Good evening and welcome to Nerd Knight East Bay number 58. My name is Rick. I am one of the co-bosses of Nerd Knight East Bay. I'm going to get a little bit sentimental. We usually close the show with thank yous, but this time we're starting them.  All the bosses are making all of the ticket proceeds go to North Bay Fire Relief, so we donated that today, so thank you very much. Thank you also for attending. How many of you is this your first Nerd Knight? It's fantastic. So this is not my first Nerd Knight. We've been doing this for five years. So five years ago we launched during the Bay Area Science Festival, our old digs were a little bit less glamorous. You can see it's standing in the room only. There are fewer pixels in me not only because of the camera technology, I also just got fat. But we have had 174 presentations on this stage. It's pretty fantastic and that can't happen without amazing speakers, many of whom are volunteers from the audience or suggestions from the audience. If you want to be up on this stage and get plied with free drinks, come talk to us after the show, sign up on our website, let us know you're out there and let us know what you want to learn about. We also love working with food vendors. Grilled cheese guy is here. He's a crowd favorite. Get your grilled cheese. They leave after the second break, so yeah, eat up. And we're lucky to have the Oakland Public Library as well. If any of you do not have a library card, tonight's the night you should get one. They're amazing. They let you get access to audio books and e-books if going to actual physical libraries is not your thing. Great resource. Also, Club 21 is fantastic. I love this place. I've worked with a lot of venues, some for the show, and there's not been a single venue that is as easy to work with as these people. So thank you very much. And finally, I want to make sure that I really thank all of our volunteers. We have Marie here tonight. We have Caitlin and Mike in the back. A lot of the times it's kind of a thankless job. And I want to thank my co-bosses. Scott and Rebecca have been amazing. This was the first year that I've missed any shows and I've missed like three of them. So it's fantastic to see them run without me. But back to you guys. I think this is great. When we first started we didn't know if we could get people out on Monday nights to come learn shit. It turns out, hey, you can. Learning shit's fun.  So be easy on me. It goes with the costume.   So I don't mind getting sentimental at this show because I'm happy to introduce to you our first speaker who is actually a Nerd Knight San Francisco alum. She presented at Nerd Knight San Francisco before Nerd Knight East Bay existed. This was actually a second talk when news made the channels that someone had inadvertently eaten squids from metaphors in her Calamari. And so Dana gave a great explanation of that. She is an expert on squid sex. She literally co-authored the lab guide to in vitro fertilization of oceanic squid. So she also wrote this book. She'll have it in the back. I strongly encourage all the cephalopad fans to pick it up. It's a good read. And with that, welcome to the stage, Dana Staff. Thank you. Thank you so much. Thank you for having me. Thank you all for coming out on a Monday night. Thank you Club 21 and bartenders especially. And I am so glad to be here. I will not be talking about squidsperm. I'm curious. Wow, that answered my next question. I was going to say who is disappointed about that, but it sounds like everybody is disappointed about that. Sorry. But who likes dinosaurs? Yeah, dinosaurs. I like dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are very cool. They're very big. They're all dead. They're very mysterious. They're sort of monstrous. And you can color them any color you want in the coloring book because nobody knows. Mostly. There's a few little hints and pieces, but mostly nobody knows. And so I am definitely not here to diss dinosaurs. However, after three Jurassic Park movies and Jurassic World, I might be here to suggest that they are a little bit played out. Just a little. So they're awesome. Nothing against dinosaurs, but I would like to introduce you to the next big thing. And so you can go out to all of your friends and say that you were here at the beginning of this craze, which is that cephalopods are the new dinosaurs. What do I mean by this? Of course there are modern cephalopods, squid, octopus, cuttlefish. Just as there are modern dinosaurs, who knows which dinosaurs still live with us today? Birds! I love you, nerd night audience. Yes, birds are dinosaurs. And just like birds are only sort of this small remnant of the majesty and wonder that was once dinosaurs, they're also great. Birds are great. Any ornithologists here? I don't want to offend. But squid, octopus, cuttlefish, and all are also only remnants of a once great lineage. All of the ancient cephalopods. So those are the ones I'm going to be talking about today because they are mind blowing. And those are the ones that you're seeing up here. These tentacled beasts in strange shells are ancient cephalopods. Most ancient cephalopods lived in shells, and those shells fossilized really well. So we know quite a bit about them. One of the things we know is that they were enormous. Right? It's crazy. So this guy on top, Cameron Serres, lived almost 500 million years ago. That's basically the dawn of animal life on earth. So way before the dinosaurs, they were totally the first monsters, the in-charge beasties. And then on the bottom here, the coiled one, you can actually see a picture of the fossil here. It's incomplete. That's why the drawings are much larger, sort of like paleontologists find a dinosaur hip bone or incisor or something. And then they come back and they're like, it's the biggest species ever known because they're extrapolating from that information. Similarly, this is extrapolating to how large this coiled beast might have been. Probably true. The tentacles, however, are a lot of guesswork because those don't fossilize really well. So we don't really even know if they had tentacles. Probably. We don't know how many they had, and we definitely don't know what color they were, which leaves paleo artists free to do things like this. Which is beautiful. This is the work of a paleo artist, Kate LeMedico-Mariette, who does this magnificent work. And it's great. They could have been this color. I don't know. All of these heads with hoods and tentacles and suckers, that's total guesswork. But the shells, these super weird shells you're seeing that are like tied in knots and coiled up like ice cream cones and things. Those are real shell fossils that actually have been found. So this is my second point about ancient cephalopods. First was that they were enormous. The second is that they're super weird and so therefore worthy of our respect. And then you get to ask, okay, what's the history? How did we get to this? Because this didn't just springfully formed from the ocean. That is true. So to tell the story of where they came from, we are going to go pre-human. We're going to go pre-dinosaur. We're actually going to go before anything was on land. Not even plants. Maybe some little smears of algae here and there. But mostly nothing on land and everything interesting was happening in the ocean. It worked really hard on this ocean here. So how about a round of applause? Thank you. That was not necessary. But you're all very kind. This is what the ocean looked like at the time. It was full of trilobites for the most part, some of the first large animals to lumber around. And there were a few things sort of scuttling in the water right above them and there were a few worms burrowing down in the ground. But mostly everything, every animal was in the ocean and every animal in the ocean was on the sea floor. There was almost nothing swimming around. There were no fish at all and there was certainly no squid. And so everything was on this interface between land and water at the bottom of the sea including a lot of things like snails, including this little fellow who's quite small, would have fit very comfortably in the palm of your hand. And related to snails, he's been given tentacles in this reconstruction because he's believed to be the ancestor of all cephalopods. And he did something very cool. I should say evolution did something very cool with his shell which is the top of it here grew little walls to make little chambers and in those little chambers the animal was able to pump out water and let gas diffuse in. So this is a diagram sort of backwards, sorry, A is all the way down here and then B and then C because I guess that's how scientists think. I don't know. I was one for a while but I did not responsible for this diagram. Anyway, what you can see in yellow is the beginnings of those little chambers filling with gas here and as they get bigger and they become more of them and this is a tube of the animal doing that pumping job to get the water out and let the gas in. The animal gets lifted up off of the sea floor. It's like heating up the air in a hot air balloon. It goes right up off of the ground very quietly and peacefully. I imagine there are a lot like little dirgeables just slowly lifting off of the ground and once that happened they could get really big. This is another drawing of that giant camera, Sarah, that you saw with anachronistic human diver that actually is not realistic but the size relative to humans is realistic and the reason is once you have a buoyant shell you can make it as big as you like. Shells like snail shells are heavy and awkward and that's why snails are not very fast and clams live mostly stationary lives but what cephalopods did was they had this brilliant evolutionary innovation. They filled it with gas and then no matter how big the shell gets it offsets its own weight with gas and so it just doesn't even matter. They can get as big as they like and they very clearly rose above the competition. If you're curious this is what the competition looked like. These are kind of the only other swimming sea monsters at the time, for lack of a better word, they're these weird little shrimp guys called in Latin weird shrimp anomalacaris and they were big, they were bigger than any shrimp you would see today but still sort of leg-sized so nothing like the giant camera, Sarah. So you have cephalopods very quickly just taking over. They were the only large game in town. They're the first sea monsters and therefore, because there's nothing on land yet, the first monsters in all of Earth's history. What they ate is a little bit up for debate. Many people, myself included, like to imagine them as super predators, the great white sharks of their day just swimming around like deadly dirgeables picking up any trilobite that looked delicious and chowing down. The problem with this scenario is that we don't have any fossils of jaws for these animals so we don't know if they even had jaws. Kind of difficult to crack into a trilobite without jaws so it's still possible that we just haven't had the jokered themselves. They have this weird bulky armor on their own bodies. It's a location point in the water. This book did well enough that we did a volume two the following year and when that publishing company started going weird, I founded Word Horde in 2013 and while I do love crafty and horror at Word Horde, I also do things like Tales of Jack the Ripper, which was an anthology commemorating the 125th anniversary of the Ripper Murders and Children of Old Leech, which was nominated for the Shirley Jackson Award, which is cosmic horror of a different stripe. Last year I did Cthulhu Phatagan, which was all original horror stories in the Lovecraftian mode. This one, the This is Horror Award, which was a really nice honor and I continue doing stuff that touches in the Lovecraftian realm. Raven's Table by Christine Morgan is all Viking stories and yes, it's Vikings traversive deep ones in a couple of the stories. Vikings meet tentacles, Vikings win. Beneath by Christine Demise, Handling Colts in rural Appalachia and it is an honor of publishing it. An augmented four. So think of John Carpenter as the thing that's starring Geyser Butler and New York Times this weekend. So not bad for a little company in Petaluma that's got me and my wife as the only employees. And I just put out Tales from a Talking Board, which is a Ouija board themed anthology. No real tentacles there, but if you like good horror stories, I hope you'll check it out. And that's H.P. Lovecraft. He's the guy that came out with Cthulhu. Also, I don't know that I'd have a beer with him or anything like that. He was kind of a weirdo. He had some opinions. Some of them aren't my opinions.  