Bit of theory of you know why these parameters influence the electrical conductivity of geomaterials because the we are all aware that the conduction of the current is going to be through the fluids which are present in the pores provided the soil grains are bad conductors of current. So most of the time the silica being a good dielectric material it will not allow passage of current easily clear unless the particles of the sands are coated by cations or by some conducting layer of let us say bacterial skim. So the moment this happens the conductivity could be more on the surface rather than through the pores. So these concepts are being utilized nowadays in designing different types of filters. So these are the parameters you know which interplay or influence the electrical conductivity the one is the pore continuity whether the pores are continuous or they are not. So I will discuss this in the next lecture where we will define the pore continuity if pores are continuous the flow of ions will be continuous and the conductivity is going to be much more. Next is the water content the more the water content which is present in the soils the soils will be more conducting and if I put more contaminants in the soils particularly the contaminants which have ionic species then also conductivity will be more. So dry soil conductivity is less than the moist soil I think I discussed the mechanisms and the details. Another interesting thing is that the when the soils have high clay content alright and small water filled pores that are quite continuous and these type of systems would conduct electricity better than the sandy soils. We compare the hydraulic conductivity of two soils this means if the soils is having contaminants. Yes answer is yes because imagine within the sample if I am measuring the electrical properties at two different points when I can see how the contaminant front is migrating I can always establish that uncontaminated soil conductivities are going to be less as compared to the contaminated conductivity. The contaminants will be ionic then it will show higher. Yes see simple presence of water itself increases the conductivity when you have more ionic content in the water the conductivity will increase further. So this concept can be utilized to detect the state of materials it is all about the conduction of the electrons or the current salinity level. So when the more salts are present in the pores or when more electrolytes are present in the pores the electrical conductivity is going to be higher. Similarly cation exchange capacity for the soils which have very high cation exchange capacity their conductivity is going to be more but the soils which have more organic content in them their conductivity is not going to be higher. Then comes the effect of temperature as temperature decreases towards the freezing point of water the electrical conductivity decreases. This concept we are utilizing to capture the phase transition which occurs in the geomaterials. Now phase transition could be freezing or this could be boiling or this could be you know precipitation of chemicals which are contaminate which are contaminating the soils and because of the pH change and environmental condition change they might precipitate in the pores. So I am sure this must be given an idea that electrical properties appear to be a sort of a hidden eye for the technologist who would like to see what is happening inside the system. Now as the water freezes its conductivity is going to decrease because the ionic movement decreases alright. So if you want to differentiate between the 3 to 4 to 5 phases of the soil mass I think this is what you are asking sometime back. You know you start with the three phase system where you have soil particles or the grains minerals then water and the air. Now if I freeze the sample what is going to happen some part of the water which is present in the pores might get frozen still some part remains as the fluid water. So I have created 4 states. So this is the phase transition which is occurring. Now if I want to see how the freezing front is migrating in the geomaterials again I can use the concept of electrical conductivity. So the electric contrast or the impedance contrast or the resistivity contrast within the sample is going to tell me what is happening where in the soil sample and this concept is used for locating the reservoirs of hydrates in the nature. So what we call them as the resistivity plots or resistivity logs. So if you do the resistivity log from top to bottom you can identify the places where the hydrates are formed. A little bit on the frequency of the current because this governs the whole process and the mechanism though I have talked about low frequency domain and the high frequency domain. So make sure in your 10 plus 2 physics you must have studied that how the capacitance inductance and the resistance depends upon the frequency of the current is it not. So this concept can be utilized to see whether a material is conducting or an insulator. So for insulators the dielectric constant is going to be higher as compared to the conductors is this okay because their charge storage capacity is high. Similarly the soils which have very high water content would exhibit very high dielectric constant. So suppose if I am doing resistivity mapping and if I get a place or a geomaterial strata where the dielectric constants are extremely high one of the interpretation is that these are the natural occupers. So when I do satellite imagery I get the same signals for the places where the more moisture content is present I will be getting higher dielectric constant as compared to the places where the less moisture is present and hence the less water is present in the soils. Water is a dipole polar material alright. So they get resonated when you use high frequencies and hence the conductivity increases and hence the dielectric constant decreases. So this concept is used most of the time for analyzing the results of the geomaterials. Most of the time what we do is we try to develop the models of the geomaterials which are electrical models by using the concepts of capacitance, inductance and resistance and we transform the soil mass and the geomaterials to a electrical circuit. And this is how the further analysis is done and this would answer your question that how would you differentiate between the soils which are contaminated or not. So as we discussed until now that DCs and ACs have their own strengths and limitations. AC is supposed to be a good current or quite useful current as far as the microstructure mapping of the soils or the geomaterials will be concerned. But I am sure you will realize that when you go beyond 100 hertz it requires special equipments and it requires special paraphernalia also. So the entire process of measurement of electrical properties changes when you switch over from low to high frequencies. So all this gets added up and then it creates background noise. So unless your experiments are being done in a shielded environment clear, when you speak that frequency gets added up or there could be an interference with the frequency which is in the background and that might influence the results. So most of the time we use the frequencies in the megahertz or the gigahertz say curtsy modern day electronics, the cost of these gadgets is not very high but then very high is also a very relative term. So a modern day impedance analyzer would not cost you less than 50 lakhs. So the whole research is based on the gadgets which are quite expensive but they are useful in creating the micro mechanisms. There are efforts which have been done to capture the orientation, porosity, shape and size of the particle which I discussed in the past also. I will come to the laboratory and field investigations. Simple experiments can be done in laboratory by adopting two electrode configuration or four electrode configuration and the applications are sometimes we use surface network analyzer also. If you have done a course in electronics and you undergraduate you must have used this SNS surface network analyzers. If you want to find the fault in a cable system or where there is a short circuit which has occurred you can use the network analyzers and you can find out the fault in the system. And this is where we use the impedance analyzer also which I was talking about or LCR meter. So LCR meter and impedance analyzer these are the devices which are used to find out the impedance of the sample at very high frequency. LCR meters basically give you the L component, C component and R component. These are inductance, capacitance and resistance of the soils up to 40 megahertz range. We use the concept of wave propagation when we deal with the megahertz regions of the frequencies which we use and we talk about the interference of the waves. However, when we deal with the low frequency which is less than a gigahertz range we use the equivalent element method and come to this. So this is a simple two electrode method take the sample of the geomaterial sandwich it within the electrodes and the electrodes are connected to the power supply. So this power supply passes current to the sample and you can measure the voltage across the sample and this becomes a two electrode method. The biggest problem with this technique is if you are using DC current heating up of the sample might occur and you must be realizing that when I keep the sample between two electrodes and apply DC what will happen whatever the polarity of the electrodes is the sample gets oppositely polarized. So there is a reverse electric field which gets generated in the sample I hope you must have done it in your 10 plus 2 simple electronic circuits alright. This concept can be utilized to analyze the samples and to find out their properties. I did lot of consulting work by using samples from different you know industries. This could be the sample of an ore, this could be the sample of a tile, this could be the sample of a granite rock, this could be samples of the concrete, soil mass and whatever. So the biggest problem as I said is when you apply voltage across the electrodes the sample gets oppositely charged. So if you want to come out of this situation what you should be doing you can go for a four electrode method. How do you do profiling of the soils for obtaining the Westergaard's method exactly. So this is a geophysical method. So what we do is we apply the power, we apply the current to the sample and we measure voltage within the sample. So this becomes four electrode, one electrode, two electrode, three and the fourth electrode. These type of measurements are more precise as compared to the two electrode method because even if the polarization occurs at the interface of the sample I can utilize the properties of sample which is not connected with the electrodes directly. Simple devices but they reveal a lot. Based on this some people have done consolidation test by inserting electrodes into the odometer cell. And what they have done is they have placed let us say eight electrodes, these are point electrodes, small pins which have been inserted into the sample holders or the odometer cells of certain diameter made up of stainless steel. So this becomes an electrode and what they have done is they have measured the properties of the soil across four electrodes. So one and four electrode is the current carrying electrode and the voltage is measured in between. So this procedure is repeated by changing the electrode combination. So one, two, three, four first time, two, three, four, five next time, three, four, five, six next time and so on. And whatever average properties are obtained we can be, we can take the average where this has been used. So conventional odometer results have been compared with how the void ratio changes and how these changes influence the dielectric constant of the material. So dielectric constant as a function of log sigma prime is going to be very useful if I am let us say monitoring how a building