The role also demands it, looking sort of tougher in the film also. So any sort of preparation, obviously you must have gone for that. You were lifting much more in the gym. Did you miss out on the huge part, Kavees? Oh, I'm sorry. Right. Today on Candid Conversations with me is Tamanna Bhartia, the actor. She's coming up with a number of movie projects, but first we're going to talk about the fact that she has invested in Suga cosmetics and she's also partnered with them. So Tamanna, tell us about what made you sort of partner with Suga. You know, for me, makeup as a category is always, it's not something that can only be commercial. It is very close to my heart.  And my bond with makeup is so unique because it's how I have discovered how to love myself, how to enhance what I have, how to work it through the days that I don't feel as good. So I understand the relevance that makeup has in my life and it has in so many women's lives as well. So when this opportunity came by, I thought it was something that meant a lot more to me than just a commercial association because I have lost brands in the past. But I feel like I want to be a part of, I want to be more deeply involved in a brand that actually reaches out to many more Indian people and it is made and catered towards Indian skin types and skin tones and also keeping our better conditions in mind. So I feel like this brand for me, you know, kind of picks all my boxes when it comes to what I want from a brand and hence I decided to have a more deeper association with this. And though, I mean, I come from a business background, like my father and my family from the business family, but I feel like because I was always so creatively inclined, I did not explore this side to myself, but now I kind of understand and I feel excited to kind of explore this as well. This was something where a brand endorsement was something that I often do with a lot of different brands. But with this, I felt like I and Puneeta had a chat and I told her about what are my vision is in terms of skin and makeup and just like life in terms of what I think when it comes to makeup and the way I want my audiences to know about me, not through just the work I do, but also through my interests which are largely in the beauty space. So yeah, makeup for me was something that was always very exciting and it always means a lot to me. So and of course I love what Vinita has been doing, like I love what she's done how beautifully she has, she's not only again, what I love is that her heart and her mind were together. It wasn't about just a business space for her, but it's something that she actually wants to reach out to a lot of people with her brand. And I can see that, I can see how certain brands reach much more further than many others only because of the kind of quality they're delivering and because they're actually catering to what people need at that point of time. I think like Indian people have certain skin types and have a certain requirement and I feel like Vinita really gets it. Moving on to, you have a trailer which released about two or three days back. I happened to see the trailer, a very interesting concept. It's about this woman who's from this village of Akharaz and then she becomes a lady bouncer. So clearly you are, I mean let's say compared to the kind of movies I've seen you in three, four years back, you are obviously, because the role also demands it, looking sort of tougher in the film also. So any sort of preparation, obviously you must have gone for that. You were lifting much more in the gym. Did you miss out on the huge part, Kaveel? Oh, I'm sorry. Also this is awfully cute while I'm being all, you know, Pahalwan. So that's actually the point of this film. Essentially, there's a lot of cliches that goes around people or women essentially who are physically strong. We've seen a lot of, we've seen a lot of emotionally strong characters that are made for women to play on screen. But whenever a woman is physically, supposed to be physically strong, it comes along with a lot of baggage, a lot of cliches, a lot of typicalities that people expect when they are going to watch. So like a Pahalwan, it means her muscles, like what should come out of it. She probably has short hair, she is extremely, she doesn't feel like how women feel. There are so many preconceived notions which I hope that Bubbly bouts her really break and does it with like, it's a fun film. It's a film that makes you smile.  And that's what I think that's the kind of cinema I grew up on and what made me an actor. So when I heard the script of Bubbly, I really felt it was a really novel concept. B, it was made by Mother Vandalkar, so who's always only made the strongest films when it came to, you know, female actors. And all his films that were impactful were female lead and he is such a feminist himself. But I think what really took me by surprise was the fact that he has such a funny bone and he's such a chilled out and humble, happy, who lucky kind of person. Like I remember there used to be, the shot used to be ready and everybody was, everybody would just be sitting with him and having a chat and joking around with him. And like, you know, it was me and Sir's co-director. He used to be like that.  But I think what really, what really like amazed me to look at working with him was that he's so childlike. And, you know, he still has his innocence intact, which is why I think he's even made a film like Bubbly Bombs. Because Bubbly is a very pure character. It's a, it's an unabashed girl, you know, she's not really, not really contained in any capacity. So I feel like, I feel like the childlike nature in motherhood like helped Bubbly Bombs a kind of flower into what she needed to be. In some interview or somewhere, I don't know that you would want to be the bouncer for Rithik Kurshan and Vicky Kurshan. Why particularly these two? Why not Katrina? What if she feels left out? Katrina is a strong woman. I think she can, she can handle it herself. So I am not worried about Katrina. But if she can also handle himself. She has a heartfelt feeling for always crushing on Rithik Kurshan and Vicky Kurshan. So I think I would like to be there. Okay, okay. Okay, nice. Hopefully the girlfriends and rides are not watching this, but that's okay. I think they'll be excited. They'll be thrilled. Yeah. Now there's another one also coming up, Plan A, Plan B and a few other projects. So tell us about that also. Well, Plan A, Plan B was again, it was a COVID baby. I think it happened right when the first wave had gotten over and a difficult film to shoot because you know that time the circumstances were really hard. Like how we were filming with so many different like restrictions and regulations. It was a very hard film to shoot, but it was again, you know, it was, I thought the concept was really novel, you know, a matchmaker and a divorce lawyer when they're put into the same room or when they put up into the same workspace, what happens to them. So I felt like it's a cute story. It's going to be showcasing on Netflix. It's my second OTT film that's coming out in Hindi. And yeah, it's been, I've worked with Ritesh before, but I think this time it was really fun because I had all my scenes with Ritesh. And Khusha, I love Khusha. I mean, I'm a Khusha fan. And I keep telling her how I love her, whatever she does on social media. And yeah, we became friends while working on the book. Right. Thanks a lot for talking to us and all the best, of course, for your bubbly bouncer and plan A, plan B. And of course, your, the fact that you're stepping into an entrepreneur's shoes along with sugar cosmetics and take care. Thanks a lot for talking. Thank you. Thank you. Have a great day.