Kind of a weird uncle. So Cosmic Horror continues. I ended up watching a cooking show the other night where they were doing Halloween cakes and somebody sculpted a gigantic cake that was Cthulhu coming over a hill. And I said, okay, we have achieved peak Cthulhu in our society today. But I think people 100 years from now will still be reading Lovecraft's books and still be reading stuff inspired from it and still be writing stuff in this mode because one of the things Cosmosism does is it reminds us that we are just tiny creatures on a tiny planet in the middle of a vast maddening cosmos and yet we persist. Any questions? Let's go with you. I fake it. I repeat the question. How do you pronounce all these weird names? Well, you fake it. I know people that actually try to use Lovecraft's pronunciation of Cthulhu. I say Cthulhu. It rolls off the tongue. But they look at how he described how to say it. It's like Clulu. And I can't wrap my tongue around that so I just say Cthulhu. It's easier and more people know what you're talking about. Otherwise it sounds like you got a weird cough. Anybody else? Yes. So what is it about Cthulhu in particular that captures people's imagination? It's the tentacles. Folks love the tentacles. But it's also, I think this idea of this sleeping god thing that wakes up and reeks havoc every once in a while kind of touches into something that is part and parcel of western thought.  The idea that Cthulhu is out there sleeping and one day, oh shit, he's going to wake up provides an interesting sort of inversion of that idea. And I think Lovecraft played with these sort of inversions quite frequently. His story The Done Which Horror has actually been described by a few critics as an inversion of the nativity story. So he was definitely looking at that as a huge influence. Yes. So I'm going to try to sum that up. Do I find Lovecraft's cosmos more comforting than Legati's cosmos? Oh, absolutely. But the thing with Legati is a lot of people miss the humor in his work. Legati is a funny guy. It's Gallo's humor. He's definitely coming from a position of pain when he's writing. But the contrivances, the conspiracy against the human race. That title has been on my mind a lot today because of the conspiracy against the United States. And Legati definitely nails that nihilism. But in a lot of ways he's channeling folks like Siren. He's looking at the philosophy that's been going on since Lovecraft. And Dad doing his own thing with it. But again, he'll put you up against clowns in a parade.  But on the other hand, laughter is an equally uncontrollable reaction. And he's trying to poke at that at the same time. Yes. Last question. Lovecraft was a terribly racist guy. Part of that was the time he lived in. That does not excuse it. Part of it is that he was just kind of an anti-humanist in a lot of ways. He was kind of homophobic. He may have been actually kind of closeted. We don't have any real proof there. So there's a lot of stuff about him that's just kind of like, yeah, you just stay over there, dude. I don't really need you to rant about those folks down the street. I mean, the guy didn't like Eskimos. Who doesn't like Eskimos? But we wrestle with authors a lot. You know, you look at famous authors. You look at somebody like William Burroughs. I mean, drug addict and pedarast. You look at somebody as famous as Marion Zimmer Bradley. I mean, she was a child molester. Orson Scott Carr. Huge bookseller, but also terribly homophobic. So authors, we have to look at him in a lot of ways as separate from their work. With Lovecraft, dude was afraid of everything and that shows up a lot in his work. And you can definitely look at it as a theme. But what he created is far more interesting than what he was afraid of. And in publishing, looking for people that take a lot of what he was doing and invert it and play with the idea of how do we reframe this for modern social mores. So when I did Cthulhu Phytogen, a lot of that stuff in that book kind of takes what Lovecraft was doing and says, you know, well, how's this going to fit now? And I think it was quite successful in doing so. And I'll continue to kind of, you know, be a little bit of a pugilist up against Lovecraft but also say, he's well worth reading. A lot of his stuff is just outstanding. Some of it's uneven and wasn't meant for publication. And yet it's out there anyway. But when he's on, he's on. Thank you very much, folks. If you have more questions or things to talk about with Ross, he's in the back selling books, which are all awesome. Turn in your tribute to the library table and we'll be back in ten. And last chance for a grilled cheese. Time for our last talk, which is going to be about DNA. DNA editing, which is a thing. That's totally actually a thing. You can edit DNA. So I was wondering, this got me thinking and I came up with a question that I didn't know the answer to. Who discovered DNA? Does anybody know? It was from DNA. Took a very pretty picture of it. But who actually, that's okay. Don't feel bad. And also, trust me, this is going to be a little background. He's the guy that bred the pea plants. He was a monk and he discovered that there was dominant and recessive traits and it all followed these patterns.  It's not quite like that. It follows certain rules. You remember him from the Punnett squares you had to do in high school, right? But Mendel had no idea what was the mechanism of inheritance. Nobody did. It existed. But then in 1879, we have this guy whose name I'm going to mangle, Friedrich Meischer. And he used chemistry to isolate a substance that he found in the nucleus of cells. And he did his experiments on white blood cells.  From pus, from used bandages. That's Halloween. So I had to incorporate that. He called it nuclean because it came from the nucleus. It was actually nucleic acid. And he was interested in it because it was not a protein. It was in the nucleus but it was not a protein. It was acidic. So inspired by its chemical components, what we know now are the nucleobases. Really what it was or what it was for. But people did know that chromosomes were associated with inheritance because they could observe meiosis and mitosis and all that. They just didn't know what it was in the chromosome. Because in addition to nucleic acid, there's also proteins in a chromosome. And people possibly contain all the information to have made. He recognized that the non-harmful bacteria had transformed into harmful bacteria by taking something from those dead bacteria. And he called that the transforming principle because he didn't know what it was. What were they getting from the dead bacteria? Avery McLeod and McCarty in 1944, quite a bit later, figured out it definitely is DNA. They isolated the DNA from the harmful bacteria and then sort of repeated essentially the same experiment and it still worked. They were like, yeah, it's DNA, but maybe not, because maybe we didn't completely, perfectly isolated and it could have had some contaminants, but we think probably. So finally, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in 1952 were like, yes, for sure it is DNA. This is where inheritance is coming from. They used viruses, bacteriophages, which are just protein and DNA and it's really cool, you should look it up. But they used radioactivity to trace what was actually being injected into the bacterial cell and yes, it was the DNA. So it took until 1952 before people were pretty confident that genetic information was coming from DNA. And it was not long after that we started to look at the structure of it and Rosalind Franklin's discoveries became very important and two other guys, but whatever. All right. So here to talk about, now that we know so much about the structure of DNA, how we can manipulate it and all the cool things we can do with it are Megan and Kevin. I love you too. Welcome. I'm Megan Hochstrasser. And I'm Kevin Doxin. I'm the director of the Organisms Edited with Chris Burke. And it will make sense soon. And so take pictures, take videos, all unpublished data, but that's okay. So we're going to start with stuff that happened very recently to get a sense of how quickly this field is moving, this field of editing DNA. And so actually last week, there's this photo, this picture. And so what you see here are two pigs. And on the left, you have these two pigs and you can see their heat from this thermograph and they're about the same temperature. And then after four hours of being in the cold, you can look at these emoticons and you can see the pig on the right is heated up and the pig on the left is about the same temperature. And so farmers wanted to heat their pigs up so that they could save money on the expensive cost of keeping the pens warm. And how they did this is that they took a gene from a mouse and stuck it in the pig, which caused them to generate more energy.  So you can eat more bacon and feel less guilty in the process. And so this is kind of a primer of what we're going to be talking about today is a lot of the weird things people are doing with genome editing. Just for all those who care about the molecular detail. Can you make it a little bit louder? All right, I'll take yours. Okay, so for those who care about the molecular detail, we're going to dive into a cell and just quickly go over the mechanism. Here we have this CRISPR protein looking for its DNA target where a scientist has told it to cut. Here's the target in purple. So the protein approaches, checks to see if this RNA that we used to program it matches to the DNA. It does, so it cuts it in half, floats away. And then the cell is able to incorporate a DNA that we've added. For example, that mouse gene that let the pigs heat themselves up. And the cell will patch this in to make sure it doesn't have a cut in its DNA anymore and you've successfully inserted a gene. So done, so easy.   And we didn't make that, that was a real figure. That was actually a published figure in a real paper. Yes. So now that we can do this, we can do it in basically any organism. If you've read comics or watched the Spider-Man movie, you know that with great power comes great responsibility. And there's a lot of different kinds of mutants and changes you can make to DNA. Here we have some very powerful, positive mutants. There's also sort of unintended mutants that we don't really mean to bring into existence, including Blinky. So this is from The Simpsons. Nuclear runoff created this mutant. And CRISPR can actually do sort of similar things if we don't use it correctly. We can use it for good, we can use it for bad, and we can use it for things that we're not trying to use it for, like Blinky. And so to start tonight, we want to talk about a couple things that have made the headlines recently. And a lot of people are using CRISPR and this genome editing technology to edit human genetic diseases. So on this slide we have two common genetic diseases. On the left you have sickle cell anemia. And sickle cell disease is caused by one mutation in the entire genome. So billions of base pairs.  