Who says you need a camera to create engaging content? Not us.  Let's explore how you can do this for each of the five niche ideas we discussed earlier.


Welcome to the October 2019 seasonal outlook. I'm Sarah Harris, Manager of Research and Development in the bushfire team. So we're going to start the presentation today with the Australia seasonal bushfire outlook. This was collaboratively developed between the bushfire Natural Hazard CRC, AFAC, the Bureau of Meteorology and fire agencies from across Australia. As you can see, parts of Australia can expect above normal fire potential, parts of East Australia, and we've already seen this play out with fires in southern Queensland and New South Wales. For Victoria, above average fire season is expected in eastern parts of the state, particularly East Gippsland. Now this outlook was put together in August. We will collaboratively assess this at the end of the month and potentially update depending on the conditions we experience and any changes in the outlook. Now I'll go through some of the conditions we have already experienced and then what is being predicted. I'll start with the broader Australian context. So what we've got here are rainfall and temperature desol maps. These maps are how rainfall and temperature compare to the historical record for that particular period. On the left, upper left, we've got the 36 month rainfall desol. So the last three years and then on the top right year to date. And the bottom we've got the 12 month max temperature and the bottom right is the 12 month minimum. What we're seeing is rainfall deficiencies have affected most of New South Wales and Queensland and southern parts of the Murray-Darling Basin since the start of 2017. Western Australia is also experiencing rainfall deficiency in southwest coastal areas. So unless conditions ease, there is high potential for further requests of Victorian firefighters and IMT staff. Focusing in on Victoria and more recent rainfall, we have one month, three months and six month desol maps. So essentially September and extending back over the last six months was generally below average in East Gippsland and north of the divide compared to the long term average. Rainfall in west and central Gippsland in recent months has been average to above average. Now this is the current root zone soil moisture map for Victoria. This data can inform us about dryness and life foliage at a landscape scale. Ground indicates dry soils and blue indicates wetter soils. See in summary, as you can see in eastern Victoria has now experienced three consecutive years of below average rainfall during autumn and winter. And as a result, dieback of trees in eastern Victoria has been observed. We've seen that pastures in southwestern Victoria are currently experiencing above average rates due to average and above average soil moisture conditions. And far northwest is experiencing extremely low growth. We can also take a closer look at soil moisture conditions at individual points across the landscape. So this slide shows examples of root zone soil moisture for Bensdale at the top, Bendigo in the middle and Hamilton down the bottom. The trends highlight that parts of East Gippsland have had low level root zone soil moisture for much of 2019 and that's even extended back to the winter of 2017. So this slightly translates to an increased dead fuel component, dryness of life foliage in the near surface and as well as elevated fuels. Whereas for Bendigo, at the start of the year we had below average conditions, but that's now moved into average conditions and Hamilton's a bit more variable but similar that it was slightly below average but more average and even above average soil moisture. So to explain some of our recent conditions and also what might be coming up, can refer to climate drivers. The primary climate drivers of Australia are El Nino Southern Oscillation, the Southern Annular Mode and the Indian Ocean Dipole. And I've put these plots in to show that how these climate drivers influence our fire weather across Australia during spring. So the bigger the purple box, the bigger the influence. And as you can see, all of these climate drivers do have an influence in Victoria's fire weather. At the moment, we've got neutral conditions for ENSO, so that's not having an influence. But we do have a positive IOD and that typically leads to warmer and dry conditions in parts of Australia. And that's likely to persist and then decay in early summer. We also are seeing a negative SAM occurring. That has a complex influence on Australia's fire weather and it has a bigger role in what we're seeing in New South Wales. But as you can see, it does have an impact on Victoria's weather as well and contributes to that drier and warmer conditions. So moving to what is being projected for coming months, the Bureau of Meteorology Outlook is suggesting warmer than average conditions are likely across most of Victoria, with some average conditions along the south coast. And that's for the rest of the year. Rainfall is very likely to be below average for the remainder of 2019. And this is somewhat concerning because the climate conditions of spring typically defines what the severity of the bush fire season will be like as it's a key role in determining the landscape conditions for flammability during summer. All right, I'll finish up by comparing our current rainfall to previous fire seasons. This graph tracks Victoria's cumulative monthly rainfall anomalies, where an anomaly is the departure of rainfall from historical average values. It helps provide an indicator of the fire season severity over the last 30 years. So this season, we follow the black line and we follow this trend between what has previously been found to be a severe grass fire season, which is in the orange dash line, and a severe forest fire season, which is the dashed green line. For this coming season, there is forecast continued dry conditions for all of Victoria. This will result in further moisture stress in forest vegetation. So it's likely we're going to follow more closely to what has previously been a severe forest fire season. Note that this is average for Victoria, so there's considerable variability regionally. As mentioned, climate conditions during spring typically defines the severity of the bush fire season as it plays a key role in determining landscape flammability for the summer. Based on recent and predicted conditions, the implications may be above normal early bush fire activity is likely in East Gippsland, even starting in October and possibly in the Malley Heath due to continuing severe dryness. With the North East region continuing to experience dry conditions, this may lead to bush fire activity starting from November. While there are some areas that have experienced average to above average rainfall, particularly Southwest and Central areas, these may rapidly dry as we head into summer based on the three month outlook of below average rainfall. Insufficient spring rain means higher chance of significant campaign fire activity over summer, similar to last season. And finally, with New South Wales and Queensland still experiencing drought conditions with elevated fire risk for the season. This will limit our ability to request or provide assistance from interstate. That's all for this month. Thank you. And if you have any suggestions for improving these presentations or have questions, please email us at this address. Thank you.


So, the question was that you know that is an extra advantage because what happens is that there is a drain and there is a source the input is at the source the output is at the drain but the in between terminal gate is actually grounded. So, therefore, the Miller capacitance actually gets grounded right. So, therefore, it is AC performance is better AC performance of the upper transistor is better that is of course, given but the point is right now we are talking of the DC gain and even the DC gain is boosted and the contribution to the boosting of the DC gain is through increasing the output in the output resistance of this. So, that is what is happening essentially if there is a fluctuation of voltage here there will be a current fluctuation here this current fluctuation will be the same as the gm of m 1 and because they are in series the same current flows through both right. So, therefore, the effective gm of these two transistors is the same as the gm of this transistor on the other hand the g 0 is multiplied by the common well common mode gain common base gain common gate gain of this transistor ok. So, g 0 is improved gm remains the same. So, the overall gain is therefore, the product of the two gains ok gm remain the same g 0 got multiplied therefore, the gain also got multiplied g 0 got reduced r 0 got multiplied ok. So, this is the product of the two gains. So, in short the gain is the product of the two gains the gm is the same because gm is the same gm by c is the same ok. So, it will if it is loaded externally then while the miller capacitance will make have a lower impedance, but the cutoff frequency is decided by external load ok. So, now the external load will decide the frequency and your output impedance is high and therefore, the bandwidth will be lower ok. You can also do this by just putting the transistor model across here ok. So, this is the lower transistor on top of that is the upper transistor this is c 0 you do it using networks you get the same result ok. So, now we have got something good, but there is a bit of a problem with this and that is that the DC voltages are not compatible. Remember this input voltage will be somewhere above v t n so that we get into the linear regime right. So, this will be somewhere say within a volt of ground, but this voltage is much higher because there is a full VDS in series with that. Therefore, the output DC the fluctuation is not amplified, but the output DC is very high and therefore, it cannot be directly connected to the next stage ok. If you want to do capacitive coupling then large capacitors cannot be put on chip ok. So, this is a big problem with the ordinary so called telescopic cascord. This is called a telescopic cascord but it looks like a telescope these two portions one on top of the other ok. So, the DC compatibility in a multi stage amplifier is difficult ok. So, the first question I ask is if this is a good differential amplifier ok and actually it is not a good differential amplifier, but you should ask your students is this a good differential