Leanne, you're muted. There we are. Sorry about that. Are you seeing my first slide there? Yes, great. Okay, so hello everybody, and thanks for joining me today. As Willema said, I'm Leanne Perriman, I'm a senior lecturer at the Institute of Educational Technology at the Open University in the UK. Now, as we all know, all education sectors globally have faced unprecedented challenges and changes over recent months. Some sectors have had to almost wholly reinvent the ways in which they deliver teaching and learning at speed and with reduced human resource. Now, the impact on students of all ages has been undeniable and extensive. I'm no surprise that a large scale ongoing study by the Mental Health Foundation in the UK found that 18 to 24 year olds are the most likely segments of the population to report loneliness, hopelessness, not coping and suicidal thoughts. Facing what they call a triple whammy of curtailed education, diminished your prospects and reduced social contact. The approach with which I've chosen to open my presentation focuses on the strengthening of communities in a time of crisis. And almost a year into the pandemic now seems a good time to stand back, work together as a community of open educators and plans for the future, albeit an uncertain one in many ways. It's a good time to review the different ways in which teaching and learning can be made more equitable and open educational practices and pedagogies can help. But as I'll explain shortly though, openness and equity don't necessarily go in hand in hand. So in this session I want to focus specifically on the affordances and challenges of open pedagogy. And as is customary with presentations such as this I'll start with some definitions. So there are many definitions of open pedagogy. But amongst the common elements are learners having autonomy over what and how to learn. And it focuses on connecting learners with the world outside of formal course bridging formal and informal learning context. And it focuses on learners and educators using creating remixing and sharing where we are often collaboratively focus on renewable assessment whereby learners create and openly share their own assessment tasks and an overarching commitment to social justice and educational equity and a pedagogy of care. And I think at its best, open pedagogy is about care, compassion and connection with others. It's about flexibility and freedom and about breaking down hierarchies and having equal dialogues between learner and educator and between learners in the wider world. However, for some learners, the autonomy, open online connectedness, creative freedom and emphasis on self determination of open pedagogy can feel very uncomfortable. And it can exacerbate or even cause mental health issues and can exclude students from participating in teaching and learning activities that ironically are intended to increase equity. But a careful approach to the design of teaching learning and assessment activities and a close attentiveness to learners needs can help mitigate this. Now, in this presentation, you'll hear voices for two groups of students. The first are students on the Open University postgraduate module technology enhanced learning foundations and futures. H880 for short. And that's part of the OU's masters in online distance education. And while the masters is actually being withdrawn, this module is continuing. The module models open educational practices through the use of entirely open assets such as images, video and audio resources.  In Twitter chats, they explore personal learning networks, involves learners in open practices, they remix content and share it publicly, they create renewable assessments. There's an overarching focus on social justice and transformative education. Learner autonomy is embedded throughout the module, and there's an ongoing reflection for learners. Now the second set of students are studying one of the OU's first post postgraduate micro credential courses, teacher development, embedding mental health in the curriculum which I produced with my OU colleague Kate Plister. And in that course we included a section on open pedagogy and its connections for mental health and well being. And we had a lot of feedback from learners in the course discussion areas, reporting on experiments with using open pedagogy in their own settings. From primary schools through to nursing training and universities. And some of the comments and ideas give a real insight into the possibilities and constraints real educators are facing in real classrooms and I'll share a few with you today. So, in the next few slides, I'll go through some of the aspects of open pedagogy looking at the positive impacts of learners and also some of the challenges. I'll start with the emphasis on learning autonomy. And as we've seen, empowerment and autonomy are at the heart of open pedagogy, which prioritizes giving learners the autonomy to choose what and how they learn. And learner empowerment and autonomy can also have a huge impact in supporting learner mental health and well being, increasing motivation and improving study outcomes. And in contrast, this empowerment unequal relationships feeling for powerlessness and a sense of education is something being done to learners can have a really negative impact on learners attainment and mental health. Open pedagogy offers learners empowerment and autonomy through practices, including the co creation and open sharing of resources and the design of renewable assessment and by reimagining the relationship between educator and learner. The freedom and choice that results for learners can be thrilling and very, very stimulating, but it can also be really scary for some learners, especially those with low self esteem and anxiety or who lack confidence. So what can be done at this point, I want to make reference briefly to the universal design for learning framework, which I think offers an equitable way of embedding open pedagogy in teaching and learning. So, some of you may already be familiar with the universal design for learning or UDL. The framework was initially developed in the 1990s and has flexibility at its core. The related guidelines which elaborate on the framework research informed and are constantly being revised to incorporate new pedagogies. So learner autonomy on the learner's terms is a central concern across the UDL framework, hence its compatibility with open pedagogy. And according to UDL equity should be designed into all teaching and learning to meet the needs of all learners. And that is through providing multiple means of engagement, aligning with learners interest, challenging them appropriately and motivating them to learn through multiple means of representation of learning materials giving learners various ways of acquiring information and knowledge, and through multiple means of action and expression and learning. So that's providing learners alternatives for demonstrating what they know. So, that's a flexibility is at its core. The key features of open pedagogy is an emphasis on connecting learners with the wider world beyond the formal classroom. And this is great potential for supporting study outcomes and well-being, giving opportunities for learners to feel part of communities beyond those in their institution, and thereby enhancing their sense of belonging and offering opportunities for peer support too. The sense of belonging can make it easier to develop meaningful and positive relationships with others and participate in shared endeavors to pursue common goals and develop support networks. If someone feels they don't fit in, they're less likely to have support networks to draw on and can feel anxious about any disconnect between their values and those of others. Students who have a sense of belonging tend to be more resilient, better able to handle personal learning-related challenges, and more autonomously motivated, and more willing to ask for support from peers, educators and others. Now, time when physical connections with others are difficult, online connections and collaborations particularly valuable can help combat social isolation and known in this too. Collaboration can also be problematic though, especially for people with social anxiety, that's a persistent fear of social situations in which a person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others. And those situations can lead to a panic attack. And group work and collaborations can be unbearable for people with social anxiety. And one way for open educators to mitigate against this is by following the principles of UDL and carefully planning collaboration-related activities and providing learners with multiple options for such work, including the option to actually opt out all together. And for learners with social anxiety, graded exposure techniques can also be a helpful way of educators planning collaborative activities. And that might involve collaborative tasks being broken down into small manageable chunks. And learners then take small steps to begin with a gradually build up to the bigger task. A further challenge with open online collaboration is the safety aspects involved. And this is really serious. Way back in 2015, Savasa Heli Singh was warning us to be cautious about seeing openness as universally good. And she explained that open is not good for everyone. The hype around open while well intentioned is also unintentionally putting many people in harm's way. And they turn, end up having to endure so much. Students with anxiety and other mental health issues can be particularly vulnerable to trolling, hate speech, cyber violence and other forms of online abuse. And they find it particularly difficult to cope. Now, cyber violence is incredibly widespread. And much of it is directed at women replicating offline cultures of violence and misogyny. The Indian NGO IT for Change explained that the cloak of online invisibility encourages patriarchal attitudes of entitlement over women, resulting in a toxic disinhibition in the online public fear, lowering threshold for sexist and misogyny speech and behavior. Now, fear of cyber violence can lead to a fear of speaking out and that has implications for an open connected approach that's mentioned with open pedagogy. One learner on our course, H880 explained, in my country, many men still believe the internet is their domain and women shouldn't be participating alongside them. I've taken part in open discussions before and had terrible experience, threats, abuse, real hatred from a standpoint of initially feeling confident and excited about making connections across the world. I now feel fearful and out of my depth. I'm happy to participate in closed discussion forum that feels scared about doing something more openly, especially if I'm required to show my true identity. So educators taking their students to open online spaces have a responsibility to support the students development of safe online participation skills. And that's something that will actually benefit all learners, especially in an age of surveillance capitalism as well. And following the principles of universal design for learning and offering alternative ways of achieving a course is learning outcomes, other than open online participation is really essential bearing in mind the risks some learners are facing. True freedom includes the freedom to opt out. So a lack of up to date technology and unreliable or slow in connect connections can also be barriers to equitable participation in teaching and learning activities that involves connecting with the wider world. And this quote from a student from Nigeria is typical. He says, a big challenge is my lack of access to internet data on a daily basis. I've no regular job to be certain of data access is annoying stressing and agitating experience to be aware of your data inspiring. Okay, in the next few hours and can't be used to access what you want. You paid money to get nothing. Other students talked about the fact that they need to prioritize and online discussion is often below on the list of things that they prioritize. Using and co creating and showing we are is also a core aspect of pedagogy and is a powerful tool for enhancing that well and learn a well being an improving education equity and study outcomes. There's a wealth of high quality open content that can be adapted to local needs and better align learning with learners interests and preferences and to allow them to be represented in course resources and increasing the relevance of resources could support identity and motivation and increase self esteem and increase motivation. And also, when learners are given the autonomy to search for we are that are relevant to their own interests, and which will help them to achieve the course learning outcomes. This can also be very motivating and can help self esteem learners on our embedding mental health micro credential had been experimenting with the co creation of we are across multiple sectors, producing posters tool kits revision guide, additional resources and books that were then openly shared and that was really, really hardening, but for some learners, it will be necessary for educators to scaffold the necessary skills to avoid the activity, causing stress and anxiety. A barrier here, this is one of our 80 students saying that a lack of skill in creating we are and also like a software has prevented them from doing co creation and creation of we are other students produce beautiful work and it's clear they've got sophisticated image editing programs. So, again, offering a choice of activities is important here. Now finally, we come to renewable assessment, whereby learners complete assessment tasks that are contributing valuable knowledge and resources to the world, rather than those generating disposable outputs only read by their tutor. Learners might also design their own assessment tasks. The renewable assessment has huge potential to support learner well being in its emphasis on learning autonomy on learners have control of their learning and on learners having the opportunity to design assessment that fits with their preferences and interest, and the possibilities for increasing learner self esteem and motivation are considerable. Learners on the embedding mental health micro credential reported back on their experience with renewable assessment. And I had set first year nursing students the assessment task of making a book with covering self care strategies relevant to nurses in the pandemic for sharing within and beyond the institution. Another learner who was teaching sports and physical education was experimenting with asking learners to make videos demonstrating swimming strokes and other sport techniques, videos that could be shared as open resources. Okay, there was a portion amongst primary school educators concerned that the level of independence required by open pedagogy is difficult for young children. But that said, some applications in primary school settings for shared including an assessment whereby students wrote stories for younger children in the school to read. Renewable assessment can be challenging the level level of autonomy involved where learners are asked to design their own assessments can be stressful. And the prospect of sharing the output of an assessment task with a wider world can also cause anxiety. Again, though adopting a UDL approach and offering learners flexibility and the choice of open and regular assessment tasks should help ensure all learners needs are met. So, to conclude, there's a real sense that a mindful UDL informed approach to implementing open pedagogies in ways that support rather than undermine learners freedom, their mental health and their well being is likely to also be an approach that foregrounds educational equity as deeply attentive to students needs. It's important that learners are not excluded by open pedagogies and are able to benefit from their affordances, but on their own terms. There's a need for much more work in this area, especially in the current circumstances. And I hope to have given you some food for thought about some of the issues that need further exploration, and which we can work on together as a community. Thank you for listening. Thank you very much, Leanne. I see a lot of very positive comments about your presentation so I want to share them with you you can read them by yourself later on.