OK. Good afternoon everybody. Thank you for coming. This is my first time ever giving a talk in English in North America. So keep that in mind as we go further. And please be kind with my English and working on it in half.  Excuse me, but your English is not so good. So I would like to share with you a love story. Yes, it's not a movie, but it's a love story. No, that's with my family, of course. That's my wife and my two kids. They are in Bolivia right now. But a love story between me and the Drupal community. Since 2009, I began to work with Drupal. And you know at the beginning it's not always easy to work with Drupal because we don't have so much documentation at this time. But when I met the community, this has changed my life. If I am who I am today, it's thanks to the community. If I have a decent job and a decent life, it's thanks to the community. If I can travel all around the world, it's thanks to the community. So really the community changed my life. And during the last 10 years, I co-organized a lot of Drupal events all around South America and Belgium because I come from Belgium. So after 10 years, I said I would like to do something more than just Drupal event, just camps, just summits or meetups. So I decided to do something different. And that's why I did videodrupal.org. So why? Because I see a lot of people looking for Drupal resources and it's always hard to find that. They go to YouTube and so on. And it's very difficult to find a good video. So I said how is that possible if we have so many good Drupal videos? How can we make them more accessible? So what I decided is to retrieve all those videos from YouTube and to place it on just one website. To make them more accessible, to categorize them and so on. So we can work on those videos and perhaps categorize them for learning, for professional purposes and so on. But I had a problem. I had a problem with YouTube and Google. Why? Because people use those tools everyday. So when they are going to another website, they said I want the same as I can find in Google or YouTube. So what kind of feature do you think the people are looking for when they are going to a new website? What kind of feature from Google or YouTube do you think they are going to look for? Search. Search? Okay. What else? But what kind of search? Because we can make a search. What kind of search are they looking for? Because I can just search for something and have a list. Is that enough? Perhaps not complete, yes? Filter. Filter, very good. What else? Sorting. Sorting? Faces? No? So when you make a website, have that in mind because the people are like that. No, they used to have a website like Google or YouTube. What other features are they waiting for? Like YouTube and Google. Recommendation. Recommendation, yes? Something more? What is recommendation? It's kind of similar. Like people... What did you say? Related content. But really related. Not just a little bit. Normally we do related content by tags or something like that. It's not enough. So Google and YouTube can relate content in another way. In fact, they use information in physical systems. So when people is going to your website and want to read other articles or so on, they are waiting for really related content. Not something similar, but we don't know how. And what's the third one they are looking for? Or they are expecting perhaps? Related. Yes, something related with that. How is Google, when you search for something? Customization. Yes, but something fast. Yes, fast speed. They are waiting for that. It has to be fast. So when you propose a website that is not fast, it hasn't an advanced search or a good related content. People say, wow, what is that? Because they use all the kind of websites like Google and YouTube. I said, okay, I'm going to make video Drupal, but people are expecting something like YouTube and Google. Okay, it's for the community. Yes, but if someone new wants to know Drupal and he goes to the community website, he's going to say, if it's low, yes, it's Drupal. Or if he can search very well, he said, okay, that's Drupal. No, I think that when we do something for the community, we should do it the same way as we are going to do for our clients and give the best of the market. So we need to have a fast website. We need to have an advanced search tool, and we need precise related content. So how can we do that with Drupal 8? The best fit is Apache Solar. That's the best one. So today, what are we going to see? We are going to see how we can use Apache Solar as a fuel backing for performance for having a fast website. And we are also going to see how can we use Apache Solar to get some related content. So when we have performance, when we have advanced search and related content, I think we can have happy clients. So Solar is one of the best fit. I'm going to speak a little bit about that. Okay, so who I am? My name is Karim Bujema. I come from Belgium, but I live in Bolivia. And I am a Drupal developer since 10 years now. I'm working mainly for the media industry as a Drupal freelancer. And you know, the media industry is everything fast, fast right now. Not in five minutes, right now. So you have a lot of journalists working on content, making content all the time. And you have also a lot of readers. I say a lot of, not just hundreds or thousands. We have 2,000 readers per second. So when we make a solution in the media industry, this solution has to be fast, but for a lot of people. So it's a very demanding industry. And I'm also a Drupal community ambassador in South America, in Belgium. I'm also here in Montreal. And my academic background is a little bit strange because I'm coming from the business administration first in the Catholic University of Ruvana in Belgium. And then I made my master in information management. A big thank you to my three mentors because we say that at the end of the session. But I prefer to say that at the beginning of my three mentors, Jeff Gehrling. If you want to know something about Solar, he's the guy. He has a lot of very good videos on this blog, really. So check that. A big thank you to Joaquin Bravo. He's one of the best Drupal developers in South America. He's always helping me. And also to Carla Brizno, he's the vice president of Drupal Agency in Washington. And she's always helping me when I have some trouble with English and so on. I say, could you check that a little bit? Yes, of course. Another big thank you to Platform Message because that company is posting video Drupal for free. So interesting. And another big thank you to Evolving Web for having me during the month of June in their office because I travel a lot. So I'm the month of June in their office. And if you are looking for a work, a Drupal position in Montreal, I really recommend this campaign because food is great. You can play. You have nice colleagues, have fun and so on. So I know that they are hiring Drupal developers. So have a look. So a quick survey. Who is using Search API? Okay. Yeah, okay. And who is using Apache Solar with Search API? Okay. And who is using Apache Solar as a view back in without Search? Okay, I'm going to learn a lot of things today. Okay. So let's make a brief tour of video Drupal of this website. So, okay, one of the main features is searching, of course, and we said, let's say I'm going to search for Gatsby. Who said autocomplete? No, autocomplete, yeah, because it's like that. We need it. So, okay, oh, fast. Yes, fast. I'm not going to wait that the data base and so on but I'm going to see how it's so fast. And then you spoke about sorting, isn't it? And we can sort by most watched or by most liked, for example. So, and we can also filter by year but I can also filter by tags. So let's see, for example, Gatsby. And I can also filter by channel. So, for example, the channel of evolving web. And I can also filter by some plates, for example, from the bad camp. So, that's what the user are expecting. It has worked like that, fast with fast things with an advanced search tool. But when we go to video, of course, we can see the video. We can see the channel of this video. I can see the playlist if this video is from a playlist but what we said, we have related content. So, this video is about recoupling Drupal with Gatsby. So, I'm waiting more video about Gatsby and that's what we have. Gatsby and React, Gatsby and Drupal, Gatsby and so on and so on and so on. So, it not depends on the tags of the video. It depends on the description and on the title of the video. So, the people or the editor is going to upload the video, just make the right title and the description and you can forget about tags. If they want to add tags, no problem. But the system is not only based on tags. The system is based on title, description and tags and try to find the nodes that are more similar. That's what we are going to see today. On the other hand, in the home page, we can have the latest Drupal video of course and the most watched Drupal video since three months, six months this year and so on and so on. And we can see what are the best Drupal channels by likes, by subscribers, by views. And I think one of the most interesting things for you is that we can have access to the playlist and for example, I can have access to all the Drupal Count playlists and to see all the latest Drupal Count like Twin City, Flyover, Kiev and so on and so on. So there you can find all the videos from all the Drupal Counts in the last three years. The last thing is that I create a learning section and this section is divided in two. The first section is about the Drupal Core videos like site building, teaming and module development. So if we go to the site building part, there you can find the best playlist just to learn site building. And you are going to see that we have so many good resources for beginners just that if we go there for in this playlist they have I think 62 videos just for beginners. But you can also find some other topics more precise like Gatsby for example. Then you can find a lot of videos about Gatsby but also about PSB Storm and so on. And so every two weeks I'm going to add a new learning topic because this site was launched a month ago. So it's very new so it's a beta one. And I'm waiting for a beta two or three or four I don't know. So okay so that's the site. And now who is behind this site? We are only two. So we have Santiago Rico. It's a graphic designer and a Drupal teamer, a very young guy but so good. Very, very, very good. And the other guy you know who is it? And we do that at night and on weekends and so on. So yes you don't have to have a huge Drupal team to make a website. So a developer and a teamer and let's go. Let's do it. So how did I do that? I'm not going to introduce each video. Now it's too time consuming. So what I'm doing, I'm connecting the Drupal website directly to the YouTube API because YouTube has an API. So I can ask for videos, I can ask for playlists, I can ask for channels and so on. So I am asking those videos and I'm getting those videos back and I put that in my Drupal website. So very easy because all the videos are on YouTube. But what did we say at the beginning? What did we say? We said that it has to be fast. We need an advanced search tool and we need a precise related content. So is that here in this solution? No, I need to add Apache Solar. And I need to add Apache Solar so I can retrieve some information from the PHP stack directly from Solar. And that's very important to have a fast website. Why? Why is that so important? I'm going to give you a T-shirt. Why is it so important? Why is it so important not to have this Apache Solar instance and to go directly to Apache Solar? What do you mean by that? I understand the question. Why is it so important to have an instance of Apache Solar and not going here, for example? Why? Because they have index. They have a Lucene index, but I'm going to give you an N or L. L? That's for you. So what is important? All the speeches. Let's have another one ask me. Responding. So he said yes, we have the Lucene library behind Solar. But what's the benefit? What would be the benefit to have performance? Performance, yes. L? Perhaps it's like me. L for you. It's fast. It's fast. So there is another reason. What's the main problem we have with performance in Drupal? What's the main problem? Oh, God! The cache and what's behind the cache? Why do we need cache? For the query speed. Yes, the query speed to the database. So L or M? L. Yes, the database is the main problem in Drupal. That's the main problem. So the main problem is the database. That's a problem. So everything we can do without touching the database is a performance winning. So that's why. Yes, Lucene is very fast. But the main reason is not touching the database. You