is settling down in the real life. So suppose if I place the sensors below the foundations and as the consolidation occurs I can draw a relationship between E versus log sigma prime which is equivalent to dielectric constant versus log of sigma prime. And dielectric constant can be monitored easily and this is what is going to tell me how much settlements are going to take place in the foundations because that is related to the density of the geometry and the void ratios. So these type of tests have been done at low frequencies by several people. My MTech students long, long back particularly there is a group of students you know Rohini and Sneha Kurian and Reshma they work on these type of setups which were created by them. We took a small box we placed electrodes from inside across the two sides of this box and then we made a small container which is a sort of a capacitor and then we use this system for characterizing the geomaterials for measuring the electrical properties. The beauty of this system is that you can also decrease the spacing between the two electrodes, plate electrodes and you can generalize the laws which are being proposed. So you can show how much is the dependency of the electrical properties on the distance between the two electrodes because if you remember the equation of a parallel plate capacitor. So capacitance is proportional to area and inversely proportional to the distance between the two plates. Maybe this is one of the answers to your question I can calibrate the setup by using some known materials first and then you can use those results for geomaterials characterization. This is how the calibration is done we can find out the resistivity of the geomaterials by filling up this box with some known fluid mostly sodium chloride, potassium chloride is used and A upon L becomes the cell coefficient. So whatever voltage you are applying whatever current you are measuring if area of cross section and the distance between the two electrodes is known you can find out the resistivity. So I can place the soil mass in between and I can measure the electrical properties of the soil mass. This is how we started our studies we went ahead with another type of box where we embedded three electrodes on each face of the box and then we measured the electrical properties across the pair of electrodes. I hope you can realize that the efforts were on to find out the equivalent circuits for the geomaterials because this point electrode and the one which is hiding behind would form a pair of electrode clear. So across the vertical plane I can get three values of the resistance and the capacitance and the inductance. So 3, 3, 6, 3, 9 I will be getting 9 values of the parameters and then I can average them. The setups look very simple but there was a time when we took enough time and efforts to synthesize them and the credit goes to my Masters students and they created all these facilities. In this case because this is a point electrode you cannot obtain the area of cross section of the electrode. So we can still go ahead by drawing some relationship as coefficient A which is the shape factor for the electrodes. So this type of mathematical manipulations can be done to obtain the results. My student Reshma created this probe which is now Dr. Reshma. This is an electrical LSD probe very interesting way of measuring the electrical properties of the geomaterials in their compacted form. What we have done is we have taken a cylindrical rod and on this cylindrical rod we have placed four electrodes. So this is one ring electrode, another ring electrode, another ring electrode, another ring electrode. So four ring electrodes have been fitted and so that they do not get short circuited what we have done is we have put avonite ring in between. So this is the outer electrode, this is outer electrode which is connected to the current and this is the inner electrode and this is the inner electrode we are measuring voltage across this. So truly speaking this is the four electrode method which I showed you which resembles like what I discussed sometime back. This is the one you are applying current to the outer electrodes and measuring the voltage across the inner electrodes. So once this type of a probe is ready this probe can be inserted into the soil mass remember we had designed the thermal probes these are similar to the ones the concept remains same and you can find out what is the electrical resistivity of the materials. For easy insertion into the soil which is compacted the bottom portion of the probe has been tapered based on these simple experiments we obtain the relationship between saturation and resistivity of the soils. I hope this was the first effort which was done by researchers in geotechnical engineering fraternity to relate saturation and density, sorry resistivity and nowadays we find that these type of studies have become so useful when we have gone for advance material characterization. This is a relationship which deals with the electrical resistivity as a function of thermal resistivity and CR is some coefficient. So this coefficient can be defined as a function of saturation and A and B are the material properties. So I am sure you will realize that these simple experiments can also be utilized for characterizing the geomaterials provided their electrical properties are known. So this also proves the point that electrical resistivity can be utilized to differentiate the states of the material and to characterize them and subsequently we related A, B and C with the fine contents and fine contents is the one which differentiates between the course and the fine materials. Some field investigations which are becoming very popular in these days where the GPR is the leading example around penetrating radars, TDRs are being used for finding out the subsurface profiles of the material and the capacitance sensors which are used for finding out the degree of contamination of the geomaterials. There are portable dielectric probes also which are available in the market and all these techniques are being utilized for monitoring the environmental impact on the geotechnical structures particularly landfills would be a good example. So there are few landfills where we have adopted these techniques for profiling the state of material which is getting decomposed in the landfills. One of my PhD scholars Dr. Agnes she has worked in this area and you can go through her papers where the profiling of the landfills and when the landfill should be you know bio-mind this question has been answered by using the TDR probes and this type of concept was given by Dr. Patil one of my other PhD scholars who has used TDR probes and the capacitance probes to relate the degree of decomposition of the municipal solid waste in the landfills. There are some electrical conductivity probes also which can be used in the market. There are a lot of specialized conferences which are being done on application of TDRs. This is a beautiful example of why TDR is becoming so popular almost 18 years back there was a international symposium and workshop on TDR applications in geotechnical engineering. And what is shown over here is if you want to monitor the movement of the slope and if you want to design the early warning systems the TDR probes can be utilized. So what they do is they drill the bore logs and or the bore holes and in these bore holes they place the TDR cables and once the movement of the slope starts the cable gets stretched and because of the stretching of the cable the resistances change or the electrical signals change. These signals are recorded on the oxaloscopes and then you can make sure that whether the slope is stable or unstable. Now this concept can be utilized for monitoring the settlements of the building also. So wherever the monitoring is being done in today's professional activities these sensors are becoming quite useful particularly TDR and all.


or if I go to the flow chart over here, we've been looking at the flows or thinking about the forms in a flow. The vendors representing the expenses cycle or the payment cycle where money is gonna go out at the end of the day for goods and services we purchase. The revenue at the end of the flow, whatever that flow looks like for our particular business, we expect money to be coming in typically for goods and services we provide to others. And then we've got the employee E-cycle money going out specifically of course for the pain of the employee E's in that case. Note that the forms, invoices, received payment and so on are designed to create the financial transactions to build the financial statements, balance sheet and income statement. These forms need to be set up properly so that the data input can be as easy as possible. So the more we know about how to set things up, the more valuable we are


One person is dead and six others are injured following four separate ATV crashes all on Saturday and all in Cass County. 42 year old Steve Verville of Pequot Lakes died at the scene of a crash when the ATV he was driving hit a tree near Pequot Lakes around 10.40 Saturday night. Two passengers on that ATV were injured and taken to an area hospital. Three other crashes though were reported Saturday afternoon and evening. Two were near Bacchus in the Foothills State Forest area. The first crash happened around noon when the ATV 57 year old driver Kevin Theodore Baker of Summerton, Arizona was driving and he overturned the ATV, it pinned him underneath it. Baker was extracted from the scene and airlifted to a Minneapolis hospital. The second crash near Bacchus happened around 4.30 on Saturday. 22 year old Timothy Francis Czech of Marshall was injured when he lost control of his ATV and fell off it. Czech was extricated from the scene and taken by ambulance to a Brainerd hospital. And yet another Cass County ATV crash on Saturday happened just before 6 in Reamer Township. An ATV with 56 year old Randy Lee, Puncture and 54 year old Kelly Jean Jewel rolled several times and hit a mailbox. Puncture and Jewel were taken to the Deer River Hospital with Jewel then airlifted to a Duluth hospital. Authorities are continuing to investigate all of the crashes. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


This research paper discusses the importance of barley as a staple crop for the brewing and malting industries. It focuses on the identification of a specific gene, HVTLP8, which is responsible for controlling the quality of barley malt. This gene is located on chromosome for H and is associated with the production of beta-glucan, a type of polysaccharide that is important for the brewing process. The authors also identify a single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP, in the 1000 BP downstream region of HVTLP8, which can be used as a marker for selecting superior malting cultivars. Furthermore, they examine the relationship between the SNP and other desirable traits such as extract, alpha amylase activity, and gestatic power. They find that there is a strong correlation between the SNP and these traits, suggesting that it may be useful in selecting high-quality malting barley. This article was authored by Irfan Iqbal, Zirach and Ebra Desta, Rajiv Kumar Tripathi, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