What's going on everyone Sam here late in sports car dripping one box of a 2022 Panini three and two baseball first off the line Hobby for Christopher S. Christopher's first break here. So good luck. Christopher. Let's make it a good one, buddy There's your FOTL sticker. Yeah, let me just double-check that is the FOTL. Yes, it is first off the line So looking for two parallels number two six or less Good luck, man. Let's make it a good one. Got Spencer Torkelson two out of 12 Okay, so I'm gonna get this guy out That's MJ Melendez six out of six on the prospects And we've got Miguel Cabrera 44 out of 50 Next up. We've got Reese Nair on the rookie patch with part of the sand from San Diego That's four out of eight. Congrats on that one Reese Nair. This next one's so sick Christopher, how about a David Ortiz three-color patch auto three out of five Worn boom I'm jealous. That's so awesome. That's so cool, dude.  So awesome. Congrats on that there Christopher that is awesome, man. We'll take that for sure That'll do it for your break man. Thanks again for the fill or not for the fill But thanks again for the order. We'll get those right out to you


Good morning to all of you and we see that this is the time to start 9 o'clock is the time so even though we expect lot more people to come but we will start initiate. So the topic at our hand is driving cloudlet into OpenStack. So the main at the end of the session if you want to carry some message you remember cloudlet, cloudlet and cloudlet that's the message you need to carry with you. Given set that since we are here three of us are here I have Professor Satya Mahadevan, Mahadev Satya Narayanan and then we have Ralph Schuster these two are the fellow one of them is the I call visionary other is the missionary I am the executive on their behalf. So that's what we see and all three of us have Intel insiders because these are the four people who are the vendors like Huawei I am from Huawei he's from CMU he's from the service provider that is the Vodafone and all of us have Intel inside and that's the four people are collaborating parties who have come together to drive the cloudlet. So I will let just give you introduce a brief introduction not much just to see I have been this is my seventh conference here some it probably I am the lucky seven so I am here on the floor otherwise I will most of the time I was on the other side and I am in located in Santa Clara and I work for Future Why that is which is Huawei R&D and my I have been working globally starting from India to US to China and I am here in front of you hopefully we will do something good for NFE and SDN which is our vision for the open edge computing. Dr. Ralph Schuster he is the head of innovation center Vodafone he deals with the research he provides the incentive for us to develop newer technologies and as a service provider they have been very helpful to Professor Satya also and he has been CTO at startups and all and very accomplished person from Europe and I think we have been blessed to have him in our team to lead us for the actual mission of cloudlet. Then this I do not need introduction process there he has been in the Carnegie Mellon University he was the one who wrote the case of VM based cloudlet for mobile computing that was the one 2009 when he started on this and today we see the reality of the cloudlet at the edge. He was the original founder of the Andrew file system so he has been in the distributed file system distributed computing and several of his students have been all over places from Robbox to everywhere so he's a eminent personality and we like to see him bring to us the vision of cloudlet and this is the time for me to hand over to him. Thanks. I've got this thank you very much Prakash so what I'd like to do is to just introduce you to cloudlets tell you what they are why they're important why you should care about them and then I'm going to turn it over to the rest of my team to take it forward. So what is a cloudlet? A cloudlet is a small data center think of a enormous data center that is shrunk into maybe a suitcase sized maybe a rack maybe even smaller but the critical properties are that it's located one wireless hop away from mobile devices so it's very very close the latency is low and any wireless improvements whether in latency or bandwidth immediately translate into application perceived improvement. On the other hand a cloudlet does not suffer from some of the challenges that mobile devices have to suffer from you don't have to worry about the weight you don't have to worry about the battery life you don't have to worry about small size heat dissipation all of these challenges are challenges you have to cope with when designing a smartphone a Google Glass or any of these other kinds of system so as you'll see in the rest of the stock it's a catalyst for brand new mobile applications. Here's the deployment model that we envision for cloudlets at the top in the cloud are unmodified cloud services what exists today and at the edges located very close to mobile devices are what we think of as internet infrastructure in other words you don't have an iOS cloudlet you don't have a Android cloudlet you don't have a Windows cloudlet you think of it the same way you think of Wi-Fi infrastructure it's a cloudlet and for the same kinds of reasons of multi-tenancy isolation etc that matter in the cloud those same factors also apply at the edge so we can see coexisting possibly untrusted back ends of different mobile services running on the same cloudlet so one way to think of what this is this picture is is you're all familiar with CDNs Akamai made them famous but many companies have them think of cloudlets as defining a CDN for computation whereas CDNs originally were created to do data caching cloudlets do for computation what CDNs have done for data so why should you care about cloudlets in one slide let me try to summarize for you there's a lot of detail on this that you can look up and we have plenty of resources to share with you but let me just distill for you the essence of why cloudlets are important first most important reason is latency I'm going to drill down into this in just a second but it's also important from the point of view of bandwidth imagine all of you in this room wearing GoPro or Google glass or some such device how much would the total cumulative bandwidth ingress bandwidth of all that video be if a significant fraction of Tokyo or any other large city and whether it is mobile or fixed infrastructure the total transmission of video data into the cloud would be very substantial what cloudlets let you do is to push the analytics to the edge so the video only has to travel as far as the cloudlet is analyzed there and it can be stored there in raw but encrypted form later even examination of the extracted analytics suggest that you should go look at the data you can do that at least for a certain period of time that you're able to buffer the raw video so bandwidth is a second critical critical reason the third reason has to do with privacy it is the case today that concerns about privacy are starting to be a big source of slowdown in the deployment of the Internet of Things if your water consumption can be monitored and through machine learning begin in for every time we flushed you flushed a commode in your home I can therefore infer all kinds of patterns about the state of your health it's not something most people want to reveal to the world but that's what's possible today the ability to place privacy enforcement software close to the point of data capture is an important capability that cloudlets provide and last but not least cloud computing presumes the existence of connectivity to the cloud but as you all know with the emergence of denial of service attacks in various other forms of attacks the ability to get to the cloud may be compromised in the future what you need is for cloud services something like what you use for power you purchase a uninterruptible power supply you plug it in and for brief periods of failure you can continue operating cloudlets provide you a platform on which those cloud services that have been suitably modified can use the cloudlet as a fallback location so these four critical usage models of cloudlets are going to drive its future but latency was the most important and original motivating reason and that's what I'm going to focus on so does it really matter let me give you the answer suppose you're writing an augmented reality application use your smartphone use the sensors like the camera on it or the accelerometer you transmit this data to the back end software and then it is analyzed there and some result is shipped back for example the name of the building that's in the image is an example of a simple augmented reality application you could run the back end on a cloudlet connected by Wi-Fi or for GLTE or you can place it in Amazon and Amazon data center either in the east or west or Europe or Asia or you can run the whole thing locally all of these are possibilities now these experiments were conducted in Pittsburgh and the closest Amazon site six milliseconds away is Amazon East Amazon West which is in Portland is about 80 milliseconds away and the others are much further so look at this curve what it shows here is in milliseconds on the x-axis and here is a fraction of the results that come back sooner than that many milliseconds so if you're looking at 80% of the results using a cloudlet come back in less than 80 milliseconds whereas if you use Amazon East 80% of the results come back in about 250 milliseconds and things get progressively worse as you can see and running it purely on the mobile device even though there's no wireless transmission involved is still worse the reason has to do with the computational power of the smartphone relative to what you can put in a rack as a cloudlet the picture looks roughly the same but shifted to the right if you use for GLTE but in all other respects the results are quite consistent now this is what the user experiences in terms of crisp computation basically if you use the cloudlet the augmented reality app is really crisp and snappy and that's the user experience that you want however using a cloudlet is also enormously beneficial in terms of battery life in terms of the amount of energy consumed on the mobile device to perform the operation so if you look at this if you look at augmented reality which is the other column performing the entire operation on the mobile device for one image eats up 5.4 joules if I ship the image to the cloudlet I consume Wi-Fi energy transmission costs and reception but I don't pay the cost of computation which is done by the cloudlet the total amount of energy used is only 0.6 joules dramatically lower if I do the same computation and Amazon East identical first wireless hop just the fact that the result takes longer to come back causes the energy consumption to increase by a factor of 5 so the savings are huge of course it depends on the kind of application and you'll have to do the experimental analysis for your specific application to understand but the big picture is pretty clear so so far what I've described to you other than augmented reality are pretty well-known well understood application classes what new applications are enabled by this world I want to give you just an insight into one new class of applications so imagine you are wearing some device mobile device like Google Glass or HoloLens or