How are you guys? I hope everyone's doing well. Welcome back to your Virgo saga. Your love messages for Virgo sun, moon, rising, and Venus. Remember this is a Virgo channel only. So if you are a Virgo and have any of those placements you are certainly welcome to hang out and listen and I also offer personal readings so there's a link in the description box below this video to get a personal reading from me. Okay I do have some announcements but I'll put them at the end of the video and also there will be a singles reading here. So let's take a look Virgo. Hi everybody. Hello in the chat. Hope everybody's doing well. All right let's get your messages here. See what's going on for Virgo. Okay we have the past. I know you guys just love the past and then the present and then the future. Okay what's going on here? No cups. Okay and this is why. Hi priestess. So I definitely feel like somebody here is keeping some secrets or staying quiet. This is a card of silence so you might be connecting with someone who's being this way or maybe you are or both of you. Nobody's talking. This would be an energy sometimes you know this can be Piscian energy sometimes I feel cancer but most of the time I feel like it's Virgo and I kind of get a sense here that you are not communicating. You're not talking. I mean which is kind of not like you but perhaps in a connection with someone you've gone silent or you're just not communicating. Okay death card here. So then we have Scorpio energy. There's also Aries, Leo, Sagittarius and again like I said Pisces but this is like something has ended. Okay Virgo it might be you. Maybe you ended something or you're just not communicating with someone because something is over here and in turn they're not communicating with you either. There's a transformation Virgo you for some of you you've just gone within. You have your some of you are just transforming in silence building in silence. You're not telling someone or communicating with anyone and telling anybody what's going on with you at this time. Yep you have the Six of Swords so you're definitely facing some fears overcoming some obstacles here trying to get into a much better position in your life trying to get a sense of calm. I feel like you're seeking like sorry I feel like you're seeking like calmness. Okay you want peace. Okay so we have judgment here so again another Scorpio card. There's a sense of revelation here next to the hangman which is Pisces and energy. There's like wow seeing things differently right now. Virgo what's going on with you. You have a different perspective. You may be in a situation that you kind of feel stuck in right now. You haven't been able to move but your thoughts are moving. You're freeing yourself.  Okay which is good that's beautiful mostly to do with this Eight of Swords here a sense of feeling victimized or trapped. Were you victimized by someone questioning wondering if that's true but also were you trapping yourself. Okay and I feel like you're definitely in a position of trying to remove yourself from something that you may have felt has been over for a long time or you're trying to have this just kind of die out. Okay let's take a look at the love messages here. Okay great honey moon. Enjoy the blissful holiday time together. Healing family issues and worth waiting for. Okay so there's a past energy with someone. They came through as the king of wands. Leo Sagittarius Aries. Okay this person really relied upon you. It doesn't have to be fire. Okay just so you know but they had the energy of fire.  Might have been some codependent energy. Look at this card. Okay now some of you might be males listening to this just reverse the roles here.  There might have been a codependent relationship. What does that mean just kind of like seeking validation or help relying very heavily on another person or two people were struggling in a relationship. That's how I feel. It's kind of like the blind leading the blind in the past. But whoever you were connecting with was more heavily reliant on you. I feel like this person however long ago. Okay and when we talk about the past it doesn't have to be like your ex and I'm trying to reiterate that in my readings now. This is just a past energy and you know who it would relate to. Whatever the connection was there was someone was very intent on living like fantasy like living in I just heard that.  Life is just a fantasy. Is that how it goes? Oh it's Aldo Nova. This is from the early 80s you guys. You probably have maybe some of you have heard it. Excuse me. It's something about a fantasist person was intent on depending on you yet not committing depending on you and just staying in this like fantasy mode in regard to your connection really not giving anything. Okay enjoying the bliss of holiday time together. It was always a honeymoon but which is great which is a good thing but it never progressed in anything more. So it was mostly like fun and when they needed something from you or anything whatever the struggle was that they were going through they relied on you and you were there to help them. You were very giving supportive times when if they were with others or whomever they were trying to be with then things wouldn't work out then they would come back to you and there you were ever go as usual being your loving supportive self yet not getting your needs met or anything else and this person was quite bold with that. I feel like whomever they were it was like their way or the highway. All right let's take a look here. I want to see the clarifying card for the king of wands here. Okay page of pentacles yeah this person studied you. They knew the mechanics of your brain and how you worked and what they were able to get away with and what they weren't.  It was a bad thing for you to do that with this person because they were trying to get their needs met and they were they manipulating. I'm not really sure and this might have something to do with why you've gone quiet why you've gone silent you're not telling you're not giving out so much information anymore. You're kind of keeping things to yourself a little bit not letting one hand know what the other hand is doing. Okay so the ace of swords. I feel like this person in the past you for some of you you ghosted this person you just kind of like disappeared.  It feels mostly to me like you just possibly just left you got real with yourself you got truthful with yourself about you know everything or whatever you said never made a difference anyway they use it against you which is very like I'm sad if you feel like that happened to you but I feel like this person knowing that you're not around they're kind of like trying to get some clarity about where you're going where you're at where you're going what you did where you've been okay in the past now why was this person the five appendicles so dependent on you they were not capable of love okay four cups and that is a steady thing with this person and they would come up every once in a while and surprise you or show up and surprise you and just be like hey can you help me with something or you know they need something from you they would even um I feel like at times give love to get so it was like on purpose but every time they would come up and surprise and ask or try to get some maybe they try to borrow money from you or try to get you to do something for them it was never with the intent of love because this person I feel is was very blocked with that four of cups very blocked or always in a position of I'm not sure about love that kind of thing it just kind of feels to me like they were very intent on having things their way and not your way and as long as it was just fun and nothing deep in nothing of a struggle okay I'm probably going to get to this point you guys where I might just stop doing these past energies I don't know I will I think I'll make a um I'll create a poll in my community because it just feels like the past energy has been really tough lately and if a lot of you I know are done with the past you just don't want to rehash it I mean I'll have to see because I know there's a lot of you who want that past energy too but what's going on here in the present healing family issues so I feel like your person right now believe it or not your love life benefits as you forgive your parents this person their parents had a huge effect in their formative years on how and why they are the way they are today okay so there's some healing going on here with this person in regard to their family it feels like their parents 100 percent it is their parents 100 percent and their energy is in relation to you in the president this person is hit rock bottom I feel like they're surrendering and it's because of you Virgo because you are no longer giving to this you're not holding this person up any longer you're not validating them any longer you've moved on a lot of you have moved on even whether it's physically or mentally in your mind or emotionally in your heart you know whatever the however it plays out Virgo I feel like you're just pulling your energy away you're changing drastically your decisions and your behaviors and this eight of ones this person's coming back in for sure I know I know are there so when I say coming back in there's going to be some messages coming to you communication they don't want to let you go it's the same old same old right ten of swords energy in the where this person is like hit rock bottom they've lost their most favorite person in the world the only one who could ever would take the time to listen to them and be there for them and support them nobody else was able to give to this person what you were able to give to them and I feel like they're kicking themselves right now and they're they're taking a look at themselves this person's going through a transformation as well all right this the silence the quiet where you guys are not communicating or you're you know you're doing you Virgo this person is doing whatever they're doing you're looking at your family of origin issues you're looking at why you gave so much you're looking at codependency why you gave so much to a relationship that wasn't giving anything in return to you you're taking a look at yourself which is good some of you are you know addressing codependency issues okay codependency in its worst form giving to get I think like for a lot of you that was the energy back and forth you know you were giving to this person in hopes that they would give in return and they were taking or they were giving in hopes that they would get something in return so where does that leave to people like a people pleasing situation or a relationship that's very unhealthy okay and the center of the reading is a ton of swords which tells me there's like a major rock bottom smashed into the ground holy holy moly I I'm surrendering I've been so overprotective I've been blocking my heart I've been deflecting not opening