When I look at President Hakka Inde Ichilema and Edgar Chagallung, the way they treat their opponents, we have had now a privilege of having Hakka Inde Ichilema in government before he was in opposition and now he is in government. When I look at these two, I don't think they are any different. These two, President Hakka Inde Ichilema and Edgar Chagallung, I don't think they are any different. They are pretty much the same in the manner that they treat their opponents. They fix, Edgar Chagallung, when he was in power, he was fixing opponents. Those that criticized him in a manner that he didn't like, those that said things that he didn't like, he was fixing them. I was fixed by President Edgar Chagallung. Hakka Inde Ichilema was fixed by Edgar Chagallung. A number of other opposition, they were also fixed when Edgar Chagallung was in power. This is a fact. We can go there and look at history, it will show us that these people were fixing, even some of those who were yesterday giving solidarity, even my good Sean Tambo was hammered. They fixed. He was fixing. Hakka Inde Ichilema was also coming. He is also fixing his opponents. He is fixing, including Edgar Chagallung is fixing. The same way Edgar Chagallung was fixed, Hakka Inde Ichilema, when he was in opposition, the only difference which I see between these two is that Hakka Inde Ichilema is more expressive. Hakka Inde Ichilema doesn't like you or he wants to fix you. He is very open. He will even have a press conference and talk about you and tomorrow you will be followed. Tomorrow you will be fixed. There are a number of examples that I will give you. It's only me that he doesn't mention directly. For me, he fixes me quietly without bringing up my name. But these others, he mentioned, who is this guy? Who does he think he is? And he went and he fixed him. Mili Ngolungu, who is this guy? He went and fixed him. This is the DPP, the Indian Union. Who is this woman? He went and fixed him. Fixed her. John Malanji, who is this person? Bonanza Bonanza. He went and fixed him. Recently, he said, ʻO ʻNi ʻGu ʻVa ʻTu ʻLe ʻWa ʻLapo, ʻLe ʻWa ʻLapo, ʻWu ʻTu ʻA ʻChin ʻGi ʻMing ʻGa ʻLato. And yesterday, ʻEd ʻGolungu was fixed through the wife. So, Hakka Inde Ichilema is quite open. He comes out, he tells you, I'm going to fix you and you get ready for it. Now, with ʻEd ʻGa ʻGolungu, ʻMing ʻGa ʻO ʻThose who are fixed, ʻYou ʻNever hear ʻEd ʻGa ʻGolungu mention your name. Never. He will not mention the name. He will not say this one. No. But people were being fixed. You see the difference? They are all fixing. The ʻEd ʻGolungu was fixing. You become an opponent to ʻEd ʻGa ʻGolungu. He will fix you. But he will not come out and open to say, this guy, I'm going to fix him. He will not say it. But Hakka Inde Ichilema, you are his opponent. He will fix you.  This is the difference. And you will see it very, very clearly. But another important point that I've seen between these two is that Hakka Inde Ichilema, from the way I'm seeing, two years in power, this man comes out very strong. He talks tough. Hakka Inde Ichilema talks tough.  But this is not from just from what I'm seeing. Hakka Inde Ichilema, much as he has that face, that scary face, with a strong voice that will scare you. I think he has a soft spot. He has a soft spot. Hakka Inde Ichilema has a soft spot. Behind that big voice, behind that threatening face, there is a soft spot. There is a soft man behind that. This is what I've seen. This is what I've seen. There is a soft spot behind that strong voice, behind that big talk, that scary face. There is a soft spot. And I will substantiate my point. But on the other hand, when you look at Edgar Chagualungu, Edgar Chagualungu, he doesn't come out threatening you. No, no, no, he doesn't. He doesn't come out threatening you. Edgar Chagualungu doesn't talk tough. When he was president, he was not talking tough. No, but he was fixing. And when he fixes you, I think you have dealt with Edgar Chagualungu, akam tima kāri bako ā vādi kosako. Vādi kosako. Why do I say this? Why do I say this? Look, at least for myself, the first time that I was arrested during your Edgar Chagualungu, I stayed myself nine days. I stayed myself nine days. Nine days, I stayed myself, eight days myself and the one day, eight days where people are not talking, people are talking. And I thank you for those of you who are talking. People are talking and so on and so forth. Other people were also arrested for a number of days. A number of days. Haka in the H&M himself was arrested together with a number of people. The people of southern province, you remember the wife to Chief Mukuni, the queen, you remember, and that group, a number of people were being arrested and thrown and the thrown mumma cells. They used to last. They used to stay there. They used to stay there. This is a fact. You go back and check. You find that a number of people that were arrested and the thrown mumma cells during the time of Alungu, they stayed longer mumma cells. They stayed longer mumma cells. Especially if you are directly in conflict with the with President Ed Galung, you will stay longer. You will stay longer. But this time around, this time around, look at a number of people that a number of people who are being arrested, how many days they are staying mumma cells. Myself, yes, I've stayed mumma cells I've stayed during HH. The longest I've stayed mumma cells is eight days. I stayed there eight days. But I think I'm the longest. I don't see any of the leaders any of the leaders in opposition who has stayed eight days, cut to which I stand to be corrected. Of course the issue of Bamundi Piri, that is another issue. The issue of Bamundi Piri, that's another issue. But look around how many of these oppositions have stayed. My wife. Will you buy in Jalaleta? Okay, when I'll be coming, I'll buy. If you look, they are not staying that long. Shuntembo, imagine what Shuntembo, let's face it, imagine what came out during the time of, what Shuntembo was arrested for. Imagine how he came out and whatever. Imagine if it was during that balloon. I mean Shuntembo was arrested, was it on Thursday? On Thursday and I think he came out, he came out on Tuesday I think. So you can say Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday. Was it six days or five days? So I'm seeing that, you know, he pauses, but I think he's soft. People are being let go. You know, again, when you look at Amakot cases, during the time of Ied Galungu, those who were charged with the so-called defamation of the president, it was not a joke. Defamation of the president, people were jailed. A number of people were jailed and they were, they were making sure that they pushed their points. They were making sure they were preparing. They were really preparing and they were moving fast. Remember how many people were jailed for this so-called crime of defamation of the president? I remember myself. I would have been jailed. I remember that one. He came and rescued me. It was hard. It was hard and Tembonchito sweated. He fought so hard, despite being the former DPP, being a state council. It was ruthless. He came to my house. They said it was just something else. So, truth be told, much as these people are not different, they are fixing opponents, but I'm seeing that how can they achieve it? Could it be a soft sport? Could it be a soft sport? I don't think it's as bad as we see him or what we hear, they perceive what we hear. I'm not saying it doesn't fix. He fixes, but at least the treatment yes, I have been treated badly, and was taken to loquolo and whatever. But ὚ ὜ ὤᾸ· ὕᾸ· ὑᾷ· ὕᾷ· Ὁ ὤᾸ· ὿ᾶ· ⁶ Ἴ᾽· ὗ ἑᾼ· ὕᾷ· ὡᾷ· ὕᾶ· ὢᾷ· ᾶᾷ· ὶ ᾶᾷ· ὔ᾽· ᾷᾷ· Ἵ ὔᾷ· ᾪᾶ· Ὦᾲ· ὤᾲ· �意思  Grandmaka ఱాత్చా క్మొనీరో మిమొనిస్నిట్ట్చా ద్క్ట్గాద్ండినినింట్హ్క్.


CO2 is an essential ingredient in photosynthesis. So then what do you think will happen if we plot the rate of photosynthesis versus CO2 concentration? Well, if you think the rate of photosynthesis will increase with CO2 concentration, then you're not wrong. That's exactly what happens, but not linearly. It's somewhat like what happens with light. When you increase the amount of light, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis? Similar thing happens. If you don't remember what happens when light is increased, then I would suggest you go back to our video called Factors of Photosynthesis-Light and take a look at it. A similar thing happens here. Hence here, the rate initially increases linearly and then finally it levels off. Because there are at that point other limiting factors like light, for example, or temperature, which are not good enough. Let's say there is not enough light intensity or let's say there is the temperature is too low or too high. And hence at this point, even if you increase the CO2 concentration, the rate of photosynthesis won't increase. But at low CO2 concentrations, the rate of photosynthesis does increase. And in fact, what you are looking at is the graph for C3 plants. You might remember that there are two types of plants with regards to photosynthesis, C3 plants and C4 plants. So this is what happens with C3 plants. What do you think will happen with C4 plants? What will the graph for C4 plants look like? In order to predict that, we need to recall the differences between C3 and C4 plants. How they utilize carbon dioxide. So first let's look at the C4 plants. What exactly they do as far as carbon dioxide is concerned. So this is a mesophil cell in a C3 plant and this is the stoma. So carbon dioxide enters through stomata and then enters the mesophil cell where it enters the Kelvin cycle. And you know that at the end of the Kelvin cycle, what is produced is carbohydrates. This is typically what happens in C3 plants. Now what happens that is so special in C4 plants? Again through this stomata the carbon dioxide enters and inside the mesophil cells it enters not the Kelvin cycle but what is called the C4 cycle. So the C4 cycle actually starts in the mesophil cell and continues in the bundle sheet cell. If you remember bundle sheet cells are the cells that surround the vascular bundle. That is a bundle that has xylem and loam. So it starts here, this is the C4 pathway and then continues in the bundle sheet cell and then things get recycled here and then go back to the mesophil cell. And what is released here is carbon dioxide. And then here the carbon dioxide enters the Kelvin cycle in the bundle sheet cell and as usual carbohydrates are formed. So why go through all this hassle of first entering the C4 pathway then again releasing the CO2 in the bundle sheet cell and then having the Kelvin cycle in the bundle sheet cell? Well the answer is photo respiration. Photo respiration is a wasteful pathway that happens in C3 plants and the C4 plants avoid this by going through this elaborate pathway, the C4 pathway. So in effect what happens is carbon dioxide is concentrated in C4 plants in the bundle sheet cell. That means at the same atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide in C3 and C4 plants the C4 plants are more sensitive to CO2 concentration. That's because CO2 is concentrated in the bundle sheet cell where the Kelvin cycle is occurring. So what does this mean with regards to our graph? So in C4 plants as you have seen the photosynthesis is more sensitive to CO2 concentration. That means at low CO2 concentrations themselves the rate of photosynthesis is higher than what you would expect in a C3 plant. So what does it mean for our graph? It means that at low CO2 concentrations themselves the rate of photosynthesis starts rising steeply in the beginning itself and then it levels off but much earlier than C3 plants. So that means so look here where it has started leveling off here. So it turns out that this is around 0.36% of CO2 at which the C4 graph starts leveling off. That means it's saturated at that concentration of CO2. Whereas if you look at C3 over here it's far from leveling off it's at this concentration of CO2. The rate of photosynthesis in C3 plants is only about half or even less than half of what it could achieve. Now can you tell me what the concentration of CO2 is in the atmosphere? The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is around 0.04%. So this is close to the percentage of CO2 where the C4 graph starts leveling off. That means at atmospheric CO2 concentrations the C4 plants are already operating at close to the maximum of their rate of photosynthesis. Whereas C3 plants they're operating at about half or less than half of their maximum rate of photosynthesis. So who is more efficient? Naturally the C4 plants and it's all because of their elaborate mechanism of the C4 pathway and the CO2 concentrations being high in the bundle sheet cells where the Kelvin cycle takes place.