any of these others augmented reality devices everything seen by your sensors your camera your microphone your accelerometer is transmitted to the cloudlet it sees what you see it hears what you hear but faster than you can think it computes on that sensor data and whispers in your ear some useful guidance that could possibly help you think of GPS navigation maybe to get you to this building use your GPS on your smartphone or in your automobile think of the step-by-step guidance that it gives you could we expand that to other kinds of tasks and other kinds of sensor data that is the world that this opens up let me just show you one example to impress upon you the significance of latency of how this could work there are many example applications we've built of this kind this is just one our Google Glass based ping pong assistant helps the user to play better ping pong by whispering whether the user should hit to the left or to the right the hint is based on the observed ball position and opponent position okay you get the picture how did that work every video frame is analyzed using computer vision to find the ball and the opponent and then it is compared with the position of the ball and the opponent in the previous frame from it is calculated the trajectory of the ball and the trajectory of the opponent and based on that in real time you get guidance to hit the ball to the left or right simple application but I just want you to think about how much computation is involved and how critical real-time responses so this is the world that high intensity compute close by can do for you this is only one of many future use cases we envision think of going to IKEA buying a kit as we're getting printed instructions giving step-by-step guidance troubleshooting industrial machinery is often a very complicated task trying to get guidance step-by-step would be very powerful medical training you know that's not even a real patient there that's just a mannequin to allow a student who's this guy to learn without this expensive doctor standing by is a kind of learning that is possible with this for elder care I know that in Japan it's a significant certainly in the United States it's significant the use of medical devices to get your blood pressure sugar level etc etc is very important keeping healthcare costs down but if you don't install these and do the readings well the readings are meaningless and so getting guidance to do that is important and then my favorite is to help you lead a healthier lifestyle just as you're about to eat that donut to yell in your ear stop don't do that okay so our vision is that open-stack on plaudlets whether it's at home in your car in the cell tower in an aircraft it's the way that we're going to achieve the vision described and to tell you how I'm going to turn it over to Ralph so good morning to all of you warm welcome first of all I would like to thank you for having me here considering that I come from a different universe from the telecom world that I'm a complete newbie to the open-stack summit right so thanks for allowing me to talk let me expand that a little bit this vision we have just heard a little bit also from a perspective from the telecoms industry right what we would like to enable is really put cloudless everywhere as Satya just said we would like to put it in base stations we would like to put it in core networks DSL boxes Wi-Fi hotspots and basically offer storage and compute power everywhere on the planet right next to the user I think this is the key that we believe that low latency and the other drivers that have been mentioned make the need and form the need to actually put that edge infrastructure in place and to be clear this concept has to be open right it has to be open also in the sense of that any application can come and use it it has to be open in the sense of that is bearer independent whether it's Wi-Fi whether it's 3G 4G Zigbee whatever this infrastructure this computing storage at the edge has to work for all of these situations and this also explains why we believe that open-stack is the key component in all of this because what we would like to offer is a platform that is a multi-tenant environment that any application can come and can utilize and therefore we believe that open-stack is the ideal candidate to actually play in that in that environment now we have talked already about applications you know we we can even further extend the list we have just heard I just wanted to mention maybe two other areas that have not been addressed that is for example assisted driving imagine you drive a car and you get information about the road in right in front of you in real-time from the roadside and you maybe even get a an overlay on your windscreen allowing you to look to look through fog to look through trucks driving in front of you or just get warnings at an early time we can also imagine drone control you see all of these little things flying around everywhere but you also need information about the direct environment in near real-time so last but not least also I guess online gamers get more and more sensitive about latency we can imagine that they they set up their local edge server and their local cloudlet component in order to get the best performance now from a business perspective right who are the players that that should act here first of all obviously there is a communication service provider like waterfall in the company I work for you know they provide the infrastructure and the networks and all that above that obviously there has to be an edge cloud service provider or that offers components at the edge and manage it from the back end we will need some central components like a registry of cloudlets being available and their capabilities and also obviously the application provider has to come into play and has to offer a 3d architecture here where he has an application component sitting on a mobile device or whatever this where this application runs on where he has a component running at the edge component and then the back-end cloud components right and now the question is you know is their interest is their value in edge computing for all of these players and if we have done the value chain analysis and we come to the conclusion that actually all of these companies and all of these value chain segments have an advantage for it if you look at the telecom infrastructure providers and the the cloud technology providers I mean they have definitely an advantage in terms of you know new products new services innovation image and so on network providers like motor phone like my company they are very interested because they they can extend their offerings into the cloud space I mean they know the they own the edge and the network anyhow right why not putting cloud infrastructure into that and monetize it and then of course the application service providers and the developers application developers themselves they can offer a superior and actually disruptive changing customer experience based on edge computing so for overall we feel that this proposition has advantages for for all players in the value chain we just have to bring them all together and make it happen now in order to make this happen we have formed an open-edge computing initiative really with parties from the telecoms world service provider infrastructure providers and we also reach out to IT players now to really to really drive this ecosystem around edge computing because it will not happen by itself or there's a bit of a chicken egg problem if low latency applications on there infrastructure will not be put in place if the infrastructure is not in place the application developers don't work right so we have to bring all the parties together namely the application providers infrastructure providers as well as the service providers and you know make sure that this is a coordinated development we drive and as part of the key targets is really of this initiative also reach out into into your community into open stack to say you know don't you want to join that initiative in terms of you know bring open stack from maybe a data center environment basically everywhere on the planet and you want to enable open stack to run also in environments maybe that that has not been thought of in the past so this is the the invitation to all of you to say you know is that a sensible target we don't know right we want to listen to you it's a sensible target to to you know utilize open stack also outside of data centers we will also reach out to application providers this is very important because if there is no applications you know there is no business at the end of the day we have started already developing demonstrators we have seen this ping-pong assistant and we strongly believe that this is the right way to to engage with the application provider industry and explain to them the the opportunities they could have here obviously we will be as with operators and with cloud service providers in order to bring them to the table as well so this is the open edge commuting initiative now currently we have Intel Huawei and Vodafone as key players in their Carnegie Mellon is the academic partner we have and but this initiative is open to other companies to other partners you know those who really have to come willing to compute to contribute significantly to it but to be clear this is not just these three companies behind that there is a whole initiative in the telecoms world already there is I mean this is how telecom industry works if they see a new opportunity they start standardizing right so there is an Etsy standardization group called mobile edge computing 50 companies are currently playing there mainly telecoms companies but also some IT companies are there you know and they very actively drive that forward they see this also as as one step into 5G the next generation mobile networks where the latency is coming from 4G latency of 10 to 15 milliseconds on the air interface down to 1 millisecond so basically they see this also as a step in in that direction and just to say you know this is not three companies trying to do something this is a whole collection of global companies that would like to drive that but what the open edge initiative tries to do is really to say we reach out to you guys and to the application industry to make you aware to bring you into all of this and to make you involved now just quickly my last slide before I hand over to the technical part we seek your support here right we believe OpenStack is the platform in the cloud world and we would like to make it platform of choice for edge computing and hence you know we are here we we offer that to you you know we have developed something and you will hear that details about that in a minute but we seek developer support you know people who who help us making this really integral part of OpenStack that any any OpenStack release is enabled for the edge is enabled for applications to actually discover it and actually utilize it we will as the next step we want to develop a reference platform that actually does it offer the services tend to end and at the end of the day we have to ensure that there is a smooth customer we also invite companies to join right and to help and just as a as a as a main message to you you know join us to bring OpenStack from the data center out into the world basically everywhere with that I hand over to Prakash who will guide you into the implementation we have already done