amplifier they must first appreciate that this is not a good differential amplifier otherwise you know you teach them some very complicated circuit and they say why is all this complication necessary right. So, first they must appreciate that a simple solution is not a good solution ok. So, what I am suggesting is that I take two transistors like this I apply V i 1 here V i 2 here ok. These two transistors are identical these resistors are identical therefore, their gains are identical ok. So, V 0 1 is a times V i 1 V 0 2 is a times V i 2 therefore, the difference of this. So, a times V 0 2 minus V 0 1 ok the V 0 2 minus V 0 1 is just a times V 0 1 minus V 0 2. So, it is a good differential amplifier. So, why do not we simply use this what is the problem can you spot the problem why cannot we use this as a differential amplifier otherwise this is a simple rather than all that long tail pair 3 current source all sorts of loads and so on. So, why is this not a good differential amplifier ok you can read the answer of the top but also try to apply your mind what happens is that not only do we want high differential gain we wanted to ignore any common mode voltage. That means if the same voltage is applied to both the terminals then it should not affect the gain of this right. In this case what happens is that suppose I raise both the I am the same differential voltage, but suppose I raise both of these voltages let us say by half a volt right the differential is the same, but the absolute value dc value of both the gates is raised by half a volt what will happen to the current current will be much high in both of them and the gain depends on current right. So, even though the output will be proportional to the input difference the differential output will still be proportional to the differential input, but that proportionality constant which is the gain depends on the common mode voltage. Therefore, this circuit will respond to common mode voltage it will not ignore the common mode voltage as a result its common mode mode rejection will be very poor that is why we do not use this for as a differential amplifier otherwise very simple that is also why that if you do not want to worry about common mode voltage this is actually a good differential amplifier and should be used for example many circuits in the these earphone amplifiers for you know hearing aids and so on they need to go till the battery becomes very very low ok so that the battery life is enhanced and common mode voltage does not matter the bias is not going to change a lot there they often use this circuit as a differential amplifier ok it is because it saves there is no voltage drop across a current source at the bottom ok. So, these decisions are not automatic that this is a differential amplifier and therefore use it how it comes about this is a possible differential amplifier in certain applications might be a good differential amplifier though in a general occasion an op amp will be very bad so what we do is we put a current source here now because this current source if these two voltages are same irrespective of what their absolute values are if these two voltages are same they will get the same fraction of this current source ok. So, we put a current source then half the current will go here half the current will go here as a result if the common mode voltage changes the current will not change earlier it was grounded right but by putting a current source here even if you change the common mode voltage the current through each transistor remains the same therefore the gain remains the same this therefore will be a very good differential amplifier. So, we will use it ok I want to get to the tutorial of this so this is an amplifier and if for load it uses this see suppose you want a differential output that means you two inputs two outputs then that circuit would have been ok but in reality what we want is a single output which is proportional to the differential input ok and that is done by this single ended output ok now this is a slightly not a delicate argument but you have to look at the details of this so we will take a minute over this what is I out this is the fluctuating current in the output it is the difference of the current through this and this right this guy sources a certain amount of current this guy sinks a certain amount of current and the differential what comes out of the output right. So, the I out is I of m p 2 and from that is subtract I of m n 2 right so this everyone agrees with ok now I of m p 2 is the same as I m p 1 because this is a current mirror you agree with that this is a current mirror ok. So, these two currents are equal but I of m p 1 is the same as I of m n 1 because they are in series. So, the same current has to flow through both correct. So, therefore, I can put instead of I m p 2 I can put I m n 1 right I of m p 2 is the same as I of m p 1 I of m p 1 is same as I m n 1.  So, this is the output current now if I want to define this as a black box as a difference amplifier then I define a capital g m this is a definition not derivation this symbol. So, I define a capital g m such that current is this g m times v i that is how all g m are defined right the output current is g m times input voltage now input voltage is differential. So, I define a differential g m such that the I output is this g m times the input differential voltage right and from inspection again simply say that this g m is the same as this g m correct you got it. So, the effective g m of a different is the same as the g m of a single transistor ok you do not get twice again because you have two transistors right you get the g m of a single transistor as you can see from here right this is the single transistor g m of m n 1 this is the single transistor g m of m n 2 take the differential and if you define capital g m like this then capital g m is same as the g m of a single transistor even though you are using two transistors this part is clear as soon as that is there then many things immediately follow ok. For example, the g m by c is the cut off frequency right at which the gain will drop and that is the same as that of a single transistor. Now the gain of this output stage right that is g m times r now if you look at this point this is at ac ground there is no fluctuation here 0 fluctuation therefore this is ac ground d c at v d d, but ac ground and so is this point at ac ground right because of differential amplifier.  So, now we know the gain so now we arrive finally at the two stage op amp ok why do we use two stage op amps it makes it decouples the input from the output ok this stage we have already done in great detail up to now right. So, this stage is optimized to handle the input because it is connected to the input and this stage can be optimized to handle the output output capacitance whatever the load and so on you design it according to the output and then the total gain will be the product of the gain of this and this ok. So, that is why two stage op amps are popular and that is what we are going to use now this one is not a big deal this is that single transistor amplifier except that it is inverted the output of this is connected to the p channel transistor and this n channel transistor is acting as a current source. So, we have already analyzed this also ok we know all the results for this. So, we can just put all those results and the eventual gain is a product of these two gains. So, this is what it looks like you have a differential stage here it has a capital g m which is g m 1 1 and output stage which is g m 2 2 ok. So, this is the second stage and now that is the total output gain this immediately bring the problem what is the problem remember this is a single pole response. So, as you pass the bandwidth the phase will shift by 90 degrees this is also a single pole response and this also around its bandwidth will shift the phase by 90 degrees ok if now both of these are similar circuit similar output resistance similar capacitances and so on. Therefore, these two frequencies are the same more or less as a result around that frequency you will have 90 degree of phase difference here 90 degree of phase difference here you will have an overall phase difference of 180 degrees. Now, in op amp we always use with negative feedback. So, you are using this op amp with negative feedback and if this guy introduces 180 degrees of phase difference that negative feedback will become positive feedback because internally the signal has got phase shifted by 180 degrees you put negative feedback, but because it has got shifted at this frequency by 180 it will be unstable it will start oscillating at that frequency if the gain is higher than 1 if the gain is less than 1 then the feedback will not cause any problem. Therefore, we have to make sure that the overall gain which is dropping with frequency drops to below 1 before the phase reaches 180 degrees and that is not very easy to do if both these poles are at the same point ok why is that so have I left you far behind at what frequency does the phase start changing around the bandwidth right, but at the bandwidth the gain is near its maximum right. So, around the bandwidth the phase has already reached 180 degrees right, but the gain continues to be quite high not the highest possible, but continues to be quite high at that point. So, the overall gain cannot be below 1 before the phase reaches 180. So, we have to do something ok and we do it by reducing on purpose the gain of the first stage if you essentially change the poles of these two so that the pole of the first one is very low and the pole of the second one is very high then because of the gain reduction has already taken place for the first one you can make it such that the gain is below 1 when the phase eventually reaches 180 degrees this is called pole splitting this is what we will do and we will put a capacitor here between the output and the input that is a miller capacitor and that will stabilize the gain and if you notice this was already here without this this will not be very stable. So, this is called op amp compensation and done by pole splitting. So, we put this capacitor here and you can now analyze this this is a miller capacitor it is connected between output and input. So, its effective value is multiplied by the gain of the second stage. So, you can use a small capacitor and it will look like a very large capacitor because of the miller effect. So, this is the equivalent circuit this is the first stage this is