Well, hello and welcome to vlogmas. It is Monday. I Didn't vlog all weekend y'all. I just didn't vlog all weekend. I took some personal time I did film some stuff, but I didn't vlog because I was just going through things Domesticating my life all that good stuff. I'm a little red and blotchy because I just took Doyle on a walk I wanted to tell you guys about this watch. I cannot Model things properly. This is a watch by Yode J. O. R. D I did a video with them last year. I think I don't know but anyway Um, they reached out to me and wanted to run a little giveaway for you guys So I will leave the link below as to how to enter that is a grand prize winner of $139 off of your purchase from them, which is kind of awesome. The winner will be selected on December 26th at 1159 p.m I'm not sure if that's central standard time or not all the other entrance will also get $50 off and I will leave a little coupon code for you guys down below if y'all are interested But these are really cool watches. I feel like they're like unisex I got I think this was a woman's watch But yeah, I really like it. Let me let me show you they're like wooden watches, which I feel like are really really neat and This is the one that I got. I will link mine below if they still have it in stock But I just thought it was really pretty Like I said, they're kind of unisex, so I don't know for men or women You guys know my style.  I like it a lot. I've actually gotten a lot of compliments at work The last week or so. I've been wearing it when I remember to wear it I must say it is difficult to get used to wearing a watch again when you're not used to wearing a watch So anyway, I've been really liking it. It's super neutral. You guys know me. I like really neutral things They do have some faces that I think are like Green and there's a couple other ones too that I remember seeing on their website But anyway wanted to let you guys know about that because in my last couple videos I wore it too So I'm sure I'm gonna get questions. So Anyway, um just got done taking the Doyle dog out on my walk and I am currently Unloading the dishwasher. That's what I'm doing. So yeah, that's what's happening over here and um I have wrapped over the weekend. So I did some holiday wrapping There's some things that I'm discarding on my table at the moment And I didn't get all my holiday wrapping done, but a fair amount and I did Repurpose this Ikea this big old Ikea bag and I have most of my wrapping stuff in there, which is kind of awesome But um, yeah, that is kind of it for the moment. I am making some water Is that even a thing is making water a thing? I don't know I just wanted to clarify the coupon code that's down below is for 10 off If you don't want to sign up to win the grand prize Well, my water is boiling and my battery's flashing. So I will see you guys in just a little bit Well, hey, it's later. I had my dinner and Let's not show you my address, but I got a package from tarjay. Let's open it upstairs Doyle is very excited. And yes, I have my pajama pants on because I don't want to wear jeans anymore Just I just don't want to but um, it is time to go upstairs Go on the interwebs Maybe edit I have not fully decided yet Because I don't really feel like editing tonight and I have a really early morning tomorrow Um, basically because I have to be at the office My goal is to be there by seven and I have some errands to run before I get there. So I just have to stop at the uh grocery store And get something for the morning at the office. So let's open this to get off I got everything I needed in the tarjay package. I just got filler interested Um, these tank tops. It's hard to see from a new day and they're these ones are black I got four of them in this shipment. It's hard to see. Yeah, you're not gonna see it. Um, they're like ribbed And um, I wear them under All of my like stuff. So I'm wearing one today And I've come to notice. Hold on. I'm gonna Put you guys Somewhere it's probably not gonna be straight, but we're just gonna we're gonna get with it. Okay. Anyway Um, as you guys know, I've been kind of like purging things And I have just noticed that all of my tank tops I had previously were like really really ratty and were like Not even like black anymore.  It wasn't pretty. So I Got a bunch of these online at target.com. My local target did not have these anymore I don't know if they're like a summer thing or what but I don't know that's uh how Got those and I'm still looking for I think the gray ones But they're out. They're not available online. So yeah, I'm just pulling out my phone and cool thing I already actually did my December budget, but I thought that my Bill was gonna say the same for my gas film, which is like my heat and stuff But it went down considerably. I think they're it's like 55 dollars is my normal. It's 37 dollars So it actually like I'm on this It's not a payment plan, but it's like You pay the same thing for like six months and it goes off of like whatever your usage was So, um, it'll like fluctuate again. Yeah, 55 dollars was my like normal thing. So they recalibrated it for 37 dollars. So Yeah, kind of exciting, right? I like it when I owe less money I mean, don't we all so I'm just online Checking out some things. I've got like two things to do on the internet and then I think I think I'm just gonna call it quits for the day. I feel like if I edit it's Gonna be insanity and I'm not going to stop That happens and then I'm like up till midnight and that's a problem as well. So yeah So I'm tracking another package um that I bought. I don't know a couple of weeks ago and um It's like some supplement things that I bought but um They're They're at my local post office And today is december 10th But it says it won't get here till december 13th But like literally It's like down the road So I don't know. Oh and it arrived like nine o'clock this morning And it's like 7 0 5 p.m. Tonight Whatever it'll probably come sooner, but I just think it's funny Um, yeah, so oh, whoops. I did not mean to open that email that email needs to stay right there All right, I'm gonna close the computer for now. Um, so yeah, that's kind of like what's going on here nothing Too exciting as per usual. I wish I had more like interesting things to talk about or share with you guys But I don't and I wish I did But I don't I know a lot of you have actually been asking for an office tour But I am not done with the office yet I think maybe this weekend when the lighting is better because it's like pitch black outside right now Maybe when the lighting's better this weekend, I'll just film like a progress video of what the state of the office is now And then I'll end up filming a actual tour video Um once I complete the projects that I want to complete I want to do some painting I want to hang up a few things and I just haven't done it yet and I can't really paint right now because There is another car in my garage and it's really really cold outside So it would take like some major effort for that thing to dry So um and you know be normal. What are you doing over there? There's a dog behind me Also, uh, I have a weekend project that I would like to complete so I'm hoping hoping I can complete this project Doyle, what are you?  Oh you guys saw some washi It's very fun stuff Oh, I should say um, I am well part of the declutter. Um, I am discontinuing some of the Washi tapes that I have on my shop. So I did post this on Instagram I know not everybody is into Instagram, but um right now on my shop, which I will link down below It's always down below for you guys There's a special for a mystery bundle of 10 washi tapes like a full roll of washi tape 10 for $10. So yeah, if you're interested Go ahead and order. There's a limited quantity right now But there are a few designs that I'm discontinuing. Nothing's wrong with the designs It's going to be varying design width and length of washi tapes, but it will be on a roll So I've actually already had quite a few orders, but there are a limited quantity available So um, if you order like I've had a couple people order more than 10 so like, you know two packs of 20 basically So if you order a pack of 10 You're guaranteed not to get the same duplicate in the first pack But I can't guarantee it for the second because I'm just grabbing packs Um, so you might get a duplicate in your second pack or third pack or however many you want to order Just because they're mystery bundles. So it's just going to be 10 for 10 I just thought that would be kind of a cool thing. Um, and then yeah, so anyway, especially when some like washi tapes are Like four or five dollars just for like one. So um, kind of nice that you can get a whole bunch of them And um, what is going on with this dog? Hey What are you doing? I don't like it when his tail is down if his tail is down. I feel like he's sick, but He's fine. He's just like smelling things. Um, so I'm back in my closet. I want to go through these bins and like all this stuff this upcoming weekend and Throw things away That's what I want to do This stuff is pretty well Like curated for the most part. I do need to go through some of this stuff and just purge And um, just some things I haven't used. So it's like I haven't used it by now I need to just like be done, you know Also, I kind of went through my makeup cases this past weekend, but I need to kind of fine tune that a little bit more and um Yeah, I went through these as well and I kind of pulled out some of the things that I wouldn't be using in the near future, but um Yeah, and then I have all my boxes up there that I'm going to keep all of those because I like all of those And I will use them and then everything in here. I will use as well Which is all of my ribbons and gift wrapping things like that. It's like there's so much work to be done But so little time Or you know, whatever, but uh, what is going on Doyle? What's the problem? He's like standing here with his tail down I don't know. What are you doing? What are you doing? Why is your tail down? What what's going on bud? Why is your tail down?  Oh tails back up. Okay. He's fine tails back up So yeah, I'm gonna hang these guys up and uh Call it good since I'm already up here. I might as well take my makeup off because you know makeup And um, oh update on the nose situation. It is still like super flaky and gross Y'all are wondering what I'm using target but man this It's flaky nose situation. I can't figure it out.  