially. The conversion of both channels is periodically started by trigger from an internal timer. For example timer one giving the application continuous data stream from both microphones at a defined rate. In the second example the DFSDM receives data from a single analog modulator. In a continuous mode it provides the data non-stop while application can still request high priority conversions on injected channel group. DFSDM performance depends on the maximum allowed input data rate because each input data sample causes the next digital filter operation step. The DFSDM allows operation at a maximum input data rate of 20 MHz in SPI mode or 10 MHz in Manchester mode. Parallel data inputs have the same performance so parallel data can be input into DFSDM at full speed of 20 MHz using either the CPU or TMA unit. Applications benefit from DFSDM high speed processing which now supports all existing Sigma Delta modulator speed. The STM32L4 evaluation board can be used to run two simple application examples to help you explore the digital filter for Sigma Delta modulator interface. The first example is a demonstration of the MEMS microphone directly connected to the DFSDM peripheral. Data from the microphone are processed by DFSDM with proper filter settings and then collected in a memory buffer using regular continuous conversion and the TMA. Recorded data from the microphone are then immediately sent by another TMA channel from this buffer to the I2S peripheral and they are played by the headphones. The second example is a PT100TM which uses an external STPM S2 Sigma Delta modulator monitoring two analog channels. One channel measures the voltage and second one the current through the PT100 sensor. Both channels are sampled using timer triggered injected conversion in scan mode. Software then determines the PT100 resistance from collected current and voltage data and finally computes the sensor temperature. The third example shows a typical one-phase electricity meter design using an STPM S2 device and STM32 microcontroller. The STPM S2 is a dual channel Sigma Delta modulator designed for electricity meter applications. It has voltage and current channel inputs. The current channel features a programmable gain amplifier to cover a wide range of measured currents. Sampled 1-bit data are sent by the serial interface to the host device which is here the DFSDM peripheral. Both voltage and current 1-bit data samples are sent on the same data wire but the voltage is sampled on the rising clock edge while the current is sampled on the falling clock edge. The clock is provided by the DFSDM and can run up to 4 MHz. The DFSDM then processes the voltage and current data streams into output data with a higher resolution and slow data rate. Finally the firmware uses FFT analysis to calculate the electric power and energy from the current and voltage samples. The last example shows a three-phase electricity meter design using shunt resistors for current sensing. There is no need to use expensive current transformers. Voltages are sent by three resistor dividers and external Sigma Delta modulators. Currents are sent by three shunt resistors. Each shunt resistor voltage is measured by one Sigma Delta modulator. Because each Sigma Delta modulator operates at a phase voltage, galvanic isolation is needed. If the Sigma Delta modulator uses the Manchester-coded serial protocol format and has an internal clock source, only one isolator per phase is needed. If the Sigma Delta modulator operates the SPI serial format, two isolators per phase are necessary. Each Sigma Delta modulator is powered from a separate DC to DC converter.


My apologies, it is now time for member statement. The member from Eglinton Lawrence. Thank you very much Madam Speaker. Recently I had the pleasure of hosting my fifth annual Eglinton Lawrence Volunteer Awards Ceremony. Eglinton Lawrence is home to hundreds of volunteers across countless groups and associations, all of which make invaluable contributions to our riding. Often these wonderful volunteers work quietly providing support to their neighbours without any public or official recognition and frankly with these wonderful stories of community building and selfless support going untold. I can firmly say that this is my favourite event of the year every year. The best part for me and for those who attend I think is not just the recognition that the volunteers receive personally, although that's appreciated, but also the feeling of goodwill and community that comes to everyone in attendance from knowing about these selfless contributions to our community. I believe that everyone leaves this event inspired and motivated to contribute more to our community. This year over 130 people from more than 20 organisations received an award based on the inspiring work and dedication to our community and I wish I could list them all here, but let me say they range from religious organisations and school councils to non-profits, business improvement, area boards and others. All nominees reflect the spirit of community service in Eglinton Lawrence and show that we can find a meaningful way to make a difference to get involved in our communities. I would again like to extend my congratulations to all of the award winners for the Eglinton Lawrence 2023 Volunteer Awards. Thank you. Member Statements and the member from Thunder Bay, Superior North. Thank you Speaker. The Northern Policy Institute and Northern Ontario Municipal Association each opened their recent events with an address by Anishnabeg Elder Marlene Pierre. Dr Pierre spoke of our responsibilities as leaders to respect the land, respect our roles as treaty partners and build right relations amongst Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. These are two major Northwestern Ontario organisations putting their commitment to build right relations front and centre. Unfortunately, last week we witnessed a much older, discredited approach to relations with First Nations. Every single First Nation in Ontario strongly objected to the Building Minds Faster Act. Yet the Ford government pushed it through anyway, claiming they know better than First Nations peoples themselves what is good for them. But isn't this the same attitude that led to the violent removal of children from their families and the deaths of so many children at residential schools? And hasn't the Conservative government thus guaranteed years of business instability and conflict? By taking the time to build good relations, Bitigong Anishnabeg, the town of Marathon and Generation Minds have shown the way to creating mutually beneficial projects that protect the land, water, traditional economies and guarantee land remediation. Bulldozer politics will always lead to conflict. But if we put building right relations first, good jobs and a protected environment are possible. Miigwetch, merci, thank you. Thank you. Member Statements, the member for Burlington. Thank you, Speaker, and good morning. Recently I had the pleasure of joining Halton Regional Police Constables Robert DeViller and Kevin Boschler, who are here today in the gallery at the Kramma Cruiser event in my riding. We spent a rainy Saturday morning helping officers fill seven police cruisers with food at the Aldershot Fortinos. The Halton Regional Police host various Kramma Cruiser events across the region to help those in need by filling up police cruisers with non-perishable food items. The next Kramma Cruiser event in Burlington will take place on June 3rd. This year they crammed cruisers in support of the Burlington Food Bank. Volunteers filled cruisers with much needed food like soup, coffee, canned fruit and vegetables. With the help of the community they were able to raise approximately $1,150 and 950 pounds of food, which will go a long way to support the Burlington Food Banks and the needs of our community. We all need to pitch in and give back. It warmed my heart to see the community come together to support the people of Burlington. I would like to thank the Heroic Law Enforcement Officers of the Halton Regional Police, Fortinos, Robin Bailey from the Burlington Food Bank, Constables, Del Viller and Boschler, and to everyone who donated, volunteered and contributed to the Kramma Cruiser event to help those in need. Thank you. Member Statements. The Member for Kitchener Center. In the Hamilton community. Two days ago six acorn members, Stewart Kozinga, Damien Ash, Christine Neal, Arne M. Hugh, Marnene Schroeder, Liz Scott, alongside the Canadian Environmental Law Association, the Hamilton Community Benefits Network, the Hamilton Legal Roundtable and Poverty Reduction, and the Hamilton Community Legal Clinic, delegated to the Public Health Committee and successfully called on the City of Hamilton to protect tenants in extreme heat. Acorn launched their extreme heat campaign in September 2022 and due to their advocacy, a motion passed unanimously at Public Health, which states that staff in licensing and by-law divisions should prepare an information report for 2023, identifying 2024 priorities and timelines for the development of a maximum heat by-law. I'm happy to share that this motion passed with unanimous support from Public Health Committee, and I look forward to seeing Hamilton be the first city in Ontario to implement a maximum heat by-law, hopefully by 2024. Thank you. Thank you, Member for Hamilton Center. Member Statements. The Member for Brampton West. Thank you so much, Mr. Speaker. I would like to highlight the noble work of the Mukti Foundation in Brampton, and organization founded and led by seniors whose main goal is helping grieving families move on with respect and dignity. Speaker, this organization strives to help reduce the stress these families face with the loss of a loved one by helping to alleviate the financial burden. Each time a member unfortunately passes away, the organization collects a matching donation, amount from each member, and these funds are put towards the funeral and commission cost. Their goal is to ensure that every member is honored and remembered with respect, empathy and kindness, and that their loved ones are supported throughout the grieving process. Speaker, great community-led initiatives like the Mukti Foundation are truly inspirational, and I want to express my sincere gratitude to the founders. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you very much. Member Statements. The member for Toronto Centre. Thank you, Speaker. Today is the international day against homophobia, transphobia and biphobia. This day feels especially important as we have seen a rise of hate towards the 2SLGBTQI Plus community right here in Ontario. Drag shows are being targeted by extremists who spread homophobic and transphobic lies. This happened right here in Toronto at Toronto Public Libraries. Yesterday I met a teacher who was at the York Catholic District School Board meeting. She described that divisive meeting as traumatic for students and staff who were there to speak about the importance of raising the rainbow flag. Queer and trans families are feeling unsafe in a whole new way, Speaker. A parent told me that they were being targeted, then reported to the Children's Aid Society and then doxxed online just for affirming their trans child's gender. Government members have said everyone deserves the right to feel safe. The government can do more than just talk. They can act by passing my bill, keeping 2SLGBTQI Plus community safe act. Through all this hardship, Speaker, my community remains resilient, strong and full of hope and joy. This is evident in the work of the Archives, the largest queer and trans Archives in the world located in my riding of Toronto Centre. This year the Archives is celebrating their 50th anniversary and their work to preserve our history is more important than ever before. Finally, June Pride Month is fast approaching, Speaker. Let's work together to support the queer and trans communities across Ontario. Let's show them that this House has their back and they can count on every single one of us for support. Thank you. Thank you very much. Member Statements. Member for Bruce Gray, Owen Sound. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Members, 16 days ago, on May the 1st, it was moving day in Owen Sound. As MPP during the past year and for Bill Walker, our great past member, we've been at 9th Street and 1st Avenue West in downtown Owen Sound. It has been a great location for the office as Owen Sound is the geographic centre of our big riding, which goes up to Tobermory in the north and down to Hanover and Dundalk in the south. And as members know, of course, Dundalk is the bee swallowing capital of Ontario. The office has now moved to the Greystone, a newly renovated building on 8th Street, also in downtown Owen Sound. It has a great layout and lots of parking. I say this not only to let you know because you're all welcome to visit, but more importantly to acknowledge and thank the great team that made it happen.  In this case, with the newly renovated space, it went from planning and managing the layout to technology and safety support and then to the move itself. Happily, everything made it in one piece. I want to sincerely thank Karen McKinnis, Lisa Lapierre and Julie Blake, the great Owen Sound team for all your hard work and getting it done, and for the great support of Anita Santan here in Toronto. Colleagues, this is just one example of all the hard work our teams do to help us in our jobs, whether it's moving or managing, answering calls or managing issues. We are all lucky to have this great support. Thank you so much. Member Statements, the member for Don Valley West. Thank you, Speaker. I rise today on behalf of Ontarians, living in rural communities who lag behind provincial averages in quality of health and health care. Across Ontario, we've seen a real problem intensified by COVID-19, such as a shortage of nurses, family doctors and other health care workers. We've seen the toll it has taken on people's faith in Ontario's health care system. To see the Minden Hospital shut its doors is just another example of this Conservative Government's health care crisis. Closed emergency facilities and an absence of medical support services are a reality through many of our rural communities. Dr. Paul Zilan recently wrote in Minden's newspaper, The Highlander, quote, closing an emergency department causes more than inconvenience. In case of a stroke, heart attack, embolism, every minute counts. Interceding quickly is crucial for recovery. Delay results in death or permanent disability, end quote. Outraged by the lack of planning and consultation, residents brought a petition calling for a moratorium on the closure with over 17,000 signatures. As the summer season begins, Minden's population triples with cottagers, kids attending camp and other tourists. The new Halliburton plan has not yet filled its doctor shifts for the summer, while the Minden Hospital had its schedule filled until September 2023. Community members are seeking full transparency on the decision-making process and access to the transition plan. They need to know the impact of closing the hospital on vulnerable populations, health care staff and regional growth. If this government cannot keep Minden Hospital open, it's a signal that they have given up on rural health care. The people of Ontario. Thank you very much. The next member's statement, the member for Peterborough, Cawortha. Thank you, Speaker. Many times over the last five years, I've referred to my writing as God's country. And for good reason, we have so much to offer, not only to the province of Ontario, but all of Canada. And not the least of that, least of which is the sweet maple syrup that we produce. In my opinion, some of the best maple syrup in all of Canada comes from the townships that surround the city of Peterborough. And Speaker, my team and I have decided that we should be celebrating all of that great maple syrup. Just last Saturday, we held our first pancake breakfast in Apsley, featuring maple syrup from the North Cawortha. This Saturday, we'll be at the Isabel Morris Park in Lakefield for our next free pancake breakfast, where residents can sample that sweet breakfast nectar from 8 a.m. until 10 30 a.m. On Saturday, May 27th, we'll be at the Curve Lake Community Centre serving up pancakes and maple syrup. Then on Sunday, May 28th, we take our pancake roadshow down the Highway 7 to Havlock, where you can sample syrup from 8 a.m. until 10 30 a.m. at the Havlock Lion Centre, also known as the Havlock Arena. We'll wrap things up on Saturday, June 10th, in my hometownship of Durham-Dummer at the Warsaw Arena from 8 a.m. until 10 30 a.m. I'd like to invite everyone to come out to one of our pancake breakfasts to sample the great nectar from 8 different local producers. Thank you. Thank you very much. Members' statements. The member for Richmond Hill. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. This past week, I had the privilege of attending the York Regional Police Appreciation Night, where our community gathered to honour and recognise the outstanding contributions. I have a personal connection to the law enforcement, as I proudly served as a member of the York Regional Police Services Board in 2005. While we celebrated the accomplishment, our joy was overshadowed by the devastating news of a tragic loss of our OPP Sergeant Eric Miller. At only 42 years old and a father of two, he was fatally shot while responding to a disturbance. Our hearts go out to his grieving family, as well as the two other OPP officers who were injured in the ambush. We will never forget their bravery and sacrifice. In expressing our gratitude, we must not forget the invaluable support provided by the families and loved ones of our officers. They understand the challenges and uncertainties that come with this profession. As we observe our Ontario Police Week from May 14th to 20th, let us focus on raising awareness and recognising the exceptional work of our police services. May God bless and protect them as they continue their noble service to this great province. Thank you. Very much. That concludes our members' statements for this morning.