up not sharing with Virgo especially my family of origin where I came from all the bad stuff for a lot of you okay there's the light for a lot of you this person only just told you the good stuff about their family you know like okay things were great everything was wonderful they mean it seemed like things were perfect and I don't feel like that was the case at all because how is that even possible very few everybody's got something okay see we can get this life back on there we go all right spirits here with us for the long haul until I'm until I'm out of here okay yep four of one so this person's coming you know lots of messages messages about family they're going to be telling you like they're trying to fix something or heal a family situation this is their parents this isn't their the marriage that they were in or the relationship that they were in this is about even if their parents aren't here anymore this is about communicating about that okay look I just saw six of cups in the bottom here so reconciliation sure stuff about their childhood this is this is what the communication will be about them communicating about their childhood and it's I mean I just want to make sure for you guys I mean is this person sharing this stuff that's great there may be things you don't know or maybe the things that you do know but I want to tell you that if they're sharing about this with you that's okay great they're opening up but if they are not seeking help because I don't care if you have a phd in psychology it would not be healthy for you to counsel your lover ever okay if the the best case scenario I feel like is if your person is going through some stuff and they're opening up about things okay I don't feel like this feels like you know universe is coming down and saying yo take a look at your life to the other person take a look at your life where are you now where have you been have you left a trail of destruction throughout your life and are you blaming other people because if you've left a trail of destruction in your life and in your relationships in the sense that people will keep like for this person people keep leaving them or things don't work out they're the common denominator in that problem and it comes from whatever they experienced in their family of origin and if this person is sharing that with you great but your best advice and I will pull some advice cards is for you to like redirect this person to get some professional help if this is something that they want to do otherwise if they're just coming in to explain this to you but things aren't going to change then it's just manipulation could possibly be you know they could be explaining that they've had an awakening which is great okay look the lovers here is it's centered this person is surrendering to your to your union twin flame now this person may not realize that it was a twin flame connection okay they might have been involved with an air sign in the reverse someone who's somebody might have given them some truth cut them real hard made them see something or this could have something to do with an air sign in reverse Gemini lever Aquarius but it feels to me okay we do have Gemini here so for some of you could be connecting with the Gemini or have a twin flame Gemini counterpart but it feels like this person is surrendering to the connection with you the love absolutely they know that you are their person they know it they've always known it I just feel like that a lot of stuff and they just weren't willing to take a look at you know their own their own junk in their life it's not easy to take a look at yourself I mean sometimes it's like it's really hard to look back and say oh my gosh well what was my role in this and and maybe I maybe how did I handle this you know it can be a little humiliating at times to think wow you know what I might have I might have played a role in pushing this person away or maybe I was harsh or judgmental or critical like it's not for you to like then go to the opposite end of the spectrum and then become a people pleaser it's just to find that sweet spot and that balance and accept yourself okay and I am certainly not talking about abusive relationships if you felt somebody was abusing you you just got to pack up your bags and run okay if you felt abused all right so this person sits here they are single they see you're single or they just get a sense I feel like they're vibing with it single in the sense that you're not with them even if you're with someone else they still sense that you're single because you're not with them this person is definitely single they are not trying to they're not trying to be with anybody right now is how I feel in the present they're definitely I just heard hiding their money I don't know what that means they might be hiding their money from family as well very so it's long term security but long term financial security I feel like this person is holding on the only thing they have left that's it all they have left right now is money is their money and they're just holding on to that very tightly because that's the only sure sure fire thing in their life that gives them consistency and gives them a sense of stability definitely but they also they're not willing to let you go they see you as the nine of pentacles you are in your luxury you are handsome you are beautiful you are independent you are dressing fine you are taking care of yourself you are not codependent you are taking you are you know doing living your life single ready to mingle enjoying yourself being happy being financially stable okay and I feel like that is very attractive to this person I don't feel like you ever were not that way you might have been in the past um that way to some degree but you're even more so like way better now than you were before and this has a lot to do with some transformation and you kind of just not investing you took all the investment that you gave to a relationship in the past you redirected it back into yourself okay so the future energy worth waiting for divine timing is at work in your love life this person is kind of you know they're going to communicate with you and tell you these things these issues but I feel like they're not going to press for you two to be together they're going to wait when the time is right they're going to charge towards you okay and make this lifestyle change okay but let's go a little deeper into seeing here so again I always say this person has that struggle between being domesticated settling down and being wild and free eight of wands again okay a lot of communication went from them a lot of communication a lot of travel traveling back and forth um spending time together uh keep a zero this person is crazy about you Virgo still you caused this person to have some kind of a wake-up call because you had a wake-up call you can't give you can't that's the only way once you have your wake-up call other people around you have the wake-up call because then you realize what you're doing you realize what you've been doing and what's been going on in your life right and and your change your revelation the things you're finding out you opening up to the truth about what was going on and what you were investing in doing with this person has caused you to move away from that and that in turn is having a ripple effect on this relationship look at all the water there you're stirring you're stirring the pot here and it's having a ripple effect on everyone around you so I definitely feel like there's travel by airplane at night by the the light of the moon I just want to get another card for this okay eight of pentacles here putting in the effort putting in the effort to begin to really keep shedding light on how they feel about you on page and it's interesting like I said the only cup energy here was the seven of cups which is kind of like surface it feels like surface feelings not real deep feelings let's take a look at the page of pentacles here okay the sun so they're definitely going listen this feels more like revelation about things I don't really feel I feel like this is the biggest step for this person is to really come and express the deepest secrets I feel like yesterday this person if it was that single person it could be if you meet someone single but there's definitely an element of a lot of secrets here and then when you have judgment I can't pick it up when you have judgment you have an opening up of those secrets a tell all feels like a tell all wasn't yesterday like the truth coming out I feel like this is like a continuation of this the the sun here is the leo energy okay so there's definitely an opening up of their plans things that they want to communicate to you and then here they come they're they're waiting right now they are about actually they're waiting right now about actually coming towards you but they are in this position of making a decision here to come into union and harmony and of sacred union or loving union but the action will take place going forward a few more months perhaps look the hierophant yeah they're coming in they're gonna tell you they want to get married they want to be in you know a traditional kind of committed structured connection with you they do believe that you are worth the wait if they made you wait for a really long time I mean Virgo I'm not gonna kid you here I really feel like you guys are some of you are really just not even thinking about this person not even trying to have anything with them I feel like you're on some kind of major transformation some major kind of journey in your life here where you're really taking a look at the the psychology of your relationships so the question really I I feel like there's a that somebody here is saying how do I keep attracting these types of people well and my answer to that is you know we attract all kinds of people all kinds but we're choosing specific types okay subconsciously but the the real question though of not only why do you okay spirit funny not only why do you attract these people why are you holding onto these types that's really the question because that is the equivalent to your healing right because we can attract all kinds of people but when our subconscious has begun to get it ingrained to know what's toxic and not toxic we will actually initially repel those types of people who are not healthy for us okay and I'm talking about like extreme toxicity kind of energy because everybody's got we all have our thing right um but it's all about why are we holding on to these types of relationships not so much why we're attracting them why we're holding on to them when we know and when we feel in our gut and our intuition that something is off what's keeping you there the work begins with you Virgo not with that person because sometimes rather than trying to fix ourselves we will try to fix someone else or mold them to us so we don't have to fix ourselves so we don't have to go