speak about cache? You speak about you. So when cache is that in fact, it's trying to not go to the database and to go to another layer just before the database. So when we use Solar, we have another vacuum. Because we are going to index all, not all, but part of the data from the database to the Solar instance. And we can access directly those data. And like you say, we can use main cache. So in that case, if I have a warm cache, what is a warm cache? Put you up to date? Yes, a warm cache is a cache that is updated. But what's the main problem with cache? Yes, what's the name of that? If it's not warm, it's cold? Yes, ML? Honeycomb. So the main problem with cache is that when my cache is cold, could you imagine a TV website with 200,000 news and I had to make a cold cache from that? It's quite impossible. It's very complicated to do that. Because I had a go down in my performance and I had at the same time 2,000 users trying to access that. So cache is a very good solution. That's how do I make this cache warm? That's very complicated. That's very complicated. So there you need a solution to avoid to go to the database for warming the cache. And that's where solar comes. I can warm my cache from solar, not only from the database. And that's a huge increase for my performance. That's the first thing I would like to share with you, that we can use solar as a view like it and to get our view directly from solar and not from the database. I'm going to go a little further. I have just a question. What's the platform as a... The platform is a path like Pantheon, like Aquia. The path from Europe is very good. It's a git-based path. So it's not like this. You have to go and click there and click there and click there. Just git push and it's on the path. Who is using Pantheon? Do you know how is it? No, it's not so... And Aquia? Yeah, okay. So they are a very good solution. I'm going to look at the platform as it is. So, where do we use solar? In our website, we saw the result page and the search page. No problem. So we have the faces and we have the results. We also use it in the node page. Remember, we have a related content, so we use that. We make it with solar. And also, we have those two blocks. The first one is the most watched videos and the other one is the latest. We use also solar. How can we do that? So, you can see that we are not going to use solar just search. We are going to use solar for making views. Like those ones. But also to make related content. So, why search is so important today? I think that you know that most of the users go straight to the search bar. I know that we can have a nice navigation menu and so on, but the search is very, very important today. So, what are the current solutions for search in Drupal? We have the core Drupal search. It's a nice solution. It's a nice solution, but if we have a bigger website, it's going to be slow. So, we need to find another kind of solution. I know that the Google search integration was working well. So, they are changing their business model. I think now we have to pay for that. But we always need to wait that the data are indexed on the Google source and sometimes it's a little bit tricky. And the most used solution now in the Drupal industry is the search API and the search back. So, search API is just an interface to use with a search backend. What kind of search backend? We can have a database backend, the same database of Drupal. So, Drupal.org, if you search for something, it's based on the database backend in search API. So, sometimes it's a little bit slow, but it's a huge amount of data. So, it works pretty well. The other kind of search backend is solar, of course. And the last one is elastic search. It's a new one, so we have to keep an eye on it because I think that they are going to give us some very good solution in the near future. So, where is the patch of solar? Okay, so we can go there. It's a full text search server based on Lucille, the library. It's a Java library and solar. It's also a Java web application. So, and how do we access to solar? It's very nice because we can access through HTTP. We can make requests with JSON or directly to solar and we can have back our results. It was created by Yonik Sili of CNET in 2005 and made it open source in 2006. This guy, it's fantastic. Really, he made it. And now we can use it for free. That's open source. And who is using solar? The big guys. Like Netflix. If you search for something in Netflix or related movie to the movie you're watching, it's Apache Solar. It also sees Besme. You have some big player lights up. They are using Apache Solar. Solar is not this solution for open source website. No, no, no. It's a professional solution. It's a professional solution. Don't be afraid about that. So, why solar? And we said because it's very fast but we said also another reason. Now you know that. Why can we use solar? Ok, 35 for search and while else. What did we say at the beginning? Why can we use solar? Yes, very good. L and M. But in any other reason. It's not there. That's a problem. That's why I'm asking. Yes, speed. Could you be more precise? What about speed? What's the benefit of using solar for speed? Yes, the query are fast. So I can decouple my back end. I can have another back end and go to this back end instead of going to the back end. What's NL? Yep, ok. Or we have the last one. It's an L. I'm sorry for the last winner. Thank you. So we can use solar of course because it's very fast but also because we have faces. Search API in fact is going to give us the faces. So it's not solar related. Search. Highlighting. Sorting and boosting. I can boost some search results if I need it in solar. The more like this is the related content. And also I can search in binary files. I can search inside PDF, Word, Excel and so on. And of course I can do also some special search. So from a location for example. Ok. Why is it fast? And I think I listened the inverted index when you were speaking. Why solar is fast? It's fast because it's using the inverted index. It's a pattern in that way at the time. So when solar index document is not going to index each document in a recall. What it's going to do is to index each word of the document. So in this case you can see that the second word blue is in fact in the document 1 and 3. So here for example the word blue is in the document 1 and in the document 3. Here and here. So if I am looking for blue I don't have to go in each document. You remember how we did it in SQL? Like blue and we are going to read every document to see if blue is in that document. With an inverted index no. We just say I want the blue word and directly I can see in which document it's appearing. That's how it's so fast. Does that mean that there is a rule for every single word? Exactly. So you have to have like we said a corpus of words. So every word that we are using in perhaps in only one document. You are going to have a record for that. So you are just looking for words. I am looking for blue. Okay blue. I am looking for like in this example blue and sky. So you are just looking for two words. Nothing more. And if you have 200,000 documents like we have normally in the news or in the library and so on. So you just have to look into the words. You don't have to look into the 200,000 documents. So it's very fast. That's the inverted index. And that's how this thing is working. Any questions? Any questions of thought? Yes. Are there the index data? Do you see it from the children? It's a new multiple. It's a new. So I'm making first, I'm making a note. There. Because all that data goes to the database. But before going to the database, I'm making a Drupal note. So it's a normal Drupal note. Nothing more. And then after creating a note, I am indexing that to Apache's order. And that's why we're going to see that. That's why search API is useful. That's why we need search API in fact. OK? Well, so if we speak a little bit about the performance stack, we can see that we have the lower level of performance stack. It's a query cache. I think that someone mentioned that. After that, I have the cache engine. That's there. We have main cache and so on. I have a cache layer on PHP. Now in PHP 7, it's directly available. I can have a reverse proxy directly with Nginx. But I can also have a varnished proxy. And I can also have CDN and cache browser. So where do solar fit in that performance stack? I prefer to say that solar is just between the query cache and the cache engine. Because for me in the cache engine layer, it's where main cache is. So solar is not there. But it's not also in the query cache. So it's between those. I know it's something sometimes complicated. But it's like we are between a cache for queries and a memory cache. So it's very important because I can now understand that I can make my views directly to Apache Solar. I can have my related content. And I can have my search directly to solar. So how does search API work? Yes, that's nice. Okay, so when we use search API, we are going first to create a view. Who is using views? Yes, everybody! So you can use search API. Don't worry. So when I use search API first, I'm going to use a view. I'm going to build my views like every other views. It's a view. It's not something different. So I'm going to make my views like always. I'm going to use fields. And I'm going to filter. And normally if I am making a search, I'm going to expose my filter. And you can do that. You expose your filter with views. So you do the same with search API. You just expose your filter. Then you are going to pass through search API. And what is in fact views? What's the first result when I'm building a view? Yes! We have one. So we have one teacher left. So a view is only building a query. That's the main reason. So with views, what we are going to do is to send a query to search API. Search API is going to pre-process that. I'm not going to enter into it because sometimes it's a little bit complicated. But let's say that search API makes this query much faster. It takes some stop words off. Sometimes it sends that to the root of the word. Let's say that search API just takes my query and sends this query to a search backend. In our case, the search backend is solar. But it can be an other way. It can be a lax search. So search API, just think about it's a black box. My query is going from views to solar. In between, I have an interface and it's search API. If you can understand that, you are going to understand how you can use solar as a view backend. Because I am making a view. Is that correct? Is that a view? Yes, I'm making a view, a normal view. I'm not making something strange. I'm just going to build a view.  Where I'm going to send my query? To solar. To solar, not to the database. Because normally if I'm making a view, I'm going to send the query to the database. But in this case, I'm going to send the query to solar. And that is very useful. Why? Why is it so useful? My database too. It has all the lab. So why is it so important to go to solar instead of my database? Of course for the search. Is there any other reason? It's already inverted and next. What did you say? It's already inverted and next. It can be fast. But there is another main reason. Yeah, solar is fast. We know that. But sometimes it can be another instance, another server, so we have some latency. So what's the main point here? Why do we want to use solar as a backend for our views? For? Well, which one? For? It's not the fast aspect. That's for search. But there is another reason that's more important than that. Because we don't want to hit the database? Yes. We don't want to hit the database. And that's a huge performance improvement. If I don't touch the database, my site is going to be fast. That's the main reason. That's why we can use solar. Of course, you're absolutely right. We can use solar for search and so on. But in this case, what I wanted is to have a fast website. So I can use solar and search API to build a simple view without search filter. Yes? In this example, this blog, it's in the homepage, do I have some search form or something like that? No, it's a simple blog. But this blog is made by search API and solar. And the advantage is that I'm not touching the database. Would you recommend using solar for every kind of feed? No. Because it's time consuming to make this. But if you're not using this blog a lot of times, and if this blog is not changing during the day, I'm not so sure. But if like in the news website, let's say latest news, it's changing all day long. Or most comment news or something like that. Or your homepage. Yes, that's, you're going to have a huge advantage. So normally I try to make a simple estimation of requests. And I try that 70% of my requests go to