the second stage and connected between the output and input of this is this capacitor. So, what is the gain bandwidth product of the total this capacitor the output of this is r and this capacitor has got multiplied by a 2 right. So, what is the gain of this a 1 what is the gain of this a 2 and what is the r c time constant the r 0 of this times c times a 2 because of the miller effect right. So, this is a 1 a 2 divided by r 0 1 a 2 c which is a 1 by r 0 1 c that means the bandwidth is set gain bandwidth product is set by just this amplifier independent of a 2 right essentially what you have done is you have multiplied the capacitor by a 2 right. So, the gain has been killed by the same amount that it has been boosted by the second amplifier right. So, this is occurring in numerator as well as denominator the killing is because of the r c time constant. So, you have boosted the r c time constant by the miller effect you know why the capacitor appears a times in this configuration why is the miller capacitance effectively a times its physical value it should not just be algebra you should actually make your students appreciate this. What really happens is the following what is capacitance capacitance is the ratio of charge to voltage right. So, in order to change the voltage by a little bit how much charge you have to place there right that is what the capacitance is now in this case what happens is that suppose I raise this voltage by some delta V correct what happens to this point it goes minus a times delta V right. So, effectively across this capacitor the voltage changes by a times delta V actually a plus 1 delta V right. So, the amount of charge that you have to provide to it is not no more c times delta V if this guy was a ground then this guy will have to provide a charge which is c times delta V, but now it has to provide in order to change the voltage by delta V it has to provide an amount of charge which is a times c times delta V. Therefore, it appears to it as if a huge capacitor to ground is connected to its output in order to change its voltage by a small delta V it has to dump charge which is a times delta V right that is why the miller capacitance gets multiplied by the gain right this part is clear okay this qualitative appreciation for students is very good because then they get a gut feel of what really is happening here alright. Now, let us do the design final thing what is the slew rate now up to now we have done small signal amplification we have assumed that the bias is there and you put a small fluctuation there, but slew rate is a large signal phenomenon that is you say I apply a step input which is large and I expect the output to go towards the other power supply, but because the current is limited the capacitor can be charged only at a certain rate. So, even though the input is a step the output is a ramp right that is to be expected this is an RC circuit it is an it is a it is an integrator right. So, that ramp will when you integrate a constant you will get a ramp that is not very surprising okay first pole response second pole response it is an integrator right. So, that is the question is what is that ramp rate. So, look at this circuit and see how this capacitor is being charged okay what is the rate of change at this output voltage suppose the input has been given a high voltage. So, that all the current is switched either through Mn1 or through Mn2 right this is the current source and such a high voltage has been applied suddenly here that one of these transistor is completely cut off and all the bias current is flowing through the other transistor it could be through this or it could be through this it does not matter that will just change the direction of the output current okay. So, how much current is being poured in from here whatever is the bias current here right the differential current because all the current is going through one transistor the differential current is the full current the bias current right. So, this bias current all the current will go through one and the other will take zero and as we have worked out the output current is Mn2 minus Mn1 current. So, the full bias current is the output from here right. So, what is the CDV by DT here the effective value of C here is A2 times C right. So, A2 times C times DV by DT that is the bias current right that is the rate of change of voltage at this particular point right. Therefore, DV by DT is I upon A2C A2C but this DV by DT is multiplied by the gain of the second stage. Therefore, the DV by DT at this point is I divided by A2C into A2 right and finally that is just I by C right A2 cancels again from numerator denominator this part is clear this total current is charging a capacitor which is C times A2. Therefore, C times A2 into DV by DT that is the current output of this. Therefore, DV by DT is this I Mn4 divided by A2 by C that is the DV by DT at this point this DV by DT is multiplied by the gain of the stage. So, therefore, I divided by A2C into A2. So, A2 cancels and you get I by C right. So, that is what this is right. So, therefore, the final slew rate of a op-amp is controlled by the bias of the first stage and this compensation capacitor that we have put there. Now, we are ready to design our first op-amp these are our design equations this is just a compilation of what we have derived left to now but one now we must worry about the bias ok. So, this is a slightly delicate argument and I will just go through this the rest is straight forward we will just derive those values ok. So, this let us see very carefully first look at this transistor the drain is connected to gate agreed this is like Arjun look at the eye of the bird and do not look at any of anything else then you will be able to concentrate. So, look only at MP1 the drain is shorted with gate ok what is the saturation condition that the drain voltage is larger than Vg-Vt right but because it is equal to Vg it is always larger than Vg-Vt right the drain voltage is the same as Vg. Therefore, the drain voltage is always larger than Vg-Vt therefore, this transistor is always saturated ok. So, this is the ideal we want all transistors saturated. So, we want every transistor to emulate this ok. So, I do not know how many of you are elder brothers or elder sisters of the family I am. So, you have that extra responsibility of being the Badawai then everybody says why are you doing such a thing your siblings will also do that. So, you have to be a good boy all the time. So, this is our good boy MP1 is our good boy it is always saturated we want others to be to follow him ok alright now look at MP2 again concentrate only on MP2 now we want MP2 to be like MP1 then this will also be saturated ok. Now, compare MP2 and MP1 their source voltages are the same check their gate voltages are the same check and their currents are the same check and these transistors are identical right and what have we said that if current is the same the geometry is the same and the gate voltage is the same then the drain voltage must be the same otherwise how will they have equal current. Therefore, this voltage is the same as this voltage this is the first argument this is a series of delicate arguments you must establish each one in the minds of your students and only then go ahead ok. So, what have you established that this voltage is equal to this voltage everybody agrees with this therefore, MP2 is automatically saturation no problem there the problem is MP3 ok. So, now again concentrate on MP3 alone MP1 MP2 we have taken care of concentrate on MP3 alone the source voltage is same as MP1 the gate voltage is equal to this voltage which is equal to this voltage which is this gate voltage. Therefore, the gate voltage is also the same this transistor the gate voltage is this drain voltage which is equal to this drain voltage which is the gate voltage of both correct. So, therefore, this transistor has the same source voltage and the same gate voltage as these two transistors. Therefore, if it is drain voltage is also the same, then this will also be guaranteed to be saturation, in saturation, but in this case the current is not the same. So, we cannot give that argument. Therefore, what we say is that if the geometry ratio of this with respect to these two is the same as the current ratio, so in short, let us say that the current ratio is 5 is to 1. That means, this transistor draws 5 times as much current and is 5 times as wide, then I can consider m p 3 to be a parallel connection of 5 transistors, agreed? Then each transistor, each component transistor also has the same current as this, because there are 5 of those, now that argument applies, source voltage is same, gate voltage is same and current is the same. Therefore, the drain voltage must be the same. So, if I ensure that the geometry ratio between m p 3 and m p 2 is the same as the current ratio between m p 3 and m p 2, then I will guarantee that m p 3 is saturated. If this argument clear, it is a two-step argument, therefore you must appropriately build it up in the class. So, what are we saying? Just to go quickly over it again, this transistor is always saturated argument number 1. Argument number 2, these two transistors have the same source voltage, the same gate voltage and the same current, therefore the drain voltages must be the same. So, this voltage is the same as this voltage, therefore this is also saturated. So, even though there is no short here, there is a what should short between these two. Argument number 3, this transistor has the same source voltage as this, it has the same gate voltage as this, because this voltage is the same as this voltage, which is the gate voltage and the geometry ratio is the same as current ratio, therefore its drain voltage must also be the same. So, if you can ensure that the geometry of this is in the same ratio as the bias current of the two stages, then you will have all transistor saturated, which is what we want to do to get high gain. Now, we can design this.  