thanks thank you doctor of and professor yeah now the vision portion and the mission portion is over let us get into execution so what do we have here is how do we execute so the first thing we think in this world of OpenStack is API API is API is what do I have so we do have cloudlet and cloudlet which is visioned by professor Satya falls under open edge computing currently that's why we call we have to name an API so we call it as open edge computing API which consists of the open edge computing cloudlet API which is related to the computational and storage aspects we believe and the communication API which is related to network because we say network is computing be that so we need to have that networking to allow different APIs to interact with each other so given that we start with cloudlet API so we have to think of that back end being Himalaya and this being the Fuji mountain so something like a huge one and a closer one so whatever is closest to you you connect to it from the device so you have a device and you want to connect to the edge rather than connecting to the back end which is far off so if you connect then once you connect then you have to start engaging in the API is what do you do oh you want to create a VM well why are you creating know what does it yes know what does it but know what does it for is standard of the shelf and we do want to standard of the shelf but we need little more than what it does in terms of latency bandwidth in terms of privacy in terms of security in terms of the various values we professed so that's the reason that API should not only be just simple API of like if you have a cloud and you can create everything in the cloud using Noah I can create a VM I can take an application push it into it I can run it then why do I need this not really because we do have certain constraints which we profess and we want to attain that therefore this API which is the cloud-led API we see cloud-led API we mentioned those have to contain those elements and that's the that's the element which we are pointing here and the so the other portion is of course to the com layer the communication API so we are talking about the device API because there is a client portion of it without a device what do you see a user having a device can access so therefore to connect to those applications which are very constrained we use this device and obviously as a service provider if it is everything is device managed I trigger at the device and then get everything done and then I'm done then easy but the other end somebody has to pay for it somebody has subscribed for it somebody pays for it so there is a management aspect and that's why the service provider would like to manage from the back end either in the cloud as a registry or at the edge with a registry so that somebody can charge for it measure it so those are the aspects which the API should cover so moving on I will now get into what APIs we do have currently so first thing is this working piece sure it's a working piece we as CMU started this almost in ice house Juno and now they have pushed into kilo and our goal is it's you know open stack moves six months it is so fast rate that by the time you blink it six months is over and you are already falling behind so our goal is right now chasing for last three open stack releases we have been chasing and we have come to kilo now liberty is released on 18th and so we want to push to liberty but before we move that what do we have in API terms so the bottom two API are the most important APIs VM synthesis and VM handoff these are the two which are live these are offline other three are there those are supporting APIs but the bottom two are the main so what is synthesis and what is handoff so if you look at a glance cat catalog you have image so you have a image so we have a base image of course we don't want a very very big image we want a image which is footprint-wise is small so that we can easily use that that's one criteria the other criteria is once you have that how do you store it okay and once you have stored it if you if you run a VM in no one terms if you run a VM that is instantiation once instantiate you have to run an application on it so what is the image if I take a image image in terms of computer science is either disk with a hash table and then similarly you have got a memory with a hash table now that's the process view of the VM as such as a image level now I run something on it it creates some additional context so those context could be compute context storage context network context these have to be preserved in that so the delta is the overlay that is if you run a standard gold image and then on top of it you run a process that process creates something delta that is the delta we need to collect so that's what so normally in data center what we do we do a live migration here is the VM migrated there it starts running there of course if it is live well and good if it's not then you the user's perception is they have lost something so that you should not lose something that's the live migration but in this case what we have done is there is a format in which the VM is since so you create an overlay and that overlay has four components disk incremental and memory incremental and then when you run on top some application and then synthesize it back then that is what is the recurring the snapshot so you have a snapshot you recover you add some process and that delta is added and then then you want to move it like I am moving from here to there my cloudlet should move from one edge to another edge for that to happen I need to run it stop it take the delta push the delta to the other end started new VM and then add the delta and by moving your changing locations so you are going to lose some of the what you call the state network states and all and so we have to make sure those are all preserved and this should not be pursued by the end user from the device that there is some effect of that like if I am not able to see something I am losing something then I have not made my latency bandwidth sufficient to make that happen so that is the goal behind this so I will just move on to the next that shows actually that this is what we had in kilo and this is what we propose that we want to have like we have not completed registration we want to make sure it is registered and then we want to do some additional stuff like create a edge group so that we can have two VMs while moving if it is a group if one fails active passive passive active those kinds of things are included and obviously we want to attach detach or we call it as link and link so those are the certain APIs which would like to have okay and that's the goal and let's see how we move on that so the future is much more than what we have described but at this stage we have to be grounded that the basic what we have is what we have and we would like to see that this also goes into the the APIs are able to be exploited in the future in the 4g and 4 and half g and the 5g which is coming and that will require some kind of a state management and that's we will just I'll skip it this is but this is required as part of it this is what we have state of OEC current so open-edge computing cloudlet currently in kilo adopts the mobile edge computing concept which is there in the HC and the OpenStack APIs are there it is running through the NOAA API currently and it is using the messaging RabbitMQ to send the message to the compute and in the compute you have the drivers being replayed NOAA driver is being replaced by cloudlet and then it is also managed with through the hypervisor in this case we have used KVM so whatever Libvert has got it has been what you call the class of service it gives that has been inherited by the cloudlet and additional capability like synthesis and handoff are added to that so this is what the API is and this is how currently we are managing and for the for the sake of time I would say that at this time I would say that we are at the end of it but we do have Kiryanka can you raise your hand Kiryanka is the architect he is in at CMU and he is doing his PhD and he has been the architect of this he has helped us build this and we would like that there are some challenges he faced as you can see portability of VM is one of them which was handled by him like you have different Intel processor if it is sandy bridge or it is something else then you have that if the hardware changes at the bottom then the states are not maintained so we have a portability of VM issue we similarly have a network stage issue whether you can state can be maintained or not maintained based on the MAC address changing or the IP address changing so those are the challenges plus we also need quemo and KVM which are not up to date for us to really use it efficiently for low latency that needs enhancement and the testing of multi nodes so when we handoff we have one open stack one VM another open stack the same VM to be recreated so we need credentials etc etc so those are the challenges we are facing and we look forward that we should be able to sorry we should be able to get this over and our plan the last kilo of time frame was we tried to do whatever best we have within our own resources and we look forward to this DevOps support from the open stack community and the essence of this is this is our goal we want to deliver open stack in next Mitaka to cover the gap from Liberty to Mitaka and for that we need your support so anybody who is willing to participate we went to the open stack what you call the compute team and they told us that we should better have our own cloudlet as a new module but to do that we need lot of preparation lot of help from the community and we look forward to all of you who are in the attendance as well as other companies who would help us in doing that and especially the application service providers as well as the telecom providers and infrastructure for all of them the welcome to help us and I think at this stage I would just give time for the Q&A and here is the detail please ask any questions and we have yeah go ahead Susan so yes what it means is we do have NOAA as a project we wanted to tag on to NOAA as a microservice API so that we can just use existing API however they consider that changes to the API will impact the development in the Mitaka cycle what they are in they suggest that why don't you send a start a new what you call a module called cloudlet and we are consulting Kaili mystery and other people and we hope you'll be able to do that question sir can you can you go to the mic please everybody go to the mic for questions please line up if you have yeah hi Nigel cook the question is the API's that you have all the lifecycle operations around the amps and so forth how does that relate to the interfaces that are exposed in NFE I so they're also you know have a sort of a similar bent because of the telecom flavor is there any overlap there or are these not covered in that API set so the question is the NFE API is whatever they have interfaces if I under if I interfaces and then those are those reflected in our implementation so the answer to that is open stack de facto standard doesn't follow the standard what the HC community defines however op NFE is the platform which is trying to bridge the gap and as a open edge computing we are still very early in the day we just want simple API so at this time we are not trying to address any gaps we hope op NFE will be able to