through the pain and looking back and saying oh we've lost all these years these relationships and what's in our future it's very hard to take a look at ourselves it's much easier to try to have a new and improved partner to fit the mold that we want them to fit but I can tell you a hundred percent when we change that's when others around us change it's not when we change them so if you truly have a love for someone here and the relationship took a toll and it was difficult don't worry about changing them Virgo worry about changing yourself and that person who loves you will see those positive changes and then will make those changes themselves because they're going to have to because when you heal and you change things about yourself you automatically start putting up boundaries because you begin respecting yourself okay all right let's take a look at this person's love messages here second chance this relationship deserves a chicken a second chance okay that doesn't mean you have to give it another chance but I feel like some of you might be thinking about it but right now you're just like want to be free you're working on yourself you're doing you and that's fine now I think that for some of you you need to put a cap on how many chances you want to give a relationship because chance after chance after chance with no change then it's like what are you doing Virgo what the hell are you doing right so however many like I don't know how many chances you all are on but at some point you got to put a cap because somebody could come back in and want a second chance but and then they could start making changes but then they they fail I mean I just feel like you really got to be discerning okay this person wonders if you are happy without them they do think about you and I don't know if they can see you or contact you um but something about them or you maybe they can but you're just not giving putting forth your anything about what's going on with you not emotionally or your feelings okay this person my life is not as together it seems well duh and I feel like you know that and I also feel like you're kind of like yeah well neither is mine so it's time one of us start doing something about it so many things remind me of you okay so obviously this person they're wearing the Virgo glasses everywhere they go every person they talk to um things are triggering them as they're walking down their street things are reminding them of you or the conversations or things that you had together okay I feel you even though we are apart yeah okay um I don't really feel like I'm not picking up I'm picking up a selfish energy okay and that's as far as I'm going to go with that however you want to label your person fine but it feels more like just a very highly selfish my way or the highway kind of an energy okay I want to tell you so many things and balance okay your person does yeah I feel like they're slowly opening up the same as yesterday the continuation of that and then balance someone is giving too much in this relationship and it's probably you Virgo you've been giving and giving and investing investing and you know you're over giving and you're putting a stop to that now I see you're like you know what there's way too much icing on this cake and it's way too sweet and like my palate can't take it anymore I gotta pull some of that back scrape some of that off and get to the meat of the cake you know it's like that's finding that sweet spot for you Virgo because do you know like a snack is scientifically engineered do you know that like potato chips or what do you call them out in the UK or other place crisps whichever snacks junkie snacks they are scientifically engineered to keep you buying more to keep you continuously eating them if they didn't have the right amount of taste and flavor you would not you take one chip or one bite and then you say that's gross okay there are actually scientists who work on these to produce that sweet spot where it's not too sweet and it's not too sour you have to find the sweet spot in your life Virgo and not be too overly sweet and not be too overly sour a little bit that's balance okay that's balance apply that however you like in all areas of your life it's moderation it's temperance Sagittarian energy and not all Sagittarians are balanced I'm not saying that I replay our conversations over and over see this is what I said they're triggered they think of you and they keep you know those things that you talked about or your conversations okay and you know what guess who forgot her charms again I am so I'm this desk that I'm sitting at I'm it's actually a borrowed desk and I have to like move it around and I don't have it like it's not a permanent setup so some days I'm going to remember I've got to like make a little note write it on tattoo it on my wrist or something don't forget the charms I know some of you really like those charms so all right we're going to go into the singles see what's going on with the singles hello everyone hi there in the chat hope you guys are well happy birthday Virgos I will tell you that if you would like to be a moderator of my channel I'm going to be doing live stream mini readings starting in October so there's a community section that you can go to that I've made a post about that I've been receiving a lot of emails so I'm going to read all the emails put them all together and then figure out like choose who has the availability and tell you what it's all about and how it's going to work and I'll add you to my whatsapp group if I choose you to be a moderator so we'll be in contact all right singles 35 49 single singles oh hello there queen of wands okay you guys fire energy leo arries Sagittarius okay some of you might be connecting with this person already or you're meeting them male or female this person has a cat black cat oh I just heard that song witchy woman for the males all right let's take a look let's see what's going on here who is this queen of wands very fiery oh boy ten of cups oh this is your person this person works very hard very consistent very supportive could be somebody who is from your that you know from your family it could be um like a family friend or something like that or someone who knows your brother or sister um or parents or kids okay this person I so for the males um this queen of wands okay if it's a female if you're interested in females so this divine feminine um likes to do craft shows like witchy fair craft show kind of things which is interesting okay ten of wands page of wands five of wands yikes yikes all right so this person I feel was in a relationship they put a lot of effort they might have been married they put a lot of effort into this relationship or this marriage I mean they really really like believe they were they've they wanted to make something work but I feel they might currently be in some kind of a relationship when you meet them or marriage and they may tell you you know my person works too much they're never around I'm supporting I've always been supporting and I am supporting but it's becoming like such a burden and you know I can't keep going forward with this anymore it's too it's draining me I'm exhausted this person is going to tell you they are exhausted from this connection whether they were married to this person or just in a relationship with them for for some 10 months 10 years or somewhere in between the the message here is like this person they are looking for someone who isn't going to bring drama or chaos okay isn't going to be so much of a challenge this person just I feel like they see they kind of have the sense that that's what relationships are all about and of course Virgo you're going to come in and be like no no relationships should be healing and very spiritual so I feel like whomever they were involved with in the past caused a lot of chaos and a lot of struggle and they also okay whenever the light goes off it's like spirit is saying yep there's confirmation and there it goes again so this person the aid of sorts they were trapped they were trapped and I feel like they're fighting their way out of this okay they're fighting their way out of this very bad relationship now it doesn't feel like you would be a rebound okay it feels more like this has been going on for a long time they may have been supporting their their ex financially or whatever it may not be with them but still supporting them they're still connected but it's been over for a very long time I mean this person is very much seeking putting themselves out there to find their partner okay and in a lot of ways just waiting to see who comes along you know so that's why I said it doesn't feel like a rebound this person is not jumping from the pan into the frying pan into the fire okay they're putting themselves out there but they're not chasing and they're not trying to replace chase and replace they're not doing that energy okay which actually feels very positive now I just saw the ton of swords so I will tell you that yes whatever relationship or connection this person um was in or still connected to it it is officially over okay like it is done it's not no more this person is completely at rock bottom with their person because there isn't any change is the other person that they were with is just pulling them down dragging them down okay yep the magician in reverse so the person they were with was very manipulative and causing ten of wands a reverse causing this person to stay in a struggle they might have been cheating on them okay very strategic and manipulative with their words so verbal abuse as well and then they would keep coming back to them and try to make you know knowing that they were they would play the victim and or they would say to this person you mean oh um you know uh can we heal the relationship but they would play the victim card like they would blame them crazy but let's see let me see if I can get more messages so yeah definitely someone who works in crafts or they build this person might also um it's crazy um I just got I never looked at this card and saw this but they just said um this person works like it with a brick oven like a pizza maker I have never looked at this card and saw that and that's the message that I got um or they make steel or they make glass like there's craftsmanship here or something like that okay or they work with money maybe they're like working a mint and they they make money or coins or something you know I'm feeling like or they create they craft something and and it's interesting whatever they make is quite unique look at these pentacles each one of these is different they're the same but they have different designs on them okay maybe it's you okay maybe it's you but this person yeah they create all these kind of different things each one is unique especially made custom crafted custom made work okay and whatever that is it doesn't matter like it could be anything let me get one more card