So, let us take k prime in n channel to be 120 micro ohms per world square. This is not unusual by the way for a 0.35 micro ohm technology, half micro ohm, not a very modern technology. So, this is not a very bad number to take. So, let us say that k prime n is 120 micro ohms per world square. Let us take k prime p to be half as much. This we discussed yesterday also, you very often take the p channel mobility to be half that of n channel mobility. Let us take it as 60. These are just numbers, you could have chosen other numbers. This is just to illustrate. I am just simply saying that these numbers are reasonable of actual technologies. Take the 2 VTMs to be plus minus 0.4, though that we will not be using at all. We want to design an op amp whose DC gain is 80 dB, whose gain bandwidth product is 50 megahertz and whose slew rate is 20 volts per micro ohm. These are the specifications given to us. Let us go ahead and now design it. Now, the order is very important and what you do is that you design based on those specifications which involve the least number of specifications. So, that the specifications do not come out by simultaneous equations. You can directly nail something. So, that is what we are going to do. First, this is an arbitrary choice and we may have to iterate over it if it does not work out. You choose the value of this capacitor, the compensation capacitor and we have taken a value of 2PF here which is quite representative. If things do not work out, you may have to try various values of this capacitor and later sometime we will discuss how to choose this capacitor. But right now let us take a value 2PF. Also, we assume that the bias current in the second stage is 5 times this current. That means 10 times this. There is an order of magnitude of difference between the bias current of this and bias current of this, single transistor. Because this is 2 times, therefore 5 times between these. This is also fairly standard. But this is what I meant by a 2 stage op-amp. Essentially, the output drives a healthy load. So, it needs a healthy current. So, the current through this is one order of magnitude higher. This is an assumption that we have made. If you do not meet specs, we will come back and revise this. First, from the slew rate. How much is the slew rate? I by C. We just worked that out. Depends only on the first stage because the gain of the second stage got cancelled out. So, that is this bias current divided by C. That should be the slew rate. Slew rate is given to us. What is slew rate? 20 volts per microsecond. This is 20 volts per microsecond. This is the slew rate. And this is the capacitance 2PF. So, C dv by dt that directly gives us 40 microns. That means this transistor should take 40 microns. This is clear enough? So, we have already put the current through this transistor to be 40 microns. Now, in DC case, these two currents must be equal. So, there is 20 microns through this, 20 microns through this. And because these are in series, there is 20 microns through this and 20 microns through this. Because this guy draws 10 times the current, there is 200 microns through this. And because it is in series, there is 200 microns through this. You got it? At this point, we know the current through every single transistor. In this consideration, we know the current through every single transistor. This is 40, 2020, 2020, 200, 200. This part is clear? Then I will proceed. Now, the gain bandwidth also is determined by this. We have seen that the gain of the second stage drops out, gain bandwidth. In fact, gain bandwidth and slew rate are the small signal and high signal, large signal components of the same characteristic. So, the loading by C, it is GM by C. So, the effective C is multiplied by A2 because of the Miller effect. And the overall gain is also multiplied by A2. So, therefore, the effective gain bandwidth product of the whole op-amp is the same as the gain bandwidth product for this taking C rather than the Miller capacitor. So, GM by C is given, gain bandwidth product. But C is also given, therefore GM is given. So, that is what we calculate. From the gain bandwidth requirement, what are the GBW? 50 MHz. So, corresponding value of omega is 2 pi into 50 into 10 to the power 6. And that is GM by C. So, that is the GM of MN2. We know that the differential GM is the same as the differential of the single transistor. We had established that. So, that is GM of MN2 divided by C, which is 2PF. Correct? Now, this gives us the GM. Right? So, how much is GM? 628 micro Siemens. Okay? So, you know the GM of this. Okay? These two are identical. Therefore, their GMs must be the same. Their currents and everything must be the same. Now, to get a GM of 628 micro Siemens, GM, this is one of those equations that we had derived. Right? So, that is 2K prime into W by L into ID. Right? That is what we have derived. 2K into ID square root. Right? In this case, we have current bias. Therefore, this is the expression that we have used, which depends on ID. Right? So, 2K prime is K times W by L into ID, which we have already calculated 20 microns. Right? This should be equal to 628 micro Siemens, which we just derived. So, the only unknown here is W by L, which you can calculate comes out about 82. Okay? So, now I know the W by L of this, which is 82. W by L of this is also 82. We know the current through this. Right? And we know the early voltages. Now, as you know, G0 was that current by voltage. Right? So, if you know the current, how much is the current? 20 microns. And the early voltage is given to be 20 volts. Right? So, the output resistance of each one of these. Right? The G0 is 1 micromo, 1 micro Siemens. Right? 20 microns divided by 20 volts straight forward. And we know that the effective load is the load of this and this in output resistance of this and this in parallel. Correct? So, the RL is 2 micro Siemens. Right? So, the gain of the first stage is now known. You know the GM. You know RL. GM times RL. Right? So, GM is how much? 628. GM by G0. Correct? This is the first thing that we derived. GM by G0. So, GM is 628 micromo. The G0 is 2 micromo. Correct? So, the effective gain of this stage of the first stage will be about 300 here. Right? So, the overall gain. Right? What is the G0 of this? 10 times because it has 10 times the current. Right? So, G0 of this is 20 micromo. Correct? So, therefore the gain of this first stage is 628 by 2. Gain of the second stage is GM divided by G0 and G0 is 20 micromo. Right? And this is the total DC gain which must be 10000. Agreed? So, this is the only unknown GM. So, now I know the GM of MP3. Okay? What is the GM of MP3? Come out about 637 micro Siemens. Quick repetition. Overall gain is the product of the gains of the two stages because we know current through all the transistors and we know the early voltage, we know the R0 of every transistor. G0 of every transistor. Right? We know the GM of this transistor. We know the gain of the first stage is GM 628 micro. GM came from gain bandwidth product. Okay? So, 628 divided by 2, this is the gain of the first stage and GM divided by 20 micromo. Each one of these transistors has 10 micromo as the G0. Right? So, this GM divided by 20 micromo. That should give me 10000. Therefore, this should be about 637 micromo. Okay? This part is clear. Now, I know the GM of this transistor.  Right? So, that is what we do next. So, to get a GM of 637 micromo with a drain current of 200 micromo, then 637 micromo is equal to 2 into KT prime. This is a P-channel transistor. Right? So, 60 micro ohms per volt square times W by L times 200. Right? That is the current which is flowing through this. 200 micro ohms. Right? 210 minus 6. That gives you the W by L of about 17. Okay? So, now I know the W by L of this. But we promised that the W by L ratio of this and this, these will be the same as the current ratio. Therefore, each one of these transistors should be 1 tenth the width of this. Right? The current is 120. Therefore, W by L also should be 1 tenth. So, therefore, the W by L of this is 1.7 and W by L of this is 1.7. Okay? At this stage, we know the bias currents through both the stages. We know the geometry and current of this, geometry and current of this, geometry and current of this, geometry and current of this, geometry and current of this. as designers what is our final job to find the bias and to find the w by l then you design the transistor now we know the w by l now this bias this bias generation madam should drive will be doing later with you but this bias assume that there is a reference transistor of w by l 4 which they these are mirroring and which carries 10 micro m's just for the sake of calculating so if that is so we assume that in n type reference bias transistor of w by l equal to 4 is available with a current of 10 micro m's okay and these are mirroring the current for this okay so this guy will then have to be what size this is 40 micro m's right 20 plus 20 so 4 times the size therefore its w by l will be 16 right a w by l of 4 gives you 10 micro m's therefore a w of w by l of 16 will give you the required 40 micro m's correct and similarly this has to be 160 sorry 80 it is 5 times the current of this 10 times of this right so this this is 16 this is 80 at this stage we have calculated everything okay finally what is the gain gain is a product of 2 GMR zeros right therefore very often people say why bother with a two-stage op-amp why not just simply use a cascode the cascode gain was also the product of 2 GMR zeros okay but to make it differential then people very often make a differential cascode which looks like this okay we will not get into the detail of this design very similarly but we will not get into the details of this okay so now you know how to design now during the lab tomorrow we will take the same design okay now notice that we have made very bold approximations we have said G zero is directly proportional everything is linear these equations apply these equations apply to a point three five microns such very simple equations they apply okay so the real design will deviate quite a bit from that okay so really then you will have to fine tune but it will give us a very good initial design from which most of the specs have already been met and then the job of the designer is to fine tune fine tune tweak tweak the currents tweak the geometries till you get the response that you want okay so that is what we will do next will stop here there is one final point that I want to make and that is this in op-amp design we have assumed that this stability depends on the value of this capacitor right and what is the capacitor value the physical value multiplied by the gain of the second stage okay now we have multiplied it by what by the DC gain of the second stage in reality this game will stop dropping as a result this capacitor will look like a large capacitor at DC that will look like a smaller and smaller capacitor at higher frequencies therefore you may often find that this capacitor is inadequate to make your op-amp very stable so after you have done this paper design very often you may have to go and fiddle after all the value of this capacitor was an arbitrary decision that we took right in the beginning so after you have done the design you may have to go and tweak the value of this capacitor till you get the stability that you want