It keeps My nose keeps uh flaking off. It's kind of weird So I don't know what's going on y'all and uh, one of you had a good suggestion that you thought maybe it was like my Acne cream that I use and I have not oh I have not Used it on my nose in a really long time. So it's not that like that's not what's Drying me up. So anyway, I have no idea No idea what's going on I'm pretty sure it's just the weather because it's really cold outside and you know when I'm walking the dog My nose is like not protected by the elements But yeah, so it's like all red and raw Right now. I've also got like a lot of things going on on my face because You know hormones and stuff, but I have been using um some like overnight face masks, which I think are helping But I don't know They're the like moisturizing ones I'll just show you what I've been using So I've used this. This is a basha deep hydration Sleeping mask So I use this one over the weekend. Oh my gosh. It's not gonna focus Focus There it goes. Yeah, I have this it's like this one's like a little like a smaller sample And then I have this it's the carez wild rose um Advanced brightening sleeping facial. This is like my favorite thing because it smells amazing And um, yeah, just it's good stuff. It's good stuff but I think I'm gonna Call it a night here and I am going to Clarisonic my face and hopefully Get rid of some of this situation Doyle, why are you in the hall? I don't understand. I just I don't know. Oh goodness All right, so my last order of business for the evening is to Import the footage into my computer and then I am going to call it a day Doyle you doing bud What are you doing? Hi, buddy Hi, buddy What are you doing? What are you doing?  Yeah, okay Oh, okay. Okay Hi, hi, okay. Well Doyle's extra demanding right now. All right So I'm gonna go thank you guys so much for hanging out with me today Feel free to give the video a thumbs up if you liked it make sure to enter the uh watch Situation down there if you guys would like a chance to get like a really massive store credit from them Might as well, right? Also that coupon code that I talked about will be down below if you guys want to Check that out too. So that's it for me. Thank you guys so much for chilling and I'll see you all in the next video Bye guys. Well folks it's time to kick it old school


Ya, before all those things happen, I was telling you you're in quarantine with Valentine, so we are going to try and make this a very pleasurable experience for you. Amanam nagalini, so that you do your part also, please go to our socials. I won't say it again, but it's somewhere here. We together, okay, I will say it again, but just go to our socials today.  So which one, I don't know if it's a better or if it's a worse, but we're going to kind of break them down. Good evening after good evening. Good morning gentlemen. Good morning, Vanu. Oh, medibu visori, wow. How are you saving? I'm fine. Please introduce yourself to the people. Okay, my name is Seryam Bulaku. My social media pages are Seryam Maestro Muga, all Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and I'm happy to be here. I'm COVID. You were not in the same terms when you were in the same case. You know, I'm still living yesterday and it's not like, it's not like I was in the same case when I was in Asia. It's come at like end times. But I'm not in the same case when I was in the same terms when I was in the same case when I was in Asia. So please don't blame it on COVID, just get it. Do you want me to say the same thing? Yes. Good morning, you are being on our side. Yes, thank you, Vanu. What's your name? I'm Kulakson. Pleasure to be with you here. I welcome all the viewers. What do you do, sir? I'm a teacher by profession. Wow, I think being a teacher is a calling. Exactly. I'm very close to being with our daughter. A very thankless job. Can I just thank you on behalf of everyone you've ever taught? Thank you. We appreciate that. At the center. Yeah, and I'm sorry it came so late. But it's okay. Today we're talking about generally relationships, boy-girl relationships, seeds, amaparo, amastia, gapi and all these things. So, Xavier, maybe help me understand. And I picked two things just in the interest of time because time today has just been flying. Two things. So, a couple that has been brought together by another party versus a couple that just kind of paragashat kuru wushu dinsa into sindio. So, what happens when you have to make important decisions if someone has hooked you up?  So, I'm Kitakwenda. Cost killer time. Taku jamne. Valtru. Taku fajivi. Oh, Zwinini. Is that really what's been to happen? Somehow the same. Ndiyo, kutakwenda kwa sutakwambia but nikiana Janet nikiama takiki kwa prove to the coast. Mama nikiana Janet nikiana sumbuat on the coast. I'll always go to the third party. Ibubu skizi. Ibubu skizi na nataka. Nialafu kujuhu ni ambia. So, Janet atatani at sasa mimi nimi nima yandalafu. Nataka kumbe. You gave me some hint. Nika rectify why I was not doing right. Dwa kakubali toende. So, the third party is just for consulting. First for that third party, sounds like an African parent. Kusana tuivi ki doguanenda. Honasa your son or your daughter is doing this and this. Dosa wanenda kumungeleja. And that's why I always feel like who cups last son. Sana sana ziki toka kwa you're dating point if you get in courtship. When it comes to your marriages, it's likely to be strong. Do any time you guys have issues, you always have someone relying on. Dhani ingine ni muleza furia na hote kwanyum. I'm confused, isn't communication going to do what that third party person is doing? Please give us some wisdom. Yes, Val. The issue of marriage from the African point of view, even our parents, our great grandparents, before they come together, there was some kind of force behind it. And in one way or the other it has got its own advantages. And like the kind of marriages that we normally have nowadays that you get someone in a meeting town after a short duration, you now log together and start staying together without having what we call the background checkup of the person. Because marriage is a sanctified institution which so long as you've decided to get into it, it is a long lasting permanent thing. Yeah, but they tell me marriage thing is like that one institution where everyone who is outside wants to get in and everyone who is inside is struggling to get out. We have those people whom we can consult. For example, from the Christian perspective point of view, before you get into marriage there is what we call some people who act as a whole model for you. So these people they can be point of reference. They are facing a challenge because one, they have much experience in terms of years that they have stayed together in the marriage. So whenever you get a challenge you try to ask them how do you go about this? Are you seeing? That one does not mean that you don't have the authority to do your own way but you get the point of reference from them. Are you seeing? With them they have been such perhaps they might be in such a similar situation sometimes back. So you get the opinion. I just wanted to ask a question because at my age and you look at his age I think it's more experienced. So I wanted to ask during this dating process which you've gone through maybe I don't know if you're married. I'm married. You're married. According to the processes you've gone through the hookups and you've also searched for yourself which one works best which one lasts according to you. Okay, based on experience that I have before you get into marriage first of all you have to identify the person whom you are dating. Now how much do you know the person? Do you know the background where the person is coming? Do you know the family? How is the background of the family? Because initially people were being discouraged not to marry from a particular family or region because of probably in one way or the other how they were that community or that family how they were. So that's the reason why we are still advocating go to your aunt go to either your uncle Are you getting it? One more on that. Just a minute. I even want to interrupt you to hear why he's laughing because there must be a reason why he's laughing. Let me wrap up the point. Initially our aunts were giving us ladies isn't it? Your aunt can't give you a bad thing. There is no any relative who can give one of the family members a bad thing which means they have known the lady they have interacted with the family and they know everything about that family which will enhance continuation if she move from that place and then the lady come on to your place so that continuity because marriage is just a matter of progress we want to see that family progressing from one point to another so how comes you bring someone whom you don't know the background you don't know the family you have never interacted with the family then all of a sudden you are staying together now these are the situations that you normally see someone goes and take a shock and do something bad I want to bring this back just a little bit we are running under the assumption that the boy child in question and this is not personally serious he intension is to get married that's the because out here these boy children know how to professionally waste people's time they just want to eat from the fruit and then leave it there after they've eaten they go find a mother and that hasn't been eaten so at 254 Facebook so we have agreed that the context of this is you are looking for something serious you are looking for a life partner but I have heard of people who have gotten married against their parents' wishes without their families blessing and they've still worked on their marriage and they are not too bad right now I'll take this if you look at I'm a Christian and if you look at from the Bible point of view I'll give you an example when this Samson met a lady Delilah and we know the background of Delilah and then he was one he was told don't we have ladies among our people our brothers what happened what happened they married because he went against the will and the aspirations of the family members so that's why you are saying the best thing is to bring the family members or even if you have found the lady then involve the family members in the process that I have found Val and Val is coming from such a region now what do we do next let the family now go background check up they talk with the family and all these the families are now being involved as much as you have found the lady yourself but incorporate the family members what happens because we are coming from a country where we have inherited problems we have inherited hate we have inherited tribalism so what if Xavier and I are from different hemispheres of Kenya and maybe our families that's the generation for I no no no what are we going to do there they're not going to sit down and have a water one love does not envy love does not boast and love conquers all it unites both the tribe so long as there is a genuine love among the two who have decided to come together I believe there is nothing like bringing each where does it come from what view love binds us together what if there is someone in the audience who is like Xavier he wants to settle down he is trying to find the right time to settle down and then he finds the right person to settle with and I want to imagine that this particular boy child in question has strong ties with his people at home if it maybe even