another place that the database. And go to the main cache. You can go to storage. So you can go to solar. Okay? It's okay? Question. Okay, yes? Here what we see is no rendering or... Without rendering. I'm going to let that in the PDF for the session. Okay? Because he's right. What is the answer of solar? What if I'm asking for those nodes? I'm saying I would like to have the most watched nodes. What's the view for that? The view is very simple. Can you see the view? The only thing I have is some fields. Some filters. Some content time. That the video has to be published in more than a month. And a short criteria. No? And we saw by view count. So it's a simple view. Isn't it? So what is going to answer me solar? What is... It's just going to answer the BIDs of those nodes. So if I wanted to have the data of solar, I have to ask it very well. And I have to configure it back. It's not my default. So in the PDF, you are going to see five steps. Because I'm not a receipt guy. I think that receipt, you can find that everywhere. So in the PDF, you are going to have five steps. And you have to do to be sure to have only the data from solar. And when we render it, we are going to render only the data from solar. Because normally, you write, views is going to render the nodes doing a node load. Need the render. So solar has a view backend. We are going to use that just to avoid to hit the database. So we are going to stay here, over there. And over there, we are going to have all the reading operation. Of course, the create, update and deleting operation is going to the database. I can do nothing about that in solar. But the reading operation, we are going to do that for solar. In all cases, no. Only for blogs, pages, that I know that are very query consuming. And there are a lot of requests on this. Doesn't mean that on the view, the way you display it can be on the fields. And you cannot actually have the view mode. No, no, no. You cannot have the view mode. Normally, it's the best way to work. Just to attach a view node to your view. That's what I recommend. Of course. But if you have several blogs, you have to create several view modes and so on and so on and so on. But you can use the view mode for the search riddle. You are absolutely right. And you win the last t-shirt for today. Sorry guys. He's going to be back. Okay. If you talk about the nice point, I would like to show you that someday. But when you render, when you're making a view, you can use view modes. And of course, you can use that directly. So I recommend to use this label for search. But when you need facets and so on, you're going to index all the fields because you need it for facets, you need for to complete and so on. Okay. Any question? It was a tough part. Really, a lot of people said why? I need to use solar as a back and how and so on. So any question about that? Okay. If you don't ask questions, I'm going to ask them. So why? Do you have a question? Yes, but I don't put a word in English. You speak French. Yes. I can't translate what. How do you manage limitization? What? Limitization. Is there anybody know what is timing about? No? For example, if I have playing. It's a word. I can reduce that to the word playing. So if I speak about players, playing and so on, we're going to have only one word referring to all these other words. That's the standing part. So that the port of standing we use in solar. And you don't have to configure it. You just say full text and it's done. And it works in different language. Oh, you want to enforce it? Yes, it works with different languages. You have to use the right standard for each language. So you have to configure your schema. Excellent. It's a little bit more advanced. Sorry. But you configure your schema on the solar. No, not in the group or something. Okay. What time is it? 3.40. 4.40? The next one is at 3.40. Yes. I'm going to go... That's what you were asking. Okay, the receipt to index the field. Okay. Let's speak quickly about... Because you don't have any questions. Is it typical? No. We can speak about the more like this. So you saw that we have a related content block. How we can do that with solar? In fact, and you're going to understand me because you come from the air, so from the information retrieval, so you're going to understand me. So what is similarity for a battery solar and for the scene? Similarity is based on the term frequency and inverted document frequency in a space model.  I know how we can relate the content in a space term model. So let's say that we have only two words in our notes. So we have an hundred notes, but in each note we have only two kind of words. We have Belgium and we have Canada. So it's Canada, Canada, Belgium, Canada, Belgium, that's the most. Okay. You're going to understand me later why I'm just working with two words. So how can I represent a note in a two-term space? How can I represent that? I'm going to represent that based on the frequency of those words in my notes. Let's say the note one, the note one has just two times Belgium and four times Canada. So I can make a vector of that. If I have another note, the note two, this note has four times Belgium and only one time Canada. So if I place there my current note and let's say that my current note has two times Belgium and three times Canada. What's the note that is similar to my current note? My current note on this slide. Do you want? Why? Because it's closer? Yes, it's closer. That's why we use a vector space model to see how closer the document are. So how can we see if something is closer in the vector space model? What are we going to use? Can you measure? No? What are they making together? An angle. So I'm going to calculate the cosine of the angle and if this cosine is larger because it's the inverse, they are no closer. Wow, that's fantastic. So that way I can see how similar our document but not only for two words. I can have n terms. So let's say a thousand axes. You could imagine hundreds of axes in the space that's only words and there I'm going to have a vector. So I can analyze all those documents in a vector space. That's how solar is working. I'm going to stop there. Just one small thing. That's how we cluster content because if in this space I find a lot of content I can say all this content is about Canada so I can cluster that. Okay, I have this kind of content. That's content discovery. We can do that with the same technique. So solar is using a very advanced technique to find similar content. Okay, thank you very much. I'm sorry.


hello my name doesn't matter but what matters is that I am a billionaire that's right bitch I have so much money oh wow I have so much I am not an actor promoting a scam oh no that's not me in this next lesson I will show you how I got rich and how you would get rich too all right tip number one the most simple one invest funds in a fluctuating market on both ends of the wall street spectrum as well as on various selected stock exchanges with an earning calculated on the index of the descending inflation now that we are all on the same page here is tip number two the average person spends money on music concerts restaurants and friends hang out replace music concerts with staying alone replace restaurants with instant noodles and replace friends hang out with depression tip number three find the right person to invest your money with for example you could transfer your money to a professional like me and I will take care of your funds because I'm quite fond of them in less than three months I can guarantee you and this is based on my knowledge in less than listen to me in less than three months I can guarantee you an email confirming I have received your money wow did you listen tip for you beware of scams my fund is 100 slash 00 risk free really yes all we all I need all we need is your name email address you don't have to give your credit card information then you will however sign an agreement saying that I can use your identity to make transactions if you don't believe me my own family has invested in my fund and listen to what they have to say hi I'm his twin brother this fund is great he's a genius and everyone should invest my son is very clever this fund is great he's a genius and everyone should invest I confirm he is very clever this fund is great it's amazing amazing you see my work speaks for myself final tip I like humor final tip the most important one you have to dream big I dreamt of owning this pool and thanks to my investment fund I have successfully succeeded successfully hey I want to go to swimmer you're done yet you've been hogging this place the entire day what the hell is the camera you know this place is for everyone right okay can I have two two more two more minutes please it's about to get dark I need two more minutes two more two more okay following the success of my fund I now allow strangers to swim in my private pool you could be that guy too don't let others rule you with their rules you decide your future bitch


For decades, the relationship between dietary fats and health was at the center of our attempts to understand the underlying cause of the obesity epidemic. The debates over nutrition that you will hear, should we worry about fat? Should we worry about carbohydrates? Is the problem lack of fiber? All these are attempts to understand what's the problem in the Western diet that is the culprit. Because people would like to figure that out because then you can just adjust that one thing and go on your merry way. But we haven't gotten that down yet. We don't know the answer to that question with any real confidence. Despite the important roles that fats play in our bodies, this entire category of food was shunned for much of the 20th century. This led to an enormous increase in the availability of fat-free and reduced fat foods. But in spite of this, obesity rates continued to rise. Today, rising awareness about the difference between the so-called good fats and bad fats have allowed this important part of our food supply to make a comeback. But once again, the pendulum threatens to swing too far in the opposite direction. Dietary fats can be divided into two families, the saturated and the unsaturated fats. Saturated fats get their name from the fact that their fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen molecules. This means that they can lie flat and packed together densely so that saturated fats tend to be solids at room temperature. Animal fats, like lard and butter, are good examples. In contrast, the fatty acids that make up unsaturated fats are kinked in places where double bonds between the carbon atoms cause the chains to be less saturated with hydrogen. This also means that these fatty acids don't pack together as tightly, leaving most unsaturated fats in the liquid state at room temperature. Omega-3 fatty acids are a special kind of unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds in specific positions of the hydrocarbon chain. They're found in high concentrations in fish oil and also to some degree in nuts, flax seeds and other vegetable oils. Omega-3 fatty acids are the only kind of fatty acid that the human body can't make, so they're essential for our health and they need to be consumed via the food we eat. Unsaturated fats can be naturally occurring like the fats found in olive oil, nuts and avocados, or they can be man-made or chemically manipulated to become unsaturated. These are the fats found in some margarines and in the kinds of oils that are often used for repeated cooling and reheating in deep frying machines like the ones used in many fast food restaurants. The problem with chemically engineered unsaturated fats is that the chemical bonds between the carbon atoms are less stable, so they easily flip into a trans-orientation rather than a cis-orientation. And this is where we get the name trans fats. Trans fats are problematic for our health because they increase the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood and they lower the amount of HDL cholesterol, the good cholesterol in the blood. By doing this, trans fats promote the formation of arterial plaques and increase the risk of heart disease. While saturated fats have also been shown to contribute to increases in LDL cholesterol, they haven't been shown to lower HDL cholesterol or to contribute to the development of arterial plaques as significantly as trans fats. So what's the bottom line when it comes to foods that contain fat? Probably the most sensible food recommendation is this. Enjoy reasonable amounts of foods that contain mostly naturally occurring unsaturated fats like those found in olive oil, nuts and avocados. Avoid all foods containing trans fats and limit your intake of foods like red meats that are high in saturated fats.