Hi, it's Frigid. Welcome to Above Life Channel. The purpose here is to inspire your spirit and to fill you with hope today I am going to respond to one of the comments where you choose the channel Thank you for submitting your comments and suggestions on that particular video I so appreciate it and I'm working my way through it. Today. We're going to talk to Beth Chapman in the afterlife now She's someone that passed in 2019. She was married to Let's see. What did she say his name was dog the bounty hunter? That's his wife. I know that she died of cancer at least I think she did I think I remember hearing that and I've had two people recommend or request to this person at least two One that I'm going to be reading questions for somebody didn't submit questions But the other person did this is brought to you by Laura from Tacoma, Washington I've actually been there. I've been to Washington State. It's been a long time, but I've been there a few times and flew into SeaTac, so Totally know what that area is like. So all right. Thank you so much, Laura I'm going to also apologize for the crappy lighting. The lighting's not the best here But I got to work when I can and I'm pretty inspired to do that I actually have my laptop in front of me right now because I'm going to read the questions from Laura. All right, so I'm going to ask for Beth to come and I did feel her earlier Yesterday and I wanted to channel with her, but it just didn't work out.   So I respect that I respect that so Beth come on in and get real close energetically and I'm she says I love your hair bridge it. I just love your hair. I love the color of your hair. It's just That's just so great. How do you just get it to do that and I just love the color of your hair She says to me. All right. I'm like, thank you So Laura asks a few questions. She's a she's a fan and she would like to to ask you a few questions So let's just get started with that. How was your crossing was it what you thought it would be?  So I don't know what that means You guys can tell me fill in if you're a fan. That's what she looks like and Interesting she doesn't have dark pink lipstick on she has light pink almost like a nude lipstick on interesting But it's a little more pinky. I don't know why that's a big deal, but I'm noticing that and She has a scent like fragrance like I like almost like she's one of those people that goes into the bath and body Lotion places and wears like the layers like the shampoo that has the scent the lotion and That kind of thing like the body spray like she just smells has this scent about her and stuff And there's something really special about a flower that's really big and almost looks like a lily It's really big it like reminds me of the flowers in Hawaii from that make the lays Really big and really scented like it's a fragrant a deep flowery scent, but then there's also a little bit of like a Salty or spicy scent to that too, so it's kind of a little bit of a mixture almost like a musky scent combined with that so whatever that is there you go and It fits her it's strong. It's a strong strong woman sent and So okay, so the question is how was your crossing it wasn't what you thought she kind of rubs her thighs a little bit and she says You know and then she kind of crosses her leg and puts one leg over the top of the other We're like her knees here and her ankle kind of sits here in a boot She's got this boot on and then it's got this heel little heel on it, but it's kind of a wider heel And she says yeah, she's got a black boots. That's what she has and she says You know I had cancer and I knew It wasn't she saying like inoperable or something like that I mean she's making me feel like she had it and then It went away or she lived with it for a while and then like a remission thing like a five-year remission thing And then it came back kind of thing and she said it wasn't operable.  I didn't know how long it was going to be I just knew eventually it was going to take me over and I wasn't going to I Wasn't going to let it wreck what I had for the rest of my life I didn't want to be in a bad mood. I didn't want to be not myself And then she's saying like I didn't want to be like I didn't want to like lose control of my like she's saying I don't know if she's really gruff you guys. I don't want to swear on YouTube but she's saying I didn't want to like lose control of like my body and I Wanted to have my dignity like she's like I didn't want to wear diapers and that kind of thing like I didn't want to be Just a shell of a person and you know like not like I don't mean to be you know I don't mean any disrespect. She said I have a lot of faith. I have a lot of faith in God I had a lot of faith in God and prayed for a miracle. I thought For my family's sake she's making me feel like for her family's sake She really tried not to give up not even until the very very very end that and she's showing me crying Like she's really sad to leave like she didn't want to leave not that anybody does but she's saying she was really sad It was sad for her. It was sad for her because she knew that Her family was hurting and it was hard to leave her family is what she's telling me But she's saying there's angels there's angels tell them tell them that there's angels tell them that there's angels She says I believed in Archangel Michael and he was right there with me And she's showing me like a cross like a wearing a cross necklace I don't know if it's her or her husband, but there's like this cross necklace and and this like You know feeling of faith and God and she said I'm not angry at God. I'm not angry She said I had times when I was angry at times when I was angry but I worked through that I worked through that And she said there was a lot of mercy It's a lot of mercy that comes and she says you get real humble and You appreciate so much and it's When you realize that the time has run out. She says the clock is ticking And she says but I kept it she's making me feel like they kept it to themselves a little bit Like they didn't tell everybody how bad it was and she kept working and kept doing things that like even filming I don't know if she was actually on the a series with her husband if it was just him or her I don't know you guys. I don't know that family. I don't know I don't watch that. I don't know and She's making me feel like they kind of kept it to themselves so that The fans and stuff wouldn't know necessarily until they had to tell them And then she's making me feel like it was about three months that she went that she went downhill You know that she was able to do everything and then all of a sudden she couldn't and she's saying something about one side of her Body is more swollen than the other or like her foot or leg or something super super swollen Like one of them more than another like really swollen So I don't know if that had something to do like if it's a lymph node kind of cancer or something But there's just really swollen looks like the right side. I might be seeing at the opposite so it could be your left but Just sometimes I see it in the mirror. I don't know and it but it's really swollen and She's talking about her family though. Like it was so sad to leave her kids She said to leave my family and she said I knew Doug would be okay She said I knew he'd be okay. She says daddy or pop or something like that Like they call him something else besides Doug. They call him something else or dog. Oh dog. His name is dog Okay, man. Maybe that's why I just I'm looking at that going wait Doug dog He She said he she knew That he would be okay But it was hard to leave him and she knew that he would be okay because the kids would make sure of it And she knew that God was with them and she's showing this energy of grace just grace so much graceful energy graceful energy and and she says like mercy on me and Grace just a lot of graceful energy graceful energy and She's saying like that they were twin flame soulmates and there's there's a difference between the two of them The twin flame is like one soul exists with the other So even though he is alive and she is in the afterlife Her spirit is part of his spirit and so he will always feel her and It doesn't feel like it feels like if he moves on it won't be the same kind of connection He might not get married again He might date again, or he might have another business partner kind of a thing. I feel like but I don't It'd be a really long time Probably 10 15 years you guys really long time again I don't know a lot of details about them. Just what she says she's saying here So was your crossing what you thought and she's just saying it's really it was really sad for me It was really hard to leave, but she's it's angels angels and then she said our angel Michael was with her and so When it's time you go you just go and she says then then when you step into That Reality of being like showing me like being kind of almost like a blue glowing kind of iridescent I don't want to creep anybody out But that's what she looks like a blue glowing kind of iridescent not white It's like a little blue kind of black light look kind of almost closely like to be honest It's kind of what looks like she's like when you step into that reality She says then then there's not the attached. You're not attached then then all that that guilt She says all that guilt and that sorrow it just washes over you and there's just mercy and there's just grace And there's just mercy mercy mercy have mercy on my soul. She says I felt a lot of Toward the end of my life. I felt a lot of of She's making me feel like not remorse or regret something in between remorse and regret Where like she's making me feel like she thought of her life and so I could have done better. I could have done better I had I made mistakes. It's natural to make mistakes. I know that I'm not gonna be judged for my mistakes But by God because that's not that's not how it's gonna be an all-loving God She's very very spiritual very connected to God very believes in God very faithful. She's very faith oriented let's say that okay guys and I feel like there's a connection to Pele The goddess Pele which is the volcano goddess in Hawaii and I know they live in Hawaii I know that I know that I know that for a fact. I think I shouldn't say I know it for a fact I think they do I think I know that it's hard when I'm an altered state to Recall the facts I have to look it up, but um She's connected to that and that's a fiery energy strong woman energy, but also a clearing energy and She said I don't know I wasn't afraid to die But I didn't want to leave my family is what she's saying. I want to leave my family. I don't want to leave I didn't want to leave So here's another question for you Beth Chapman in the afterlife Did you have a life review that involved all the people you helped? With dog and the tv show Oh, that's interesting. Did you have a life review? She says In in segments a little bit. She said a little bit, you know, I don't really remember all that much about it A little bit. I started having visitations. She said I have a grandmother in heaven That started to come visit me and I'd have I'd have memories of her and Rekindling a relationship with her and so she may have been one of my spirit guides I don't know what you call that she says but um to help me get uh acclimated now I know that she was one that helped me get comfortable with the idea of spirit But I didn't know that at the time so I'd have dreams of her and Visions of her and it was comforting.   