cover that for us and then we can probably leverage on that so we are at a very nascent stage at this stage to consider but we do follow that we are looking at mech to provide the normative API references and they don't have so what we will do is we will provide and try to influence mech to adopt that that's what we see right now does that answer your question it does thank you okay any questions from the yeah go ahead yeah go ahead no come come in front instead of packaging the apps in VMs have you considered containers are very good question okay put it this way we do have roadmap for that but at this stage in this year in 2015 we are not taking him but 2016 maybe March time frame is what we plan to do that we do have a roadmap for it yes you are welcome to join us in helping us yeah no we seek participation from the duty we nothing runs without containers these days right and the faster the better yeah so the security aspect is something which we need to address but otherwise I think we are fine with that any other questions please are we running out of time are we in time we we are in time done okay so I think if in the absence of any questions I will just announce few things before the first thing is there is a HTTP colon open edge computing dot org Ashley Ashley at the back stand up Ashley Ashley said so Ashley has already it's inaugurated this you are most welcome to go to HTTP open edge computing dot org we have all the details for you including the references to the codes and what we want to do etc and we thank you go ahead you have anything exactly exactly there is a KVM for NFE project under op NFE which deals with the portability of VM and etc in computing sense and that's led by Intel and other folks and we welcome everybody to join that to help get there and then there is another thing which I want to there are many people behind this don't think that we are the we are only the showpieces the actual work behind Ashley has managed to do the open computing edge org site then you have Kiryanka our architect he will be available he will demo if you want to see the demonstration you will be available in Huawei booth P14 at the marketplace at 11 o'clock you can watch the thing what the code is what is our state of under kilo what we have developed and how the POC is done he can show you the migration and all it's a cool thing to look at and if you want to join the coding and all Gunther class is not here he's in Vodafone but he is also one of the architect behind it and he works with Rolf in the Europe and then we have Patmanism Pille Babu we call him Babu is a great supporter of this and he is on the compute side he has tried to see how to accelerate how to get the latency lower and lower and lower that's the target of 3 to 30 millisecond we say 30 millisecond for LTE 3 millisecond for the Wi-Fi we want to push it sub millisecond if you can that will be the 5g then so we have great support from all of the players here and we look forward to your participation and come and join Kiryanka at 11 p.m. at the P14 11 11 a.m. sorry 11 a.m. I'm still there okay 11 a.m. P14 Huawei booth marketplace please thank you very much I think we should quit the other team is coming in and thanks the open stack community for allowing us to do this sorry for not mentioning


I want to show you two separate headlines that, taken together, really put into perspective just how broken our system is. So on October 16th, NBC News reported 8 million Americans slipped into poverty amid coronavirus pandemic news studies says, researchers looked at the devastating financial effect the pandemic has had on Americans with blacks, Latinos and children fearing the worst. And then just four days later, on October 20th, Common Dreams reported billionaire wealth has surged by 931 billion dollars during seven months of the pandemic economic collapse. Now, before we dive into both of these articles, which we will, I just want to take some time to try to digest this information. This is astonishing. And it doesn't even make sense. It is the hallmark of society in decline. This is peak late stage capitalism, because theoretically speaking, if we are seeing an unprecedented crisis where we have both a global pandemic and an economic depression upon us simultaneously, you think that everyone would be affected equally. Because if poor people don't have money, if they have less purchasing power, then theoretically, if that economy functions appropriately, and as it should, then rich people should also be heard as well, because if poor people can't buy the things that capitalists produce, then of course, that's going to hurt them as well. But we're not seeing that. So something is off here. Something is really wrong here. And let me assure you, this is not a coincidence. These things are not unrelated. These are related. Capitalists and billionaires are getting richer precisely because the poor are getting poorer. This system is fundamentally broken. And with how bad it is, I don't even know if this is salvageable. Like how do you even craft structural reforms that fix all of the problems? Like it would take a really long time to actually do it and get it done. And there's going to be periods where we have reformers and revolutionaries not in power, and the reactionaries will come to power and try to undo the reforms that the reformists and revolutionaries put in place. So it's like we're playing whack-a-mole. And it just seems like everything is getting worse and worse as time goes on. But let's get to the specifics here, because as Jake Johnson of Common Dreams further explains, over just the past seven months, as millions lost their jobs in health insurance, tens of thousands of small businesses shuttered permanently, and more than 200,000 Americans were killed by the coronavirus, US billionaires saw their combined net worth surged by more than $930 billion, bringing the collective wealth of just 644 people to a staggering $3.88 trillion. That's according to an analysis released Tuesday morning by Americans for Tax Fairness and the Institute for Policy Studies, progressive organizations that have been tracking the explosion of billionaire wealth since the start of coronavirus lockdowns in mid-March. The new analysis shows that the collective wealth of America's billionaires grew by $931 billion, or nearly 33 percent between March 18th and October 13th, a period that also saw unprecedented job loss, a nationwide surge in hunger and a sharp increase in housing insecurity. The groups noted that the jump in billionaire wealth over the past seven months exceeds the size of both Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell's so-called skinny COVID-19 relief bill and the estimated two-year budget gaps of all state and local governments, which have been forced to lay off more than a million public sector workers due to revenue shortfalls caused by the coronavirus crisis. Sadly, the gilded ages here again, ATF Executive Director Frank Clemente said in a statement, we have extraordinary gains in wealth by a small sliver of the population, while millions suffer, this time from the ravages of the pandemic, much of which could have been avoided. Now let's try to put this timeline into perspective here. So between March 18th and October 13th, billionaires got a lot wealthier. All while the poorest have been suffering, more and more people have fallen into poverty. Now, the NBC News article by Stephen Sykes explains that even if the CARES Act was imperfect, in fact, I think it was really flawed, it contained a giant corporate giveaway. Even having said that, it did help a little bit. Not much, but a little bit. It didn't like stop poverty. You can say, arguably, it postponed people from falling into poverty. But now, if Congress doesn't take action and even do the bare minimum, things are going to get worse. So NBC News explains the number of Americans living in poverty grew by eight million since May, according to a Columbia University study, which found an increase in poverty rates after early coronavirus relief ended without more to follow, although the Federal CARES Act which gave Americans a one-time stimulus check of $1,200 and unemployed workers an extra 600 a week was successful at offsetting growing poverty rates. In the spring, the effects were short-lived. Researchers found in the study published Thursday. After aid diminished towards the end of summer, poverty rates, especially those among minorities and children, rebounded, they said. The CARES Act, despite its flaws, was broadly successful in preventing large increases in poverty, said Zach Perlin, a post-doctoral researcher at Columbia University and one of the study's authors. The Federal stimulus saved about 18 million Americans from poverty in April, he said. But as of September, that number is down to 4 million. So a one-time economic relief package can only go so far. And we're seeing it wear off. And now we're in the situation where who knows if they're going to get it done before the election, which means that it's not going to happen until February, which means that millions of Americans literally will suffer and fall into poverty because Congress is unable to act. It's just honestly, it's shocking that our country has responded in this way. And I'm not necessarily shocked at the response. I'm shocked at the lack of response, because what we see, and I've said this before, is a response that you'd expect from a failed state, not a developed country, the richest country in the world. And look, I'm no deficits gold. I subscribe to modern monetary theory, even though admittedly I'm still learning more about it. I'm reading Stephanie Kelton's book right now. But it's not like we only have, you know, a limited amount of resources. Even if you care about the deficit, you see the ticket right there. Billionaires collectively almost made a trillion dollars more just during this pandemic. Why aren't we taxing that? Why are they able to maximize profits when everyone else is suffering? The only reason why that happens is because our country does not function, our economic system is set up to do just that. So you know, when people talk about this story, they're probably going to say, look, capitalism isn't working, except I would argue it's working exactly as we'd expect it to work. Because when you get towards this late a stage of capitalism, this is exactly what starts to happen. You know, income inequality becomes so unsustainable, that society itself begins to collapse. Capitalism starts to eat itself. When you have so much resources in the hands of so few people, that's not sustainable at all. So I mean, I think that the story, it speaks for itself. It is insane that at a time when people are suffering, people like Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, the billionaire class is getting far richer than they ever had. Like the the economic crisis has been great for people like Jeff Bezos. How stunning is that?


Hi, I'm Marcia Oliver with the City of Jacksonville, and my favorite book in the Great American Read is The Help by Catherine Stockett. It's because it's a book that chronicles the lives of women who demonstrate a great deal of bravery and courage that also speaks to race relations during a time period in Jackson, Mississippi that I think we today can certainly learn a lot from and get to the point where we celebrate the love and the relationships that we all share. I also encourage you to vote for your favorite book at wjct.org.