contributes to their well being maybe it just contributes in some way or another but the lady is from a part of the country that his parents just cannot maybe they even have a traumatizing story and you know once someone affects you a black person hurts you not all black people are bad you don't distinguish oh this one is like this sometimes it's like that so how would Xavier as a person handle that without having to cut his family off in such a situation first of all it is the two of you who have decided to tumble together so there must be a communication you know the moment that I have got an issue the fact that I have married you does not tell me now not to seize from helping my family because we are Africans and we have the dependence we have to support so it is upon you to bring it home to her so that she can understand where you are coming from because I believe a normal person just when you explain the point at home that you know this and this and this had been happening before you came but since you have now come in let's continue supporting mam I believe that is not something bad and she will have to understand yes I want you to position like this there we go so one meter away guys social distancing you can really say I also want to support him that love is between two people and there is a politician who said we are African and African is us so you are not able to satisfy everybody so I will feel like if you really like someone if you really want to date someone despite your parents not agreeing to that if you really want to date you can do it you can do it so this is what you are likely to pass through during this maybe if it is Christmas festive during this 4-5 days to mend a home you are likely to pass through this so if you want to happen don't take offence it is the way they are so if you are able to tell the lady ma pema with a few years to come you will be able to see kumbe the thinking of us is not that this lady is really nice so it is able also to be gelled into the family you are not just supposed to hurry things so it is also pure just to take a lady home you have not even told him how your family is how things are for it and then you expect him to be accepted in advance lazima the first day klamtuako now you that is why I told you the issue of courtship is very very much important because within that period you will be able to iron several issues out one you identify the lady after you have identified the lady you take the information home after that the two families now start to meet together are you seeing after they have given their consent you can now start preparing for the final journey but what we nowadays have you get a man who meets a lady and then they start just staying together then you get their parents probably are not aware that so-and-so is married and who is he married to who you hear is married from someone from the other region and then now bring issues because the families were not psychologically prepared that someone from another region is coming in this home state so the moment they are being prepared psychologically in advance then it prepare enabling ground for the landing of the lady because there is a new foreigner within the home state what about the situation where you and your girlfriend may be your personal if you love each other but the families are having bad blood during the negotiation processes it cannot go through since these people how I learn how do you go about it in such a circumstances it calls sobriety and a lot of wisdom because any single mistake will lead to damage of everything so it is upon you now to see which is the correct approach to face the issue altogether because love unite love does not separate you getting it so it is upon you to identify the right method for you to face the issue in the end of the family or you begin from the ladies we will see what we can do very important for H.R. Janet Michaels first of all shout out alafum kikosa na kwa mbe we atas kupen skwa na kupen na nima yante li kuleta uku I can't for example your aunt brings you ma li safi we live with people or just loving people is not the easiest thing in the world kwa kuna frikshon na in most cases kama kwa frustratin atasima tukitu kama ii asa shdakini marriage is a school of learning and there is no one who is having an award there you still need to learn each other and it also calls for patience within a few years of experience that I have the sobriety any time an issue come in how do you handle it we have few things which are necessary one communication within the marriage itself before we get the marriage but because I think we are quite young just because it may be workers so the process is you identify the lady after you have identified the lady or one of your relatives can identify the lady for you and then there will be that process of bonding you get to know each other some of the likes and dislikes so it is not just a one day event so the aunt may identify the lady and then okay tells you I would like you to meet him so you go and meet have a cup of tea in the process you will bond I have a question we are running on the assumption again that everyone is honest and everyone is laying their heart on the table what happens if the girl that auntie is bringing she is just pretending she just wants your money look at Xavier maybe at some point the village is just fainting when he arrives that statement is structure what happens then because she is not being honest that bonding is a lie if you stay with someone we are saying courtship should last for 6 months minimum within these 6 months you will be able to know one I know the likes of Val the dislikes if she is a temperamental short tempter so all these you will be able to see and if it is not working I think you are free to tell your aunt I appreciate the fact that you wanted me to progress with the lady but these are the things that I am seeing so from there you can either terminate it or proceed with it so you have options for me why I really love the hookups why I really encourage them is because I love the editing process I always prefer me and William Xavier I always think I stress I spend a lot on it I always feel like Sasa bro I think I have an example because I love it I love light skin I love jam I love issues I have already been given a profile you see so in case of anything I always go back and say I love William and you will see within one or two days I will say I love him so it is an introduction and an exit during the introduction part it is a strong relationship but when you want to leave the relationship so your relationship is strong communication is easy let's go to the third party if you want to leave you can go to the third party this side don't ask I will say you see that frustration will come out no Xavier the moment someone start beginning after all I was given you that is a wrong attitude and it is an attitude which does not build that relationship so you should not be able to have such attitude this is a fellow human being you can't just say you can't just utter such a statement after all why it not for my aunt could not be at this point no those should not be there we are civilized people if there is an issue which you don't like with the lady make her sit down talk over it and iron out the issue Xavier would you rather be hooked up by your family members or your friends and why I love my friends because you see with friends they will tell you about the lady kila kitu especially when guys are kwa kihukap chali kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date kwa mawa ko nailed kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date next week kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date kwa mawa na date do nnoteven ask for any thing just make sure you're treating this guy asekusa u wider them jwa kunai issues na wule wako pua lakin w고 kuna isu So serious Do you think it's fun? The other one is too official Which one do you think lasts longer? For me, the one that lasts longer I think they hook up with friends because me, from experience I still talk to the people I was hooked up with and we are still in good terms now I don't even remember I don't remember I don't remember I don't remember I don't remember and we are still in good terms now I don't remember finally when Isaac when Isaac was about to marry he was given a rebeka and if we look at it from that from the biblical point of view it gives a strong bond are you getting it? that's why we're saying when the family members have identified a lady for a son there is no crime in that after the identification process then now the mingling you people go and interact you interact it should not be a short period it should be a prolonged period so that you bond no no no no my only issue is they won't be hooking you up all the time I can't remember but you see with friends they will say and then they will keep on working but now I don't remember if you just allow me to read our social media Facebook so we have a man James good morning guys good morning and then James happy new week I want to tell you how I feel very good I locked down in QA 001 TG Tech up wow and then corona at the hookups and then I posted Masai and then Kona live he then was watching us usual kafatikeno waskubali hookup why now he kept calling me I see you Dominic well represented from kafatikeno James so was watching me but no I can't I would have thought I would not want creator so I was watching him as long as bill me out so that means save it on a question if he is on he can say okay and man James says weh agi post name in goja Mati and man James you are wonderful you are wonderful human being that even says hashtag why the morning hope I am not being bothered but it must follow you you must follow me you must follow me because that's what we will finish with man James says I try to hook up Val and who I try Miriam and who but I will tell you a story Brenda Koko I tried to hook up Kid King the second requesting by creators savage locked from nuru maker I hook up you never know my nephew and my niece I product Wow please pay for me after I see you again I would not want to hook up let people meet by themselves and date watching from you can talk to us so someone will say the love is blind and the moment you get into a that love arena it makes you feel like you are in a certain world all together euphoria too you are in your own world it is said when a woman loves she loves for real you are getting it but I don't believe Kuna Uchawi love is a certain strong which come when you love someone this is a strong feeling which you cannot even explain and what feeling is it when you pretend to love someone that is a pretending that is not a love you know that is another thing all together we are advocating that that you have got yourself into affair with someone and finally it has lead into marriage till death do us apart not divorce we don't encourage the bible does not encourage divorce but when an issue comes in you should be able to know and seek guidance I have formed the third party now we are saying for example we are both married and there is my best couple so in case there is something that is probably disturbing me I simply give him a phone call asking there is this issue how do I go about it how do you advise me now that would end our depression and suicide rates do you have someone like that in your life like a mentor or something in the love relationship you have a partner and he is a boy child problem we will get your hookup we will get your hookup you should be having but I think I will say he is able to notice my racket you are going to crazy on this one I think that should be a hit it is very important because we gotta live we gotta go so make this very brief I am saying this before you get into an institution of marriage one you have to think over it because so long as you have got yourself into eternal there should be no break up because there is no one who can decide to build a house and later destroy it thank you so we have run out of time but you thank you for watching remember wash your hands and soap and water sanitize if you can and what else Hilary will be coming through at the top of every hour with the update so you don't want to miss his handsome face so we are also waiting for a live link from state house disseminating very very important information so please stay on the channel don't go anywhere my name is valentine or at ColonyVal but most importantly WhiteFive on Facebook WhiteFive on Twitter hashtag it's wide the morning have a fantastic day


