So, we come to the lecture number 4 of this module 1 still in the introduction, but now focusing on the gas liquid interfaces. Today we discuss properties over curved surfaces. I am certain some of the results that we will be deriving here you would have probably come across at least tangentially sometime in your studies so far. To begin with let us say we going to talk about vapor pressures. So, I need you to imagine that a drop of a liquid a small very small drop of liquid like water is created from a large body of water with planar surface. Now supposing that this little drop has radius small a, we ask ourselves the question as to what would be the relation between the chemical potential of the drop vapor system as against the planar water with associated equilibrium vapor that system. So, what would be the kind of relation between these two chemical potentials? Presuming that drop is in equilibrium with vapor and on the other hand we have planar water surface in equilibrium with the associated vapor. How would the two chemical potentials compare? Now before we going to theoretical deduction of an interrelationship between these two chemical potentials, I would like you to think about it first. So, if we have to basically just compare the magnitude of chemical potential in the drop vapor system against the planar water vapor system, what would be your reflection? We are not really looking at this stage at the exact mathematical relationship, but maybe in terms of inequality inequality, how would mu a compare against mu? If it is not obvious to you, you can think of the way the drop might have been created. After all we picked up a small quantity of water from under a planar surface and then brought it into the being that is a small drop. So, we expect we would have done certain energy expenditure in going from under planar surface to a drop form. That is exactly what I am asking you to imagine here. And as we go along through this lecture, I would want you to keep your paper and pencil ready so that you can start working out things along with me here. So, here we have that small drop of radius a. If it is in equilibrium with the vapor associated surrounding it, let the chemical potential be equal to mu a and the corresponding chemical potential for a planar water surface in contact with equilibrium vapor is mu. So, we now looking at some sort of relation between mu a and mu. We expect the chemical potential for the drop vapor system to be greater than for the planar water vapor system. And that would be indicative of how much work has been done in creating the that creating that drop from a certain number of molecules which were originally under a planar surface. The difference between these two chemical potentials will be expectedly dependent on these two quantities the radius of the drop that we created and the surface tension. And the precise relation is given by Kelvin equation. As we will see later as we go along, the relationship could be obtained from following considerations. Let us say we take a small number of molecules d n from water at constant temperature, constant volume and constant surface area from within the interior of a large mass of liquid beneath the flat surface and add these to the interior of the chosen drop of radius small a. Now, the work done could be written in terms of chemical potential as d f is equal to mu a minus mu into d n right. So, this could be also seen to be equal as the work that must be done in having these d n molecules added to the drop which would increase the surface area of the drop. So, the work done according to the increased surface area will be gamma times d a. So, equating these two we would say d f is equal to mu a minus mu d n equal to gamma d a and presuming the drop is spherical we will have this equal to gamma times differential of 4 pi a square or that could be completed as 8 pi a gamma d a. Now, we need to eliminate d n and d a from this equation. The way to do that would be to consider the increase in volume when we add d n molecules of water to the drop if by small v we denote molecular volume this should be v d n and this should be equal to the increase in the volume of the drop d v where v is equal to 4 third pi a cube. So, here is a relation which will permit us eliminating from equation 15 d n and d a. So, you can work along with me here this is v d n equal to d v or when you substitute for v as 4 third pi a cube and complete the differentiation we will get d n is equal to 4 pi a square d a divided by small v. Now, substituting this in equation 15 for d n and simplifying we get mu a minus mu is equal to 2 gamma v by a. This bears us right bears out us right we had anticipated mu a to be greater than mu.  So, that is a general form of Kelvin equation mu a minus mu equal to 2 gamma v by a. Since we want to learn something more about vapor pressures we could for ideal vapors write the following pair of equations mu a can be equated to mu 0 plus k T ln p a likewise mu is equal to mu 0 plus k T ln p where p a and p are the vapor pressures that one would be able to measure for the drop of radius a if it is an equilibrium with vapor around it. Similarly, mu is the chemical potential for the planar water surface in contact with the vapor which would have vapor pressure small p. Now, if we substitute for mu a and mu in the general form of Kelvin equation we will get mu 0 eliminated mu a minus mu will be equal to k T ln p a by p and when you transpose that factor k T to the other side you would obtain equation 20 ln p a by p equal to 2 gamma v by a k T. We repeat p a and p respectively stand for equilibrium vapor pressures for the curved surface against that for a flat surface. So, we understand here everything on the right hand side being positive the implication is the vapor pressure p a is greater than vapor pressure p. So, when we go from a flat surface to a curved surface we have an increase in the vapor pressure. Many a time in this series of lectures we will be talking about water it is partly by way of convention adopted in literature on interfacial science and engineering and partly because