Don't turn that dial. This is the right station. If you wish to hear about Jonathan Thomas and his Christmas on the moon There once was a lad the wee little tad whose name was Jonathan Thomas who got into a fix when he was six Because he kept a promise. You see he went to the moon one night and got himself in a terrible fright He was chasing guzz because guzz ran away Guzz was his teddy bear who thought it would pay to chase two elphins up to the moon And he ran and ran and got there soon and he didn't get cold in spite of the frost But what he did do was to get himself lost Poor Jonathan Thomas nearly broke his heart because he and guzz had never been apart and he looked and looked But all in vain and when he started for home again He knocked at a door which wasn't there before and when it was answered more sooner than soon The man who answered was the man in the moon who invited him in and said to him I'll give you breakfast if you like or you must be hungry after such a long hike and then quick as a wink What do you think crash bang bang boom till all the people were filled with gloom And I'll bet you can't guess what the reason was the sweet boblems had kidnapped Santa Claus How the bells rang out how the people did shout for it was all so very sad and Then much to his shame. They said he was to blame by he I mean Jonathan Thomas Why they called him a spy and a terrible guy and they made him faithfully promise to obey all the laws and Find Santa Claus which is very hard to do till the man in the moon said I'll go to and so off They went without baggage or tent not walking but riding of course and with never thought of ever getting caught They went through the land of Ripple stitch and their trouble began no matter how they ran They were always pursued by a witch But my goodness gracious my talk is so spacious and my words enough for ten men So please don't you worry for here is the story. It's all ready to begin again Well, well you old frightful thing. What do you say?  Which you'd better leave us alone if you know what's good is indeed you should You stay out of this you awful horse or I'll stop your words right at their source And now I'll tell you a thing or two I'd be mighty careful if I were you and I wouldn't laugh or you'll raise my wrath and then Work my magic and you'll probably heard that I keep my word and my tricks are very tragic Yes, what do you want of us Mrs. Which ten minutes ago? I could plainly see there wasn't just two of you But one two three to give you harm would bring me no joy for what I want is That little boy no no no a thousand times no and I say yes And you may well guess that I'll keep my promise for it's very true that I'll keep haunting you Can you give me Jonathan Thomas so mumbo to stick get better be quick and tell me where he's at Or I'll get even with you with my witches brew which is mixed by a great black cat You've gone too far Mrs. Witch for I know what to do with you and by too many crickets.  Please I beg on bended knees do not tweak my nose for I can't bear such wear and tear Oh, please sir spare my nose.  Oh was that a tweak? She won't recover for at least a week.  That's what? Well, all right Jonathan Thomas you can take off your invisible hat now the witch is gone Come on Jonathan Thomas. Where are you? Where are you here? I am right here, sir If you please my goodness gracious and Jiminy Cricket, so you are I've been sitting here on this rock all the time Couldn't you see me of course not you had your invisible hat on couldn't nobody see me Of course he could if he was here, but he's not he's there But what happened to the three dwarfs where they go? I don't know. I'm sneezing. Oh, I'm weasel. I'm Beelzebub Of course, she's gone. Yeah, I tweaked her nose Bong bong bong the witch is gone the wicked old witch is gone And we are happy and quite slept there because the wicked old witch is gone Bong bong bong and that's our song the wicked old witch is gone I'm glad the wicked old witch is gone, too We're grateful to you and to prove it too. We'll give you a lift and a very great gift to take on your way It's a magic spell to serve you well and all you have to say Yeah, that's a beautiful word. What does it mean when trouble is double all you have to say Giggle And now we must sigh and wish you good-bye and wish you on your way, but don't forget the magic word on screen on Giggle Oh Look at them go It's too pender. It's colossal. It's gigantic. What does that word mean? If you please mr. Man in the moon Hunt screen my goodness be quiet Jonathan Thomas We are only supposed to say the word when you're in double trouble Oh, what did you say? I just said oh Well, come on everyone. We've got to be going before it starts snowing. Come on Jonathan Thomas. Yes Come on. Go out and dola. I'm right with you chief. It's a murder.  We'll never come back.  We'll never come back. We'll be taking a whack at the terrible land Please sir. Good. Maybe I ask you a question. Why you are threatening of course. What is it? What's that funny sound? Oh, oh, you mean that sound Why that's the merry-go-round river. Yes, sir. We're almost there. Come on here. Yeah, garganzola. Yeah Oh, it's moida. That's what it is. Nothing but back-braiding moida It's Jonathan Thomas and I don't know how we're going to get across Do you think that you could swim it garganzola? Ah, it's revolting. That's what it is. Nothing but plain horrible What are we going to do? Well, I don't know. We'll drown if we try to cross that river It's full of whirligig pool. Yes, sir. And crocodile eaters Oh, my goodness. Nothing but moida Now look it's starting to snow. Good gracious. A feather storm. Oh, look, Mr. Man in the moon There's no wind and snow at all. Feathers. Oh, and they tickle my nose. Oh gee It's gruesome. They're all over me I'm telling you, it's nothing but- it's nothing but- What about that magic word, the dorski word? Jonathan Thomas, that is a scrumptious idea. Now is our chance to find out what happens when we say Hansquin on-squish-squish or Hansquish-you'd better say it for me, Jonathan Thomas. All right Gracious, I hope this isn't a trick. Are you ready? All right, all together now Hansquin on-squish-squish Well, they've said the magic word, but what do you think will happen? Oh my goodness. I can hardly wait to find out So we mustn't miss the story of what happens to Jonathan Thomas next


Every now and again we come across information that not only has the potential to change history as we know it, but also the closed minds of certain individuals that have been spreading falsities for decades. When these individuals are confronted with evidence of a past civilization, they are going as far as to group together in an effort to smother the alternative researchers the world over. Guys, the tables are turning from what started out as a few individuals questioning the understanding of the ancient past, is now getting more traction than ever before as more and more people are actively pursuing these answers for themselves and in doing so we are realizing that we have either been lied to on the most epic scale imaginable or our understanding of the past is only now beginning to develop. Whatever is going on, we seek truth and we aim to bring it to our subscribers wherever we find it. The Lost History Channel does reach into academia in an effort to seek out other researchers thoughts into what was going on in the past and from doing this we can bring you guys a wide range of histories that are unmatched by any other alternative history channel on YouTube. Here we have been tested through the years probably more than most especially the past two years right up to the present day but we are banging on the door of oppression and the fact these almost daily battles exist overwhelmingly suggests that we are a real threat to these established institutions that will remain unnamed. Uncovering the truth is what we do and in this presentation we are going to present to you a layman's guide to something you may not have heard about before. Keith Hamilton recently published papers that uncovers something special. He has painstakingly pieced together something regarding the white pyramid of Amin and Het II through research in 2011 by the Eceda Project and also sketches from previous researchers that are now museum pieces and we will be fully linking this below. Mr. Hamilton noticed that the basic layout of the pyramid complex of Amin and Het II which appears to encroach an area of Old Kingdom Mastavas and this image that he acquired shows this the highlighted area is the location of two undisturbed burials thought to be relatives of the king. The complex was only partially excavated by Jaques de Morgan in 1894-1895 and a few brief details we have of the complex were published in 1903 and we'll be bringing this to you. De Morgan's archaeological publication is unfortunately brief on the archaeological details of the complex that he did uncover though thankfully he did provide some useful drawings. Miroslav Werner would later state in 1895 Jaques de Morgan made an archaeological investigation of the white pyramid ruins but unfortunately it was hasty and therefore superficial. He was fascinated by the wonderful jewelry that was found in the princess tombs and therefore he did not make a careful examination of the mortuary temple, the causeway, or the valley temple. Olga from the project managed to enter into the pyramid substructure in 2011 and 2012 and managed to take some digital images of the inside of this unusual structure which we'll be showing you later in the video. Amenenhet II is believed to be the third king of the 12th dynasty who reigned around 34 years. His chosen location for his complex was at Daschur which in this map of the Daschur region shows the location of Amenenhet's complex highlighted in red. This would appear to be the first pyramid built at Daschur since the fourth dynasty. The term white pyramid comes from the abundance of white limestone chips that litter the site. In this image provided by the Isda project we can just make out the top of the pent roofing beams sticking out of the desert and to the right some large limestone blocks that are probably remnants of the pyramid's core framework. According to these reports the pyramid's substructure is in relatively good condition though poorly documented initially. The site of the white pyramid has been previously noted by Carl Lipsius in the 19th century. The map he produced was crucial and is informative in that several features appear noticeable in his time such as outlines of the causeway and enclosed walls along with the construction at the eastern corners of the enclosure. Excavations on the site would commence on the 10th December 1894. Morgan would sink a pit in the center of the main mound of debris. He soon came across carefully fitted blocks of white limestone horizontally laid and arranged symmetrically. In this drawing by Morgan we see the masonry walls which