Welcome to the journey. Today, we're going to talk about how to offer free shipping without hurting your bottom line. Changes, promotions, partnerships, these are just a few of the ways that you might be able to offer free shipping without actually harming your bottom line, which is why we're all here today. And unfortunately, there really is no one size fits all approach when it comes to free shipping. What works for one merchant may completely destroy the profit margins of another. And in some cases, offering your customers free shipping is just not viable, but it's worth doing the math to see how you can offer free shipping as a strategy to really grow your sales. And you're probably asking yourself, okay, should I offer free shipping? I got to say, it's hard to argue the significance that shipping can have on an e-commerce sale. So there was a study done recently, Neely sent my way compiling 41 independent studies and they found out that almost 70% of shopping baskets were abandoned online due to unexpected costs. In many cases, these unexpected costs include shipping fees. So, however, unless a repeat purchase drive a large portion of your sales, offering free shipping might not be profitable. So it's not worth offering free shipping unless you can make the offer profitable. And before even worrying about whether you can make free shipping profitable, you need to test how much making the offer will actually lift the conversion rate in the first place. If offering free shipping won't raise conversion, why go through all the trouble? First, you should A-B test your conversion rate with and without the free shipping offer. To get good results, here are a couple methods to conducting a free shipping test. First, offer free shipping on select items only and look for a bump in sales on those products. If you can offer free shipping on a very similar product without free shipping, it will give you the best insights into how free shipping impacted your sales. You can also offer free shipping during a promotional event. Just make sure to make the promotion long enough to give you a good test. A short promotion period might give you a boost in sales due to the promotion artificially inflating the number of the sales from the free shipping offer. Now, assuming you've done your homework and you've proven your hypothesis is correct, you will have the data that you need to make the best decision regarding free shipping. Well, first off, you can add it into your base price. So think about it, we live in an on-demand economy where you can order countless products with an app on your phone. I know I do. And then they're delivered in two hours or less like Amazon, Walmart, Target and other online retailers. They have made free shipping the norm. And they're really able to do this by adding shipping into the actual product cost. So for example, if you sell a $50 item and the average shipping cost is $7, you just charge $57 for the product and offer free shipping. Even though the price is the same, the psychology of seeing the phrase free shipping makes the buyer and me feel like they've gotten something extra and are more likely to go ahead with a transaction. Now, another option for you, you could use a third party shipping service. So what does that look like? Well, in this case, you might be able to pay a company to basically handle the shipping and packing the orders all on your behalf. And there are two popular ways that you can do this. So first off, there's traditional drop shipping. And with this service, you send your inventory over to the third party warehouse. The drop shipper handles all the order fulfillment on your behalf. So yes, this saves you time and it saves you the effort on shipping. And while this is not free, drop shippers might have access to discounted shipping rates. Again, you can build this cost into the sales price to maintain the same profit margin when you offer free shipping. You can also use a third party program. Probably the most popular is fulfillment by Amazon or FBA, where you ship your product to Amazon warehouse and offer product sales with free prime shipping when selling on Amazon.com. And like other option, Amazon charges fees that can be built into your product's prices. And it's important to understand that these fees can add up fast, but there is risk in building your entire business on another company's platform. If you'd like a video dedicated on how to use drop shipping for your business, let us know in the comments below and give your customers some options. They love that customers like to have some control over cost. And one way to offer that is with shipping to give your customers the option to decide how they want to receive their product. And you can offer basic shipping or for free, or you can let the customer pay more for that expedited shipping that you need it now. And like other options, you really want to price in the cost of basic shipping to maintain your margins, but you can give the customers faster access to products when they want or need them. And if you sell something people regularly need at the last minute, such as like holiday time, for example, those expedited shipping options might be worthwhile to some of those shoppers. Next, you want to evaluate your shipping vendors. Now, while you're in the process of pricing out the plan to offer free shipping, just make sure to check with all shipping vendors to find ways to save money. So let's go through a few. For example, you might get the best deal with USPS, but if you don't know if FedEx or UPS may be cheaper for your products, you want to do the research, right? And don't forget about other shippers like DHL or OnTrack and bulk discounts from online and even self-service shipping tools. While there are three primary vendors used in product shipments in the United States, don't feel restricted to that short list. Let's talk about minimum order for free shipping. I fall for this every time when I'm shopping, but basically setting a minimum order price for free shipping, it's going to help you manage risk in a free shipping program as low-value products. They won't qualify for free shipping on their own. And so this is how many large retailers handle shipping policies. For example, many online stores offer free shipping for orders of $35 or more. And others might offer free shipping using different minimum order sizes to reflect the shipping costs relative to the products costs. And if you have a standard margin on your sales, you can quickly calculate the minimum order price that you need to maintain healthy profits while giving your customers an offer for free shipping. Now, testing different offers is definitely key to find out which shipping method is going to be most profitable for you and your business. So see if you can find like that ideal combination of higher conversion rate and profits that give you a profit boost, as well as some new additionally acquired customers. It's very likely that most, if not all of your competitors are utilizing this due to the growing popularity of online retail. So if this is something that you're wanting to incorporate at your business and for your online store, do the math. It's totally worth it. So you understand your cost and then you can choose the right price and you'll get the right sales strategy and protect your bottom line and give customers the free shipping that they want. All right, that's a wrap. You just learned how to offer free shipping without hurting your bottom line. Be sure to like this video and leave a comment below. Hey, while you're there, subscribe to this channel and ring that bell to get these episodes first. This is The Journey and we'll see you next time.