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com with Jaspys baseball is back Repack products a dual case break 12 total boxes break number three There is a hit list promo in here. This is a product that we curated just for you So thanks everybody for getting in six cards for case Only seven total breaks hit list promo if you don't get a single card We're gonna take all of your names random eyes and top two will get a hundred fifty dollars or break credit each So that's pretty nice as well. Here's some of the stuff that we're chasing Big thanks to this group for making it happen Thanks to the people who bought their spots straight up and congrats to the people who won their spots We only did one filler who won their spot in that platinum box Another dual case break is loaded up if you want to run this back tonight all 30 baseball teams are in just remember To trade at your own risk four and a six ten times for names and teams Good luck All right 10s and final time Got Ryan down to John. Oh All right four and a six ten times for the teams one two three four five six seven eight nine and 10th and final time After ten we got the Baltimore Orioles up top all the way down to the Cardinals bird teams top and bottom And here's how it shakes out for everybody Ryan with the Orioles Eugene with the rays Wade with the twins Justin Red Sox Craig with the Diamondbacks Eugene You got my Dodgers Marcus with the Angels Brett with the Reds Joe with the Guardians Kenny with the Pirates Charles with the Phillies Steve with the Mets Marcus with the Rangers Chris with the Royals Eugene with the Cubs Wade with the Giants Kyle with the Marlins Marcus with the Nets Charles with the Brew Crew Chris with the White Sox Jeremy with the Padres Charles with the A's Eugene with the Astros Barry with The Braves Trevor with the Rockies Charles with the Blue Jays Jamie with the Yankees Joe with the Tigers Chris with the Mariners and John with the Cardinals It's a alphabetized by team. We're gonna pause video just for a little bit when we come back We're gonna see if there's any trades and then we'll have the break. So we'll see you on the other side All right TWC trading window closed nil no deals done List remains the same as what you saw on the previous screen now. It's officially printed out All right now actually we're gonna flip back to the dice really quick. Remember our dice roll was four and a six ten times We have cases case numbers on here So we're gonna do this ten times top two are the case numbers that we're gonna do after ten one two three Four five six seven eight nine and ten So we're gonna do case three and six Here's case six case three is down here. So we had pre Pre-sticker these Right here Six is right over here. Let's take them off my my master list before I forget All right now. Let's Pop this open and let's see what we got inside here. Good luck everybody got these new Jaspy boxes here These are looking real nice First one we got some coverage here, too. Excellent one car per box first one out of the gate is gonna be Nice Bobby wit jr. Jilo is going to be jealous Bobby wit jr. You got the city connect logo right here and The autograph 14 out of 25 city connect cat patch card That looks really cool. That's gonna go to Chris and The Chris and the Royals Nice start next up is Is Miguel Cabrera? Tribute to MVPs Yeah, multiple MVP award winner nice shadow box autograph from tribute baseball Tigers that's gonna be for Joe Lawson in Detroit be sure to follow us there. All right so far so good That Miguel Cabrera by the way is numbered nine out of 25 Next is Is Reggie Jackson One of one dual relic piece of the lumber piece of the jersey game use memorabilia Legendary relic card all aboard the big hit express who has the a's Charles with the a's Charles All aboard the big hit express Nice one from Sterling. All right a few more to go Jilo got Bobby in fantasy and he is jealous of that That one thought thought we step up our repack game here. I think these boxes turned out really nice Follow at jasky's rake Twitter Instagram. All right Another one two out of five. Look at this Buster Buster Posey Defining images Not an image. I like as a Dodgers fan, but this is gonna go to the Giants Wade is happy There you go Wade and out of fives and under get the train whistle All aboard the big hit express Have we pulled the I don't know if this cell sheet I'm assuming there's one per case. Well, there's more Hits on this page than box than cases. So I don't know we'll see It is a good photo of us repose. Yeah, all right next up They've all been upside down right so next up is Two out of five Derek Jeter. That's not on the cell sheet. Oh, it is on the cell sheet Wow, right on the button Tier one baseball That's pretty sweet. Who's got the Yankees Jamie with the Yankees Jamie All aboard the big hit express I'm right and Jersey number on the Jeter too. All right six in final box and then one more One more case All right, that's going to the PC says Jamie very nice congrats. All right, this one is graded right this way And it is Corbin Carroll nice PS a 10 from 2023 tops Cosmic chrome blue moon parallel Blue moon You saw me standing alone nine out of 99 on that case later All right, so here is oh, you're the one that won the Mickey Mantle cut auto nice Congrats. I was asking the crew like who would won that over the weekend It was mostly not me's But it was you Jamie nice okay another case and Next up is Albert Pujols Triple relic and on-card autograph from top sterling 10 out of 10 Nice pieces of the lumber game use memorabilia Cardinals edition that will be going out to Johnny. Oh Follow us next box It is Mark McGuire a's edition 35 out of 40 piece of his lumber big old bat Big old autograph or definitive collection very nice very beautiful Good penmanship going to Charles and the a's Yeah, Eugene Gilo is a Bobby with junior collector. He's a big Royals fan He will also pay top dollar for any sporting KC Stuff. He's a huge MLS guy Can't top stop talking about about sporting KC soccer.  All right, you're welcome Eugene Wow a transcendent one-of-one Bobby with junior autograph Here's a gold frame is this transcendent museum collection It is transcendent now right on cue 24 out 25 David Ortiz big boppy It's a nine Autos a 10 All right, that's Minnesota twins edition.  We've got another dual case in the store Check it out. Jaspy's case breaks.com. You've seen the quality with your own eyes So give it a go that you can win your way in via the fillers You can or just get a full spot straight up. All right next one is a One-of-one Duke Snyder. It's Eugene and the Dodgers Try to trade couldn't trade mojo Eugene all aboard the big hit express All right, and the sixth the box of the case 12th box of the break Good luck everybody last one it's gonna be good luck everybody It's wow from diamond icons Ronald Acuna junior one of one Come on from 2020 tops diamond icons baseball Barry with the Braves and All aboard the big hit express Real nice There you go gang. I'm Joe for Jaspy's case breaks calm. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us We got more in the story. We got more cases right here. So let's get after a Jaspy's case breaks calm I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next dual case break. Bye. Bye


Farmers in Region 8 are currently facing a number of challenges in the agriculture sector, including the impact of rising input costs and farm labour, as well as pre-de-alasni concerns. In a discussion with the Farmers' Parliamentary Representative for Castries South East, Honourable Joachim Henry, expressed the need for a farmer's cooperative in the region to address some of the concerns currently plaguing the farmers. He also emphasised the importance of ensuring the success of the agriculture sector to pique the interest of young people. When you speak of the technology, when you speak of the farmers' cooperative, it is the farmers who can really usher in a mode of farming that would allow for them to engage young people. And this is why I'm promoting and supporting the Farmers' Cooperative. If the Farmers' Cooperative, if the farmers, the current farmers, can demonstrate success, it will encourage the young people to participate. And how do you get the farmers to realise success? It's through the cooperative, Farmers' Cooperative, where they can take care of the small issues and that will provide a platform or usher in a culture so that young people like to participate in ventures where they believe they can be successful. So it's important that in Castries South East, our farmers or the farming practices encourage the young people by demonstrating success at the marketing level, at the technological level, you know, all of the areas that are of concern to the current crop of farmers. If it is not addressed, we will not find young people venturing into farming. Minister with responsibility for agriculture, Honourable Alfred Prosper, noting that the issues being highlighted by the farmers are felt globally, particularly with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic also lamented the importance of unity amongst farmers in the sector. This is one area I must say is that it's very critical to our farmers now, forming cooperatives where we bring all our farmers together, especially now. The high cost of farm inputs, farmers can come together and they can now order or import the farm materials, the fertilizers and so on as a cooperative rather than individual farmers are doing it and it's really, really causing a problem in the sector. They can also benefit from getting resources from various agencies, maybe instead of the pack houses to give for farmer training, for farmer pension, a number of areas that can benefit the farmer as a result of the cooperatives. So this is one of the areas I really stressed upon in terms of encouraging farmers to form cooperatives because that is one way of addressing the whole food security issue, the high cost of inputs. Minister Prosper here filmed the Ministry of Agriculture's commitment to improving the food security and livelihoods of St. Lucian's as he continues to strategize on the best solution to the sector's current problems. From the communications unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, I am Anicia Antoine reporting.