I didn't want to leave my family. I had a really good life I had a really good run. I didn't want it to be done. I like I wasn't ready for it to be done. But you know God called me home and That's that That's what she says. Okay. Is the afterlife so you didn't do a specifically a life review with people from the show No, no, she says no not that I remember um Is the light is the afterlife what you thought it would be And if so how and if not how that's a good question or a good question Is it what you thought it would be? Yeah, you know I thought it would be different It's a lot easier than I thought it would be but I didn't realize that I'd have a choice to visit You know to you have choices you have a lot of choices to um to be with your family like I'm still with my family and some of them will tell you that They've seen me or been with me or felt my energy and that's true And I didn't realize that I thought it would be all or nothing You like you die and you're just done and you just let everybody go and like oh like your memories like wiped clean or something You know like a men in black kind of show or something like that She says it's not like that.   She's very healing and That that dog knows when Beth is around knows when Beth is around She said I can't believe he got out of bed She said I can't believe he got out of bed You know, I can't I can't believe it. She said I'm so proud of him He's such a strong man. He's a stronger bad man than I a better person than I I was If at the situation would have been reversal, I don't know if I could do it I'd be gone. I'd be gone. Are you worried about that? Are you worried about him leaving or transitioning? He has to make his own choices. I hope not. I hope he stays for the kids I think he knows that I would want that somebody to be around for the kids for the family for the You know for the life we built somebody needs to enjoy that life He he deserves to to live fully. I want him to live fully So the situation was different. I I don't know that I could do it, you know He's the stronger one of us, you know, but don't tell him I said that So is the afterlife different than well, you already answered that I guess All right What words of encouragement would you give all? Now that you are on the other side and have access to God and all Information possible. Oh, that's a good Laura. Jeez. You're good at this. All right. So Beth What advice would you give now that you have access to all this information? Kind of laugh. She says it's a bit of a misperception that I have access to all the information. You see She says when I'm talking to you in a human way as a person It's different than when I am Not with body. She says when I'm out of my body when I'm out of my um, how does she say it? she says when I'm not in body and She says I show this way so you can see me and explain and so people can express They can understand that it's me.   I think you got good. She uses a different term, but I'm not going to share that and uh Thanks, thanks buff. Hey, I appreciate it. I appreciate it. Yeah very much. All right So what words of encouragement she's like When you're in when you're just spirit, there's not there's no need for speaking but no need for words There's no need for explaining anything. Everything is just You don't need to know because you just know You know, it doesn't it's hard to make sense, but it makes sense of it But it's just like a feeling and a being and a not there's not this need for any kind of human context To it. No need for human words or understanding. So it's really I I can't say that I can't share all the wisdom of the universe Everybody has that access. You got to tap it. You got to tap it. So can we tap it? Do you know that can you give us some advice to that? She said it's all about what you believe it's it's all you really you are limited by what you believe So think about things in terms of that and the more you can love and be compassionate to others and and fully be present the happier you are going to be and the more fulfilled your spirit will be more able to reach you You know, you might actually pay more attention and because of that you might be able to gain some greater access to The deeper wisdom that you seek but the truth is you don't really want to know the bigger stuff because you're too Busy living the stuff, you know living the day-to-day life You don't really want to know the secrets of the universe. And I don't think any of us could actually tell you that It's it's not our job To really do that. That's not really. I don't even know if that's really loud. She kind of says so And so she says bridge. It's limited by her beliefs too. You are right. That's true You guys know that you guys know that especially if you watch some other videos like my bob marley one my bob marley video You know, I'm limited by my unlimited beliefs too. I got that too. I'm a human, right? Oh Did you guys hear that?  It sounded like somebody just did you do that? She kind of laughed. She goes Did I get you?  I have a I'm in my kitchen I have a stainless steel refrigerator.  I don't know if it's just cold in here. Oh my god She's like don't make excuses Limiting beliefs Okay, that was off I gotta can't I gotta collect my selfie for a minute.  Okay, that was interesting All right, one more question one more question You guys did you hear that? I wonder if that showed up on the video Okay, so I'm recording this video on december 31st 2019 at Right now it's 750 p.m. Central standard time I don't know if that means anything to her would have been like 745 when that happened All right, so Oh good. There's only like two questions left. Do you have any messages for your family? That feels private She says they know they know that I love them They know that I love them She says Be strong. They know that I love them is all she says. Okay, and I respect that And the last question is what was the reason for passing the way you did for dying the way you did? She says I thought it I she said As long as I could I tried to stay as long as I could she said It's interesting though because she shows me Like not fighting it like not going through more therapies or more things or whatever to have the best quality of life She could but then at the end she fought as long as she could to stay as healthy as she could For as long as she could for her family is what it makes me she makes me feel like She does feel a little bit defeated about the day that she died And I'm not sure if there's a special date that she was trying to get to like a birthday An anniversary or something or if she died on like an anniversary or birthday Of one of her friends or family or that would be a hard time for her Like she it's like she was trying to hold out And it almost feels to me like you guys that bet died a little too late Like she should have died a little bit earlier, but she really hung on and that That's what it feels like to me And so if you're a fan and you know when she died and what the what the if there's a like an anniversary Or something important like a time Where it would have mattered the timing of her death around this time Put that in the comments below because I don't know what that is And I'm not really good with translating the calendar stuff What the spiritual stuff because I myself I'm not good with time I said a good way to explain it. She kind of laughed. She said We all have we all she says we're all bad at something. It's fine You know, it's fine. Well bet. Thank you very much for your time. I appreciate it It was nice to meet you a strong woman. It was nice to meet you I enjoyed this you guys even though like I I'm not really a fan like I don't know the show or anything I should probably go go and look it up, but Thank you so much and thank you to laura Laura from Tacoma, Washington. Thank you so much for commenting and Sending in the questions for our channeling session with bet Chapman So for the rest of you, I hope that this conversation has inspired your spirit I hope it's filled you up with some hope. I know it's given you some insights Remember the purpose here to bubba live channel for all of these sessions is to encourage you to live your life Because after all this is your life. It's your life So live it. Just live it. Thanks for watching