So you want to become a Java developer you reach right video. Let me explain this video was brought to you by digital Academy you're number one source to learning programming fast and get to that six-figure salary you desire our third day project course Includes our JavaScript front-end projects our Python back-end projects our sequel database projects and much much more So go ahead and click the link below to our free seven-step guide so that you can start reaching your programming goals today I'll see you guys in the course All right guys, let's jump right into the Java and get straight to the point where you need to be at So first of all right choice to pick Java lot of in-demand Programming language backed by Google Lot of market share Enterprise language good good choice. You are good there But I want to cover some details some potential gotchas That's gonna really set you back if you handle it wrong when even when it comes to Java and you guys got to understand There's ways a good way to go about doing things and a bad way I want to cover those details But before I get started guys do me a favor. Tell me about your journey How have you been learning Java? What's your struggles? Just give me a little bit more detail about your current situation with Java go ahead and put that in the Comment section guys that start a conversation so that we can really understand what your perspective is and give you more precise advice About learning Java and really advance your journey as a Java developer so the faster way is to Become more efficient at building real-world projects Yes, and I said it right real-world projects and I'm gonna go over some of those projects It's gonna help you guys get an advantage and kind of go from there But before we get started guys really want to set the table so that you can understand why I give you these specifically And I'm gonna make a couple assumptions here. First of all, I'm assuming that hey You've already dabbled in other program languages and you pick Java because That's the path to go. If not, you probably need to make sure You know you research the right programming language, but just to save you time Java is one of the premier programming language So you're good there. This is more just for just understand understanding the landscape of different options and if an employer may ask you about another programming language you at least at the very minimum are aware of it and can determine or Tell more details about why you pick Java and your experience with Java Secondly, I'm assuming that you at least know the fundamentals of programming if you're coming to this brand new And this is the first Java video that you are watching You probably need to look at more finer detour tutorials about learning the fundamentals All that stuff to kind of get started if you have those two you can become a Java developer pretty fast And I'm gonna give you the pros and cons and how to get there and then we can go from there So first of all guys your resume Your ability to showcase your value and Where you at is really gonna dictate How fast you get a job if you and boom talk Arkansas that don't have any tech companies around and you expecting to get a remote job with zero experience That's gonna be a tough sale unless you at least make sure your resume good and you're a good interview not says Impossible, but again, I always say if you got two you exact employees Exact resumes everything there and the only difference is one is remote and one and in that same city that you are Located in the one in the same city is probably gonna get that job nine out of the ten times So you want to give yourself all the advantages that you can to actually break into Being a job developer that being said guys I assume that you're in a good city Tertiary city somewhere with 200,000 people at least You're gonna be good. I would prefer more in that, you know Six hundred thousand range good-sized city got a lot of good companies that way you can kind of get started Once you pick a good Location now it's just a matter of presenting yourself in a way that people gonna take you serious to know that Hey, you can be an asset to our company that being said you already asked if you learned the fundamentals Which you got those and now we got to get your projects together Your projects is actually going to make you the difference in and in all this guys and the way you present it You don't even necessarily have to be the best at what you do. You can actually even ask them Hey, what are you looking for as a developer and then kind of start your conversation based off of that? Once you kind of do the introductions and all that during again But in the end of the day guys all companies got certain components that they use to actually Facilitate business. They're gonna have a CRM site. They're gonna have using an accounting system. They're gonna have some supporting Infrastructure and then they're gonna have an identity server identity serve is actually what you log into to get access to that Systems some of them built into the application some of them third-party Regards of what they have These are some of the components that you can leverage up front without knowing a lot about the company to be able to help with Java on this stuff guys, and we haven't even gotten to the mobile the Android related stuff Google or Google any of that stuff. I'm just I'm just giving you this from a base Bank general business something that the typical business would have and then you can go from there All the mobile apps and all the other good projects we talk about those in our seven-step guide So go ahead and check that out and we can help you there So at the end of the day, we got to get your projects together guys projects is actually what's gonna help Again, we're not trying to get no enterprise level stuff We just need to let the the employee know that hey I know how to navigate read Java code and be able to make modifications make improvements Improve performance and start there. They may have a slow running application or they may want to add a field to to an application They may want to do some reporting. They want to do some limiting of Access as far as your security Enforce a specific workflow throughout the applications. These are always you can put on your resume projects You can put on your resume so that you can help stand out guys I know a lot of you guys may think hey, right? You haven't gotten into any of the job frameworks any of the technical stuff We're getting to that once you have Understand what you do you need to do for that particular company? I don't want you to come in on the front end without I Don't want you working on something or learning something without knowing that it's gonna help Contribute to you getting a job as a job a developer if you don't take anything away from this you understand that hey If I'm gonna learn something it's gonna either help me with a current project that this company need or something I put on my resume Or it's gonna help probably on a future project that you know is coming anything outside of that general generally speaking You're probably wasting a little time after you get out of the initial fundamental stage Because your client don't need that you lose an opportunity cost and all that good stuff guys So just to bring this back home We can't cover everything in this video But you can become a Java developer if you have some things in order guys and I want to cover that with you in detail Links are below to my free seven step guide. Go ahead and sign up for that guys We go over all the different projects and details and some of the key components that you guys missing to become a Java developer Again, if you haven't already tell me about your struggle I wanted to have more of a conversation with you guys So that we can help you out and really put you in position to win So at the end of the day what I need you guys to do like subscribe to the content if you have any additional questions comment below and Until then I'm gonna put the link to the seven step guide on the screen. I'll see you guys in the next video pace


In the last 4 lectures we discussed about the seismology dealing with how earthquake generates, how the seismic waves travel from source to site, how the ground motions are measured and then we studied about the 2 major ground motion measuring parameter that is the magnitude and intensity of earthquake. Also we studied the seismic hazard analysis which deals with the seismic risk analysis of a region which is helpful in finding out the seismic risk analysis of structures. Also is helpful in obtaining the micro donation map of a region in terms of the probability of occurrence of certain magnitude of earthquake or of certain peak ground acceleration or certain other earthquake measurement parameters. Now in these few lectures we will be discussing about another important topic which is seismic inputs that is the inputs that we use for finding the response of the structures for earthquake. There are many earthquake seismic or earthquake input parameters are used out of that the ones that is to be used depends upon the kind of analysis at hand. In addition some earthquake parameters such as magnitude of earthquake, peak ground acceleration, duration, predominant frequency etc. may also be required. The input data may be provided in time domain as well as in frequency domain or in both. The data may be required in a deterministic or probabilistic format. Many times we require also the predictive relationship for different earthquake parameters for seismic risk analysis of structures. So we shall look into all these kinds of seismic inputs that we just mentioned now. The most direct and simple earthquake input is the time history record. It is the most common way to discuss ground motion using the time history records. These records may be of displacement, velocity and acceleration. Generally acceleration is directly measured. The other quantities that is the displacement and velocity they are derived quantities. The raw measured data is not straight away used as inputs. These data are processed in order to remove the noises by filters. Then we make a baseline correction in order to provide a proper baseline to the earthquake data. Then we also remove the instrumental error and finally the one has to get a conversion from analog to digital data. At any measuring station ground motions are recorded in three orthogonal directions. One of them of course is vertical. The other two could be the two horizontal earthquake directions. These three earthquake records or the measured ground motions in the three directions can be transformed to principal directions. Major direction is the direction of the wave propagation and the other two are accordingly selected. They can be transformed to principal directions by assuming that the ground motion is in principal directions are uncorrelated. In fact, this is a true case when we assume the ground motion or when we describe the ground motion stochastically. So, this figure shows the measured ground motion in a major horizontal direction. This is a acceleration record. This is the other acceleration record again in the horizontal direction which is a minor in the minor direction and this is again in the minor direction, but in the vertical direction the ground acceleration record. Because of the complex phenomena involved in the generation of ground motion, trains of ground motion recorded at different station vary spatially. For homogeneous field of ground motion, root means square or peak values of ground motion remain same at two stations, but there is a time lag between the two records. For non-homogeneous field both time lag and difference in RMS exist. Because of the spatial variation of the ground motion, both rotational and torsional components of ground motion are generated. Equation 2.1 shows how we obtain the torsional ground motion from the horizontal or two horizontal ground motions that are measured. Since the entire ground acts as a plate then if there is a phase lag between the or time lag between the ground motion at two points in this direction say in this direction then there will be a couple which will be induced or a rotation which will be induced about a vertical axis. Similarly for the ground motion in this direction if they vary spatially or there is