Hello, we want to welcome back to enter the ether or the new podcast all about the upcoming third person MOBA ethereal clash of souls I'm your host the one and only man who's joining me as always is my friend and co-host jelly knees. How you doing jelly? I'm great, man Unfortunately, we were we were gonna have mud on this week. We're going to talk about um Things monetization policies and stuff like that, but uh, yeah, we Some things happen and we weren't able to do it this week. So that will be next week However, we did have something in our back pocket. What we're gonna be doing is we're gonna go through all the heroes or myths As that are called and talk about what alignment. We think that they are sort of um D&D alignment. I've never played D&D myself. Maybe I played once and it was terrible, but Jelly you're a DM. Yeah, you know games, right? I DM several games. I've got one every Friday right now So I love D&D been playing it for almost 10 years. I think so Yeah, right on So tell us a little bit about the alignment system. All right, so the alignment system is basically your characters Morals for lack of a better way to put it and your characters morals can be separated into nine different alignments We're going from neutral lawful good neutral good chaotic good Lawful neutral neutral neutral or known as true neutral or neutral evil Or sorry chaotic neutral then there's lawful evil neutral evil and chaotic evil and each of them kind of span over What you would do if you were in the middle of the street and somebody was robbing a store Are you the kind of person to go find the police?  Or are you the kind of person that would run in there and help them stick up the store to get the money and split the cash 50-50? So that's I think there are some oh 100% I think everybody a little bit thinks about it like I wonder like I could do that. I'm smart enough to go rob stores I think anybody that says they don't think about that is lying So I went through each and every myth and just kind of tried to work it out in my head What I thought each one what their alignment would be there was only one that really threw me off I think the rest of them are I've got them nailed down. I think I'm really curious to see what you think of the same myths But um Most of them I think are generally good. There's not a lot of evil ones that are there are some though And I think either generally good or generally neutral. So let's uh, let's just get get into it Let's start off with zero What do you think jelly? What do you think of zero? What do you think his alignment would be lawful good? 100% 100% all day long zero is to me and granted It's the angelic presence of zero that kind of makes you think this but also zero just seems like a good person through and through Always does the right thing to the tea is your your Upstanding citizen that would always stand up for the little guy would always step in to be the brunt of whatever's happening That's zero in my mind a hundred percent. I think just Looking at how he's designed listening to his voice lines and the little bit of lore that we've already read for him I think he's lawful good to a fault though.   It's you don't care how it gets done, but at the end the right thing got done technically You got the bad guy congrats like the Avengers destroying New York City in the process of stopping the aliens Where do they really fall in this? But I I could see zero being like you said almost to the point of zealotry where that's exactly what he would do Is it doesn't matter the costs, but whatever he needs to do to vanquish evil that is okay at the same time. Yeah That's the way I see him, but especially the the ultimate voiceline that we talked about last week The you will be judged or whatever it is. Oh, yeah, that's a very Harsh line to give that I could make you're leaning me towards chaotic good now. Hang on wait now that I think about it I'm really considering he's good. I think he's just lawful good to the point that it's overstepping true Yeah, I don't know. That's very interesting Because the next one we're going to talk about is Dante. I think he's a great example of chaotic good. Mm-hmm Yeah, I would say yeah chaotic good or Chaotic neutral either way Kind of the yeah to me He's the he's and maybe that's partly because of the voice lines But he's kind of got that Deadpool type of attitude about him. I wouldn't consider him an evil guy But he's definitely got that side where you feel like he would do something questionable just Forgets and shiggles, but you know, it's one of those things Yeah, thank you. I mean if you look at his Lord the Lord that's been released anyway like um like he's uh He's fighting he's his father is in the client, but he's the king But instead of like being the king and like obeying the rules He just goes out and goes vigilante on people's asses Now I mean that's sort of that seems to embody chaotic good for me Like he he wants to do good, but he will do good Outside of the law if it needs to be done that way. Yep, absolutely the I Could see K I said now that you mentioned it chaotic good makes a lot of sense. He is doing the right things He's just doing them in a less than Conventional way, I guess is the but probably the best way to put it In a way that zero probably wouldn't see his moral not at all It's the Superman versus Batman type deal They both do very similar jobs But Superman looks very much down on what Batman's doing and Batman vice versa because they both feel the others doing it incorrectly Yeah, I'm gonna say this right now and people can hate on me in the comments if they want to Superman is the most boring fucking superhero Ever like he can do everything They just wanted the south to be represented by a superhero. He grew up in Kansas, right? Absolutely He yeah, he's so plain.  Super strength and you are impervious to projectiles great. Yeah, you did it. You got Superman right there Oh Yeah Move over with our mess though. Let me not delve too deep into that one a whole different podcast about DC Grognark this is this is one that I had a little bit of trouble with. Um, I don't know What do you think of Grognark to me? Grognark is probably the closest to true neutral. We're gonna get in ethereal in that he is So environment-based in my mind And that he he kind of just cares about preserving life in general whatever that means if they're so great evil great good He just cares about being in that balance point the middle area and at least in my opinion of what Grognark is What do you think? Yeah, that's exactly what I came up with was just true neutral. He just He doesn't do things to be good or to be bad He just do's does he just do he do's things He does things just according to nature about to what's in his nature He's not governed by anything other than himself really so absolutely think true neutral for Grognark And I think I'll go ahead good I think a counterpoint and maybe this is skipping a part in the list But a counterpoint to Grognark would be Leah In that she I would say is probably the neutral good side of things But it is also a very similar vein to Grognark of trying to take care of nature and the environment around her and preserve that kind of thing But I feel like based on Leah's backstory and how she comes up. She's more on the good side of things than Neutral in comparison to someone like Grognark And she obviously obeys what she could say Yahime. Yep. She comes with the great tree Yahime or She there obeys it serves it in some way She's neutral good I mean my understanding is she's Yahime's vessel of some kind Kind of his energy channelled into like zero is the vessel of somebody and Talos is the vessel of somebody I Think that's her role if I remember correctly Okay, yeah, I can see that I definitely agree Leah is neutral good though. Yeah Um Acheron a lot of people always I almost forgot about acheron. He's he's actually one of my favorite heroes I don't know. He doesn't have voice lines out yet I'm not that I know of and he hasn't had much lore about him I know his lure, but I don't think it was ever. I don't think it was ever released. I Can't remember if it was on the website briefly or not Before they took him down Well, I can't say that I know his lore off the top of my head. So, okay Well, I'm I'm not gonna give any of his lore away, but he's lawful evil.  Sorry. That's it Even though like every protagonist in RPGs gets a fire weapon at some point. So why are we why do we have? That's a whole other debate We could go on so many tangents. Oh seriously Start a second podcast just about the tangents This next one should be pretty interesting since it's two in one Two as one exhale. Oh, man, I think of exhale. I Feel like it's a little actor called me out for calling The voice actor for the shadow called me out for saying his weird shadow thing. I knew you call it a weird shadow thing. Oh Man exhale, I feel like is true neutral purely because both of his sides in my mind are One's good and one's evil. So it kind of they balance each other out in that regard Either true neutral or maybe chaotic neutral would be my guess What about you? What do you think? I? See I didn't even think of rolling them both into one I was think that that's that's an interesting point. I think as one. I think yeah, he's probably true neutral, but I think I think he himself is Probably lawful good. I'm not lawful good, but neutral good and but I think his his uh, His shadow shadow definitely came out of evil. Just K. I his weird shadow thing Definitely chaotic evil like it just wants to mercilessly kill and Destroy for like just the sake of doing it hundred percent also, but real quick I said something last week that apparently was incorrect and burb very swiftly corrected me in the Discord very he was like, ah, that's wrong Xcl is not afflicted by split soul affliction His mother was but what he has and what that is are two completely different things. Ah So I wanted to make sure that's cleared out and also makes him more interesting to me at the same time Because it's like okay, so this exists, but that's not what this is. I want to understand that way more now Yeah You would have to think that it's something called split soul affliction would lead to something like that In the