So trying to find that one letter in that whole book is really difficult. But with this new technology, you're able to do that. And so scientists are actively working to use this technology to cure sickle cell disease. And also Huntington's disease. On the right, this is a Huntington's patient and scientists are actively trying to cure Huntington's or reverse it. And in addition to these genetic diseases that are caused by mutations or other problems in your DNA, there are other diseases that are not thought of as genetic diseases that we can potentially cure or treat with CRISPR, including HIV, which hides in your immune cells and can pop out later, which makes it so hard to get rid of. With CRISPR we can cut its genome out of the T cell or immune cell genome where it's hiding and keep these little green viruses from popping out of the cell again. And then with cancer, we can do something else with immune cells, also shown in blue here. We can reprogram them to be much better at finding tumors and then put them back into a patient and potentially cure their cancer. Right. So that was all kind of noble and it's great to cure disease, but there are a lot of weirder things that we can do with gene editing in people. And so if we take the species Stevis Hercules and we're going to play a little mind game. And so thinking about ways we can use genome editing to create certain enhancement in people, and Megan and I were talking the other day and we were like, oh, wouldn't it be fun to create kind of a superhero? And so if and this was actually done. So this is actually a whippet dog and normally there's a really skinny dogs, but this has a natural mutation in the myostatin gene that makes it absurdly buff. And what myostatin does is it's kind of puts the break on muscle growth.  And there are cows that this naturally occurs in and there are actually humans. So if you go search on Google later, YouTube, there are some humans and some kids who have this myostatin mutation. So we're going to knock out myostatin, get big muscles, and the next thing we thought we'd do is add in some color. So we picked the green fluorescent protein, which most scientists are very familiar with, which occurs naturally in this fluorescent jellyfish. And so we're going to delete this, add in green, and what do you think we might get? Yeah, we're going to get the home. All right, good job guys. So yeah, I mean, these are actually things you could probably do. You would need to do it at kind of embryo stage, which right now is a touchy issue. But kind of thinking of, and Megan and I were also thinking of other kind of superhero shoe can make. And my favorite example is what the axitol? Axolotto. Mexican salamander. Salamanders regenerate right their limbs. So I figured why not take those genes, put it in you, add some steel and facial hair and your Wolverine. And so I think you can play these mind games. So that's our quick bit on humans. We're going to move on to plants. So this is another organism or realm of life that you could edit in beneficial ways. So one thing you might want to do is make your farm more bountiful and get more yield out of your crops. So in this one experiment shown up here, scientists took normal tomatoes that grow in a single vine and edited branching genes to create these heavily branched varieties that have tons more tomatoes. So you could grow potentially way more crops on the same amount of land, which is great if we want to sustain agriculture in the future. And then on the right, this is another example, one of the first gene editing examples that made the news in the plant world was these mushrooms that don't turn brown after you cut them. And this is something that's being applied to a lot of other organisms as well, like apples and I personally hope avocados. And hopefully this is sort of something that will make people think differently about GMOs. I'm sure there are a lot of different opinions in the crowd, but I think if we start to make things that are actually helpful to people and not just farmers, maybe there will be more widespread acceptance. Now some of you are, oh yeah, tomatoes and mushrooms, sure, yeah, yeah. But there's agriculture out there that you probably care a lot about. And so marijuana, some CRISPR experts really think that editing marijuana is actually going to be a huge economic boom. And so obviously James Franco is super excited, but you could take your favorite strain, increase the THC. And so that actually should be an interesting thing, so look out for that in the future. All right, so I don't think squids have been edited yet, but over 200 different species of organisms have been edited with CRISPR successfully, including all of the ones seen here. So we thought that for the remainder of the talk, we would talk about some of the weirder examples and reasons that we would want to change the animal world.  And so we thought we'd put this example in because it's awesome. And so CRISPR can be used to just understand the biological world around us, so not to create anything that desirable, but instead just to understand how organisms grow and what defines them. And so there are two genes in butterflies that kind of act like a paint by numbers. So that's also why we're dressed as butterflies. So here's what happens when you mess up paint by numbers. On the top we have an example of a butterfly, two butterflies really. Here's what a normal butterfly would look like, correct patterning. And on this one, the lines or the outlines are all correct. You can see they sort of match up in the places you can see them on each side. But the paint is going over the lines. It's all smeary and runny and doesn't form correctly. On the bottom we have basically the inverse example where on the left we have the normal butterfly with this eye mimicry. And on the right we have the colors that are generally in the right places, but the lines are all screwed up. And so we've learned a lot about how butterflies work. We can also learn about a lot of other things. Including really gross ones. So here's a mouse, two mice. And the one on the top is kind of your normal mouse. And there's something missing from the bottom one. What's missing? Some limbs, yeah. So this was an interesting experiment. So scientists, okay, well so DNA. DNA is right a long 1D kind of rope. But inside when you stick it in the nucleus you kind of wrap it around into a 3D ball. And so some things that are really far away in 1D when you wrap it around in a ball is actually really close in 3D. And so you have these two colored boxes right here. This one right here is Sonic the hedgehog gene, which affects limb growth or generation. And one on the left is mouse enhancer. And so the enhancer kind of acts like a throttle. So it'll turn on or light switch, turn on and off this hedgehog gene.   And this reminded me of those Rick and Morty fans out there. And this past season he did this with mice and took their limbs. In addition to just learning about animals and how they grow and how they function, we can manipulate them in different ways for our own benefit. And so we thought we would show you a few examples of this. On the top left there's a cow. One of the things cows can carry is tuberculosis. And it's kind of one of those unique examples where it can actually jump from a cow to a human. And so this is a reservoir that we want to get rid of. And scientists were able to use CRISPR to make cows resistant to tuberculosis. And this could be applied to a lot of different organisms hopefully. On the right is why I'm dressed up as a pig, in addition to all the previous bacon content. In China there's this institute that took regular pigs and altered them to have less growth hormones so that they couldn't grow up basically and created micro-pigs. And so these pigs will never reach normal size, they'll only ever get to be about this big. And for a while they were going to sell these as pets for like $1,500. And then they abruptly canceled their plans with no explanation. So you won't be able to get on anytime soon, but I think a lot of CRISPR pets could be in the market in the future. Obviously dogs, which we'll talk about in a minute, have been manipulated over lots and lots of years. But here we can kind of take this fast track and make all kinds of weird, potentially cute pets. And speaking of cute, so we have this goat down here. And this is a Shan Bai goat, also known as the cashmere goat. And so this is where you get your cashmere sweaters. And they edited this goat so that the fur is about a third longer and it has more hair follicles. So you can get more cashmere from a single cute goat. And on the right you have a chick and probably its brother inside a little egg. And a lot of people are allergic to chicken eggs because of certain proteins inside the eggs. Researchers are working on mutating those proteins so humans are no longer allergic to those eggs. And you can imagine this would be really exciting, especially if you applied it to peanuts or some really deadly allergies. And in addition to doing things that just sort of benefit or entertain us, we can do things to actually help animals, which I think are kind of cool. So hopefully if there are animal lovers in the room, you'll be happy about this. So on the left we have a gene edited cow. This was actually made with an older technology called talons. But the point is that this cow doesn't have horns. And a lot of cows, 80% of dairy cows actually have to go through this process where they're de-horned, where their horns are ripped out of their heads, which is pretty horrible. And so scientists were able to switch in a gene that's naturally occurring in hornless cows into these regularly horned cows so that they would avoid this process. And some of you in the audience might have pure bright dogs, and a lot of you know that pure bright dogs often come with really awful physical abnormalities or predispositions. So kind of the iconic one is this bulldog right here, which actually 90% of bulldogs have to go birth through C-section, because their heads are too large for the birth canal. And also their smushed face means they can't breathe properly, and they also have high levels of flatulence. So the bulldogs just not, it's been bred to just... And the dalmatian is predisposed to blindness and deafness. So you can imagine we can kind of try to undo what's been done in these animals after so many decades or centuries of breeding. Right, so another thing we can potentially undo is extinction. One of the examples that's gotten the most press recently and is actually being made into a movie is the effort to bring back the woolly mammoth. And this is possible because we have really well preserved specimens of mammoths. We have their DNA sequence, and we've been able to compare their DNA to that of the Asian elephant, which is actually not that different. It's only about 1,500 genes or so that are mutated comparatively between them. And so there's a team on the east coast that's working to start taking all these woolly mammoth genes, so the hairiness gene or the crazy tusk gene, and popping them back into Asian elephant DNA. And so eventually we can potentially make a hybrid woolly mammoth elephant embryo and implant it into Kevin who's volunteered to be the first surrogate for a woolly mammoth. And we can bring back a mammoth. It's been called. It'll never be totally woolly mammoth, but we can potentially resurrect the species that we've never seen in modern history. And after that great cephalopod talk, let's talk about some dinosaurs. And unfortunately we probably won't ever be able to bring back dinosaurs, and why would you because the movie's never end well. And so interestingly DNA does not last, well it lasts people under ideal conditions. People think it will last about six million years. The oldest DNA to date is suggested to be in between 400 and 800,000 years discovered. And so dinosaurs were extinct 65 million years ago, so unfortunately we probably won't be seeing those anytime soon. But another thing that we could potentially help are these more recently extinct species. This is Lonesome George. He was the last of the pinta tortoises from the Galapagos, and many people followed his final days in 2012. And this is the northern white rhino of which there are only three left. This is specifically Sudan, the final male that remains. And so these extinct species could potentially be brought back with gene editing, especially since we have not only their DNA, but tissue samples and cells. And so this is potentially