a time lag between the two ground motions then this will induce again a torsional motion about the vertical axis. So, this is what is reflected in equation 2.1. Similarly if we consider two vertical ground motions which has a time lag then this will induce a rotation in this direction. So, this is shown in equation 2.2. Therefore, we have three components of ground motion two horizontal ground motion and a vertical ground motion plus we have a torsional ground motion about a vertical axis and a rotational ground motion in the direction of the wave propagation. In addition to this there is an angle of incidence of the ground motion this is defined with respect to the principal direction of the structure. For example, in figure 2.2 we have the principal direction of the one of the principal direction of the structure is lying along x direction and alpha is the angle of incidence that is the major direction of the earthquake ground motion or the seismic wave propagation is at an inclination of alpha with the major axis. The time history of ground motion although is very simple and easy to understand and gives a direct picture about the earthquake input. Many a time we require the frequency contents of the ground motion and these frequency contents of the ground motion are used for many purposes firstly to understand what are the kinds of likely predominant frequencies in the ground motion and if those frequencies are known then one can design structures such that the natural frequencies of the structure can be separated from those predominant ground motions. Also in the frequency domain analysis of structures for earthquake we need the frequency contents of the ground motion and accordingly one has to devise the input in the in terms of the frequency contents. The frequency contents of the time history is obtained by the classical Fourier synthesis of time history record. It provides useful information about the ground motion also forms the input for frequency domain analysis of structure. Fourier series expansion of any arbitrary function of time t can be written in the form of equation 2.3 where the a0 is a constant and is defined later and the sum of the sin and cosine terms. The physical meaning of equation 2.3 is that any arbitrary function of time can be thought to be a sum of a number of harmonics and this number of harmonics has a phase term that we will see later. The constant a0 is nothing but the average value of the function x t which is shown in the form of in the in equation 2.4. Equation 2.5 and equation 2.6 they describe a n and b n the two constants which are associated with equation 2.3 and omega n denotes 2 pi n by t. 2 pi by t is the frequency resulting out of the period of duration of the ground motion. Now in the Fourier synthesis we assume that the duration t which is there for the ground motion this as if is repeating after time t and we can expand any function in the form of Fourier series only when it is periodic in nature. The amplitude of the harmonic at any frequency omega n is given by the expression 2.8 that is a n square is equal to small a n square plus small b n square and this a n and b n has been described before that is by equation 2.5 and 2.6 and their square to get the amplitude of the harmonic at omega n. The equation 2.3 can also be written in the form of equation 2.9 as I told you before by bringing in a phase into the equation that is a n cos omega n t plus b n sin omega n t can be written as c n sin omega n t plus phi n. So, the value of phi n c n can be easily defined c n is same as a n that is computed in equation 2.8 and phi n is tan inverse not b n by a n it is wrong written over here it will be a n by b n is the phi n. The plot of c n that is the amplitude of the ground motion at frequency omega n if it is plotted against omega n then we call it to be a Fourier amplitude spectrum or this is known as Fourier amplitude spectrum. The idea is to obtain the Fourier amplitude spectrum given a time history record this time history record could be a time history record of acceleration. In that case we will get a Fourier amplitude spectrum of the ground acceleration and this Fourier amplitude spectrum would show the different kinds of or different compositions of the amplitude of acceleration associated with different frequencies or in other words we call them as the frequency content of acceleration. The integration in equation 2.8 the equation that we have shown before this integration now is done very effectively using the FFT algorithm. Now, the FFT algorithm transforms the Fourier synthesis into Fourier integral and a pair of Fourier integral define the Fourier synthesis in a comprehensive fashion. For example, if x t is the time history of ground motion say acceleration then the first integration would provide the frequency content of the ground motion x t whereas the second integration would give back the ground motion or the time history of the ground acceleration from the frequency content of the ground motion that is obtained in equation 2.11. Thus equation 2.11 and 2.12 they form a Fourier transform pair. Now, using this Fourier transform pair a analysis of the structure for ground motion can be performed in frequency domain and this technique is known as the FFT analysis of the structure in frequency domain. Now, standard input for FFT is n sampled ordinates of time history at an interval of delta t. Once these n ordinates or sample values of the ordinates are provided to the FFT algorithm the FFT algorithm gives back n number of ordinates each ordinates is a complex quantity in the form of a j plus i b j where b is the imaginary part and a is the real part and this provides what is called the x i omega in equation 2.11. So, given n number of x t values or x values sampled at a interval of delta t n such values if we provide into FFT algorithm then the FFT algorithm will give as output n ordinates which will be the complex conjugate numbers or the complex numbers and they are nothing but x i omega sampled at a frequency interval of delta omega. The amplitude of the ground motion at frequency omega n is given by equation 2.13 that is a j is written as the real term square plus the imaginary term square and then take a square root of that. So, this is the amplitude associated with frequency omega n and the phase angle phi j is given as tan inverse b j by a j where b j is the imaginary component and a j is the real component the first n by 2 plus 1 values of x i omega they are considered for obtaining the Fourier spectrum because after the n by 2 values the rest of the value that is the other n by 2 values they are the complex conjugate of the previous n by 2 values. Therefore, in terms of the amplitude at a particular frequency that n by 2 values do not give any additional information similarly so far as the phase is concerned that also do not give any additional information. Therefore, first n by 2 plus 1 values of the total n values of x i omega that is obtained from f f t that is used for obtaining the Fourier spectrum. Fourier amplitude spectrum provides a good understanding of the characteristics of ground motion the spectrums some of the spectrums are shown in the figure 2.3. So, this is a Fourier spectrum for a narrow band earthquake meaning that the there is a concentration of the frequency within a small band that is within a small band of frequency there is a large amplitude of the acceleration or the ground motion or any earthquake measurement parameters they are concentrated. So, this shows the broadband Fourier spectrum where there is not a there is there is not a concentration of the earthquake measurement parameters within a narrow band of frequency, but it is spread over broadband. Generally, this broadband of earthquakes that is seen for the hard bedrock or in hard soil whereas, the narrow band ground motions or narrow band time history of ground acceleration they are observed for the soft soil condition. For understanding the general nature of spectra what we generally do is that we find out the Fourier spectrum for a number of earthquakes and then we find out the number of earthquakes then these Fourier spectrums ordinates are averaged and we get a smooth plot of the Fourier spectrum. The smooth plot of the spectrum in log scale shows 3 important quantities that is the amplitudes tend to be largest at an intermediate range of frequency. Then there are some bounding frequencies which are called f c and f max and f c is found to be inversely proportional to the duration. So, this is the figure which illustrates the previous 3 points in the middle region we have the maximum value and this is bounded by 2 frequencies f c and f max and this f c is found to be inversely proportional to the duration of the earthquake. Now, let us look at an example to illustrate how one can obtain the Fourier spectrum for a given earthquake record. For making a simplified calculation we consider 32 sample values at delta t is equal to 0.02 second and the fft of that is carried out the time duration of the earthquake. Therefore, the omega n value is equal to 157.07 radian per second and d omega is that is the frequency interval that is equal to 9.81. The omega n over here d is equal to 9.81 denotes the Nyquist frequency or the cutoff frequency. After this frequency we find that the complex numbers that we obtain from the fft those complex number repeat in the form of complex conjugate. So, therefore, we consider the fft as up to a frequency of omega n that is not for the total frequency that we get in the what we call x omega plot. Now, this figure shows the 32 sample values at a delta t of 0.02 second. Now, this shows the real part of the x i omega obtained from fft and we can see that the real part is symmetric about this point that means after this point or after this point frequency the it repeats whatever we get on to this side. The imaginary part is anti symmetric about this point and whatever we get on to this side after this point it is just a mirror image of those points. Therefore, this is the a square plus b square value or a n square plus b n square values on the left hand side of a and on the right hand side of a they are same. We do not get any additional information from the right hand side. Similarly, the phase that we calculated that is tan inverse b by a b n by a n rather that remains also same for the two parts on the right hand side on either side of a. So, we consider only up to this frequency to plot the Fourier amplitude spectrum. Now, this shows the Fourier amplitude spectrum drawn for the first half that is on the left side of a and this shows the phase spectrum that is phi plotted against the frequency. Next, we come to another frequency domain input for the structure. Now, when we perform the a random vibration analysis of structures for future ground motion that is the ground motions are modeled as a random process not as a deterministic process. Then, we require power spectral density function. The power spectral density function again is a form of input which is given with respect to different frequency or we can say that are different frequencies we have different power spectral density function ordinate showing the frequency again the frequency content of the ground motion. It is a very popular seismic input for probabilistic seismic analysis of structures. Now, the definition of the power spectral density function of the ground motion is a very simple definition, but it requires some understanding of the random process. Now, the random process would be discussed later in chapter 4 when we will be discussing about the response analysis of structures for future ground motions model as a stochastic process or a random process right. Now, let me give you a very introductory information about the random process. Whenever we talk of a random process or whenever we model earthquake as a random process then we do not talk of a single time history. We collect an ensemble of time histories like this this is one time history then you have another time history that way we can have an ensemble of time histories. The larger the number of times we have number of the time histories records better is the prediction. Ideally one must have an infinite number of records in the ensemble. Similarly, the duration should be as large as possible for modeling the earthquake as a random