future about both of those things flushing them out a little bit especially because I mean Xcl and Malaya both their mother had split soul affliction So it would tie in to give us a little bit more information maybe about that, but we'll have to wait Maybe that's not his shadow. Maybe that's just a shadow that has assumed his form I believe just I'm trying to remember desperately. I think burb said it is his brother That something happened and they are now one person Well one person with the shadow and whatever that But yeah, so separately I would agree with you the Xcl's good his shadows evil and then together they come they form some kind of neutral for sure I That's why I like talking to you jelly. You come up with stuff that I would never think of I try oh Nikolai Nikolai is another one another odd one. I would just call him probably just true neutral. I don't think or Maybe neutral good cuz he's a musician. Maybe neutral good. Um, you don't seem bad. He's a support You can't have an evil support. I mean, I guess you can I'll heal you with death. Yes, like perfect Yeah, I would say neutral good probably for Nikolai until we get maybe more information about him, too But he's he's a in this world at least a famous musician So in my mind, it's hard to believe that someone like that's evil Maybe his band manager is evil, but that's a whole other thing But for now, yeah neutral good's probably the best guess for Nikolai Yeah, I'm with you there with you there Uh Callia So I think I think I know this one. What do you think jelly? That's hard. I Think because of her voice lines It makes me believe that she's more of a chaotic good or neutral good type person Well, I could easily see her being on the flip side and just being like maniacal like Harley Quinn right the Like easily could be the voice lines are so playful because she just does not care about anything or anyone Which is a whole dark twisted thing Oh, I didn't even think of that I I just I just immediately tagged her as chaotic neutral, but um Yeah, maybe She's just happily plucking someone's eyes out And the voice line maybe that's the secret that's the hidden lore in ethereal They have the happiest voice lines and they're baiting us on the website with her voice lines and all that stuff It turns out she's like the worst of the worst in the ethereal lore.  Oh My goodness Leah we talked about. Oh, this is the one that got me. This is the one I have no idea malware. I He doesn't he seems evil, but he doesn't seem to be Trying to be evil. It's like evil in the way that like a Bear that kills somebody because it's hungry is evil. You know what I mean? It's not like trying to be bad. I Guess I would put malware at chaotic neutral Potentially to me part of it is theming I think his theming gives him a bad rap and that when you look at the character You kind of get that evil vibe about him because this the cyborg eskiness of himself But I've never felt like he's an evil character in hearing his voice lines or anything like that So it's this like he It's a weird balance that I think that's why I would put him in chaotic neutral But I think it could go either way and just requires more information about him or something like that He seems like he wants to infect everyone But not out of evil just because that's what he does. Yeah, you know It's really hard to characterize something like that and it could be the same way of like a Priest wants you to join their religion. They're doing it because they believe that That helps you you become a better person in doing so Even if you believe that that church is horrible or that religion is terrible or whatever reason So I feel like it could be that kind of thing. It's more of a religious aspect for malware or religious loosely That yeah, I don't know But you're right in the way that a bear kills somebody is evil is a very good way to put it for malware I guess if you think the robots in the matrix are evil, then you think malware is evil Are you saying the robots in the matrix aren't evil wait a second No, they're not evil Okay, again a whole other tangent we could go down I'll just stop us right there All right, we're gonna talk after this podcast In the comments people will be dueling it out about matrix robots being evil or not Then we'll have the Superman Batman debate in the comments. We'll have robots and matrix being evil or not I can't wait. We'll have Khalia being evil or not. I can't wait to see what else we have the rest of this episode Hopefully more good things See Malaya She I couldn't really quite pin her down either. I think she's probably just neutral good Malaya to me. I feel like could be Chaotic neutral Because she seems to have some kind of Twisted aspect to her But I wouldn't quite say is evil, but I think it's it's one of those the she can't help but do bad things It's not her fault necessarily it just bad things seem to happen while she's around or that she's the byproduct of Because they talk about in her lore that she's Cursed she gets outcast by her tribe because of this curse she gets right so it's it's a very interesting that I could see her wanting to be good But not being able to do good at the same token She's definitely conflicted and guilty about anything.   Noxus Noxus I feel like it definitely falls in the same crap as zero Yeah, same here. It's all that talk about the light. Yep Thematically the light and it was to enforce it Absolutely thematically the light fits in in making her a good character But also to the point of like we said was zero to almost delitry where it could be nothing else matters Except for the light sheets. It's eradicating the darkness literally blind. Yeah Eradicating the darkness to her is more important than anything that happens on the way to doing so Yeah, the ends justify the means. Yep. Noxus Makes her makes her interesting makes her interesting Another one though that I couldn't tell us I I think like Los is good Probably neutral good or lawful good Because Talos is lower talks about how he used to be the shield someone shield bearer and Protected lots of people and that was kind of his whole shtick And then an event happened to him that he left his shield behind So maybe I'd put him more on neutral good now Where he used to be lawful good and he's kind of abandoned that Ideology that made him that way Yeah, but also because of I know and we'll talk about him I'm sure soon a Ron's backstory specifically ties into Talos and I think for me that yeah Pushes Talos further toward the good side of things thinking that Iran is on the bad side of things Yeah, I Agree I Agree So I guess I mean that leads into a run. We could just do a run. Yeah, Ron is next Oh 100% yeah, yeah Definitely lawful evil Lawful even where you can get yeah, like as all the way lawful evil as it gets he's the inspiration for other lawful evil people He means he's what you base your comparisons. Oh, yeah, how close to Iran is he on the lawful evil scale? Iran's backstory is that he was designed as a weapon of mass destruction to kill other people other of these vessels Which is why he and Talos go round several rounds is he's killed that vessel or that? Deities vessel several times before and so he's drawn to Talos specifically, but all of them So Leah zero all of those type of people Which is yeah, very very evil But but he's but he follows Something like he has there's a set rules. There's there's stuff that he does like It's not like exiles shadow that just wants to kill and murder for the sake of killing and murdering like Iran has a plan and his evil is going to satisfy that plan Absolutely, and he I think part of the thing that differentiates lawful evil to chaotic evil is Iran has people he answers to That he's got the people that created him that made him for this purpose He kind of answers to them in their own way Which kind of provides that hierarchy for a lawful structure in my mind Whereas chaotic is kind of just like oh, yeah, I just ripped this head off because I could like it's just That's that's just all it is And in his voice lines he refers to Legion which Legion normally implies the conglomeration of several different evil things into one but It I'm very curious to see more lore about almost all of these characters I think they built some very good baselines that they could easily expand on in the universe and make very cool interactions in there of Let's move on to the last one, which is a kaika and we have like jack shit to go on with a kaika. We tiny bit of lure So I feel like a kaika. Yeah, I know earlier. I said like fire bad, right, but I feel like a kaika is a good person in more in the aspect of like we talked about earlier in that He's probably protect in my mind chief a kaika is protecting his people. That's his whole thing. He's their chief who has I presumably fire powers Based on what we know about him that I think he's doing it more so to protect his people So he might do bad things in there of But I that's as far as I got for him. What do you think same here? I got I really ain't got nothing for a kaika I just the way the way people refer to him and the way he Like in other voice lines and a little bit of lore we've had for him We just know he's a chief that has some fire powers and Yeah, maybe maybe we don't know how he got to be the chief. Maybe he Burned the old chief alive to get his position. Yeah evil or maybe he was voted honorably into office Maybe fire equals bad is there for a reason and we're just supposed to assume a kaika is that is the epitome of that But yeah, I think that covers all of them So that's the ones that we know are coming. We do know a couple I think a couple I can think of one for sure God, I forgot to I forgot to go ahead No, you go ahead grace Yes, that's the main one. I forgot Probably lawful good We have yeah, let's we have less on grace than we do about a kaika, but I Feel like grace has to be lawful good. She seems like the combat medic if you've ever played overwatch She reminds me of Anna. She's got the healing sniper in my mind of that. Like that's what her whole deal is going to be I Will digress I have read her lore I'm not gonna come on.  