a viable way to help right some of the wrongs that we've done to the world's ecosystems and animals. So we've covered a lot today, a lot to think about. We'd love to answer some questions, so if you want to learn more, we work at the Innovative Genomics Institute down in Berkeley. And on our website we have podcasts and videos and blogs. And we also have a lot of public events where we invite the community to come and talk and actually learn from them, because a lot of this stuff can only be done in collaboration with the public. Right. And I thought I would specifically point out our Ask a Scientist program, so if you can't get your questions answered here, though we encourage you to do so, we have this thing on our website that you can sign up for, and we'll match you with a scientist, and they can answer your questions one-on-one. The end. Yeah, I mean there are definitely countries leading the way, like China, the US, and France, and Australia. But this technology is so interesting because it's so cheap and simple. So it's being picked up by a lot of second world countries and even third world countries. Yeah, so there's already clinical trials happening for cancer, which we mentioned earlier in China and soon in the US that use CRISPR. And probably one of the things that you'll start seeing first, though, are crops that have been edited with CRISPR. So I think in 2018 there's some corn variety that's going to be on the market that's been made with this technique. Good question. So why did it take so long to discover CRISPR? Well CRISPR is... Yeah, so CRISPR is actually a bacterial immune system. So when a bacteria gets infected with a type of virus known as a phage, it will use CRISPR to defend itself. And so it was just through the process of understanding bacterial immunity that they eventually realized they could repurpose this immune system as a kind of genome editing tool. So it kind of speaks to why we should invest in basic science because you get to really discover really cool potential tools. Agreed. With all the DNA samples? So is there an international library? Yes. Or a collection of DNA? Well... I mean certain...a lot of microbes are available from this one service, all their DNA, but I don't think there's one centralized resource for everything. You kind of have to be in the know. What's that? Oh, back it up? Yeah, yeah, I would use two hard drives for that. Yeah, so I was at a conference in Germany two weeks ago specifically on biosecurity. So it's definitely in the conscience of pretty much every country. How can we, if a country generates a genetically modified mosquito, how do we ensure that the country next to it doesn't, you know, get those if it doesn't want them? And so we were thinking about those questions now in preparation for when this will, people will use this for whatever means they want to use it. So whether that's in a decade. I think another thing to add is that a lot of the things I could imagine doing that are nefarious with viruses or microbes would already be possible before CRISPR. And for whatever reason, bioterrorism has not been that popular as far as I know. I'm not one of the people that really knows those things. But I think it's just kind of expensive and there's easier ways to do terrorism. Last question. Yeah, so we did our PhDs in her lab. Yeah, and she definitely gives a lot of talks talking about how we need to start these conversations with the public. Yeah, so one of our things on our resource list, which maybe you can get from the Oakland library is the book that she co-wrote with one of our former grad student friends, A Crack in Creation. So that's one of the things you can read more, read it if you're interested in learning more. So I think that's it for questions. Thank you. Hey, thank you so much to Megan and Kevin. For a great talk. So we have some trivia results. We have a winner. And if that person's not here, we have a runner up who will get the prize. And the prize is Dana's book and Ross's book that have been advertised to you earlier.  So our big winner is Sophie. Is that you Sophie? Come on up and get your books. You only missed like one question. You did great. You're welcome. And Rick, you want to? Sure. First, thanks to all of our speakers. We always close the event with a quick calendar. Bay Area Science Festival is awesome. It's still going on for another week. Go to as much of that as you can. If you missed the Science Hoodslam this last Sunday, they have much less educational wrestling events coming up. And it's still a lot of fun. You should go. So, we advertised at the wrestling event Bill Nye versus Neil deGrasse Tyson. And one of our volunteers thought that we were getting the real Bill Nye to wrestle. I don't know what he thought of the Tesla versus Edison if we were digging people up. The real Bill Nye is coming to the Bay Area really soon. So go to that. Next month, Science has an event in San Francisco. Taste of Science. East Bay is starting up fairly soon in a few months. So look for that. Next month, last Nerd Night East Bay show of the year. We have a talk on how the pilgrims were basically assholes. We have a talk about the great Oakland cranes that they use for shipping. And we have a talk on urban winemaking. So we hope to see you there. I think tonight you can get tickets for just five bucks. Best deal in town. See you next month. Rick, thanks a lot of people for a five-year anniversary. But thank you, Rick, for all you've done to make Nerd Night happen.


In this video we will be talking about how to calculate the masses of chemical compounds. Let's start with a little review. This is the mass of a proton and this is the mass of a neutron. These numbers are very awkward to use because of the exponents. Fortunately chemists use a different unit of measurement called the atomic mass unit. An atomic mass unit, or 1AMU, is approximately the mass of a proton or a neutron. The mass of electrons is so small that we can ignore it when we talk about the mass of an atom. If we want to know the atomic mass of a single atom, we add up the masses of the protons and the neutrons. For example, to calculate the approximate mass of a carbon atom, we add up 6 protons and 6 neutrons and get an atomic mass of 12 atomic mass units. You have probably noticed that the boxes in a periodic table have numbers on the bottom that have decimals rather than nice even numbers. And that's because these numbers represent average atomic masses. In nature, you don't usually just have one type of atom. You have several isotopes. Remember isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are more common in nature than others. For example, a single chunk of carbon could have some carbon 12 in it with 6 protons and 6 neutrons. It might also have a little bit of carbon 13 with 6 protons and 7 neutrons and maybe a tiny, tiny amount of carbon 14, which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Carbon 12 is the most abundant isotope. The atomic mass reported in the periodic table is what we call a weighted average. And this means it accounts for the mass of each isotope as well as how much of each isotope there is. So because carbon 12 is most common in nature and because the other isotopes of carbon are present in very, very small amounts, the average atomic mass is 12.01 AMU, mostly carbon 12 with a little bit of the other isotopes. We use the term molecular mass or formula mass when we want to find the mass of a substance that's made from multiple atoms. In other words, when we want to find the mass of a compound. Which term we use depends on the type of compound we're talking about. For covalent compounds, we talk about molecular mass. For ionic compounds, we talk about formula mass. To calculate the molecular or formula mass, what we need to do is add up the average atomic masses of the atoms that make it up. When we do this, we need to make sure we multiply each average atomic mass by the number of copies of that atom that are in the compound. For example, in carbon dioxide with the chemical formula CO2, notice that there are two oxygen atoms. We need to account for both of these. When you want to determine a molecular mass or formula mass, sometimes it's helpful to make a table. Here's an example. What is the molecular mass of glucose with the chemical formula C6H12O6? And we will make a table to help us figure this one out. First thing I want to do is determine what the average atomic mass of carbon is. This is 12.01 atomic mass units. Now we need to find out how many carbon atoms are in the chemical formula and we see we have six. If we multiply the average atomic mass by the number of carbon atoms, we will get 72.06 AMU and that is the total mass of the compound that's made up of this element. Now let's look at hydrogen. From the periodic table, we see that hydrogen has an average atomic mass of 1.008 AMU. There are 12 of these in our chemical formula and if we multiply that by the average atomic mass, we get a total mass of 12.096 AMU from hydrogen. We'll do the same thing with oxygen. The average atomic mass is 16.00 AMU. We have six in our chemical formula and we multiply these together and get 96.00 AMU. We add up our total masses for all of our elements and our molecular mass of C6H1206 is 180.16 atomic mass units, rounded up to the nearest hundredths place. I think that when you're first doing this, it's easiest to start with a table, but you can also do it this way. We're doing the same thing, it's just in a little bit of a different format. Now let's do another example. What is the formula mass of CaCl2? That's calcium chloride. We say formula mass instead of molecular mass, since CaCl2 is an ionic compound and does not form molecules. Its actual structure looks more like this. Okay, let's make another table. We'll go to the periodic table and we'll look up our average atomic mass for calcium. We find its 40.08 atomic mass units. We have one of these in our chemical formula. We will multiply our average atomic mass by one and the total mass contributed by calcium is 40.08 AMU. Let's do the same for chlorine. The average atomic mass for chlorine is 35.45 AMU. We have two chlorine atoms in our chemical formula, so we will multiply the average atomic mass by two and get 70.90 atomic mass units. If we total up the masses from both elements, we get a total formula mass of 110.98 atomic mass units for calcium chloride. We could also set it up this way if we wanted to. For a more complicated example, what is the formula mass of iron III nitrate? It has this formula right here. We need to make sure when we count the atoms, we pay attention to the parentheses and the subscripts. So for more complicated examples like this, it may be helpful to count the atoms first. Looking at this formula, we have one iron atom, three nitrogen atoms, and nine oxygen atoms. Remember that subscript 3 outside the parentheses tells us that we have three copies of NO3. Now we'll make our table. We'll look up the average atomic mass of iron, and that's 55.85 atomic mass units. There is one of these in the chemical formula, and the total mass from this element is 55.85 atomic mass units. We'll do the same thing for nitrogen. The average atomic mass is 14.01 atomic mass units. There are three of them in our chemical formula, and the total mass from this element is 42.03 atomic mass units. Lastly, we'll go to oxygen. We have nine of these in our chemical formula. The total mass from oxygen is 144.00 atomic mass units. We are going to add all of these masses up, and the formula mass of iron III nitrate is 241.88 atomic mass units. In summary, the numbers you see at the bottom of the squares in the periodic table refer to the average atomic mass, which is a weighted average of the masses of the various isotopes in a sample found in nature. We use the term molecular mass or formula mass when we want to find the mass of a compound. To calculate molecular or formula mass, we add together the average atomic masses of the atoms that make up the compound. And when we do this, we pay attention to subscripts and the number of copies of each atom that the compound has.