um just to see what else can you tell us about this person that Virgo is going to meet um now I feel like October coming up there'll be somebody that this person listen I don't see anyone coming in um there's communication I do see like there might be messages online or through social media or whatever um that they have like a thing for you or that they're really attracted to you or kind of smitten by you your looks your personality the things you say what you post the things that you do or you meet this person oh yeah where else is Virgo where else oh okay some of you okay I just heard well I see the Sphinx so either somebody's traveling to Egypt or somewhere where there's a casino with these Sphinx but I feel like they are they live in those areas but you can't get to you can't get to there and they can't get to you so it does feel like it's possibly at a distance okay um I'm feeling very much like sandy area or somebody's name might be sandy sandy area like deserty desert area let's see what else yep sandy desert area travel lot of travel these are two travel cars so you guys you're not going to meet this person in your grocery store now when I say travel it doesn't necessarily have to mean that it's long distance but it very well could be if you're out walking or driving or hiking um you too could be out at the same time okay um it could be in your area but it's like you might bump into them on the street that's kind of how I feel or maybe you get in an Uber I don't even know if they're doing ubers now or you get a ride but this kind of feels like you're going to meet this person when you're out and about that's how I feel okay when you're out and about or for some if you're traveling of course I just want to pull another card because I'm trying to make up for the charms that I don't have so let's see wow 10 of swords all right some of you go and you do acupuncture I have to say that you're going to meet this person there they might work there okay or like it's out it's not it's not like but it's not like in the grocery store for some of you this could be like a surgeon spinal surgeon is that a thing a spinal like a sir a spinal surgeon okay for some oh wow and this person makes uh that's very strange so they make like crystal swords look look at the swords and then look at all the crystals on the handle they make knives I know some of you guys are like are you serious like those of you who are interested in females like there's a girl out there who makes or sells knives and she makes them that is the coolest thing I mean that's actually pretty cool crystals on the end of swords or maybe they work somewhere where they sell them you know maybe there's like a craft fair or a fair show or something you go to and and you meet this person when you're out and about so I'm feeling so I was saying like October so any kind of Halloween parades or events or craft shows or things like that get out there to them because this person is going to be there you're going to meet them out at some kind of like I don't know like a Halloween fall festival craft witchy tarot crystals all that kind of stuff fairs and stuff like that which is really cool it's a male or a female it doesn't matter you'll you'll know when you get there and you'll see them all right you guys so I'm going to leave your reading there thanks for chiming in to the chat hello everyone and yeah if you want to get a personal reading there's a link here that you can book and schedule your reading with me and I will see you guys tomorrow all right love you guys bye bye bye


We continue our work on a Jungian Approach to Dream Interpretation. Today's episode involves the types of compensatory dreams we may have and an examination of the difference between an objective and a subjective interpretive approach to a dream. Let's start by turning our attention to something that we've touched on before and that is the process of compensation. Recall I said that most dreams are of a compensatory type. Compensation, of course, is the natural balancing function of a psyche so the dream compensates for the ego's stance. But what does this look like and what types of compensation are possible in a psyche in the form of dreams? Jung argued that there are three compensatory positions possible in dreams. These are, first, the conscious attitude is one-sided so the dream provides the opposite position. Second, the conscious attitude is correct so the dream affirms this position. And third, the conscious attitude is in the middle so the dream coincides with this. I'm going to create some mini-dreams to try and give you examples of how these three positions can arise in dreams. All these examples, of course, are quite fictitious. What would the first form of compensation being the dream provides the opposite position to your one-sided ego stance look like in a dream? Let's say that you had a very one-sided conscious attitude towards your work viewing your work as the whole reason to get up in the morning as providing for all your needs as the central aspect of your life. You clearly have a one-sided approach to your external world and that is that all that involves is work. One night you had a dream in which you went to work but no one recognized you and your desk had disappeared and in fact you no longer had any idea what you actually did at work.  You feel calm as you chat with your husband.  I wish we could spend more days each week by the lake just hanging out. And that's the end of the dream. The dream alerts you to the problem which is overwork and radically reverses your reliance on work to fulfill all your needs. The solution to the dream is one in which you are given a possible conscious attitude of how to be instead of living as a workaholic. Let's look at the form of compensation where your dream confirms that you're holding onto a conscious attitude that works for the psyche. Let's take the same dreamer we just used before and imagine that she is well aware that she has to balance out her life and her work and her family life. Her dream is as follows. I was at work speaking to my manager. My manager was asking me how to make the perfect loaf of bread. I said that so long as you had four cups of white flour to every cup of whole wheat flour the bread will rise perfectly and your family will love it. That's the dream. The dreamer may have been aware of her work and home relationships and chosen to work a four day week taking the fifth day off to be with her family. In other words, four days of work with the fifth day at home. Just as in her dream this balance was perfect and her family enjoyed the dream of being at home on Fridays. So the dream affirms the mix between work and home life or four parts of white flour to one part of whole wheat flour. The third type of compensatory dream is one in which I'm sure you can work out an example for yourself by now. A final word about compensatory dreams from Carl Jung. In the following quote, he outlines the difference between compensatory and prospect of dreams. And the quote starts, I should like to distinguish between the prospect of function of dreams and the compensatory function. The latter means that the unconscious, considered as relative to consciousness, adds to the conscious situation all those elements from the previous day which remain subliminal because of repression or because they were simply too feeble to reach consciousness. This compensation in the sense of being a self-regulation of the psychic organism must be called purposive. The prospect of function on the other hand is an anticipation in the unconscious of future conscious achievements. Something like a preliminary exercise or sketch or a plan roughed out in advance. The occurrence of prospective dreams cannot be denied. It would be wrong to call them prophetic because at bottom they are no more prophetic than a medical diagnosis or a weather forecast. They are merely an anticipatory combination of probabilities which may coincide with the actual behavior of things but need not necessarily agree in every detail. And that's from Jung's collected works, volume 8, paragraphs 492 and 493. Jung then warns about the misuse of prospective dreams by saying the following, and I quote, although the prospect of function is, in my view, an essential characteristic of dreams, one would do well not to overestimate this function for one might easily be led to suppose that the dream is a kind of psychopomp which because of its superior knowledge infallibly guides life in the right direction, end quote. And that's from collected works, volume 8, paragraph 494. Of crucial importance to our understanding of how we go about interpreting a dream is the issue of whether we should work from an objective interpretive stance or a subjective interpretive stance. In short, the difference between the approaches speaks to how we react to the dream. In an objective approach, the dream is viewed as making a direct commentary on an external world issue, such as how you deal with a colleague at work or how you treat your kids. The subjective stance, on the other hand, relies on the idea that all the parts of the dream are parts of yourself. In an objective interpretation, the dream is a direct comment on a real-world experience. In other words, the dream comments on an inter-psychic issue. Inter-psychic means between you and another or others, whereas the word intra-psychic refers to within you. For an objective approach, a key idea is that if the laws of physics hold in the dream and that known people, places or events are the components of the dream, you may well consider taking an objective stance to the dream interpretation. So you wouldn't walk through walls, you wouldn't see dragons, a dead relative wouldn't appear, your parents, if they're still alive, the age they are today and they look like they do today and they act like they do today. Taken from this standpoint, the dream is more of a direct report on the way you are handling issues external to you. One should always examine the dream text for the possibility of an objective, interpretive approach first. If this does not appear possible, then and only then can you move to a subjective approach. As I mentioned above, in a subjective interpretation, all aspects of the dream are aspects of the dreamer's personality, which means that you in the dream are a dream ego. A female figure in the dream, if you are male, often represents your anima and if you are a female dreamer, your shadow. A male figure in the dream may represent the animus in a female dreamer and the shadow in a male dreamer. Taken from a subjective interpretive stance, the dream is a comment on the relationships within one's psyche. In other words, yours. It is an intra-psychic comment. There is a third interpretive stance that I will just mention and that is that the dream represents a comment on the transference in the analytic encounter. I'll cover this in a later episode on analysis.