She then shoots an ally and transfers life across. I I have literally zero idea I'm pulling this all out of my butt And then the other one I forgot was Yara, which we haven't seen much. Oh my god. I saw Concept art for her a very long time ago. I Don't know that I could go to be along the lines of Talos in a way. Yeah But that's about all we know because I don't think we can I think there's enough to go one there to really make a Distinction about what her alignment would be Yeah, I don't I don't have I barely even remember what that concept art looks like to be honest So I couldn't tell you anything One way or another about it, but I feel like you're right is that Talos is probably a good bet for her Yeah, I think that covers all of them. I can't believe I forgot grace. I'm trying to think is there anybody else we know Oh, uh Owen That's not gonna be a character. Oh, no No, no, that was just something they um I Forget the whole story behind it But they had commissioned that artwork But they I don't think they actually planned on making Owen as a character because I thought we had a model for him But you might be right. I don't I believe you you have more information than I do so I Know they scrapped him a long time ago because his his like um, you have like chain shield Blade things that we're gonna just gonna be too hard to actually use Implement the game. Maybe they'll come back to Owen eventually. I don't know but for now. I know that he's Don't don't expect Owen any time in the near future The do that I want to talk about just briefly because we talked about it last week the malware is ultimate potentially being A like Revenant where he pulls somebody into his own realm and one view ones them and there was a comment on your video I'm trying to see if I can find who said it That's hot.  That talked about instead of doing it that you put them in the same location That you just recreate basically like we were saying a double of the map that you then transport them to you basically make a cage Outside the map that they transport both of them to and they 1v1 while they're there Which I think is a brilliant response to that and you and I were talking to him about a little bit in the comments That that's a good way to fix that problem without having to utilize a crazy amount of extra resources Yeah, it's um What I say it was simple yet elegant Yep, and it it makes it easy it you don't have to double the entire map You just have to win that characters in the when malware is in the game assuming that is his ultimate We don't know for sure You just have that extra spot outside the map for him in order to transport you Yeah, I was right it was a big fat gamer perfect Yeah, I want to make sure give them credit. We didn't come up with that Yeah, that's an amazing idea Just really great Um, I think that's about all we had to talk about this week. Did you have anything else you want to discuss? Nope? I think that's it Next week's big We're y'all. Yeah, it's gonna be huge. We're gonna have much. It's gonna be great I'm gonna talk monetization. Not just mud in general. Yep It's always gonna be great, but mud will be here. Yeah We're gonna talk monetization, which who doesn't love monetization talks, you know Nobody has ever gotten upset about monetization in video games. So I think I think it'll be a very easy discussion No opinions anywhere anywhere among that. It'll be fine Okay, uh jelly anything you want to plug twitch stream, of course Yeah, twitch.tv slash jelly knees come in ask me what ethereal questions hang out always happy to talk ethereal always I literally do it all the time my girlfriend hates me for it Especially now that she's on the project because she can't actually talk about it with me So it's literally just me talking at a wall, but like what if this is the thing like oh It's the that meme of I think it's Charlie Day is the actor We're standing at the whiteboard with his hands out like that's me whenever I start talking about ethereal literally every time Right on I I got nothing to plug. So I've been doing a terrible job of these outros So I'll just leave you with a thought this week, I'll leave you with a thought this week There's never been a confirmed case of anyone being abducted by aliens or killed by a ghost yet There are plenty of unsolved mysteries out there of missing persons. So think about that as you go to bed tonight Well Last night it freaked me out And just be like hey, if you ever considered that they say ghosts and things aren't real but I don't know like I'm not saying they're connected. It's the give and see me and Batman in the same room together Yeah, I thought about I was going to sleep last night. Oh, that's scary All right, oh my goodness


All right, no questions about about the column business that we started on On Friday, all right, let's do a little bit of warm up one One I want you to size a column a Square column and we'll use wood So find the size of square column under two different possible loadings just to Get things going here a little bit Remember Depends a lot on Young's modulus We use a factor of safety of 2.5 Pretty standard 1.5 is actually cut in a little short Length of two meters about a six-foot column so about something you'd have on a deck And then allowable normal normal stress of 12 Make sure I got those right 13 oh, no, I'm sorry. Yeah, you can pass gals looks like grandpa 13 grandmas All right two loads for kilonewtons and for 200 kilonewtons, so we'll keep it a square post so the Moment of inertia is easy Minus square post because that's that's what that picture looks like. It's like where sound oh Not a red oak Frank has your foot doing Where'd you get a hat from color? I don't beat up some little kid at the mall for it All right, so we had that critical load equation Couple different ways to apply the 2.5 factor of safety, but they all work out about the same So based on those is the critical loads come up with an appropriate Calm dimension for a square almost those properties without the slenderness ratio That didn't really change anything terrifically up on the board you can have a square column That will support these two loads given those so essentially it's just this I've already given you the load You need to apply a factor of safety He you've got l you've got i over a for a square column reduces to a pretty simple Number that's the same one remember Lenderness ratio in it using the radius of gyration which you don't have to use Because that was just sort of Algebraic change in this equation Slightly different way to look at the same problem at the units. You're right. We're gonna get the a no with i in there Well, I'm sorry. Yes, that's that's actually for the Normal stress That's what that you would have cut that with the units anyway. He's given i Is unknown because that's dependent upon the dimension you can solve for a from that what you want this to be as big as possible Because that will protect more so if you multiply Factor safety by this you're protecting for a greater critical load. You'll have more Cross-sectional area doing that they're protecting for a greater load than that If you divide and I have a beam that will have a very very low critical low and won't take much to make it break you want You divide then you're going to make a beam that's only good for What 40 kilomens what you want is a beam that's greater for Well more than this low. It is tricky sometimes what? What you've done always solve for i multiply that but that would be the same thing However, you want to look at it, but if it said like this isn't the maximum allowable force then you want to provide that If I'd said this this Well I can't see how you'd say this is the maximum allowable force Without that factor safety already in that and that's what that tells you is that the factor safety says The maximum allowable load will be 100 times this I mean 2.5 times that load that's the maximum allowable load Got something Bob put your wedding reception out on that deck See you gone at four times today Now you got some Did you already use the factor safety don't use it again Use it once there are different ways to use it This is the end.  You're the same Since it's squared things to square in here Something or you've got to check for the normal stress limit as well Lovel stress 12 megapascals is expected with this beam first 25.9. Well, you use the 98 down here It's close enough, you know, you don't want to be cutting The critical loads already in there. I mean the factor safety is already in there. So you don't want to be cutting us any closer That comes out to be just the 25 kilo Pascal's Mega pass so we're well 25 megapascals almost double the Allowable shear stress to beat that beam up. You can look at this Is that a shear stress limit are the general idea is the same There's a buckling limit that looks Something like that Where as long as you're inside of that curve You're going to be okay curtain point You have the bowel or the yield Normal stress limit So that the rear design curve then looks like that for the normal stress concerns After after a certain point after a certain slender that's ratio, even if you didn't use this calculation, there's no numbers on that Buckling is a concern on one side Normal stress failure yield stress on the other side Of some some sort of division in between Certain with these and then we're all done is that the model we initially used for this of course a bit artificial in that no one really makes a beam that's Simply pinned at both ends and more likely to make a beam that has different Methods of fastening there or up there as well. So there's other a couple possibilities so we Define an equivalent length where if you have other certain type of Support methods at the top or the bottom Then you change the equivalent use that number in the straight calculations as before The ones we've got there where it's pinned top and bottom That's the type of mounting that we use to come up with this anyway So for that case, that's our base condition of L equals one nothing will change. That's what we're assuming for this column support method anyway another possibility is That we model it as pinned at the top Embedded at the bottom if it's a metal Welded there if it's in a cement base, it could be sunk into the floor itself The point being that this kind of loading this kind of support can offer some Moment