What's up, everyone? It's your girl, Kenty here from Layton Sports Cards and I am ripping. We've got 2021-22, Panini Mosaic, basketball hobby, four box break, number 47, Pick Your Team. We've got Andrea C. Nets, Christopher F. with the T-Wolves, Blazers, Grizzlies and Hornets and Sixers. Chen Wei W. Warriors, Dallas P. Jazz, Edward P. Bowles, Gregory M. with the Pistons, Thunder, Pacers, Kings and Wizards. Joseph B. with the Clippers, Joshua B. Lakers, Justin T. Magic, Justin Y. Sons. Mark M. Cabs and Nuggets, Pedrick G. with the Bucks and Spurs, Ryan B. Raptors, Sal K. Nicks. Tracy F. with the Hawks, Celtics, Mavs, Pelicans, Travis L. Rockets and Yanjun L. with the Heats. Alright, best of luck, everyone. Thanks again for the fill. Again, we've got just one more break after this and it's got four teams left. Pacers, Clippers, Blazers, Wizards. All teams are on sale as well. Here we go. Good luck. Ban Rookie, Altama, Suggs. Josek, Deer and Fox. Red, Michael Porter Jr. moments in time, Damian Lillern. Oh, good man. I went back and looked for you, but yeah, you have him in this one. Let's see if we get you something nice. Cadwell Pope. Red, Lamarcus Aldrich. Josek, John T. Murray. Cam Thomas, Rookie Base. Scotty Barnes, debut. We've got Josh Giddy, Rookie Base. Silver, Deandre Hunter. Blue for the Raptors. A Pascal Siaka. That one is 15 out of 19. Manga Rookie, Trey Murphy III, Christopher. Usman Garuba, Mosaic for the Rockets. Red, Rookie, Santial, Dom. Josek, Anthony Davis. George, J.T. Thor, Butler, Williams. We've got Silvercade, Cunningham, debut. That's a nice cave for you, Greg. Good start. Lumbert, Red. We've got Overdrive, Steph Curry for the Warriors. We've got Rookie Otto, Isaiah Todd, Washington. Again, one of the last teams taken. There you go, Greg. Isaiah Todd, Rookie Otto. Ken and Martin Junior, Silver. We've got Red, James Weisman, Warriors, Suggs. Starting five from T-Wolves. Kalinga, who's got Trey Murphy III. We've got Silver, Dylan Brooks. Red, Zyra Williams, Rookie, debut. Bones, Highland, Rookie. Suggs. We've got Peyton Pritchard, Mosaic. Red, LeBron, James for the Lakers. LeBron, James. We've got Kevin Durant, Sam Masters. Again, y'all, more group breaks tonight with Sam Stern at five. Miles McBride. You've got me tomorrow morning for Sunday Daytime Personals, as well. Red, Damian Lillard Blazers. And bead, Rising Stars, Mosaic. Josh Giddy, Thunder. And then Sunday Fun Day group breaks tomorrow night. There's a sweet 30 box spring training MLB baseball mixer. There's some spots left. Silver, Frank Jackson. We've got a carouselvert. Cavs staying hot with this case. 49-49 bookends. Here you go, Cavs. We've got them this go around. Mark M with the Cavs. Jalen Green introductions. Again, y'all, just four teams remaining in the next break. Fortigo, all on sale. Down to three now. Pacers, Clippers, and Wizards. Someone scooped up the Blazers. Here we go, box two. Pound debut. Silver rookie debut of Evan Mobley. Red, Anthony Melton. Grizzlies. Jalen Green rookie. Sugged debut. Kevin Love Mosaic. Red rookie, James Booknight. Hornets. Sugs. Josh Giddy introductions. Mosaic, Thunder. Tad Mosaic rookie, Wizards. We've got Red, Robert Williams, a third. Moments in time. Demian Liller. Still looking for a white Mosaic. Haven't seen one yet. Kade Rookie base. Silver, Darius Basley for the Thunder. Red, Joshua Primo debut rookie. Zubak. Red, Miles Turner for the Pacers. There you go, Bear. Jamal Murray, Stairmasters. Come on, let's heat up this box. Some Shangoon. Sake, Duncan Robinson. Red. Will Barton, Kawhi Leonard. Yolkich. Kade Rookie, Wagner debut. Got Blue coming up here. Gary Trent Jr. Silver. Blue for the Nets. Rookie, Cam Thomas national pride. There you go, 55 of 99. Here you go, Brooklyn. That's going to Alexandra C. Very nice. Jalen Suggs introductions. Mosaic, Pelican starting 5. Got Rookie Otto. Nice, Rocky. It's Alfred Shangoon. Houston. We've got a problem. That's going to Travis L. Nice to be there, Travis. Silver, Hardaway. We've got Red, Alex Burks. Sacklevine. And Stain Class, Evan Mobley. Back to back boxes. Bricks with Rookie Stain Glass. Cavs. Mark M. There you go, Mark. This is a Cavs case. Get that in a mag for you. Heck yeah. Very nice. Height tone. Suggs Rookie, Primo, Moody. Siaka. We've got Red, Gary Harris. Giannis. Dwight Howard. Hello, Joe. Y'all ripping with the Stain Glass clean here. What'd you expect? Let's see we get one out of the next two. Next break. We've got Demi and Lillard Silver. Reggie and Springer Sixers, Rookie. Nice. Box 3. So looking for the translucent, too. Personals Joe will be after group breaks tonight. So about around midnight eastern is when Sam will be ripping. Ripping nose. We'll be live tomorrow morning starting at 10 for personal Sunday daytime personals. I think we've got gold here. I think we've got gold. Trayman for the Thunder. Cavs again. Oh my gosh. Mark, come on. Colin Sexton on the gold. 7 of 10. This is literally a Cavs case. My goodness. This is gold. Joe, moments in time. Deep book. Feeling green debut, LeBron. Silver, Malcolm Brogdon. Red, Andrew Wiggins, Warriors. Kade Rookie Base, Kent Thomas, National Pride. Lonnie Walker, the fourth. We've got Red, Kobe White for the Bulls. So bonus. Yolkitsch, Kisper, Garuba, Urban. Still three teams left in the next one. Three teams left. Silver, Malik Beasley, Red, Rookie, Quentin Grimes. Bassie Wiggins, Bowmans. Three left. We've got Alec Burks. We have Damar DeRosen on the White Mosaic for the Bulls. That's a beautiful color master. 17 of 25. Chicago, Edward P. Oh, Edward. Nice looking car there. I mean Rising Stars Mosaic from Wagner. I'm sorry. Darren Sharp. Silver, Rigo Bear. We've got Red, LeBron, James, National Pride. Rigo Bear, Straight Fire, Evan Mobley, Cavs. We've got Rookie Otto of Joshua Primo. Going to disperse. Joshua Primo. Those ain't got him. Silver, Rookie of Keon Johnson. Blazers. Red, Andrew Wiggins. We've got another stained glass. We've got Alexander Wiggins. We've got Lugz and James. We've got A. Kevin Durant this time. Brooklyn. Back at it again. Going to Alexandra C. Nice KD there. Wrath on that. Second KD of the break. Second stained glass, sorry, of the break. Rui, we've got Kate Cunningham on the debut Mosaic. Red to White Howard, Lakers. Again. We've got Silver Staff Curry. Warriors. Red, Carousel, Vert, Cavs. Last packet. Iggy. We've got Red, John Collins. Stairmasters, Jock. Introductions Mosaic of Daveon Mitchell. Johnson, Cade, and Wagner debut. Last box here. Going to 75th anniversary coming up. Maxi. Malik Beasley for the T-Wolves. Rui, Dwight Howard. Rondo, Dord. Jokic, Wagner rookie. Thomas, rookie base. Sky Barnes, debut. Got Silver, Kyrie for the Nets. Red, Bobon, Mavs. 101 or Buss, uh-oh. No pressure here. Jalen Green on the rookie base. Mowgli, rookie base. That's Silver, Brandon Ingram. Blue here. Rookie of Charles Bassey for the Sixers. That one is 79 of 99. Sixers with another hit there. It's a bonus montage. Come on. Zeig, Giannis on the finals. MVP. Red, Kevin Hurter. Jalen Green introduction. Mosaic, Kyrie. Todd, rookie. Got some color coming up. Boston, Jr. Got Silver, Lamello on the national pride. Of James Harden for the Sixers. Looking for the translucent. We might not get one because we did get like five stained glass. Giddy debut. We've got Landry Schemet. That is going to the Suns. Suns on this. That auto. Schemet. The red, Kauai Leonard. MVP. Starting five. Blazers, Mosaic. There, Williams, Moody. Got Mosaic. Nirkitsch, Red. Eric Gordon for the Rockets. We've got Donovan Mitchell. Giddy, rookie base. Kominga. Gryffin, Mosaic. Red, Alex Caruso. Jimmy Bucket. Yolkitsch. We've got Kelly Olnik on the Silver. Purple for the Kings. Rookie, National Pride. 499, it goes back to him.  Mosaic, Yolkitsch. All-NBA. I would assume on the red color match. Rookie. All right, recap here. Some color and mags. We've got Blue to 99. Rookie, Charles Bass. The Sixers. Cam Thomas. National Pride. Nets, Siakum, Raptors. Purple to 49. Rookie to 25. Demarda Rose and Bowls. We had Gold, Colin Sexton for the Cavs, the 10th. Our Autos, Isaiah Todd. No, not Nationals. Wizards. Alfred Shengun, Rockets. We've got Joshua Primo for the Spurs. Landry Cimet, Sons. The Stained Glass of Kevin Durant. And then Stained Glass, Rookie of Evan Mobley. All right, that will do it for number 4070 all. We've got one more number 48 coming up in a few. Thanks so much.