Thank you. First, I've never really had a good day so far, and everything going well. I thought it was going well, and then I spent five minutes trying to find a knife that had him in my mouth. So, I'm just trying to lower the expectations of this talk. I'd just like to show you something. This is really boring. I'm going to press this. And, and, ta-da! In fact, we should see tomorrow. There we go. Actually, it's not very impressive, but this is actually going through, well, several cells. This will work over at the station. We've done some checking, and this will actually work over the station. This will work, well, I'd say two kilometers to five kilometers. It will work a lot further than your average Wi-Fi signal. It transmits much data, and it's called Lora Van. It's part of a low, an LP Van, low-power wide-area network, where we go, low-power wide-area network, and it's basically for connecting internet of things together. There's other versions as well. I'm going to try and speed through this. We've got time for questions, so if you want to know about other options. But this is, this is a free and open one to use. ChemTech is a company who's developed some of the, some of the technology involved, and they, they lease it out. But most of the infrastructure that we're using is open source. In fact, Lora is the, is encoding is the technology, and Lora Van is a system that moves things around, around the world. Where is the best place to stand? I'm going to stand there. It's not going to, yeah, right, okay. Well, I should get my notes out. As I said, I spent five minutes trying to find a fork that was in my mouth. There we go. So, what's going on here? This is the device, the, the low cost, you can get lots of different things. This is a Haltech module, which cost me 12 pounds. It's, it's a little bit rubbish, if I'm honest. It's got a little, little round antenna on there. The reason why is because the antenna that was on the board didn't work, so they just modded it and put it on. And I don't want to jump ahead at the next talk, but we're going to tell you how we had a very similar system problem with the, the badges. And it's, it's a bit, bit rubbish, and don't ever try and sold the pins on these, because you will break the screen. It's just that reliable at breaking it. But this is the device, which is over here. When I press the button, it's, it goes out into the ether, and it's picked up by stations. In fact, I've got a picture of the one that we've got at the other end of the site. Here. So if you've seen that, that's the one we brought along to, to pick up. There's another five, by the way, I'm not saying that we're geeks at all, but there are five stations all over this thing, and one is probably enough to fill, to cut with the entire site. So what's happening? This is sending out. It's sending it to all the things that can be picked up. It then sends it across to a network server. Now we're using a service called the Things Network. It's a three, one, it, it's getting paid for, should be paid for by selling things. I think they're having to look again at their business model, but it's free and open. You can link your station into their server, and then everybody can use this. So if you had one of these, you could be using our, our station. And you can feed multiple ones as well. And I should explain, I got into this because it's an interesting technology. And I was talking to someone from one of the digital catapults. And then something came across his desk and said, about rolling out to the Things Connected Network. Now I should point out, I'm not talking on behalf of the Things Connected here, but I'm not going to have a go because I'm being very nice. And they've been trying to break the catch-22. It's nobody's producing devices for Lora One because there's no network. And nobody's putting together a network because nobody's producing devices for Lora One. So they're saying, let's put a network in place. Good idea. Very good idea. The, the server bits, they bought a white box version. In fact, they are now moving over to the Things Network as well. So it, all the stations that they've got up already either are or very soon will be feeding me the Things Network. Anyway, so we've got one server here, you know, we feed multiple ones. And then we send it across to our server. And all my server does is it receives the thing and then sends back the time. So you can't see it, but on there it's just got a little thing saying what the time is, and that's just come back from the server because it is two-way most of the time. Right. I'm going to go over here. Finally, to look at my notes. As I said, five minutes trying to find a knife that was in my mouth. Ah, here we are. Right. What are the key features of this? Well, it's, it's called Lora because it's long range. That's not so important to me. It means you don't need as many stations.  What we found is that, that height is key. I mean, line of, near line of sight is best. And the higher it is, the better it is. So yeah, if you can put a station high up, you're going to get more, more coverage. The key thing, the key thing I sell about this is it's, it is low power. It is, you can have one of these in an embedded device somewhere. It will call back say once a day or something or when it's needed and it uses next no power. You can buy batteries for 10 years. I'm a bit dubious, but you can buy them for 20 years because you just, you just put the thing to sleep. If you're monitoring river levels, for example, you just get it to wake up every few hours and, and ping, send the data off, go back to sleep again. You can even have it so it only wakes up when there's an issue or something. Car parking is another one that some people are interested in because you can monitor when a car drives in. You send your signal out, say, ah, a car's parked when it drives away. You send it out to say it's gone and you don't need to run the radio the rest of the time. So that, that's its, its key advantage. What you're paying for that is it's only very small bits of data. Depending on what error correction you use, this, this, this, the encoding, you can either send about 55 bytes up to 220 but that's only if you've got really good coverage. There's a thing called a spread factor which I'll just mention in a moment which, which affects that. Right. What else have we got? Oh, it talks about module before, reliability. It's not promised to be reliable. I have to say we've, we've done various bits of mapping of where the signals should be good and bad. And if you run a simulation, I'll mention the software later on, it works really, really well. I've, I've been going around with this. I don't know why I've not been arrested for something yet but I'm going around the street with this looking at what's what and mapping out where, where the signal's good. In fact, there's, there's other people, there's definitely been people going outside at the camp doing it. In fact, I might even have it on the next slide. This was Friday. This was Friday when we had the station up and this is from a service called TTN Mapper. It's an app you run on your phone to show, to log where you are and then you have a station and just send a signal out and it works out how strong the signal is. Now it's a bit of a screw because red is good and I find that really screws in my head, especially with the station things. Do I have a cursor? Yeah, with the station things that blue is good. So colors maybe could do some work. But that was, that was Friday. Somebody had clearly gone around and that's our station there and I won't zoom in. It's a captured image. But somebody's obviously, oh, there's a station there. If it was you, come across and say hi, I want to know. In fact, if you have one of the other five stations on site, come and say hi anyway because I'd love to know what you're doing. In fact, there you go. This was taken last night where it sort of predicted where most of the stations are or were. Three one last night and three three were off. Also somebody, I don't know why I took that slide out. Somebody's sending stuff out every few seconds as it were because we, in fact, let's have a look at what's going on at this exact moment in time. This is the monitor for the station I showed you the picture of before and we've received 11,808 messages and only sent 84 because whoever's sending it is sending out, probably doing mapping or just experimenting. I don't know. I don't care. It's just data going through the network. Very small bits and you can see there the log. So if I press my button, press me button. There, that's mine. Just just been sent off. Okay, and because I'm not the strongest and quickest signal, this hasn't sent the signal back. The signal that came back from here has come back from another station. Right, okay. Now we're going to try and do something silly. Bit of audience participation. This is going to go horribly wrong. The way the encoding, the modulation works is a form of frequency shifting coding. I'm finding that. I know what I'm talking about now. Instead of just going beep, it goes boop, boop, boop, boop, kind of thing. And we can demonstrate why this is good by making beeps and