process. However, the time for most of the practical problems we have a duration of earthquake which is of the order of 30 seconds or 35 seconds maximum and we satisfy our self with that amount of duration but ideally if the duration takes place or the duration is of infinite duration then we have the ideal situation. So, in an ideal situation we can define or distinguish a random process if we have an infinite number of ground motion records of infinite duration. Now, if we have in reality we have a finite number of ground motion records and finite duration. Now, if I take any time t 1 then at that particular time t 1 I will get the ordinate from each one of these samples in the ensemble. So, if there are n number of samples in an ensemble then we will get n values of x t 1. Similarly at some other time t 2 we can get n number of values of x t 2. If we take an average of these x 1 values across the ensemble that is across this sample let us say the value is x bar 1. We calculate then x bar 2 that is the average value of x t 2 at time t 2. If we see that x bar 1 is approximately equal to x bar 2 and is approximately equal to x bar 3 so on. Then we can say that across this ensemble the ensemble average is invariant with time. Similarly one can find out the mean square value of the values of x t 1, x t 2, x t 3 so on. And if it is found that this mean square values are again more or less the same then we can say that the ensemble mean square value is invariant with respect to time. Now in any random process if we find out this criteria or this condition existing then we call that random process as a stationary random process. And this stationary random process is uniquely defined with the help of a mean square value and a mean value. So the random process can be said to have a unique mean square value. The distribution of this expected mean square value of the ground motion with frequency is called the power spectral density function. Now we will look into this power spectral density function more in details later on in chapter 4 as I told you. But for the time being with this definition of the power spectral density function we will go ahead and we will show you how we can construct the power spectral density function. The expected value is a common way of describing probabilistically a ground motion parameter. Expected value means basically an average value. Expected value of a random variable means is average value. Expected mean square value means the power spectral density function this the squared values are average of the squared values and these two quantities are closely connected to defining a stochastic process. Now one type of stationary random process is called an ergodic random process. Many a time the ergodicity or ergodic condition may not be valid in a stationary random process for simplifying the analysis or for simplifying the calculation procedure many a time we assume ergodicity. Ergodicity means that if I take a single random sample out of the entire ensemble then this single sample has a mean square value along the time axis t. So if this mean square value is same for all the samples and is equal to the ensemble mean square value then we call the process to be an ergodic process. Now in that assumption it is implicit that a single time history sample taken out of the ensemble represents the mean square characteristics of the entire system. So therefore if our intention is to look into the distribution of the mean square value of the process then instead of considering all the samples we can take out any once of sample out of the ensemble and look into its mean square value and then find out the distribution of the mean square value with frequency. Now this can be easily done with the help of the Fourier series analysis that we discussed before. So therefore at this stage the assumption of ergodicity helps us in defining the power spectral density function of ground motion with the help of a single time history and using the Fourier series analysis. Now the rigorous definition of the power spectral density function from the ensemble of time histories will be discussed later. Now mean square value of an acceleration time history say a t can be obtained from the time history itself and using Perceval's theorem which states that the mean square value of a time history is equal to half of the amplitude squares of the Fourier series constants that is Fourier series constants are a n, b n and a 0. So these are the constants that you have seen in the Fourier series. So the Perceval's theorem says the mean square value of the time history is equal to half of the sum of the a n square and b n square all a n squares and b n square plus the a 0 square. Now this can be shown to be obtained with the help of the FFT algorithm in this fashion. Now instead of the Fourier series analysis if we carry out the FFT analysis then from the FFT we get the amplitude at different frequencies that is what we have shown before and those amplitude squares are taken from 0 frequency to n by 2 that is the first n by 2 plus 1 values of the FFT that we consider to obtain the value of the c n square. So c n square is nothing but the real term square plus the imaginary term square and half of this sum of those squares divided by 2 or half of that sum is equal to the mean square value. Now the mean square value again by definition comes to be the integration of this quantity that is s omega say is the power spectral density function ordinate at a frequency omega. Then if we integrate these function s omega from 0 to omega n that is the Nyquist frequency that is the up to the point a in the figure that I discussed before. Then that area under the curve yield with the mean square value by definition because by definition the power spectral density function is a distribution of the mean square value with frequency. Now this integration can be converted into a summation provided we say that there is a function g n and this g n varies with every frequency and the g n value will be then equal to nothing but s omega into d omega. So or in other words this s omega d omega if we take together then we can convert this integration into a summation and in that case g n omega is equated to s omega d omega. Now with this definition one can find out s omega to be is equal to c n square divided by 2 d omega. Thus one can obtain the power spectral density function for a ground motion provided we have the frequency contents of the ground motion or Fourier amplitude squares or we perform an FFT and from the FFT we can take the real term square plus imaginary term square at every frequency up to the Nyquist frequency and with the help of those that information one can obtain the power spectral density function ordinate using this equation that is s omega is equal to c n square divided by 2 d omega. A typical PSDF of ground acceleration shown in this figure will then solve an example to show how we can obtain the power spectral density function from the time history of a ground motion. Now the same time history of ground motion that we considered for obtaining the Fourier spectrum that is 32 sample values of an acceleration time record that was used and for each frequency we obtain the c n square value that is the real term square plus imaginary term square that c n square value and then divided it by d omega d omega is equal to 2 pi by t where t is the total duration of the ground motion and that divided again by 2 or in other words s omega is equal to c n square divided by 2 d omega that is what we discussed before. So that way we can plot these histograms these histograms spread over d omega and this value is equal to c n square by 2 d omega. Now if I join the center points of these histograms then these shows a the raw spectrum raw power spectral density function of the ground motion. Now this can be made smooth by some smoothing technique but if I add up all these histograms the area would be equal to the mean square value. Now here those the p s d f the raw p s d f that we got that has been smoothened by various smoothening technique that is 3 point averaging technique 3 then 5 point averaging technique then 5 point averaging curve fitting technique and finally these shows a more or less a smooth response power spectral density function of ground motion obtained for the time history of ground motion having 32 ordinates. The sum of the areas of those bars that we discussed was found to be 0.011 the area under the smooth p s d f curve was obtained as 0.0113 and the mean square value of the time history that is the by just squaring all ordinates 32 ordinates and divided by 32 that gave value of 0.0112. Here we can see that these mean square values of the 3 rather the 3 mean square values they are matching quite well. So, in this fashion one can obtain the power spectral density function of a ground motion provided we assume the ground motion to be a square. So, this is a stationary edgodic process and one single time history of ground motion then can be utilized to obtain the power spectral density function by the use of the FFT algorithm. Next for many calculations we require the moments of the power spectral density function of the ground motion. Now the n th moment of the power spectral density function is defined as omega to the power n multiplied by s omega and this d omega is missed over here there will be d omega. Now this is integrated again from 0 to the Nyquist frequency that is up to the point a that I had shown initially in the figure of the frequency or rather the Fourier spectrum. Now the 0 th moment means simply area under the curve. So, the 0 th moment is lambda 0 is nothing but the mean square value since the area under the power spectral density function curve is the mean square value. The second moment will be omega square multiplied by s omega and then you integrate over from 0 to omega n. So, this quantity called the big omega or capital omega is defined as lambda 2 by lambda 0 that is the second moment divided by the 0 th moment. Now this capital omega is called central frequency denoting concentration of frequencies of the PSDF or in other words if we wish to find out the predominant frequency content of the ground motion then we go we obtain this value. The mean peak acceleration that is peak ground acceleration is defined using these 3 quantities that is the value of the capital omega the duration time t n the lambda 0 value and is defined by this equation and this was derived first by Davenport and later on this equation has been improvised somewhat in a better form, but here we will be describing the peak ground acceleration using this formula and you can see that this formula requires the square root of the mean square value that is the root mean square value then we require the capital omega the duration and with the help of that one can obtain the peak ground acceleration. So, for obtaining the peak ground acceleration we require the moments of the PSDF curve and the root mean square value of the what you call the ground motion. Predominant frequency or period is where PSDF and Fourier spectrum peaks and additional input is needed for probabilistic dynamic analysis of spatially long structures that have multi support excitation. The time lag or lack of correlation between excitations at different support is represented by a coherence function and a cross PSDF function. In the next lecture we will look into these coherence function the time lag effect and for spatially long structures how do we define the power spectral density function that is a probabilistic description of the ground motion in frequency domain using the PSDF the coherence function and the time lag. So, in today's lecture we will look into what we have discussed is that the input for the analysis of the structures for earthquake. So these inputs could be of several types and the one which we use depends upon the type of problem and analysis that we are doing. The simplest form of the input is the type history records then one can obtain a frequency content of the ground motion using Fourier series analysis of the time history and can obtain the Fourier spectrum. And then from the Fourier spectrum one can obtain the power spectral density function of ground motion if it is assumed that the earthquake is a stationary ergodic process.


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