Good evening everyone, myself Dr. Yash Sriman Kumar Nagaraya, I am first year resident from D.I. Patil Hospital, Kholapur. I would like to thank IRIA for giving me this opportunity to present my paper in the 21st MRI conference. I also like to thank my mentor, Dr. Pradeep Patil Sir, a professor in the Department of Rated Diagnosis and the Pramul Naguri Sir, a senior resident in the Department of Rated Diagnosis. My paper presentation topic is CNS Infection associated with HIV Infection with MRI Correlation. Introduction for Introduction. This is a central nervous system in patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus can result directly from HIV itself or from a variety of autonomic agents. These infections can include progressive multiple multifocal leukemia, toxoplasmosis, and cryptococcuses. Mass lesion, manumuncipleitis, and demyelination, pedrophil, and vascular lesions are commonly encountered in imaging findings. The introduction of highly active re-entered trial therapy has improved both the clinical and the radiologic findings in the HIV patients and reduced the number of opportunity infection. First is neurotoxoplasmosis. It is also known as cerebral toxoplasmosis. It is an opportunity infection caused by the parasite toxoplasma gondai. It typically affects patients with the AIDS, and it is the most common cause of cerebral abscess in these patients. Epidermology. In the most cases, the infection is asymptomatic. However, the immunocompromised patient, especially the HIV or AIDS infection, can become established. The infection likely to occur once the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per mm. Pathologic features. The macroscopic appearance of CNS is in this type of patients. This poorly circumscribed necrotizing abscess with the hypermete border and soft yellowish content. Microscopic features include coagulative necrosis, insistered toxo-organisms, numerous tachyzoids, and minimum in post-inflammatory response. Patients generally came with a complaint of global encephalopathy, such as headache, confusion, lethargy. My lab is the most common focal abnormality. Porea is rare in these type of patients. Now the MRI feature on T1 weighted imaging. It is a typically iso-intense or a hypo-intense. Occasionally shows mild peripheral hyperintensity due to coagulative necrosis. On T2 weighted imaging, intensity is variable, from hyperintense to iso-intense. On hyperintense, generally representing the necrotizing encephalitis, iso-intense represent the organic organizing abscess. Concentric alternating zone of hypo-hyper and iso-intense signals, generally known as concentric target sign. Legions are generally surrounded by the perillational edema. On T1 contrast, legions often demonstrate the ring enhancement or the nodular enhancement. For this pathology, it is also typically centric target sign or the on post-contrast images. Here is the first case. The 42-year male patient, known case of HIV, came with a complaint of headache, confusion and hemiparesis. There are three images. On the first, axial T1 weighted images shows the area of hyperintense lesion in the basal ganglia region and the left-corded nucleus. Left-corded nucleus and the internal capsule. On axial T2 weighted MRI image, there is a concentrated alternating zone of hypo-hyper or iso-intense known as concentrated ring sign, surrounding by edema. On axial T1, post-contrast shows the perillational edema ring enhancement, perillational ring enhancement. In the second case or the known case of topsoflasmosis, a 20-year-old patient with HIV infection, on axial T2 weighted image demonstrated the involving the right basal ganglia, that is iso-intense to hyper-intense, related to gray matter. Lesion is surrounded by the high signal intensity, that is vasogenic edema. The smaller lesions are also present in the left basal ganglia. On axial post-contrast, multiple enhancing lesions is seen, CNS cryptococcus. It results from the infection of the CNS with the east-like fungus known as cryptococcus newformins. It is the most common fungal infection and the third most common opportunity infection on the central nervous system. Pathology, there are three dominant CNS forms to the disease, depending on which part of the brain is affected. First the mangers, then it causes meningitis. If it affects the brain perenchyma, that is known as cryptococomas, perivascular spaces known as gelatinous pseudosus. Meningitis and cryptococcus are seen in the immunocompetent host, usually, and gelatinous pseudosus, which are more common in the patient with HIV or AIDS. The most common site for the cryptococcus are the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. The MRI features are included and dilated perivascular space can pull us into gelatinous pseudosus that tend to give so bubble appearance. On T1, it shows the hyper-intense lesion. On T2, it is hyper-intense lesion follows the CSR signal intensity. On flare, there are variable signal ranging from full suppression to persistent high signal. Cryptocococomas appears low signal on the T1 and on high signal on the T2 and the flare images. On T1 contrast, the variable ranging from no enhancement to peripheral nodular enhancement. Here is the case of 42-3 year male came with a complain of fever, malice, headache, and is also on the heart therapy since one month. On axial T1 weighted image, there are areas of the hypo-intensities on the bilateral basal ganglia and internal capsule. On the axial T2 weighted images, we can see the hyper-intensity lesion polices to form the soap, giving the soap bubble appearance on the region of the basal ganglia or the corded nucleus of bilateral. On flare areas, there are shows of variable signs of variable areas of hyper-intensities. Here is another case of 25-year HIV patient who presented with the increasing headache, nausea, and vomiting. On T1 weighted axial image, there is a cerebellar, right-sided cerebellar hemisphere shows the hypo-intense lesion. On T2 weighted image, we can see the hyper-intense lesion, surrounded by the perillational edema. On T1 post contrast, it shows the perigodal ring enhancement scene. Next is progressive multifocal nicoencephalopathy. It is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of the JC virus, infecting the oligodendrocyte in patients with compromised gimming system. Classically, PML occurred in the patient with the AIDS, typically developing patient with the CD4 count of 50 to 100 cells per microeutone. Astrology reveals the demyelating plaques involving the white matter and the sub-quarticle u-fibers. Other findings included infected oligodendrocytes with enlarged hemophilic nuclei located at the periphery of the lesion. Clinically presentation and sight, the lesion stands to have confine bilateral but asymmetrical supra-tentorial white matter and thalamic involvement. However, the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum can also be involved. Sub-quarticle frontal and the paraito-occipital regions are the common locations. The most frequently encountered symptoms include the altered mental status, motor deficits, limb and gait adexia, visual symptoms such as dyplopia, hemianopia, seizures, as PML involves the gray matter in the later stages. MRI feature is generally seen as a multifocal asymmetric, periventricular and sub-quarticle involvement. There is a little or no mass effect or the enhancement and the sub-quarticle u-fibers are commonly involved. On T1 weighted image, involved regions usually are hypo intense. On T2, regions are generally hyper intense. Multiple puncted high T2 signal lesion surrounding the main area gives the milky way sign. Barbell sign, paraito-occipital signal are normally crossing the spleenium. On T1 contrast imaging, there is no enhancement. On DWI or ADC, peripheral patchy diffusion restriction seen in DWI at the leading edge. Here is a case of 34-year-old male patient came with the company of dyplopia, adexia, altered mental status and known case of HIV positive. On the axial T1 T2 weighted image, we can see the hyper intense lesion, hyper intense lesion in the sub-quarticle fibres, crossing the spleenium shows barbell sign. On similar the flare imaging, it shows the hyper intense lesion in the same areas and it shows in the T2 weighted images. On DWI, we can also see the diffuse somewhat diffuse restriction in the same areas, but not proper diffuse restriction. Here is another case of a PML in a 30-year-old woman with HIV infection. On axial T2 images, we can see the hyper intensity involving the white matter on the right hemisphere including the sub-quarticle u-fibres. On the same, axial post-quantus T1 image demonstrate the hyper intensity and there is no evidence of associated enhancement. Conclusion, the neuro-magic binding of CNS infection disease in a patient with HIV infection are varied including the mass-esion, atrophy, demyelination, vascular complication and many wins applied there. Heart therapy will lead to the improvement of the many of the imaging findings, but it can occasionally result in iris which has atypical imaging findings. Knowledge of the imaging finding of the infectious CNS disease in HIV infected patients as well as impact of heart is important in the patient treatment. These are my references. Thank you.