which will make things a bit stronger than the simply pinned One and in this case Then le is reduced a little bit. We can imagine an even stronger It's kind of like getting 30% beam strength for free if you will Because of that change in the number is that same kind of support at the bottom But at the top sort of the same type of thing that remember allow for for strange shrinkage due to the compression of the beam itself, but this model Moment support at both ends Reduces it even farther. It's like getting out twice as much being for free if you will then one last possibility is that of Being that's got an embedded type support at the bottom and we model it with no Lateral support at the top which is what this channel type thing was supposed to Represent the fact that the beam couldn't the beam top couldn't go side to side It could only go up and down as the beam buckled now There's the possibility that not only do you have bustling But there's no lateral support, so the the beam could essentially just I guess flop side to side So this of course is the weakest of all of the Possibilities So it only works for half as much being this too doesn't mean that you can make a beam twice as long And it's just as good. It means you can only make a beam half as long Because of that don't look all right then so we'll look at our last problem of the year We decide just what what type of Loading it represents. So we have a beam here cross section e by two oriented in that direction eight feet long with a cable support there be above the Wall anchor to support some particular weight, so you need to determine what that is make the beam out of sorry 61 t6 aluminum liable Normal stress of 37 ksi yield normal stress for the allowable find other things one of these Support what the critical load is You've got I you do not have le you have to decide from one of these possible situations Oh, I you do have I forgot what gave you the cross section So determine what the load will be When you have all the stuff on that side, but you think I'll eat it Don't pass through that point. So there must be some moment there I don't know if they need to look at it or I was Part of this part we looked at the bending moment in the beam Which is different than the moment about a we looked at the bending moment in the in the beam MC over I That's how we've got to here. That's how I got in here When we develop that last Friday The W you don't know which will make w a factor p or w That is within that critical load limit, which one you think it is Well, it's clearly not the first embedded at this. They're really not the Third moment supported that end from all I leaves the second and the fourth is Possibilities so a couple of you thought it was the second one Anybody think it was the fourth one your professional careers or some things you might actually want to say out loud Even if they're cooking around in here You want to just shrug and get a lot of them doing just jesson Well that the question and I guess is is is there any possibility of that end going? That way if we look at this from above then we have the beam and the wire Running down like that, but that's where the tension is that's causing this Load that gives us the possibility of bucking is there anything available to keep That beam in from going left or right if we consider the ideal situation this this cable has no possibility of Stretching in it If the beam happened to deflect a little bit To one side or the other and the cable Can the cable prevent that when in doubt you need to go to the more conservative choice even safer? Design so if in doubt which one of these is the more conservative number four I Don't see that for this design. There's any reason that these and couldn't go side to side In my mind that was load Support situation for We've you've probably seen Cases where those kind of beam or those kind of you know a sign or something might have Two cables Running like that now that is a situation where we have to take that the end Can't go one way or the other because one cable prevent From going the opposite way each time so I think you're right that Well, you're not a professional explainer But on that yeah, no there'd be two Yeah, that's top you So this the single cable that goes down Both are the problem the big one. No, this is a side Looking at from time Though with the cable right in the right down the center I don't see any reason why the end of it couldn't couldn't move laterally and Prevent the end from moving laterally and then put two cables again here seen from above Above pictures are we small? Of it down at the end in which case we would still use the same for too well well don't forget though that there's a Tendency of this thing to buckle this way Much more than this way And so if you're concerned with the possibility of it bucking buckling up or down Then you have to take into account the other direction on the cross-section for the moment of inertia All right, remember we looked at that on Friday Is a possibility if this was a square cross-section? Then there'd be no preference for which direction would be buckling you have to look at it in both directions Yeah, the possibility that yeah, our Y is less than rz so it's more likely to buckle with the The beam actually moving in in or out. It's more likely to buckle in the Upwards direction From the upward view would be from the side. You'd be okay. And I seem reasonable No W there cable response to that and Some load there and that's the seal load that we're going to see on the That the beam needs to prevent the shape of the triangle it should come out the peak was four-thirds W just based on The Static of that that end piece the lesser lesser direction What's I you have is I might have that it's a number and the slenderness ratio L e yet as long as you use the minimal form by using our Y So anybody take that through then I give the L over R squared. So these are these are still the same thing Just slightly different version 4,016 something like that. Did you check for possible normal stress failure? No, well, well, we'll just do a simple buckling one like we would at Friday Pinned at both ends straightforward like that So that'd be a beam design problem buckling possibility problem and What do we have super positions?


In this module, we are going to look at how human factors can affect our decision-making process. Although the study of the human mind has been around for centuries, the term human factors only made its way into the wildland fire community after the 1994 South Canyon fire. Shortly after that fire, Dr. Ted Putnam helped organize the first human factors workshop. The recommendations from this workshop were published in 1995. This is not an easy subject to grasp, but it is becoming more and more apparent that we need to understand how our minds work and the part it plays in our decision-making process, especially when we're under stress. Dr. Ted Putnam started his career on a district fire crew and was then a smoke jumper for 11 years. He earned his PhD in experimental psychology from the University of Montana and combined this with his wildland fire experience when working at the Missoula Technology and Development Center. Dr. Putnam is considered by many to be the pioneer of human factors. Although now retired, he continues to share his knowledge with the fire community. So sit back and relax as Dr. Putnam introduces you to the concepts of human factors and why it is so important to understand how our minds, both positively and negatively, affect the decisions we make when we're under stress. If you look at accidents and fatalities worldwide, the accepted statistic is that 80% of all the accidents and fatalities are caused by human error. 20% would be caused by physical things. Historically, all of our accident investigations primarily look at 20% of what the causal factors are and hardly ever look at the 80%. So the importance of the 80% being driven by your mind is that we really have to start paying attention to that 80% or we're forever going to stay, you know, keep making the same mistakes. Trying to get people to start attending to the human factors, it arose, I think, from having a lot of experience doing entrapment investigation and wondering, well, why do people keep making what we would later call dumb mistakes?  They're focused on something at the time and whatever they're focused on and then what they then do as an action, they're related and they're doing the action that they think best meets the needs at the time. But they just happen to be focused on maybe the wrong elements. And when I make the statement that 80% of all accidents are due to human error, we have to be very, very careful and correctly say that upstream of those errors are human minds. And so if we're going to look for a solution to that 80%, we have to look at the human minds. And so far, the whole fire organization hasn't did that. Integrating the psychology of the human mind into the culture of the wildland fire community and how it relates to fire line decision making is long overdue. It's a complex subject that warrants much more time than we have available in this video. However, we will let Dr. Putnam introduce you to how the human mind works and how easy it is for us to fall into poor decision making practices. Human factors can be a deceptively complex subject. So listen closely as we continue on and try to gain insights into our own decision making process. And so one of the first principles about how your mind works is that you can only attend to one object at a time. And it's just one single object and then there's a space and then another one. But your mind can operate so quickly you can do hundreds of those objects per second. And that gives you the illusion that you can multitask. And if you actually look at what's happening, say neurologically, your eye will take a picture and it's kind of like a camera where it only takes one snapshot, it shuts down. And when it shuts down, then you can hear. And those things can alternate something like 60 times a second, but you then have the illusion that you hear and see at the same time. If you lose the ability to see, it isn't that you suddenly get better hearing. You simply have one thing that doesn't