he uncovered and we can also see something similar in the framework of large masonry walls that protrude from the mud bricks at the pyramid of Lahoon. Morgan would describe that the base square of the pyramid was divided into eight angles and partly filled with masonry. However towards the center these triangles were devoid of masonry but filled with sand instead. He went on and suggested that this was to distribute the weight away from the center of the pyramid where the burial chamber lay. The limestone blocks that he uncovered varied from one to 1.4 meters in length and 1.10 to 1.30 meters in width. He also states that they came from the quarries of Tura and that many of the blocks contained marks left by the stone masons. Here we see some of the extraordinary hieroglyphic type mason marks found on the masonry blocks as sketched in the 19th century. No remnants however of casing blocks were found to give an indication of the pyramid's angle. Though the site has never been adequately cleared some clues might yet exist that could help in determining the angle and size of the pyramid. Though in the grand scheme of things it is a relatively small pyramid possibly only about 50 meters square from what we can gather from field notes. We see his sketch of the masonry core construction. The dotted line indicates the roof of the burial chamber. He says it is impossible in the current state of the ruins to say what were the dimensions of the pyramid both in height and surface. It was entirely built of fine Tura limestone and they remained during the excavation only the debris of some of the lower courses. Nothing appears in his report that suggests the use of poorer quality limestone for the core or even the use of mud brick in its construction. Granted not much remains of the superstructure but if such poorer materials were used in its construction you would have thought they would have noted it. Pending a more detailed excavation of the site we appear to have a superstructure built of fine limestone with a soft center of sand. The fine limestone blocks as shown here did not make contact with the substructure according to Morgan. After removing the last layer of blocks my workmen encountered sands then in the midst of these fluid materials the roof of a perfectly built and fitted room. In his sectional drawings we see the sand infill that separates the substructure from the superstructure in his notes it reads. After the construction of the burial chamber the ancient architects filled the entire cavity with fine sand to the level where they intended to place the first course of stones. The burial chamber roof consisted of six pairs of pent beams and each pair were separated by a small distance which was then filled with small stones and sealed with plaster. On discovery of the roofing beams the archaeologists turned his attention to the north and soon discovered the descending passage which gave him access to the burial chamber. Though he describes the passage as allowing him to examine the interior of the tomb in the smallest details he has completely neglected to place these details in his publication. Seriously suggesting his true intentions and indeed his description of the superstructure would hardly fill a page of text. We are therefore heavily reliant on his published drawings for information on the substructure. However as we will see the photographic evidence provided by the ISSADA project highlights eras in Morgan's drawings. These have probably come about by his somewhat confusing field sketches and having to rely on his memory when it came to creating his published drawings and we'll be delving into this archaeological field journal more in part two as well as bringing you guys details of the findings of the ISSADA project back in 2012. We may not have the answers guys but we do have the questions and we intend to ask these questions until the answers match the evidence and we will of course bring part two next week in the meantime save our playlist and watch out for all the latest from the Lost History Channel. Comments below guys and as always thank you for watching.


He knew how's it going everybody dato do it here back with another round of dragon ball fighters rank matches And unfortunately this intro was recorded after the video. It's not like I lost any footage or anything In fact the video you're going to see was recorded live. It's just that when I was recording the original intro I really didn't know what I was about to get into so really quickly before we get into the ranked games Let me set up some context over on Twitter red bull has been posting a combo a day and one of these combos featured Krillin doing an insane rock combo as you can see on screen and I retweeted it making a joke about how they thought Krillin's B&B would look like this basically because the entire combo consists of Krillin spamming his rocks It wasn't too long after that that I got a comment that inspired me to do this video saying that a gimmick challenge is clearly Presented here. Can I win a match with the last hit coming from a Krillin rock throw? I ended up really liking that idea So I got on ranked to try to make it happen and what followed was probably some of the hardest dragon ball fighters matches I've ever played and definitely the most tragic matches. I've ever played so now that you have the context Please watch at your own discretion. I promise you this video will not have a happy ending and with that I'm going to send it back to pass that to do it. He'll probably repeat some stuff I've already mentioned here in the intro, but I give him a break He doesn't know what he's about to experience the reason we're playing this team today is because I recently saw a combo over on Red Bull's Twitter They've been doing a combo a day for the past while to get hyped up for Dragon Ball Fighter's World Tour finals And the guy did a Krillin combo and ended it with a rock toss and it made me realize that I Don't think I've ever done. I don't think I've ever been able to Finish a game with I could have easily I could have easily come with that if I was paying attention But I don't think I've ever ended a game with a rock and I really really want it It feels like something that as somebody that mains Krillin I should have done a long time ago get off of me. Let's go. Oh, oh, I didn't know we were doing all that I didn't know we were down heavy and super dashes If that's so I really got to get out of here. Oh Okay, it's I need to either tag or swap. All right, we're gonna spark My key blast made no difference. All right, he is swinging for the fences right now. Oh When he backed up he I've been clicking a lot of Super Dash and he he was wise enough to take notice Snap me out. I actually don't mind because we are yonk to players and I'm gonna go ahead and snap him out They have the Time really took it stole there Auto combo into Wolfgang fist. I'm gonna go behind the back. Oh Gotta keep it classic All right, be misses just in case he stays on the ground. Nope dragon rush then I shouldn't have done that Usually you don't want to you don't want to start with the dragon rush. You want to show him that there are Consequences like you want to hit a button basically or at least that's my philosophy You want to hit a button so that they know they should they shouldn't oh Why not go optimal Was the I think the combo is no come at me. I you just do the lights Right. Oh that was cheap. It landed me on the other side. All right Well, if we're gonna stick to the plan of ending it with a rock Cocoa has a lot of work to do Combo with the rock though. Was that a 6m rock? I like it. I like it. That's one That's that's pretty close to what we want to say. We did it again. Can I go optimal?  It was a second too long We're still living. Oh my god, let me go. Oh, we actually got out It was it was a mistake bringing Krillin in and one that I don't do it. Don't do it. Don't We're back on the chopping block boys I'm just bashing vanish. I've never been more scared of my life. Oh, let's go. Oh my goodness I'm not done Why did I I I panicked Get barred. I got here level three. No, he didn't go for it. Oh, why am I remember? I gotta go with the options that actually click buttons. He's gonna super down I even had to read Can't swap us out there. So he's gonna have to stick to a b&b get the sliding. I'm a pop up Oh, he got picked up by his bootstraps there with the lights Oh, come on. You don't need to do this. You don't need to do this Not too bars. Oh, he didn't use any No, oh It was a bad beam, but it worked all the same. I'm gonna try to Get a little lunch and he I I healed him I'm uh, I'm very much depressed right now. I healed him with my bean I I How is krillin's assist that bad and when used in the corner it goes to them? Oh, wow, we lived Oh, we're not gonna live much longer. Oh, this is bad Oh, it's all bad super dash go ahead. I would understand Just do it, bro All right, I'll do it. Now you do it. It's your turn. What is he reflecting for? All right, you're asking for the krillin sauce now, boy Oh, no. Oh, you are asking for it. Oh I was asking for Oh, I was asking for That's fine. I we can recover from that. Hopefully we had a lot of early game mistakes We didn't play as offensive as we should have But now it's offensive clock, baby Don't Oh, it's it's it's offensive clock. It's time for the rush down All right. I'm all rushed down right now Oh, it's it's just gonna be krillin time This is this is what krillin looks like at his top tier Oh, never mind. Don't look don't look don't look don't look. I dropped it.  I've got a bash Wow, how did I miss time that's so bad? That wasn't supposed to be a dragon rush. I it should it should have been obvious Ah, how's our risky super dash He's just he's going all over the place back dash forward dash My man was zooming Extends off the goku gts's gonna knock that's not sliding I'm missing meaties like crazy. We're gonna switch back out How many bars just the one maybe All right, I'll throw in two. I'll throw in two to sweeten the deal. Whoo. This is a lot of work to get a kill with a beam Or a rock. Sorry Understand them Too bad beams jumped over both of them and one one fatal hop All right, if you could just put me down if you put me down. Oh not like that. This is aggressively aggressively switches me out And the heavy's gonna work like a charm to counter that vanish Right on started level three. Is he gonna use it? No He's gonna go out in a yoncha. We already know i'm a yoncha player He knew He knew something was amiss I want to know when he started that level three I wanted to win. I wanted to win in his mind that level three became It went from something that did he just read that? What this guy is elusive Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, I ran out of spark Oh my god. We almost got double sundae. He should it would have been a double sundae All right, can somebody else Oh, nobody else All right. Well, this worked out pretty well actually Why did goku super not come out either? I must have been really mistiming that all right So we're gonna switch because the goal will be completed even if I have to lose Even it. Oh, even if I have to lose this set. I'm completing my goal I have a goal now. This is the problem with like challenge videos for fighting games is It's so hard to like normally play a fighting game. You know what three bars will put him in in range. I think No, well, I'm gonna stick. I'm gonna stick with goku for just a little while longer By the way with a guy like this. He's he's he really moves around a lot.  