It's a brand new morning right here on the Breakfast Plus TV Africa. We're back with fantastic conversations and incisive analysis of the issues that matter to you. My name is Kofi Bartels. You're welcome. And I am Mr. Bopu. Good morning. And thanks for joining us. All right. One hundred and forty-one days gone already. As far as the Astros track is concerned, Mercy, I cannot wait to hear what I guess we'll have to say. A mistake may be released by the Serap had a lot to, a lot of knocks of the federal government. And glad to see we have someone from Serap joining us ahead on the program today. But let's start off with our top training segment. Of course, as usual, we look at the big stories Nigerians are talking about. And today we start off with something quite bizarre, sad as well. Man dies after setting a strange wife ablaze. And a lot of Nigerians commenting on this, this happening in the southwestern part of the country, in particular, Oregon State on Saturday. And here again, we see another case of domestic violence. It's something that we have been complaining about. It's something that government has also spoken of. And we just hoped that, we had hoped that we wouldn't be seeing, you know, incidences like this. But women again, at the receiving end, a man known as Spongle, Adebanjo burned his estranged wife, Latifat, to death after she left him over domestic violence. And you ask, doesn't, is it by force, is marriage by force? You know, we keep hearing people say, oh, if you're in a man's house, and I'm sure this lady must have heard about this. Maybe on radio, on social media or something, or maybe on plus TV Africa, who knows?  Don't stay in that relationship like that. And she left, she left. But the man, the husband says, no, you have to come back. And that resulted in setting the lady ablaze. The victim was said to have had four children in a previous relationship before meeting the suspect, the police in Oregon State have confirmed the incident. And they've released a statement about this. They've released a statement about this. The police spokesperson in Oregon State said the suspect stalked the woman, his estranged wife, Latifat, who have bothered him several times. Several times he was said to have gone to a house last Thursday and threatened to burn her alive as she fled.   But the woman managed to grab him, held on to him and said, this fire, where you want, this bomb, where you want, both of us go boned together. And she held on to him to make sure that they were burned together until people intervened. Now they were rushed to a nearby house where the woman was confirmed dead. And of course, the police also said that the man also ended up dying. So she died on Saturday, the man died on Sunday morning. It's bizarre, it's really a sad one, two lives lost, needlessly. Well, it's really saddening, very, very sad situation. Two lives lost, really. It's just a matter of how some people cannot handle rejection. And, you know, it's something to deal with. Some people are rejection, you want to talk about rejection sensitivity. And so they cannot handle that. And they would always want to, you know, turn around the other way to be hotful.   And because you don't want to be with me, you can't be with anyone else. Well, you know, this is part of life. People need to understand. Now, based on that particular premise, she had a right. He wasn't even, according to the report, treating her right. And she had moved on. It was also important for him to move on. But it's a big issue. Rejection is a big issue. It's an issue that people get to face every other time.  That's rejection. You know, a lot happened five years ago is rejection. And some people don't know how to handle that. We don't know if we're going to have that as a cost or how we're going to sort all of this because it's part of life. People need to understand that rejection is part of life.  She didn't even just reject him. She fled for her life as well. I mean, you're right. But in addition to that, she was running away. It was not letting go this way. It wasn't for no reason. She had a reason for saying, I'm not doing this again. She had a reason. And so what's the problem? She's rejected you. But it's not just, I don't want you.  You can tell me stories of how they've cried, they say, I'll die without you. You know, you're broken. The day you put out a picture, like your namesake, Mercy did a couple of weeks ago, a message, you see people you never knew, people you never heard of. You don't even know their name.  But at this time, there is a reason. The woman says, you've been beating me. So I think in this particular case, it's not like I'm a psychologist. But we get to read a lot. I mean, we get to understand how people behave and humans actually behave. It's a very self-centered attitude, if you like to ask me. Some people would say it's a narcissist. It's a combination of you when someone is a narcissist and then coupled with the fact that they can't stand being rejected. It's very dangerous. But it's a sad one. You know, you know what really?  Exactly. You took petrol because she should be premeditated for him to have gone there. And then they have kids, so it's not even the first time, according to the reports. I mean, the lady has been complaining. It got to a point like you have rightly mentioned. It could be, you know, the level of awareness. You could probably have listened to radio station, TV station, whatever it is. And then she decided that, hey, I'm moving away. I won't be this marriage for this month to beat me every single day. I'm going to go. But I think that I think that what she did, according to that story, is that she moved away, but she was still around the vicinity. And if this person had threatened your life up to that point, I mean, one would be thinking that you should just go away, where he can't see you. Maybe she never expected, like they say, she never expected it. Maybe she didn't think. Very sad. She didn't think that, you know, I think the burden of blame is on the man. I mean, it's premeditated. Their crime is a tax that you look at it and say it was planned. They had to be petrol somewhere. You know, he took to the house, likely, and he poured this on the woman. He takes, don't just accidentally, you know, pour petrol on someone. You don't accidentally do it. So he knew what he was doing. I like what the lady did, which was to grab him and say, come. For better or worse. You're part of, you know, the very popular Nigerians who've reacted. But it's really very saddening. And we need to get to a point. For me, I keep asking myself, at what point do you even cross the line? This was someone you really love. I mean, how do you even get to that point when you started courting the person that you claim that you love and you have kids with them? Really, I don't understand. It's really, really, you know, crazy. Well, very sad. But I'm hoping that, you know, the living would actually learn a lesson and, you know, from the spiritual experience. Well, I said, we'll move away from that. Let's also look at another issue that's making the rounds in different spaces and making some persons react. We're talking about Nigerians reacting to this. It's the presidential flag bearer of the Labour Party, Pitao B. And there's a letter that you have here, Governor of Anambarasti dated May 8, 2007. You know, I'm laughing because everybody is talking about how to smile.  I don't know, but you know how to talk. They should look for ways to keep him out of the news. Then we'll give him a break. No, but you don't have it. Some people would say it's actually good. The fact that you're constantly on the news might just be a good one. So, yes, this is a particular letter. It talks about Pitao B rejecting an extra, you know, gift as a governor. That's what that letter is about. But let's just see quickly. You've just run through the content of that particular letter. And so, like I mentioned, the date is the 8 of May, 2007. And 2007, or? 2007, as a way back.  And so you have a DSR. Just go to it, a location of two plots of land, plots. 29 slash L255 and plot 29 slash L254. All right, to acknowledge receptive your letters of 7 of May, 2007, that it was like how many days after? It's like, what day after, you know, the letter was received? 13 to 2nd, 2007, with a reference number of EDA 19 slash volume dot 1 VI and all of that. It goes on to say, however, as I have made abundant clear, my being the governor is by the grace of God. And I believe family that it is wrong to benefit from that. I became the governor because I wish to serve my people and do that devotedly. I believe I have to distance myself from undue privileges of office. Consequently, as I thank you for thoughtfulness, I wish to decline the allocation based on the reason already indicated above. Please accept the assurances of my best wishes. Signature of it all be governor of a number of states. So yes, apparently, you have the fact that someone tried to give the governor a letter.  He made it to the internet and a lot of people have been talking about it. So in other climes, you have a foreign, there's actually something about foreign official gifts where if you are foreign, you know, let's say you're president of a country, you cannot. For instance, the United States, if you have a president of Nigeria trying to give you a gift, you can't really take that gift. It has to go through a certain process, you know? It has to meet up with a certain amount. You cannot accept it as an individual, the legislature, the people have to be in the know before it can be accepted. I mean, there's a lot. But if you also come down to Nigeria, I stumbled on a certain article that talked about, you know, public conduct of what you call it now, public offices, okay? Public conduct for public offices, which allows public officers to actually receive gifts from friends, family, and whatever you do. Okay, talking about the code of conduct for public offices. Exactly. For public servants, as insured in the constitution. The constitution. Of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.  And some people have said that this dilutes the constitution of its ability to fight against corruption.   But I mean, it's very, it's something commendable. You're absolutely right to cite the code of conduct for public offices as insured in the Nigerian constitution. But there's a slight difference. And the difference here is that that code of conduct talks about receiving gifts from members of the public. It seems from what I observe in this letter that it's circulation of the internet, is it seems that this is his sort of gratuity or entitlement as an outgoing governor of Anambra State. So as you can see, this is signed by the managing director or source was addressed to the managing director of Anambra State Housing Development Corporation. And which, you know, it says that it's wrong for him to benefit from this. So it's a bit of his belief, basically. His own personal conviction, personal principle is like Donald Trump now as president of America saying I don't collect salary. This is due, it's statutory due to collect salary as president of the United States of America. But he personally said he doesn't want to collect salary. So Obie personally says that he believes it is wrong to benefit from his being governor. I do not know if this is beyond his statutory benefit. I don't know, but I suspect that. However, if this isn't one of those things, you know, that the MD wrote to him to say take this land and look at it to you, then of course questions need to be asked. But I wonder why the MD of State Housing Development Corporation would want to give the government land on his own, you understand. So if he was given to be as part of his due, then of course his own principles, you know, but the things people are saying about this because we're looking at what people are talking about too as well, some are saying, yes, you know, this is pit of pee. We need him as president, see what he did. And some are saying, see, these are not the issues. You know, when I rejected land when he was governor, not another issue, some are saying, when I carries his bag by himself or not, like Wickey said, Wickey said all his theory. His theory, you know, when he sits in, he applies business class to economic class, I think some will say these things are not the issues to be looked at. The issues to be looked at are the issues that are facing Nigerians and the solution to it. So we can say, okay, well, you know, this is corruption. Or maybe we need somebody who does not believe in taking government property and wants to be, you know, to reduce government spending and all that. Well, that could be argued. But I think that, you know, we need to look at now, what are the pressing issues with Nigeria? We have issues of unity, we have issues of security and the economy. We need to tackle those issues as well.  