this is one liquid we have in such large abundance on a planet and we ought to know more and more about water and perhaps air. So, I will I will expect this class to try and learn more about water and air I will be guiding some of those ideas for your considerations. So, little bit of a digression historically composition of water which is two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen was discovered by Henry Cavendish in London in 1781 and his findings were reported in terms of phlogiston which was later proved to be hydrogen and deflogisticated air which was proven to be oxygen and interesting fact about Cavendish was that he died in his laboratory about 30 minutes walk from present site of London south bank university. This is the picture of that old gentleman. We return to the vapor pressures over curved surfaces and apply to get some numerical estimates. If we use this relation between P and P by plugging in for water different droplet sizes we come to these observations. For a drop size of 10th of a micron the increase in vapor pressure is about 1 percent. At 100th of a micron we note a 10 percent increase in the vapor pressure at a small size of 50 angstroms the increase in vapor pressure is 100 percent. At 10 angstroms the increase is 200 percent and if we go down to a very small cluster of 6 angstroms the increase in vapor pressure is about 450 percent. All calculations have certain assumptions and this simple calculation here presumes the surface tension to be constant. As we will see later this can be justified to give you a flavor of simple theories and their abilities to predict quantities of interest to a sufficient accuracy will be time again will be checking the results of the theory time and again against external data. So, Kelvin equation 2 has been tested experimentally by measuring growth of aerosol droplets to equilibrium. They have been 2 independent experimental approaches here both relating to growth of aerosols. We will take these in turn in next couple of slides. The first approach was to make a mono disperse aerosol of di-octyl phthalate. This aerosol was allowed to reach an equilibrium over a mixture of di-octyl phthalate and toluene having a flat surface. You can begin thinking about what kind of measurements would have been made. It is to be expected that the vapors of toluene would condense on the aerosol droplets until the vapor pressure of toluene over these DOP droplets or particulates becomes equal to that over flat surface of the mixture at which point the growth of the aerosol particles would cease. That would be the equilibrium situation. Toluene will keep leaving the surface of the planar system and the toluene molecules would get condensed on the aerosol droplets. There by changing the composition of the aerosol at equilibrium there should be no growth of aerosol particles, but taken with this part of knowledge that we had reduced that the vapor pressure over curved surface is greater than over a planar surface. What would we expect to measure here? Obviously, one could measure the size of aerosol droplets when equilibrium is reached that is one measurement we obviously can make. What else could be measured? We would know what is the initial composition of the mixture at the planar surface toluene and diocotylthalate. If we take a sample of the aerosol one would again be able to measure the composition of toluene concentration of toluene in the aerosol. It is here that we expect to see a difference in composition that is exactly what was measured the vapor pressure over the curved surface being greater than that over the flat surface rather small mole fraction of toluene is found in aerosol droplets at equilibrium when compared to that in the bulk under the planar surface. Now using these data comparing the actual growth of aerosol droplets with that which would give the droplets the same composition as in the bulk mixture under the planar surface we would be able to check the excess vapor pressure over the surface of various curvatures. And by doing this it could be checked how good Kelvin's equation would be in predicting the effect of curvature on the vapor pressures. It turns out the experimental results bear Kelvin equation to be accurate to within plus or minus 2 percent that is a very good accuracy. In another independent approach the Kelvin equation was verified using aqueous sodium chloride droplets in equilibrium with a plain sheet of water. Once again those measurements reveal the theory to be in agreement with experiment to within a few percent. So, that confirms the basic soundness of Kelvin equation. It is at this stage that I would like you to think about what else could be affected by curvature. After all the title for this lecture has been chosen as properties over curved surfaces. So, vapor pressure has been the first of the property properties. So, we could think of other properties, but before we come to that maybe I can give you certain amount of homework to do. You can use the same approach for 2 other geometries. First is a cylinder of radius small a and the other one is a trough of liquid of radius a. For a cylinder of liquid the vapor pressure is enhanced or increased as per equation 21. Lawn P a by P is equal to gamma v by a k t whereas, for a trough of liquid of radius a we have Lawn P by P a equal to gamma v by a k t. I would like you to try and prove equations 21 and 22 or rather derive these equations 21 and 22 from a similar approach as we just seen. It is interesting how other properties 2 are influenced by curvature. Once we are focusing on gas liquid systems the next entity we come across is excess pressure inside bubbles. The work necessary to expand spherical gas bubble surface is gamma d a or 8 pi a gamma d a on similar lines as we did for drops. And if an external pressure is applied to the inside of the bubble maybe with the help of a fine capillary the work done in increasing the size of the bubble will be P e times d v or that is equal to substituting v equal to 4 third pi a cube P e d v is equal to 4 pi a square P e d a and that is equated to the work of enlarging the