doing that sound. So in a moment, we're going to do two things. I'm going to put my hands up so the sound doesn't turn the microphone off. And everybody, I want you to go beep, I'll just go beepy noises, okay? Right, let's just do a quick, quick try. I'm going to beep, beep, beep, beep. Good, right. Now I'm going to go beep, beep, beep as well and see if you can hear my beep over you. Okay, right. Hear me? This, by the way, we did try this on a smaller scale and it didn't work, so it's probably not going to work now. But I'm optimistic. I'm optimistic, right, here we go. Okay, beep. Now hopefully some of the fronts will have heard my sound over the top of everybody else because it's noticeable. And anyway, that's the way it works. You've got eight channels on the station that do that. More strikingly strange to quote, it's a ninth channel on there which just doesn't use that encoding. Sorry, this is outside the scope of this talk. If you want to know more about oddities, then catch me afterwards. Where are we? Right, so yeah. And that is another map from Mapper. This is a piece of, this is output from a radio mobile. Oh, what's the, I forgot the chap's name. VE2DBE is his call sign and he's produced a software for mapping out radio footprints and stuff. It's actually really, really useful. And I did that for here. And as you can see, the entire campsite is covered and this is how I knew we'd be able to pick it up at the station. And say these are accurate. I've been testing them out at home. We've got, what is it, Malcolm's in here who's been doing a lot of, well, I was going to say work or play, whatever way you look. He's cycling around with his bicycle doing mapping. It's brilliant. So yeah, that's what we were predicting. That's actually really useful. If you're wanting to put sites up, use this. Again, catch me afterwards. I'll put my contact details on the last slide and I'll direct you to this and you can get it to predict where things are gonna go. It is really useful. Right, that's a blank slide. What's gone wrong? Okay, I'll put the wrong one on. I don't care. I don't like slides anyway. Right, well, this was useful. I've done that. I'm gonna skip over security because I disagree with a lot of people on the security. I don't think it's that secure. Some people do. The one thing I will say is that there's actually encrypted twice. See, put that down. It's encrypted between the device and the network and between the device and the application, which should be your application for historic reasons, really. So when I press that button, it picks the data it's gonna send, it encrypts it, encrypts it again, and it sends it out and it picks it up and it goes onto the network server. Every network server you feed and every network server that has received this message decrypts it or tries to decrypt it. If it can't decrypt it, it decides it's not for it. And if it can decrypt it, then it says, ah, I understand what this is. This is useful. I should pass this on to the application I'm supposed to pass it on to. But the original model was that the network server wouldn't know what data was going through it. It would just be relaying it through. So it would then pass that encrypted onto the application server. That would then decrypt it and then you would have your data. What really happens nowadays is those last two bits have merged together and you've got your own common API to get it to your actual server. So for example, things networked by defaults, they use MQTT. So when I send something, it sends me an MQTT message and I can send one back. I'm then converting that into a JSON thing. And again, outside the scope of the talk, I can waffle on for hours. You probably noticed. Right. So that's the reason why we've got the two keys, although it's just more things to type in. But you need to activate. You need to get onto the network. You can do it the old way where you put in your device identifier, which comes from the application. This is just a short number that will say the number of your device on the thing. It's not unique, but it's unique at that point in time. And you have two keys, the two keys for the encryption and a counter, which starts at zero. And this is to stop what's called a replay attack. So if somebody picks up your signal and can capture it, they can't send exactly the same thing again. I mean, as they were using it, I don't recommend it for unlocking doors, but say you use it for unlocking a door, they could capture that, send the same thing, unlock the door. You wouldn't want that. So what it does is it has a counter which upgrades, counts up every time. And it's really annoying if you reset it because you've then got to go into the system and say, the account is going to be zero again or something. I strongly recommend using over-the-air activation. This, actually under the bonnet, it still needs those numbers. But what you have is a unique identifier for the application. A unique identifier for the device. And those are unique. Those are globally unique that nobody else has and you have a nice long key. And you think, there's more stuff. I've got to type in more. Why would I want to do that? It's just more secure. And it sends that across to the station. That goes across to the network. The network then encrypts, well, works out those keys, sends them back in a secure way. And then you have those numbers on, but every time you reset it, every time I reset that module, again, it will send out that information again. The counter will start at zero and it's a very secure cryptographic thing. Right, so one word of caution as well. If you're going to use a lot of devices, the byte order of the keys varies and on some systems they even swap over depending whether it's the application key or the, it's just a mess, okay? If it's not activating, try reversing some keys around. Most of the sites have a nice reverse round to do it and trial and error is the best way of doing it. Okay, how are we doing for time? We'll go nice and fast. Right, this is good. Well, it sort of said data limits. There's various bits of licensing around the world. In Europe, we're running on 868. I think we're only allowed to use 1% of the spectrum. The things network have a restriction on top of that. They don't really enforce it at the minute, but they probably will soon. Work on the assumption that you're going to have to send, but you've got up to 30 seconds worth of air time a day total. So if you use what's the frequency shift, sorry, FS 12, which is the really reliable slow one, then it will take a lot of time to send. So you're only going to get a small bit of data maybe once or twice a day. If you use a lower FS value, then you can send a lot more frequently, but of course it's less reliable. So if you're further away from the thing, you're going to be able to get less data through. Right, yeah, sorry, the other limits. Yeah, as I said, I was working with the digital catapults and as of when I started writing this talk about a month ago, there were no official sites up. We had brilliant coverage across Newcastle, but we did this by basically going to friends with amateur radio masks and tall buildings and saying, can we put this in here? And they said, yeah, because officially, we needed to get people to sign pictures, sign papers, we needed to get some sign off from IT people who were worried about security. And to be honest, I totally understand that. It was next to impossible to do. So things are getting better. Now sites are going live, this is brilliant. But my advice to you, if you're wanting to do something like this, try the softly, softly approach. Don't try and get people to sign the life away or agree access. A lot of people then start thinking it's like a mobile network. I'm going to make thousands of pounds by leasing this site out. It's like, yeah, in five years time, you might get next to nothing. It's just, let's say, catch 22, there's no money in a minute, and there may never be. I'm just playing around with it. Oh, the other package forwards, this is an interesting issue we had. One building, we had two stations. I'm one of the founders of Make Space Newcastle and we get on really well with the building manager. So we had a station at the top of the building, but we were in the basement and it was a bit iffy coming through six, seven floors. It did it in some places, but we installed another one in the basement and they were both on the same IP address and it started to go horribly wrong. Most of this infrastructure runs on UDP passing back across. There's a new version now, which is a TCP connection. I believe it's MQTT and TCP. There's a third one as well, but let's not get into that because I don't understand it all. And my advice is it's more effort but use the newer version. In fact, cursing was, I'm glad I made notes. Jack cursing has produced a nice bit of a thing based on the original Semtec software and that's the best packet forwarder to run on your stations. Since we've done that, we can actually connect two stations on the same IP address. For reference, the bug seems to be not in the thing. It appears to be on the network end, but anyway, that's a strongly recommend that. I'm skipping over