Unity is also important because Nigeria has never been more divided than this right now. So we'll keep seeing these things. It's all part of the campaign strategy to ensure that each candidate is presented the best light, you know, we keep seeing these things. I think we all know what we've done. But majorly, let's talk about today, let's talk about now, what will he do? So the point is, it's a good thing that you have mentioned the issues that we have.  And you just find out that there's no will. In his words, he would say, they don't mean it. They don't mean it. So if we have the issue of corruption, do we have the capacity to fight it? Who are the people calling the shots? Do they mean it? They don't. It's insecurity. Do they have, do we have what it takes to tackle it? Do we know the specimens who are causing and, you know, destroying lives and properties when you have governments other than with the responsibility of protecting life? Do they mean it? They don't mean it. So it's, the issue is actually encompassing.  All the beautiful branding and all that people coming up with things to say about candidates, you know they, but, you know, all I would say at the end, the last thing I would say is this is Steve Cupp, it would be, you know, they give shishi. We have to go. All right. Well, that's the much we can take on top trending this morning. We'll take a break when we return. We'll look into the front pages of a national dailies. Stay with us.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we have with us Professor Ajaz Ahmad and we'll discuss the recent meeting between the two presidents of the Koreas. Ajaz, the discussions that have happened between the two Korean presidents, President Kim and President Moon, do you think this would actually mean a new correlation of forces in the Koreas and does it mean that the United States is no longer the key player in these discussions? Well, it certainly will start a new process, I believe. I think there are many aspects of it that are actually not being discussed in public most of the time. It is a new step towards a much more comprehensive political economic cooperation between the two parts of Korea and increasing integration between them. Yes, they talked about the Korean nation and the integration etc. That's right, this is very interesting that in all the talks around and the communique itself, they talk constantly of Koreans, the whole nation, national reconciliation etc. So this is the process that became visible to the rest of the world during the Olympics when the two teams walked under one flag and so on and so forth. But now just part of the declaration that this is a process for a long term reconciliation and unification. So far as the US is concerned, probably just the size of the US and the historic role that it has played in the region still is very important. They are talking very interestingly, the communique envisions a tripartite meeting between the two Koreas and the United States. And possibly a quadrilateral one with China, which is going back to the Korean war. The reason why China has to be there and all that. But I think what happened is that the US did not quite recognize the process that had been going on in Korea and what its implications were that President Moon had been elected at a time when the previous government had been discredited massively because of its corruptions this, that and the other. So he came in with a remarkable degree of authority and he could ignore that the opposition and carry on with the policies that he has long believed in. And the policy that he is pursuing is in fact too prompt. One is the old one for a bilateral relationship with North Korea, leading eventually to denuclearization, demilitarization, unification and so on and so forth. But also the integration of the two Koreas in the newly emerging economic relationships in the world, basically with China and Russia. So that in September actually both the Koreas had gone to Vladivostok where the South Koreans had talked about seven bridges of various sources. South Korea is the fifth largest exporting economy in the world. So it has to find ways to get integrated into that. And for one thing this new plan for the trans-Korean railway that we connect the Korean railway with the Trans-Siberian railway etc etc is part of what is envisioned for the future in terms of economic integration of the two. The Putin has been talking about Russian gas pipelines coming through the two Koreas and supplying Russian gas to Japan etc. This is a much bigger economic project of integration of the region which will involve the economic integration of the two Koreas and an independent initiative, independent of the United States so far as the initiative is concerned. My sense is that the pace of it has been partly the pace of what has happened more recently has been affected by the great belligerence that Trump had been showing recently partly because he is just prone to bluster partly because his presidency is collapsing inside the country and therefore you want to be belligerent somewhere else, strikes against Syria, threatening to bring down the deal with Iran and then all this bluster about North Korea and the communique very directly says we have agreed that there shall never be a war again. Now here is the two questions I have for you on this. One is the fact that the American strategist shall be saying and what we call the crazies last time we have now termed themselves as neocons they have been saying if we need to sacrifice South Korea so be it in order to stop North Korea's ability to strike the United States. Now that if for a South Korean is obviously going to be a great concern sacrifice for US strategic interests. The second part of it and this is something that I really think that we should also look at is South Korea has actually still a status of being a half colony of the United States military, militarily the US station there it controls its army officially South Korean army is still controlled by the United States so is it unlike North Korea which is no longer under shall be say direct control if it ever was. Independent part of Korea. So this is the only independent part of Korea. So in that sense the unification is also a removal of occupation from South Korea. Well that is part of what is what the the communique seems to be implying and some remarks of Kim and Moon both of them on the sides that are being reported. You know I mean if you read the implications of it we should you know the thing of denuclearized Korea demilitarized for peace and so on and so forth it is simply not possible unless Americans withdraw their troops I mean Americans will have to withdraw their nuclear assets from the region as a whole including Japan at the nuclearization everything it's everybody thinks it's about South about North Korea it is not South Korea has a very extensive nuclear program so does Japan and Americans have nuclear assets in the region 30,000 troops in Korea 35 whatever it is some 40,000 in Japan so it's a major military presence you cannot have peace without the withdrawal of all that I think what is basically being done is to start this process of negotiation out American belligerence we will do this we'll do that etc etc to build towards this process of trilateral and quadrilateral and then six involved and so on as it goes on the economic integration I think is going to grow a base so it's a combination of various issues I think what North Koreans have also understood is that they have to gain enormously by becoming a part of this and some kind of arrangement can be reached for a period of time when they coexist with separate countries but increasingly integrate their external economies and so on and so forth the two sides have their own systems etc etc and become a part of that much larger so I think the Russians that Putin said that you can have you know diplomatic pressure sanctions is diplomatic pressure but anything more than that is a step towards war and suicide etc so I think what is going on is the process of economic integration of the region in which Americans again do not realize that as a great as an economic power they're on the decline South Korea is the fifth largest exporting economy in the world these decisions are being made between Russia China and South Korea and North Korea seems to have decided to join the game rather than the degree of isolation in which it has lived and whatever they do in terms of their you know closing this site or that site or something it will be very slow and they're under the Chinese you know security umbrella so you know so I think Americans are really really caught and it's the it's the South and South Korean and North Korean understanding reached in conjunction with Russia and China that has changed again so you how do you read the upcoming Trump and Kim's summit do you think there's much I would love to fly on the world do you think Trump will declare victory that his bluster has worked that's why North Korea has come and to the table and give agree to de-nuclearize and declare victory and go home That is how the American media is playing it already they were so stunned by all this that for two or three days there was really no coverage and then started with this how Trump's pressure has worked and brought Kim to the negotiating table and etc etc and the South Koreans are such smooth you know diplomats they're giving Americans the credit you know and so on and whether or not Kim will also have that sort of sophistication I don't know he was educated in sweet schools and so on so I'm quite sure and he's a Korean anyway so he may have just as much sophistication as Moon does but that's how the game is going to be played they will save a Trump's face the good East Asians they know how to save other people's face in order to carry on with what they need to do so just last word on this so this is indeed a breakthrough in the world for peace I think it's a great breakthrough it's a great breakthrough and it's astonishing it's astonishing how rapidly it has come it has taken about six months of at least from what we what has been visible to us in terms of you know international conferences the other that we can watch six months or so of this sort of thing and suddenly a breakthrough of this order the process is going to be very long you know there is no this is a very very complicated issue and American pride and power are involved in this on a very very great scale it's a question of how quickly Japan is willing to accept all this my fear is that Japan is right now ruled by such a very right wing chauvinist dispensation that they may not you know facilitate the process as much as that they may be very obstructive they can play the spoiler as much as possible they can play the spoilers but I think that it will only slow down the process of you know really military de-escalation and things of that sort there is no peace treaty with the US and unless there is a peace treaty with the US there can't be a peace treaty between the two couriers they can have you know real peace agreements and all kinds of peace and so on so in that sense that process is going to be slow and it is hazardous but I think it creates the opportunity for normalization in the real life of the two couriers thank you very much Ajahs for being with us we'll come back to you on this and other international issues as well as issues of shall we say India, Pakistan, China United States and so on yes indeed yes this is all the time we have for news click today do keep watching news click and do visit our website


What's going on, everyone? Sam here, late in sports car, just doing the random for 22 Panini Origins football hobby, 16 bucks, full case break, number three random divisions, eight participants, eight divisions. Let's roll the dice, how many times are we gonna go? 12 times, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, and 12. Sean M, down to carry M. 12 times on your divisions. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, and 12. NFC North, down to NFC East. Copy these over. We've got Sean M, NFC North. Spencer B, NFC North. Mike S, NFC West. John G, NFC South. Mike B, NFC East. James A, NFC South. Eric R, NFC West. Carry M, NFC East. Let me get these copied over. We'll get started.