I don't blame you. That's gonna get the job done Level one wouldn't have done it. Maybe if he threw on a vanish But uh, this is the clutch this is the clutch that this is where we find out if the video is actually half figured out Six m's looking good. Six m's looking real nice. I don't know why I'm asked there But we need at least like one more six m rocks only gonna kill with a sliver of health. Oh, no, please please Super dad Oh, what how did it kill with? That was a lot of it's gonna be so hard to get him down to that miniscule health required I just got to keep it in mind. I got to envision that rock hitting the temple Dude, we're actually on islands if we kill super saiyan goku with the rock that should count as a dramatic finish legally And I don't think anybody could argue that point. It would have to count as a dramatic finish And even though I know this isn't technically where they Okay damage A lot of damage here. We're keeping it real nice and basic. Who needs the bar. Oh, what is my d-pad just broken Oh, I didn't block that I'm out. See you I'm out of here, dude Six m with the yamcha says that was just For added insurity because we are definitely gonna hit this meaty for sure. We've missed so many of them Okay, okay. I'm a bit. I thought the vanish would work there. I can see oh My goodness. We are in it. Stay back Oh, dude, I think I want to go for bar dock again Don't level three me this time I'm surprised he didn't level three me there. Did you see how I went up to make the reflect miss?   Oh, that was not that was not That was definitely not big brain material. I'm a little embarrassed I'm still I'm gonna get spear bombed. This is this is the appropriate punishment This is the appropriate punishment. Just you know, I wouldn't add on anymore All right krillin We've got bigger plans for you krillin. You can't die here over Oh, we're getting close to dramatic finish time This should be a dramatic finish bro. This should be a dramatic finish Okay, there's the spark. I kind of forgot he had that not gonna lie to you Switch me out into yamcha We're not we can't be six m. Oh no six m. I can't believe the beam hit me that That throws a wrench in things because now go go Super dash bro. I wouldn't blame you. I wouldn't blame you. I know super dash is a little tempting It's all mash now It's all mash o'clock Uh Yeah, I'm fine doing it the normal way if it ensures we get the kill Gonna have to let yamcha take the old reins. Oh, we're gonna it's this is literally the best case scenario We're approaching dramatic finish at rapid speeds. We're gonna win that air air air air Sorry, I just cannot speak when I'm excited and I'm getting real excited I'm gonna go for the two end. It's gonna be so difficult.  Oh, I forgot the beam assist could kill two You No, he's so good. He's so good and I'm gonna get level three to Put me down put me down this instant you fool Get off of me Okay guy in the combo rock with the air to here. You can't stop me now. I'm pumped up It's impossible and you did you see I hit one and it did I'm dead. I'm dead. I could What is he doing? Wow? Was that the appropriate punishment for rocks?   That's another problem That's another problem with these fighting game challenges is In general, you're just not taking the opponent seriously at the end Which which I am I just really want to win with the rock But I can see how some people would see that as disrespectful What that that was a high jump gone awry. I'm I've experienced quite a few of those myself Oh All right, big damage. Hold on there for just a second.  Oh Oh, I blocked it. Wow More than I expected for myself if I'm being honest. Oh, we're back to Let's just Krillin just doing Krillin things.   It feels so fun Okay, we didn't have a bar. So that's fine No 6m.  Oh, he came right back Oh I'm gonna see you. I'm gonna see you later Goku I'm gonna talk to you later All right, if I could name any place where I would not rather be less, I wouldn't I wouldn't be able to name anything Please stop. Please bring in Yamcha. He must know he has to know dude We've exposed what we want to do and Goku's dead. So it wouldn't even be dramatic, but Let's go Why would you do that? That was just threatening. What this guy possesses a threatening aura about him, dude I am threatened 24 seven with this guy. Um, I think this is gonna require three bars I wouldn't have but you know, I'm not ready for I'm not ready for Krillin to be out yet All right, that's fine. If I can't beat Goku with the rock his father will have to suffice. He always jumps in Okay Doing it for the corner, baby doing it for the corner. We get the full Extent of the combo. I didn't want to give up the core. Oh, stop. Stop. Remember easy easy Okay, we can draw it sparking. Let somebody else draw it sparking though. Okay. Hold on not too much Uh, whoops, I I ha ha funny drop That's all it was Please mr. Bartok.  No back away back away Please stop sir and so it begins I don't know why why I get these challenges Krillin's dead. I brought him out too early. It's what an awkward amount of health It's such an awkward amount of health to kill with. Okay, so this is gonna be what if we win this this is two wins Oh, these challenges are getting more and more ridiculous. They're getting harder and harder But I will not yield I will not yield. Let's move on to the next match All right. All right. I see I see that you're not gonna you're not gonna let this happen easily and I respect it We're back. We're ready to go from the back up Okay, you got swept away right there. I knew we were in big trouble when I clicked the second light I was like, oh that's it's good range, but not good enough Not good at enough at all Hold that overhead Oh, you know what? Let's let's go go GT out of the way first. Every time I've said this I've always hated my decision making but Oh, I don't hate it anymore and we're going optimal And we're still kicking Stay in the corner Okay, stop. Stop. Stop. Stop. Stop. Stop. Stop. Okay, go Krillin safe Krillin safe Unfortunately, the blue health is gonna leave but we Wow bad corner to land in Oof. Oh, no, please. Thank you I'm so all right. We are yoncha players though. We always have been Once the yoncha player always the yoncha player. He's gonna reflect No reflect. Okay. He did that last time Wow. All right. I don't know why that surprised me waiting for the standout Don't switch me back out into crepe. Oh, yeah too bad Oh The double 2m strike continues to impress. I got out of the corner with that one Oh god Krillin. Do you know what you're here for? One guy down, but I really don't want Krillin out here. Do the assists refresh right away? They do Okay, but you think that I would know that system mechanic by heart by now, but whatever I don't Oh, no, I Caught me mashing He could just drop me though That would be not uh And we are yoncha play. Oh, that wasn't even the right move That was not the right move at all, but we are once again heading for dramatic finish territory Again, it's not a real one, but it should be Oh, he just loves this strike Please you have to switch out goku. It's nothing personal except it very much is I just want to throw this run No, it's a little less cannon now Damn it. I'm not gonna be able to switch off this Okay, now we have two goals. We need to switch goku out and then Okay spark. That's you know, that's good enough place to spark No, stop, stop, stop, stop, stop, stop, stop All right. All right. All right. All right. It's time. It's time.   You don't understand the gravity of the situation. You're forcing me into it. Oh, no, no, no, no This is the worst. This is easily the worst Oh, and now I'm gonna lose. No, he can't kill. He can't kill. He can't kill, but he can't sweat What are you doing to me, man? I need to hit you with like a super Oh, it's literally as close as it's gonna get.   He drops it. I'm so oh, he's lucky He got lucky on that one. Oh, he's also just a great I Expect to be thrown stamps at and I just I totally get it I totally get it. I totally get it. You can throw stamps.  Okay I'm so sorry I'm just I deserve it. I deserve it I want to spark so bad, but just wouldn't be worth it in the grand scheme of things Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa Man, we gotta keep Krillin's health up If Krillin's health falls it just gets so much harder Oh bar blocking bar doc is tough I try to come in with the heavy did not work out like I wanted to but we're out Oh, no, okay. It actually killed nice.  Oh, no nice Is it enough to kill? Yes, it is three bars. That's that's definitely enough Definitely enough and we're gonna make sure krillin comes out nice and second Can't even see him behind the bean because that's how much we're hiding him from the world We don't even want the world to see him until it's time. I just can't believe we would have had it I can't believe we would have had it Oh, that's so stupid that we lost krillin right like that Okay, get that sliding in the corner where he's gonna spark No, but we do get the master. Oh, no, no, no, no Okay, that's probably that is definitely the end of goku's life.  He's gonna super dash Whoa Who said that just because it's a krillin video that we can't throw a little yamchi in it Because whoever said that was just lying to you Okay, we're in the health range where I feel only comfortable hitting him with super dash Oh god, okay. He's low. He's exactly where I need him to be Oh, but super dash goes through rock. Everything goes through rock, man This this is so I actually from using this. I actually kind of like the way rock feels in the air more That's why you see me jumping The rock got swept up. Am I dead? I'm not dead, but I am close Why did I call it? I think we need to hit another super dash. Anyway, it might be time to switch recover a little emotionally Oh that If you're if you're playing at home Let me know if you've ever seen a more pristine rock condition Because I'm not gonna lie to you. I don't think there has been one Please please that it's over. It was the hardest challenge and I couldn't break it home.  Check those out. Those are regular games I probably won't be attempting another challenge video for a while unless you guys have something in mind But in which case feel free to suggest that as well other than that I have been dr. Doa and I will see you in the next video