security. Well, I think I've gone through my list. I'm sorry if that's a bit hidden myth, but hopefully we'll move on to questions now and I'm expecting some good ones. Any questions? Thank you. You're doing that, that's a simple thing. Oh, yes. We've got this cute mic, can you be a hand up and I'll clap at you? Oh, yeah, yeah. Thank you. You mentioned there are multiple speeds and bandwidths available for traffic to travel through the network. So I'm going to have to stand in front of the speaker because I can't hear you from it. Don't do that. This is going to be a problem. Right, OK, good for you. OK, so you mentioned there are different speeds of data transit through the network. Is there a mechanism for the radio part of it to back off if there's difficulty transmitting the data and receiving it? No, it's in very small blocks. I mean, the stations broadcast the data, but it's all managed through the, oh, not on PowerPoint, sorry. So the stations are fairly dumb. And when they receive the thing, they will send it out. And when they receive something from the server, sorry, they will just send it out. The early packet forwarders, they received it and sent it out blind. And the timing is critical. What I didn't go into is the response that comes back. There's two windows. There's a one-second window and there's a two-second window. The things network uses a one-second window, which is a pain because a lot of sites that have 3G is not quite fast enough, because it needs to receive the message, send it to the server. That needs to process it. It sends it back to the station and sends it out. And if you're feeding multiple networks, then it's the last one that came back is in the buffer. It could only remember one. So if you've got a lot going on from multiple networks, then one network can basically put their message over the top of another message and you've lost a message. This is improved. And in fact, on the thing I showed live, it actually said that it's been scheduled. That's because it's been sent across and it's ready to go. But no, I don't think there's any backing off. And quite often, it is being used one way anyway. So I know in Oxford area, there's a flood mapping initiative around this. What's the best other use cases for LoraWAN sensor or from an end user use case deployments that is a question because I go to a lot of meetings of trying to sell the benefits of doing this thing. And I tend to answer that depending on the audience. So for example, when I go to a gas network, it's like, well, you can monitor your switches open and stuff. And I think they're really keen on that because every time they monitor anything, they spend a fortune on a GSM and getting power to it and everything, this battery. So something like that. The car park example is one that a lot of city councils I think it's a bit of a wishy-washy answer, but I don't think really know what we can do with it. And this is another reason why I want to get more stations up to break that catch 22. So yeah, I've got random ideas.  Now, they are getting a new, well, they've got a new signaling system and they're supposed to be making that data available. But just having a light beam through the track or something to send data back would be great because then I could have an extra five minutes in bed just if I knew the train's running late, you know? So yeah, I'm sorry, wishy-washy answer, but to be decided, those are some examples. I've just remembered one example that we might be doing is I mentioned before the workshops in the basement, we might be putting a doorbell under back and using it. This is not the best technology for it. It's just a fun thing to do. Has anybody done a risk assessment for this? And why does nobody attach wings to it? So you mentioned that you don't think Elora One is very secure. What level are the security vulnerabilities and how could you hack this system? I'm some, I think this comes from a different perspective that I don't think it's horribly insecure and if you're just sending boring sensor data back then you're putting out into the public domain anyway. I wouldn't worry about it. It's not going to be a trivial thing to the break, but it's using the two keys. It's you're putting your trust in other services and it just doesn't, I'm going to be honest, it just doesn't feel right. I can't go up and say I can mathematically prove this is really secure. It's not using symmetric key encryption. I'm sorry, it's basically there's no public-private key, anything like that. So if you grab, if you can get hold of a device, you can get keys out of it, stuff like that. It's just not as secure as I'd like it to be. So I can't go up to someone and say, yeah, this is a secure thing. What I can say is that if you're hosting a station on a network, I can't comment on the firmware on the device, but it reminds like the Amazon Dash was hacked by sound. So I'm not saying it's impossible, but I'm saying it's highly unlikely that the broadcast side is the way to break into that. It might open up with security holes, but not from that point of view. And the data going through your network is completely encrypted, so you don't know what it is. The only way it can be found out what it is is when it arrives at the server, when it tries to decrypt it. Fortunately, because the data is so small, you can feed multiple services and it's just a very small amount of data, so it won't even have to worry about feeding it over 3G or anything like that. And I was going to say something else then, but it's just gone, because as I said, five minutes, knife, mouth. No, I shall finish answering that there. And is that okay? Any other questions?  Right, I'm very new to Laurel Ann. I'd like to set one up. Where do I start? That is a good question. Join up to the Things Network would be my advice. So thethingsnetwork.org. You may well find a community around you that you might find people there already. There's certainly in the North East there's a few. And you can message people, you can talk there. As for the equipment, I don't really know. The equipment, we've got the curling stuff. It's okay. It's expensive, and I wouldn't recommend that most hobbyists get it. And there will be people better placed to answer that question. What I will say is if you're talking about doing it really seriously, don't penny pinch. The stuff we've got, it's really nice, but if they're paid twice as much from the same supplier, they'd have got something like 3.6 times the coverage. And considering getting the sites was the main problem, it would have been money well spent. So don't always go for the cheapest. If you just want to experiment and get going, you shouldn't really, but you could just get an Arduino and a module and actually set up a single station site. And if you're doing it down in a basement like we were and stuff like that, then that's cool. That's fine. And Things Network don't ban that, so they might need to start cutting down on abuse a bit. But at the minute, you can put it on, it's fine. Ttmmapper.org as well, you can sort of see how people have been doing testing as well. That's crowdsourced. And you can see all the single cell ones because they show up as red. Now, some of them, like all the ones here, will have shown up as red when only one thing was used. But yeah, the Things Network.org. I think there's, oh, there's one over there. Hello. This might be a terrible question because I'm not even sure I understand what I'm gonna ask about, but I've been reading recently about 5G networks and it occurred to me that it seems very much like a lower one network architecture. So is there any parallels to draw or is this gonna be competing in a way? Yeah, this is an interesting one. In fact, the reason why I was talking to the person in the digital catapult was because we were talking about 5G. And a lot of people see it as a halfway step to 5G. I totally disagree with that. It is a technology that stands on its own. I think it has a place after 5G comes along. I think it's very more limited than most people think. It is for sending small bits of data. I get very angry when people try to deliver firmware through this. It's not designed, I know we're trying to do it, but it's not, that's the wrong technology. So yeah, I think it has its place. The 5G stuff, there's a lot of authentication involved. It's a lot more secure, but there's gatekeepers. So now I see them as parallel technologies. I see 5G being a big success. This may or may not be a success. I don't know, I hope it is, but it's something cool to play with at the minute. I do question some of the commercial ideas with these, especially considering it's in OSM space. It's unlicensed bandwidth. So this is competing with things like door openers and a lot of remote controls and things like that. So it's very, very hard to learn a guaranteed service on this with a service level agreement. So I don't see many consumer products using this in the near future, 5G maybe. But in terms of monitoring a switch or something, this is brilliant. Okay, are we out of time or? Never mind, grab me afterwards. I think I've been ripped into the badge talk, but after the badge talk, I'll be able to find me as well. Okay.