The weird circle. In this cave, by the restless sea, we are met to call from out the past, storage, strange, and weird. Bellkeeper, hold the bell, so all may know we are gathered again in the weird circle. Well, sir, speak up. Tell these men the truth. Are you a Gordon Pym? Gordon Pym. Gordon Pym? I don't know. I was down on the waterfront looking for the old whaling vessel, Grampus. Captain Bernard was in charge, and though I hadn't seen the old captain in more than ten years, I still felt he was a pretty good friend of mine. I could remember him telling Dad and myself some pretty wild tales. I drank it all in, main rig, compass, and anchor. Maybe I never would have seen the old captain and his son Weston if I hadn't been visiting some friends in Boston. I was reading the shipping news one morning, and there it was. Benjamin Bernard, experienced whalers wanted to man vessel Grampus, sailing July 13th, 1 a.m. 1881. Well, I packed my digs, slung them over my shoulder, took a lung full of salt air, and, well, six hours before sailing time, I was looking for the ship. It was dark as I walked down the waterfront, and I stopped the stranger. Yeah, I'm bud. What do you want? I'm looking for a whaler known as the Grampus, and I think I'm lost. There it is, right in front of you. It's a matter, can't you read? Yeah, it seems that way. Thanks, fella. Uh, do you happen to know if Captain Bernard's on board? Yeah, he's there. You shipping out on her? I'm looking for a job. Pretty green, but I'm an old friend of his. I'm an old friend of his, too. I was out in his last voyage. I wouldn't ship out again under that yellow curve. I was to stop first. When Dirk Peter says, don't go, don't go. What's the matter? Is the ship haunted or something? Nothing's the matter with the ship. The captain's nuts. Are you sure you're talking about the same man I am? There's only one Captain Bernard, and that's him. He and his son book. Two of a kind. Don't take my word for it. Ask any man that was aboard the grandpa's last trip. Ask Sanford Allen, our second mate. Talk to the cook, little Tony McSale, and sail. Ask him.  Look, I'll take you aboard. I've been trying to collect my scratch ever since we landed two weeks ago, and I get word tonight it's ready. Now, watch out for the loose boards and the gangplank. Yeah, I see what you mean. I'm right behind you. I don't think this ship's sailing tonight, Mr. Peters. Look at that sky. That little squall on Bala Bernard. Human life's cheap. Climb over the gun, it's faster. All right. It's a dirty-looking ship. Captain Bernard! Captain Bernard! I guess he's in the cabin out. Call him A. That doesn't sound like a little squall, does it, Mr. Peters? Yeah. Oh, incidentally, my name's Gordon Pym. Everybody's gonna name. All right, but it's like that, I guess. Now we get on the passageway here. Captain Bernard, I... All right, men. Take Mr. Peters and his friend and put them in line. What? What's this? Ah! You jettied swine! You double-crosser! Yeah, there, Captain Peters. Take them down to the hold. Until we sail. Aye, aye, sir. Then we'll see what you have to say, Mr. Peters. Well, I've been Shanghai, Mr. Pym. Shanghai! Four in the morning. Been aboard three hours, Mr. Pym. Your friend the captain ought to come below any minute with a pep talk. Now that we're too far at sea to swim back. Wait a minute. Allen. Sanford, Allen. Is that you and the corner? Yeah. Kinda cozy, ain't it? All of us together here like this, huh? What'd they do? Slug you, too? Yeah, with the old payroll gag. Come up and get your pay. And they slug you. Heh. Guess who else is here? Tony? Yeah. Tony, how's it going, Tony? I stick to the knife and it's barely some day.  Stick to the knife! Yeah, you better not stick to the knife or you get swinging the head on the gallows. They call that mutiny, Tony. Oh, what? Meet Mr. Allen and Tony. This is Pym, Gordon Pym. Hi, Pym. Hello. How long are we out for, you know, Allen? Sure. Six months. Oh, listen to the Tony, Peters. Listen to Tony. We stick together this time, you know? He cut off my arm.   That's a lot of gap. Well, that's life, I guess. The captain says for you to go on deck. Well, well, well, that then ain't the kid. What you doing aboard shipwrestling playing sailor? Mr. Peters, I didn't know that I, I'm sorry that... Sorry. He's sorry. You didn't know that we was going to get Shanghai when you come down and tell us the pay rolls made out.  Oh, honestly, I... I'll forget it. You're in the same boat. Oh, well, here's a friend of yours, Weston. At least that's what he says. Friend of mine? I have no friends. No friends at all. Watch out, Mr. Manzillo. Don't touch me. I'll not touch you. I don't want to get my hands dirty. We don't want no dirt in our food, huh, Tony? I can't help what father does. I never wanted to be a sailor anyway. You know that, Mr. Peters. You know that.   Ah, leave the kid alone.  Hello, Weston, you don't remember me, do you? No. No, I... I don't. The name's Gordon Pym. I used to live next door to you in Nantucket ten years ago, you remember? Gordon, how did you get here? I came aboard looking for a job, and I got one, but not the kind I'm looking for. Oh, I hadn't any idea, Gordon. Gordon, wait till you see father. Wait. He's so changed. All of us are so changed. You'll see. We walked slowly up to the deck, and we lined up. Two lines, ten men, ten of the toughest, dirtiest-looking men I've ever seen. Captain Bernard kept moving his hand back and forth, sort of a nervous habit, and then started to stand muster. He didn't recognize me, and I didn't mention our old friendship. As the days went by, he seemed to take a kind of joy in making a fool out of me. But then he didn't treat his own son any better. As for Peters, he hated him and wanted to get something on him. But Peters was smart and stayed out of trouble. He was the only man who wasn't flogged during those first 40 days at sea. One night, we called the ten-man crew to a secret meeting and advised him never to try and talk to the captain. Well, a storm was brewing on the 42nd day of the journey, and I was called into the captain's cabin. I opened the door. You called for me, Captain? Yes, Mr. Penn. I called for you.   My son tells me that you're giving out free advice these days. God, I didn't. I didn't. I swear.  You sniveling swine.   Captain Bernard, I said nothing of the kind. Don't lie to me, Mr. Penn. I've known you for many years. Oh, so you do remember? I couldn't very well forget, could I?  I tried to treat you as I treated the other men. You've taken advantage of me, whispering behind my back, trying to turn my son against me, fighting with Mr. Peters. I'd have none of this on board my ship.  I never said it. I never said it. No. No. You see, Mr. Penn? My son denied it now. But I checked his story through our cook. I don't admit it, Mr. Penn. I thought I was helping you. That's what I told him, Gordon.  When have I asked for your help? Answer me, Mr. Penn. Answer me. Well, you didn't, sir, but... But what?  He said nothing at all, sir. Nothing, is it? No, sir. Tell me the truth. It is the truth, Captain Bernard. Laugh.  What did Peters say? Nothing, sir. Leave him alone, father. He's telling the truth. Don't hurt him. He's my friend, my only friend. The only one I ever had. I'll leave him alone. Since you love this friend, my son, I'll alarm the pleasure of trying to make a man out of you. Mr. Penn, you'll take this never-length son of mine and tie him securely to the main mist. No, father. For 48 hours. No. And when he's securely tied, you will report the deck for 40 lashings until I get the truth about Peters out of you. Yeah, but it's suicide for a man to be tied to the main mist in this weather, Captain... Anything happens to him, Mr. Gordon? You'll pay for it with your life. So be sure he's tied securely. Those were the captain's orders, and we obeyed him. The wind was screaming through the sails like an insane witch on a broomstick, but Weston and I climbed to the cross trees of the main mist. It was a tough climb, and I think he knew then it was the end for him, but he was afraid to disobey. When we reached the cross trees, I lashed Weston's arms and legs firmly, hoping he could survive the storm. By the time he was made fast, I padded his hair and tried to soothe that poor lost boy. The last I remember of him was his tear-streaked face in the look in his eye. I waved goodbye to him and climbed slowly and carefully below to report for 40 lashings. Captain Bernard, Mr. Pem reporting, sir.  Yes, sir. Place your hands behind the whipping post and hang out securely, Mr. Pem. And think carefully.  Yes, sir. The main mist, Captain Bernard. It's the main mist. I'm going for the main mist! It's cracking! Yes, sir. Give me my snowboard. Save him! Weston! It's my snowboard! Yes, sir. I'm Captain Bernard, and you've killed him. You dare say that to me? You murderer! Yes, I warned you of this, but you wouldn't listen. I'll say it. I'll say you're insane. Peter! Peter! Who's this man and I? Are you talking to me, Captain Bernard? Who's this man and the Captain? Help me, Peter. This man isn't going to captain the ship any longer. It's only Mr. Pem. He realized that. He wanted to swing on the gala still, Mr. Peter. I can't hear you, Captain Bernard. Is that a shame? I just can't hear you at all. Let's dress your arms up. You swing with his... The course is set. Do they know Gordon? I thought we'd tell them when they got here. We've got to work fast. This calm ain't going to last, and we won't be able to steer no course at all with the main mist gone. What's this special meeting about? Look, Alan. Look at the captain. Look at him. Did you... Yes, Mr. Alan. It's a mutant. Are you with me? I copy the head off.  I ain't getting mixed up in no mutiny. Yeah, that's my idea, all of it. If any man swings around here, it'll be me. So listen to me. You should have asked us, Gordon. Something like this. Now listen to me, man. Nobody will swing for this if you use your heads. Nobody has to know this is mutiny. Sure, he's all right.    No, Tony. We can make this look like a shipwreck. The captain gets put in a lifeboat and set adrift. No, Tony.   And we all know the captain's nuts.  Idiots don't talk sense even if they're found. And even if he is found, he'll look like a shipwreck victim. What about the boat? We're gonna scuttle it. Get off on lifeboats when we're near land. Within two days, we'll be 10 miles off Cape True. We can row to safety, and it'll be up to you men to keep quiet. How are you with me, man? Good with you. All right, let's go. That worked fast, you monkeys, because we're in for a well of a blow tonight. I was so smart, smarter than anybody. You could see it then. I had the whole thing planned perfectly from beginning to end. We lowered the captain in a lifeboat, gave him some biscuits, a compass, and a jug of water. But I didn't figure on this storm that was to come. But the storm broke soon after and all its mad screaming fury. We couldn't control the grandpa. She was like a wounded animal, and I thought for a minute she'd sink by herself that night. There were eight men left then, being the kid and the captain was gone. We had to lash ourselves to the deck to keep from being swept overboard. But during the night, four of them were lost. It seemed to me that the ocean was fighting back the mutiny. Water poured into the ship. The entire belly of the ship was waterlogged and only the top deck was riding above the ocean. There were three lifeboats on the grampus before the storm, but we lost them during the night. And then toward morning, Alan screamed out, You blasted fool Gordon. We can't scuddle the ship even if we want to now. What do you mean we can't scuddle it? It didn't sink, did it, Mr. Peters?  