compete with the other objects, classes anymore. What happens when you get under stress, the stress tends to be subconscious and it's occupying more and more of that processing capacity. And because the stress is eating up so much processing capacity, you have less and less to try to be aware of the dynamic environment you're in. And it becomes frustrating so what you do, you simply start to shut down and lock in on one action, one object. And so if you're out digging line, you may just forget about what the fire is doing and just concentrate on digging line. And that's probably okay, but somebody needs to be watching out for the larger picture and keeping their focus there. Knowing how the brain works is one aspect of human factors, but knowing the tendencies of human thought is another. Dr. Putnam will now take about 10 minutes to explain what it means to be on mental autopilot and how it can affect decision making. When we can talk about everyday mind or call it autopilot, but what a mind on autopilot means is like you're driving a car is a good example because when you're a teenager or whenever you start to learn to drive a car, you have to pay very focused attention and it's kind of a jumpy sort of a task and we see this in the movies all the time, you know, people, you know, the car jerks along because they'll focus on one thing and then lose something else like the gas and as they go back and forth the car either accelerates or backs off. And fortunately over a certain amount of time all of that gets automated and then your driving skills get very, very fluid. And so after that you can drive without hardly any mental effort whatsoever. And that's, you know, kind of an automated response and they're wonderful things because we don't want to get up every day and have to learn to drive the car again. But it's also a warning because everything we do gets automated and we tend to think of it as good when it comes to physical skills and especially sports or like in music, you know, when things get so good they just flow naturally. It's wonderful. But your mind and your body do that with everything and we tend to be unconscious about how your mind automates everything and unless you start some sort of a process to be aware of that or to counter that all that unconscious elements from your past they're driving you ahead in the future and they don't necessarily take you where you would want to go if you could kind of look back from a different perspective. Yeah, what autopilot implies is that if you do nothing you simply go ahead with whatever you've been wired to do and how it affects you on the fire line is that a lot of your autopilot habits are acquired in an office environment or maybe at home with your family and whatever those skills are and partly it's like letting yourself be distracted and if you're distracted getting up in the morning and an example of that would be getting in the shower and when you're in the shower if you're thinking about what you're going to eat for breakfast what you're going to do, well your mind's off doing something that isn't related to taking the shower on the fire line as you then go out you have the same exact mind on the fire line that you've had all day long and so all those mental habits that you have in everyday environments at home and in the office that's what you take into a high-risk environment it's just saying that whatever you do habitually during the day all year long even off season you don't see it as affecting what's going to go on the fire line but it does and you just want to be aware of what that is so the way that you usually introduce paying attention to your own mind is get a person to say pay attention to a discrete object and the discrete object the simpler the better and the one that I've used personally and can't really say why is a red circle or a red disc but if you think about a red disc or have a red disc in front of you you can close your eyes and then try to see the red disc in your mind's eye and you can actually do it and if people think that they don't have a mind's eye you can hook electrodes up to your brain and it's actually an area discrete from your visual center so there is kind of a real experience of trying to see something in your mind's eye and if you don't have that skill it's something that you can get so when you focus on a discrete object the goal is to keep your mental awareness purely on that object and while it's on that object then you don't want to be on any other object so you don't want to hear anything, you don't want to think anything you just want to see in your mind's eye what that object is and the very first thing that's going to happen is all of a sudden your mind's going to go someplace else and you've lost the object, that's autopilot and then you remember through mindfulness to come back to the target and so when you come back to the target that's exerting the skill of mindfulness to pull it back to the say the red disc target so you can go days, weeks, months and that's all you're ever doing whenever your mind goes off the target starts to go off on autopilot you as someone that are trying to improve your concentration skills bring it back to whatever the target is and the point here then of all of this is you're actually learning a skill and you'll be able to think better and concentrate better in any environment having did this but the interesting thing and interesting question is that if you can't keep your mind on that object why not? I mean isn't that kind of strange because if you can't do it why can't you if I can't keep my mind on that red disc what's pulling it away? and it's an interesting question because you think you have control of everything in your life but here it's got to be fundamentally probably as simple a task as you could ever have and you can't do it and if you can't lead yourself then I always say can you lead other people and it's something that you really want to ask the question because if you don't realize that you don't realize why it's so important to fight that autopilot because you really don't have a choice autopilots just taking you where long term habits want you to go or it's just an automatic process and it's sometime useful but the more complex the environment the more useless it is and one of the reasons it's not quite as useful is because for the most part it's that autopilot is formed in a non stressful environment and there's a huge body of research that shows your mind's attending to all kinds of things that you're consciously unaware of and I mean it's fairly staggering that like 95% or more things are all on autopilot and there's very little that you have conscious intent for but if you look at your own autopilot because it would bother you to realize you're not fully in control one of the things autopilot does is puts a thought in your mind kind of like ah that doesn't really matter or if it does bother you just go watch TV and you'll forget all about it there's autopilot at work or out on the fire line it's action tunneling you don't want to think about the risky environment or what's really going wrong and it's simpler just to cave into autopilot and that's what you're going to do just out of habit had some prior experience with pulling yourself off autopilot so it may not seem like keeping your mind focused on a red disc has anything to do with fight and fire but what you're trying to do is create the chance to do something different in that different environment and not get trapped by the autopilot because autopilot I mean it's too often to put you to places like that action tunneling right at the time you need to be maximally aware of your environment well that's the reason like I've recommended mindfulness meditation is because it's activity orientated and if you're driving a car and you can learn to drive a car mindfully take a shower mindfully and things like that attend to the fire mindfully I would bet anything that firefighters ever have the terminology and have looked in their own minds that would be some very interesting discussions and I think it would bring so much more to it it would bring in to play that other 80% and I honestly think that's where we need to go a link to Dr. Putnam's article called deep psychology the quiet way to wisdom as well as other suggested resources on this topic can be found in your student workbook


Hey everyone, Raif Derrazy here and this is another weekly roundup of the latest HIV news for the week of July 31st to August 6th. Today I'll be going through nine articles covering topics ranging from the ASC 22 plus chitamide phase 2 clinical trial for a functional HIV cure, a genetic variant linked to lower levels of HIV virus in Africa, a new HIV drug formulation that could improve outcomes for children worldwide, the AIDS relief program under threat by anti-abortion groups in the US, and more. I won't be reading the articles per se, but I will give you a brief summary and sometimes I'll throw in my own opinion and commentary. If you want access to the complete articles, all links will be available in the description box below this video. Number one, via Connecticut News 12. Stratford HIV specialist honored by International AIDS Society for his research. Dr. Gary Blick, an HIV specialist from Stratford, has been honored for groundbreaking research by the International AIDS Society. His non-profit organization, Healthcare Advocates International conducted a two-year study that challenges the traditional approach of prescribing three or four HIV drugs daily. The study found that a two-drug regimen is equally effective, even for patients with drug resistance. This discovery could revolutionize HIV treatment, making it safer for patients and saving over one billion annually in the US Medicaid program. It could also have a significant impact on global HIV efforts potentially benefiting millions of individuals in economically developing countries. Dr. Blick's research is set to be presented at the International Conference on AIDS and STIs in Africa in Zimbabwe in December. Number two, via University of Cambridge. Genetic variant linked to lower levels of HIV virus in people of African ancestry. Researchers have identified a new genetic variant that may explain why