Okay, so today I'm going to talk about crop production. Where in Britain we're mainly talking about speltweed. And talk about the results of a big synthesis project and then some more recent data using isotope approaches to look at cultivation practices in more detail. So I'm just going to give you a quick bit of our political context where is Britain. A history of arch-intank research a llwyddoch chi'n ei sympasys a oedol i gynhyrch. Felly yn Brytyn, ymy'r meddwl Yn Aidd, mae'n gweithio'r 600-100 bc i'wch yn ymgyrch, mae'n ymgyrch o'i wneud, sy'n holl gwybodaeth o'r hollll ymgyrch. Rhaid i'n fawr i'r lleiwch cymddech chi'n gwyllfynu iawn. Mae'n gweithio ymgyrch o'i ddweud yn ffwrdd â syniadau, mae'n gwybod ar hyn o gweithio'r ffordd, oeddiad, oeddiad a bod ymgyrch o'r lleid. Rwy'n ei gwaith i'r Eid, oes i ni'r 100 BC rwy'n adeithaith i 43, rydych chi'n gweithio bethau'r ysbyty o ffordd Llyfrgell, Ylethau, Gweithneidio, Llyfrgell, etc. Ond ond, nid rydyn ni'n gweld ychwaneddau ac oherwydd mae'r adeithaith agri-gwyl. Yn ydych chi'n gweithio'r pethau'r adeithaith i 43, rydych chi'n gweld yr ysbyty a'r Gweithneidio, at the edge of the empire until AD 410 when the early medieval period begins. So my main kind of questions in terms of the Roman period are how can we investigate the scale and intensity of agriculture in relation to food supply to feed the Roman army and renew urban centres. So we have a very long history of our archaeological research in Britain with the first kind of systematic studies being taken place in the late 1970s with the work of these people and then from the late well kind of late 70s onwards we had a lot of what we call ancient monument labs undertaking detailed really high quality archaeological work. From 1990 we had developer funded archaeology introduced which is great because it means we have a shed load of data however it has also meant we have a lot of fragmentation in terms of archaeological analysis but the key point is that we have an awful lot of data and no real way to kind of deal with it or synthesise it which is something which I'm going to hopefully touch upon. So just in terms of what our data set is like now so back in 1981 there were 55 sites from the Roman period many of them were handpicked antiquarian studies. Moaika van der Wien study in 2007 had over 600 site phases and the most recent study found nearly 1400 site phases without any urban and military sites so there's a large corpus of data in this region. In terms of the archaeological data for the Iron Age there's been relatively limited amounts of synthesis. We've broadly known that we have a move from Emma to Spellwet as the major crop and there's been two kind of regional synthesis. So Kate Parks undertook a detailed study of the east of England where she found that we have a kind of gradual decrease in Emma, increase in spelt and kind of continuity in Sixwell Horde barley. More recently I did a smaller study in an area of kind of central southern Britain and again we have basically gloon wheat spelt and Emma, Sixwell Horde barley and then very small proportions of pulses free refreshing wheat etc. So into the Roman period we do have teeny evidence for fruit crops and agriculture so there's about 10 sites now in the central Midlands where we have some evidence for vineyards. One of them has great pollen, the others are a little bit more dubious but on the whole he seems to be a kind of failed short-term experiment and it's really only cereals that remain crop in this period. So turning now to the results of a Roman rural settlement project, this project collated all of the excavated rural settlement data from Britain and produced summery archovatankle data. So looking at presence absence data we can see in its spelt wheat in Sixwell Horde barley, the most frequent crops in all of the different regions. The lower frequencies of Emma, free refreshing wheat, rye, oats etc and then through time there is very little change so basically a gradual increase in rye impulses and a gradual decline in Emma but nothing major at any point. Zooming into a few particular periods we do have some indications of regional emphasis on different crops so in the south east in Kent we have a mix of barley spelt wheat with some more pulse in some areas through to Hampshire in the bottom left hand corner so an area of Chalkland we have more emphasis on barley and then through to the east Midlands in the top left hand corner we have much more emphasis on spelt wheat and if we drill down to sample level data you can see us a bit more clearly so on the right hand side we have the east Midlands and by the late Roman period there's an awful lot of black so basically a very high alliance on spelt wheat. So we have a reasonably clear understanding of our crop choice changes through time in Britain but we don't have a very good handle on how crop cultivation methods changed and how they relate to different site types or you know different areas of the country so to that end I've recently undertaken some stable isotope analysis as we've heard about previously so I don't need to explain the methodology in too much detail so the first case study is a site called Stannock which is a long term site of occupation from the Iron Age through to the late Roman period it's in the east Midlands so on an area of gravel and clays and it was a long term detailed excavation in the 1980s producing abundant archiv material so this was an initial kind of pilot study with 41 samples so in the top left hand corner we have a delta 13c results so broadly looking at water status and in Britain we're expecting the water not to fluctuate too much because it's quite wet in many periods so broadly you can see in the barley and the spelt about one per mil different which is what we see in crops at many sites and it seems to be a physiological difference and then there's very little difference between what Iron Age and Roman period in terms of carbon in terms of nitrogen we have a decrease from the Iron Age to the Roman period in all crop types by about one per mil and the main crops so barley and spelt are actually very comparable in their values so we're seeing both a decrease in probably manureing through time but we'll like the same treatment of these two main crops so to take this analysis further I've undertaken a larger study in an area of the Chalkland in southern Britain I'm taking the same time span so for Iron Age through to the late Roman period but also integrating it with the previously published faunal isotope data so these are a series of sites around a hill fort called Dainbury so we go from Dainbury hill fort itself and through to several late Iron Age enclosed settlements and then to mid late Roman villas to give the whole kind of time slice and I selected these sites because they're all in a very small micro region as you can see here so they're all within say 10 kilometers of each other so we can control for a lot of a variation which we know can affect carbon and nitrogen isotopes so we've got Dainbury hill fort in the centre of the two Roman villas to the north and west on the late Iron Age farmsteads in the area around Dainbury so first off we can look at the carbon results through time so hopefully you can see in it again we have this space in between barley and wheat of around one per mill but it does fluctuate over time but the clearest pattern is that the delta 13c values decrease in the late Iron Age period which should suggest that there are kind of either wetter or more closed conditions and we have a range of multi foxy evidence for climate in this period but you can see that the periods which are indicated as wetter by several lines of evidence it's several periods throughout this whole time slice so it can't be that the late Iron Age isotope shift is purely due to climate so instead I would suggest that it's due to more local choice in the soils that are being used so the late Iron Age sites with those lower delta 13c values are on areas of a landscape with wetter soils so at the edges of river rallies there was the late Roman sites of higher delta 13c values are on the clay soils so we see the choice of different areas of landscape so looking now at the delta 15n values which we're mainly interested in from manure ring hopefully you can see that there's on the whole quite low values so we're going from zero to six per mill here so nowhere near like the 12 we saw in Natalia's presentation I'm broadly speaking a decrease through time so that late Roman, lately Miller values are down to very low so zero per mill so part of this low delta 15n is due to the calcareous soils so there's been several recent studies by Rick Shelting and others that have shown that faunal, herbivore isotope values are very low on chalk soils and we're not entirely sure why but what we can do here is use a wild herbivore baseline constructed from previous isotopic analysis and then put those manure ring bands on which have been built from the experimental studies in Oxford so broadly speaking we can see that most of the crops are either being manure in a kind of medium way or they're not receiving any manure at all so the main kind of pattern here isn't we have extensification so a lower input of manure in Malay Roman period interestingly you can see that Dunkirk barn and greatly are pursuing quite different strategies so these are two rulers about a few kilometres apart which is very interesting and also at most sites where mean for barley and spelt is exactly it's statistically identical so there's no different treatment of different crops other than a natal bank crops which is a late iron age banjo enclosure so bringing in the herbivore data now hopefully so what i've done here is plotted what were expected chaff um delta 15n values would be so we know that there are about 2.4 per mill lower mimer grain values and then if we plot on the sheep and the cattle and then we can expect that there's about 4 per mill dietary trophic level so that would imply that the chaff of these manure crops is very likely to be a main dietary source for these herbivores so what it suggests is that we have a system of sheep folding taking place in the mid and late iron age whereby sheep placed onto the recently harvested fields making then graze on the stubble of the harvested crops and then they directly manure the crops as grazing so what i would suggest is that the late roman um delta 15n shift is indicating that it's kind of sustainable system is actually breaking down so perhaps may have become so focused on cereal production that they're kind of neglecting the manure supply or they're just trying to maximize their crops so much that they really extended areas under cultivation so just to kind of summarise what this is talking about the late roman and rillar economies we know in a cultivating barley and spelt we eat in the same conditions um values as kind of a rotation or just an iron age kind of mixed cropping system we're not quite sure um we see a different targeting of soil types um in the late iron age period but really a kind of ex densification especially at greatly rillar and if you look at these two rillars in more detail greatly it has a clear emphasis on crop production it has seven grain drying ovens huge iron barns whereas duncurt barn it's much more of a kind of um wealthy residence with a bath house and ornamental garden so it suggests that rillar more into kind of market orientated production is going for a more extensive farming practice and then just to end east shifts let me see towards pre-fresing cereals in many other parts of europe and not taking place in britain in the iron age or roman period and those changes don't really happen until early medieval period um as recent work by marma kerritcha has shown and spelt wheat which is really dominant in the late roman period basically disappears by the sixth century so something clearly very major is happening in that early medieval period so just to conclude we clearly have a shift towards a roman period farming system based on spelt wheat and hold barley treated very similarly and the application of crop stable isotope analysis has shown that we do see a shift towards more extensive husbandry conditions in the late roman period all right thank you