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming out to you in 2016 in Donnery's Optic Football. Hanger box break number Jordan, number 23. Big thanks to everybody here for getting in on the action. It's just Jimmy, PJ, Andy and Daniel. Thank you guys. All 32 teams are in. Now we're going to do the break itself first. We're going to make it sweat it out a little bit and then at the end we'll re-randomize your names and the name on top will get a mystery crate spot, which should be pretty awesome. But again, the break first. Dice roll for the giveaway, but for the break, for the hard way, two and a two. One, two, three, and four. And then hard four for the teams, one, two, four. All right, so no trade windows in these things. Let's just roll. All right, so here's the first half of the list right here and the second half of the list right there. I know for those of you watching on desktop that video chat's not working, but I'm still using my phone and I could still see the stream work perfectly fine. And the chat as well. Yeah, Rebels think it's weird. The YouTube issue seems to...seems to be what? Seems to be just on a desktop device, right? Mobile seems to work just fine. All right, strange, internet's. Sort by Colin B. All right, there's the 2016 Hanger box. Here's the final printout right here. All right, we've got Devante Booker, Corey Coleman, a lot of rookies here, but none of the bigger names from 2016. That's all good. The whole point of this is who's going to win these spots. So let's grab everyone's names from Daniel, Dan, and Andy. New dice, new list, and it's just going to be the name on top after four, one and a three. We had four before, right? Anyway, four times again. One happy person, 31 sad people. That's the risk, but I appreciate you taking a chance. One and a three. Four times. One, two, three, and fourth and final time after four. Yeah, a lot of sad times here, especially the second spot there. That's the worst. Oh, rough. But congrats to...oh, not rough, PJ. You got it. Not two spots. For a second there, I thought it was going to be sad times, but no, happy times. After four, your names on top, you're in that mystery crate break. Thanks for watching, everybody. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


In this final video for math 1050 or lecture series here, I wanted to demonstrate how you can simplify a difference quotient that involves a radical, particularly a square root. This can get a little bit tricky, but so let's work through it here. If we start off with the average area of change, we get delta Y over delta X. What we see here is that we're gonna take F of X, let's say think of this as our function with a blank in it, right? G of blank, what does that mean? You mean you're gonna take the square root of blank squared plus a nine, okay? So that blank will sometimes be an X, sometimes we get an X plus H. So we're gonna get X plus H squared plus a nine, that all sits inside of a square root. And then we subtract from that a square root of X squared plus nine. This all sits above an H, like so. So how do you combine like terms on the top, when you have these difference of square roots and such? Well, as I've often mentioned in this lecture series, college algebra or pre-calculation, because whatever the name of the class is called, is often like the karate kid, right? We're Mr. Miyagi's teaching Daniels on all of these techniques. And so it's only until like the end that we actually discover like, oh, I was learning karate the whole time. So all these techniques we've learned in college algebra, intermediate algebra, elementary algebra, all of them come into play at some point. And so this one, it turns out we wanna rationalize the numerator. That is, I wanna multiply by the conjugate. So you have this square root minus the square root. Switch to sign the square root. I'm gonna take the square root of X plus H squared plus nine. I'm going to add to it, let me scooch over a little bit. I'm gonna add to it the square root of X squared plus nine, right? So it's the exact same difference of square roots. We've changed it to a sum. And you have to do the same thing to the denominator as well. So you get the square root of X plus H squared plus nine plus the square root of X squared plus nine. That's what you want there. So then in the denominator, you're gonna leave things factored. You never multiply out a denominator. It's not worth it, don't do it.  So the square root of X plus H squared plus nine plus the square root of X squared plus nine. You see that? Now in the numerator, I do want you to foil things out. So when we talk about foil, we have first, notice I'm gonna take the square root of X plus H squared plus nine times by itself. When you square a square root, the square root just disappears and you're left with X plus H squared plus nine. So that's the first thing. This is our first with our foil. Next, you're gonna multiply together the outside terms. When you multiply the outside terms, you get this one times that one, okay? Which I'm not gonna write that down because of the following reason. When you do the inside terms, you take this one times that one, you notice that the inside term and the outside term are actually identical to each other except they differ by a sign. You have the square root of X plus H squared plus nine times the square root of X squared plus nine. So basically the first one gives you the square root of A times the square root of B. The second one's gonna give you the negative square root of A times the square root of B. So you'll see that the outside and inside terms cancel each other out. That's why we multiply the conjugate. That's why we switched the sign. So I went from negative to positive because I knew when I foiled, these things would cancel out. And so then the last thing to do is the last terms, right?  So we rationalize the numerator. All the square roots in the numerator disappeared. So we can actually simplify that thing a lot nicely. It's gonna be very nice, right? Take the X plus four squared, foil that out. We're going to get X squared plus two XH plus H squared plus nine. We then subtract from that the X squared plus nine and then copy down the denominator H times the square root of X plus H squared plus nine plus the square root of X squared plus nine. The denominator's just going for a ride right now. So in the numerator cancel like terms X squares cancel, the nine cancels like so. In which case then the numerator would simplify to be two XH plus H squared over H times that square root again, which I must write it down one more time. This is the hardest part about these difference quotients carrying around your luggage. The denominator, why do you have to do so complicated? All right, so the numerator now though, you'll notice everything, if you did everything right, everything should cancel out except for, well, after everything's canceled out, everyone in the numerator is divisible by H. So factor out the H because we need to cancel it out. You get H times two X plus H and then this is above H and then you get those square roots again, carry that heavy luggage up the stairs. I wish I didn't escalate it right now, right? I guess I already did that. Let's extend this line so that we see that there. And now the H cancels on the top and bottom for which then we're now ready to specify the simplified average rate of change, delta Y over delta X. This is then equal to, write out that denominator, make it a big, big, big line right there.  This gives us our average rate of change. But then if we want the instantaneous rate change, right? We set H equal to zero. This is gonna give us a two X plus zero above the square root of X plus zero squared plus nine plus the square root of X squared plus nine. You notice the numerator simplifies just to be a two X but the denominator, you're gonna get the square root of X squared plus nine twice so you actually get two times the square root of X squared plus nine for which the twos actually cancel out and this thing simplifies kinda nicely, right? In the end, we end up with X over the square root of X squared plus nine, like so. And that then gives us this derivative, the so-called instantaneous rate of change. And that then brings us to the end of our lecture series. You can take out, you can look at some of the review videos we have for our final exam coming up as you try to prepare for that. That's a big deal. You wanna do well on that. Good at you for getting this far in our series here. And then again, I wanna congratulate you for making it to the end of the series. If you feel like during these many, many videos, if you learn something about college algebra, show that by hitting the like button. Feel free always to subscribe if you wanna see more videos like this in the future. Many of you watching this video, I know will be going on into a calculus class in the not too distant future at Southern Utah University. That's probably either math 1210, which is called calculus one, or it could be math 1100, which is a business calculus class. Or there's also an economics class that uses a lot of, I mean, there's a lot of economics, excuse me, a lot of calculus and economics. Some of them might be going in those directions. And so in the future, if you do need some help on calculus, feel free to check in with these videos in the future. I do have also a calculus one lecture series that you can take a look at. Those videos are available on YouTube. You can see the link for that right now. You can also get in the future if you continue on, depends how far you wanna go. But I also have a lecture series for, of course, calculus two, linear algebra, and a lot of other math classes. So feel free to subscribe if you wanna learn more about other math topics in the future if you're gonna continue in your math education. And always if there's questions, feel free to post them in the comments. And hopefully I'll see you all sometime in the future. Thank you, thank you for participating in this series and best of luck in your future mathematical endeavors.