some people of African ancestry have naturally lower viral loads of HIV. This discovery reported in nature is the first new genetic variant related to HIV infection in over 25 years of research. The variant found in the CHD1L gene on chromosome 1 is associated with reduced viral load in carriers. Between 4% and 13% of people of African origin are thought to carry this particular variant. As HIV disproportionately affects people in Africa, this finding could lead to new treatment approaches for those living with HIV. Number three, via Medical Express. New HIV drug formulation could improve treatment outcomes for children worldwide. Researchers at the University of Colorado and Schott's medical campus have developed a new drug formulation to treat children with HIV. The formulation contains three medications, dolutegravir, abacavir, and lemivudine in a single fixed dose combination, also known as FDC, that is safe, effective, and well tolerated. Currently FDC treatments for children are limited. The combination can be used for children weighing 13 to 88 pounds. The study involved 57 children in four countries and 98% of the 54 participants who continue this study had their viral load suppressed below 200 copies per milliliter, also known as undetectable, after 24 weeks of treatment. This new child-friendly formulation could improve treatment outcomes, ease administration for caregivers, and make medications more accessible to children living with HIV worldwide. Despite making up only 4% of the world's HIV population, children account for 15% of AIDS-related deaths. The long-term safety, tolerability, and effectiveness through 12 months of treatment is under analysis now and will be reported separately. Number four via Cosmos Magazine, HIV Science as Art. The HIV Sciences Art Exhibition in Brisbane features Taiwanese artist Kyren Lu's work titled Untransmitable. The photograph showcases a transparent phallus filled with a rainbow assortment of pills, symbolizing the U equals U equation, undetectable equals untransmitable, that highlights the idea that people living with HIV who maintain an undetectable viral load through antiretroviral therapy cannot sexually transmit the virus to HIV-negative partners. The exhibition involved 12 total artists, each in collaboration with one of 12 scientists presenting at the International AIDS Conference in July. The exhibition aims to broaden the conversation around HIV through the collaboration of artists and scientists, exploring the emotional aspects of HIV treatment and prevention. Here is a close-up photograph and then the full photograph that was on exhibit. In speaking of a collaboration between Science and Art, I released a video showcasing an art project we in the Hope Cab did with scientists researchers at last year's meeting. If you haven't seen it yet, I'll put a card up here so you can watch that. Number five via the Mosaic Project, the Catalyst Study, catalyzing access to new prevention products to stop HIV. The Catalyst Study, launched by Mosaic, a global project funded by PEPFAR, aims to provide an assess and enhance service delivery package for HIV prevention. The study will include oral pre-exposure prophylaxis known as PREP, the PREP ring, also known as the depivirine vaginal ring, and injectable cabotegravir for PREP. These products will be provided to women at 28 PEPFAR delivery sites in Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The goal is to generate evidence to accelerate access to a choice-based HIV prevention portfolio and ensure new prevention products reach those who need them most. The study will analyze the implementation of the service delivery package, patterns of PREP use and effectiveness, and clinically relevant indicators among PREP users. The findings will inform the introduction and scale up of new PREP methods and improve PREP service delivery. Number six via the New York Times, AIDS relief program under threat as GOP insists on abortion restriction. Speaking of PEPFAR, the President's emergency program for AIDS relief, one of America's most successful foreign aid programs is facing challenges due to abortion politics. The program, which has saved 25 million lives and enjoys bipartisan support, is set to expire in September next month. House Republicans are not moving forward with a bill to reauthorize it for another five years because abortion opponents are insisting on adding abortion-related restrictions. Democrats are demanding a clean reauthorization without added policy restrictions. The impasse is causing concern among champions of the program, who fear may be sucked into a partisan fight over social issues. PEPFAR is a $7 billion a year program that operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. Republican Representative Christopher H. Smith of New Jersey's 4th District will not agree to renew the program unless it is subject to the so-called Mexico City policy that would borrow the program from partnering with any organization that provides abortion services, no matter the source of funding. Three groups have sided with Mr. Smith, the Family Research Council, the Heritage Foundation's Political Action Arm, and Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America. They intend to score the votes for renewing PEPFAR in order to put pressure on most Republicans. These groups in opposition have pointed to new language added to the new PEPFAR operational plan by the Biden administration, including encouraging the program to partner with organizations that advocate for institutional reforms in law and policy regarding sexual, reproductive, and economic rights of women, which some have argued is code for a plan to integrate abortion with HIV AIDS work. And other language that states PEPFAR programs should advance human rights and decriminalization for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex communities. And the response is claiming PEPFAR to be quote, a massive slush fund for abortion and LGBT advocacy, end quote. I will most certainly be keeping an eye as this unfolds and keep you updated because the implications could be massive. Number seven via AVAC. AVAC applauds the selection of Dr. Jean Morazo as new director of NIAID. AVAC celebrates the appointment of Dr. Jean Morazo as the new director of the NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIAID, which oversees critical investments in HIV and sexually transmitted infection research. Dr. Morazo's expertise in HIV prevention and STI research, as well as her advocacy for community engagement, make her an excellent choice for this pivotal role. She has led groundbreaking studies on pre-exposure prophylaxis and other complex issues impacting women's health and infectious diseases. Dr. Morazo will be the first woman and the first openly gay director of NIAID, succeeding Dr. Anthony Fauci. Her appointment signals a commitment to advancing global health equity and defeating HIV. Number eight via South African Medical Journal. Urgent appeal to allow all professional nurses and midwives to prescribe pre-exposure prophylaxis PREP in South Africa. The article highlights the urgent need to simplify the provision of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in South Africa, which has the highest number of people living with HIV in the world. The current national PREP program faces barriers due to the requirement that only nurses with comprehensive antiretroviral therapy, NIMART training, can prescribe PREP. However, NIMART trained nurses are already burdened with managing ART for millions of HIV patients, making it challenging to provide PREP to those who need it. The article suggests allowing any professional nurse or midwife to attend PREP training and prescribe PREP to simplify and improve access to PREP services, contributing to increased PREP initiation and effective HIV prevention. And number nine via PR Newswire, clinical results of ASC 22 in Vefolumab in combination with chitamide. I'm not sure how to pronounce that for functional cure of HIV infection presented at the 12th IAS conference on HIV science. Ascleetus pharma presented clinical results of their investigational drug ASC 22 in combination with chitamide, chitamide, chitamide for the functional cure of HIV infection at a medical conference. The phase two trial involved 15 participants living with HIV who received ASC 22 and chitamide alongside antiretroviral therapy. The studies show that this combination treatment effectively activated latent HIV reservoirs, which are cells that contain the virus but are not actively producing it. While the treatment was well tolerated, further research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness. You can find links to all these articles in the info box below this video. By the way, there were at least a couple other articles from AIDS map that I may have considered including in this week's video, but their website wasn't accessible when I was doing research for the video. I do want to correct a mistake I made in last week's HIV news video. I said I was intending to switch to disco V. I am in fact not attempting to switch to disco V. What I meant to say is I'm attempting to switch to Dovado. Dovado is a two drug once daily pill and I've just reached out to my ID specialist to see if we can do that ASAP. So I'll keep you posted. You'll also find links to my socials where you can follow along other parts of my life, including Instagram, engage in discussion on Twitter and threads. And of course, you can find me on Facebook, TikTok and LinkedIn. As a reminder, the telegram group is live for people living with HIV. We have over 900 members from all around the world. You can find the link to join in the info box below as well. Shout out to subscriber Tan Anderson for the continued support and $29 in super thanks on the Fletcher Chew interview video. Shout out to subscriber Eddie Yeo for the amazing $61 donation on that same video via the new PayPal link in the description box. Please like this video, subscribe if you haven't already and hit that bell so you get a notification every time a new video comes out. And please share this with anyone who might find value in the content. This is the best way that you can help support me and my channel. Until next time, cheers.