The hold of this boat is filled with empty oil casts. Isn't it, Mr. Peters? Yes, Alan. I forgot about that. What's the difference? Difference. You land lover. Them empty oil casts is full of air. They'll act like a balloon and keep this rotten whaler from sinking. Is that true, Mr. Peters? Yeah, yeah, it's true. Well, we can set the ship on fire. What good will that do? We've been alive. Don't even say you know to set this ship on fire. There's no life about it. Yes, Trey.  Let me think. Just gonna have to set Titan white. Wait for what, Peters? White and prey, we get saved. Maybe a ship will pass by. You will hang, Peters, if we're saved. You and Gordon will hang. I had nothing to do with a mutiny. Me and Tony's free and clear. Ain't we, Tony? Yeah. Yeah, nothing to do with. The non-mutiny. Just wait. Wait. Wait and pray. We did wait and pray. Waited for 13 horrible days without food or water. 13 days. And then one morning, Alan began to complain, his youth. How many of us are left, Gordon? It's not like yet, Peters. I don't know. How do you feel, Gordon? I'm not sure. I'm a taken easy kid. My son will come up shortly. Alan, where's little Tony? Tony. Isn't there a hairdom scream last night for a water? I... as we jumped overboard. Listen to me, you two. We can't last much longer, and you know it. We've been drifting like this for 13 days. 13 days without any water. We can't keep it up, I tell you. We can't keep it up. Water. Water in God's name. I need water. What about it? No, Peters. I know how it feels. All you can do is scream for it. Even the salt water looks good to me. What's the matter with you, Gordon?  Listen to me, both of you. There's just three of us left. None of us can last very long, flipping around on a derelict ship. None of us. But there's a chance. There's always a chance we can be saved. If we can last. What are you getting at, Alan? One of us will have to die so the... so the others can live. One of us must. No. No, Alan, if we all die here first. Maybe you won't, but I will. You were the ringleader, Gordon. You started this thing. You'd hang if we got to land so would you, Peters. But I'd be free. I got a knife. Put that knife down. Alan's right, Gordon. If any of us is going to live, one of us has got to die. Oh, Peters, no. It's better to die than... Yeah, Gordon. I know what I'm saying. Alan's right. It's two against one. Yeah, two against one. We're going to choose for the privilege. There are three pieces of wood. Take them, Gordon. Hold them in your hand. The man who gets the shortest stick is the victim. Is that level with you, Alan? Sure. All right. Put your knife right here in the middle. Okay. There it is. Okay. Choose, Alan. This one. It's short. It's my turn now. There. Yours is the long one. Who is the shortest, mighter, Gordon? Let's see. Gordon? There you are. It's you, Alan. No. No. No, I won't. I'm the one that should live. I'm innocent. Give me that lifeguard, Alan. What's the matter with you? You all right? Alan, wounded you badly, Peters. I'll get some salt water and wash the blood off you. That'll keep the wound clean. See the outline of land ahead. It's just a mirage, Peters. You think it's land? Land ahead. We'll be saved, Peters. Peters. Peters was dead. Peters and Alan lay side by side. I climbed over the gunnel of that ship and started to land. I don't know how I ever made it. I couldn't swim four miles in good condition, yet I swam four miles after 13 days of no food or water. I climbed out of the water wet and tired and fell exhausted on the beach. I don't remember what happened after that. I was in a native village of some sort, I knew, and some native women had taken me in and cared for me until I was well. They thought I'd been shipwrecked. They would have kept on thinking it, too, if it hadn't been for the first day. I was well enough to walk around. I stopped in at the settlement's only end to figure things out as I opened the door. What do you mean there's a derelict ship out there? I mean what I say. All the grandpa's. This old loan keeps saying he was once the captain of that ship. Oh, loan. I'm crazy, eh? You men think I'm crazy. But I'll prove I'm sane. There was no shipwreck. It was mutiny. Mutiny. And my son was killed. He did it. Yes, he did it. Mutiny. And he did it. There he is, right there, standing at the door. Look at him. Don't let him get away. Come over here. Talking to me? Yeah. Come on over here to this table, stranger. This old loon claims he knows you. Yes, I know you.  Then answer me. You were hired and bought the Krampus and led a mutiny against me and you'll swing for it. I was picked up three days after you put me in that rowboat. I've stayed alive for one reason and one reason only. You watch your body swing from the gallows. Tell these men the truth. Pick up, man. Pick up. Are you a Gordon Pym? I demand an answer. Are you a Gordon Pym? Well, Mr. Arié, it's your word against his. Tell the truth. Are you a Gordon Pym? Frankly, I don't know who I am. I guess I'm just something washed up out of the sea. Yeah, I'm just somebody washed up out of the sea. To the past, we have heard narrative of Arthur Gordon.


What's up everybody, Jason here for jasperyscasebreak.com 2022 pinning the contenders off the football just sold out This is a 10 box half case break pick your teams number two. So this is the second half of the case guys So here's everybody here You have a character sound if you want that from a team filler and all these boxes do have a two on them Just let you guys know from the same case That I think Joe opened for you guys Actually open up all the boxes and get rid of the boxes here Stack up some packs and then we'll go through them So the one thing I have noticed guys is there's been a lot of points being given out in our contenders optic case Like at least up to I've seen on average four to five But I've seen some as high as like eight to nine hundred points a nine nine hundred points So what we're gonna do guys if we get a ton of them I'm just gonna randomize the names again, and we're just gonna give them out one by one They've all been similar to like nine hundred. So, you know, I just kind of feel like fair We can kind of share the points a little bit Hopefully wouldn't get too many but I feel like there's one already here. So Here we go start us up little Kenny pick it 45 out of 175 and then we have Patrick Mahone's winning ticket 35 out of 99 That's a 900 points, and then we got tyquan thorn. It's the first auto there That is for the Patriots going to waltz So like I said 900 points, we're probably gonna give those out Individually Not sure Johnny. I wasn't the one breaking it. I'm not I'm not the one that Broke that but yes any time you have points. It's always randomize, buddy like I can't speak for For Joe or whoever else broke it Aaron Jones And a little Tom Brady got Nick Chubb Breeze Hall Isaiah likely to 30. That's a little green pulsar. This is very nice That's been there for the Ravens Aaron Billingsley And then how about an all-time contenders Troy Paul. I'm all very nice Steelers that's going to add you have a Joe Burrow And lottery ticket winner Jalen Hertz That's from there for the Eagles Going to Scott the little Joe Burr to 99 all right, so another set of 900 points And Romeo dubs to 50 a red variation Michael with the Packers you have Jalen Watson And Chris Jones orange to 50 and another one you're out of 50 so Tristan whole strange to 75 for the Patriots and a little Malik Willis Jamison Williams to 30 Then we got a little Sam Howell Dicott to 75 Paul Crowe's inductions out of 25. That's kind of cool That is Minnesota Vikings What old school there Minnesota Vikings that's going to add And then we got a little sauce gardener variation Ticket Romeo dubs a nice optic illusions. That's Jalen Hertz I actually hit the 101 of this on instagram on thursday 13 out of 25 nice break for the Eagles so far Scott with the Eagles And David Bell Oh the watch one dude. I don't know if you've seen it, but our customer He graded it from PSA here at our PSA like little Um We have PSA come to our shop graded a PSA 10 dude From dynasty imagine that How massively bigger that part is now in value because it graded a PSA 10 Justin Fields to 99 And then say come on Barkley and VP to 99 Yeah, dude, I couldn't believe that a graded a 10 How often do you ever see like a dynasty like that in grade of 10 of how thick that part is?  Ooh that paint manning bold Look at that nine out of ten the sheriff Colts Mad dude down Yeah, dude There's an Atlantic City last year You have Kobe Bryant's and Bailey zappy to 50. I think there you go Nice there on car. Yeah, no 15 out of 60. Sorry. All right guys two more boxes Which is basically two more packs Joe borough blue again. I feel like we got a second one like that 99 and then uh, Nick Bosa Their points is coming up And then Peter And then pierce strong. Oh man. Well, congrats, buddy. I'm a newborn I know right. You have the night shift. Yeah, this is perfect for you He'll he'll listen to the smooth sound of ripping packs or she will you know the baby I should say Smooth sound of pack ripping that could be like the white noise, you know, I like pierce It's a 75 the little patting my homes It's good, right? Especially that young Whoa one-on-one Printing plate autograph.  Well, I'm not sure what was pulled in the first half, but the second half was pretty nice Little one-on-one Kenneth Walker Our little Bailey zappy the 60 We got a Kenneth Walker blue Illusion out of 25 Hertz sauce little bat Malik Dubs variation ticket lottery ticket winner Jalen Hertz Paula Mallow all-time Now like I said, we did manage to get a lot of those 900 points. Like I said, so Uh, just remember we're just going to give them out number one number two We're three and number four pop four get 900 points So switching and then uh, let's just pop you and paste the names and let's click dice roll Six and a four ten times Here we go one Two three four five six seven eight nine And six and four ten Victor Scott Robert and Aaron there you go top four For not this sheet here. So you guys can have that 900 points for each of you guys Appreciate it guys coming up next is clearly Donner's filler, which along to clearly Donner's frequency number eight Thank you guys