spherical gas bubbles 8 pi a gamma d a. So, cancelling of 4 pi a d a we get excess pressure as 2 gamma over a. I am sure as children you would have played with soap bubbles. So, next think about the situation when we blow a soap bubble in air unlike the bubble created in the interior of water. Now, we will have 2 surfaces which need to be extended and by following similar arguments we can show that the excess pressure for a soap bubble would be twice of what is shown in equation 24 P e is now equal to 4 gamma by a. Like in case of vapor pressures you should be able to obtain a field for magnitudes of excess pressures by plugging in numbers like surface tension and different redive for bubbles, but for the time being we could see an example you could play with this equation and accustomed yourself to the magnitudes. But to give an example here right away if a soap bubble of 1 micron radius is created from a solution aqueous solution typical surface tension value could be taken as 25 dynes per centimeter. And it is interesting to know that note that excess pressure in the bubble as per this 4 gamma by a will work out to be about 1 atmosphere. A small soap bubble could have excess pressure of the order of atmosphere inside it. It is important to get feel for these numbers because these facts could be useful in practice. We will look at more implications in times to come. For the time being one of the important consequences of excess pressure would be seen in breakdown of foams. We realize that smaller bubbles will have enhanced excess pressures inside. Those of you who have had some exposure to mass transfer would be able to see immediately that air will tend to diffuse through liquid lamelly from small bubbles in foam into larger bubbles because the pressure in larger bubbles, excess pressure in larger bubbles will be smaller. How dramatic can this be? Here is an example. In foams made of rubber latex or tipol solution one can observe that the total number of bubbles would decrease to just about 10 percent of the original in as little as 15 minutes. And that without any single film ever rupturing. This mode of foam breakdown which is occurring through combination of excess pressure and therefore, increased permeability which in turn is a result of increased solubility and therefore, increased driving forces for diffusion from smaller bubbles to larger ones is called disproportionation in the literature on foams. It is so simple as that smaller bubbles have higher excess pressure. So, the air inside will have higher solubility therefore, higher permeability and therefore, greater permeation or diffusion rates and therefore, smaller bubbles will keep on losing their gas contained to the larger bubbles until they vanish all together. So, that should not be surprising in about 15 minutes only 10 percent of the bubbles remain without actually having any so film rupturing. So, that is this proportionation for you as is known in the modern parlance on literature in foams. Yet another property you could think of as being influenced by curvature. We sort of refer to this the solubility solubility from small droplets or particles. For the sake of derivation we analyze a case of a very fine emulsion. We take an extremely fine emulsion of oil in water will generically represent oil in water type of emulsions as O slash W type. We need to think about the solubility of oil in water. We expect this solubility to be slightly enhanced and if it is a fine emulsion that we are talking of we likely to have very large interfacial area and associated with this large interfacial area. We will have a very large interfacial energy. This in turn would tend to raise the chemical potential of the oil effect of large interfacial energy would be to raise the chemical potential of oil appreciably. We could conduct a similar thought experiment as we had in the case of vapor pressure concentration. We let small mu to be chemical potential of oil in contact with water in a system where we have a flat interface and by mu sub e we denote chemical potential of oil dispersed in water in the form of droplets in that emulsion form droplets are of radius a. Next we imagine that a certain small number of molecules d n of oil are picked up from the interior of the aqueous solution in contact with a planar oil water interface and place them on a small droplet of oil of radius a which is in contact with aqueous solution of oil in the emulsion. So, we are charting out the same kind of thought pattern. So, when we move this d n molecules from under a planar surface and put it into a small droplet the work done could be estimated from the change of chemical potential for this collection of d n oil molecules. Once these are placed on the tiny oil droplet they would cause expansion of the drop surface. Now, against the interfacial tension in the vapor pressure case we are talking of surface tension. Here we are placing these d n oil molecules inside a small oil droplet of radius a in an emulsion. So, the work of expansion will be against the interfacial tension. Equating these two we can write mu a minus mu d n is equal to 8 pi a d a times gamma i. Within the bracket we have differential of area d a. Gamma i is interfacial tension or interfacial energy. I will repeat what I said about surface tension. Surface tension we said will have units of dimes per centimeter, but then dimensionality same as oaks per centimeter square. So, we see the likeness of surface tension and a sort of energy. So, when we proved the Helmholtz free energy is equivalent to surface tension we had similar understanding. Now, we are talking of interfacial tension once again in dimes per centimeter against interfacial energy which would be in oaks per centimeter square. We also make an auxiliary balance corresponding to volume change of droplet. If we place d n molecules each of volume small v then v d n is equal to d of capital B which is 4 pi a square d a. Substituting for d n in the previous equation 26 we find after cancelling 4 pi a d a mu a minus mu is equal to 2 gamma i v by a. This result we see is similar to what we had in case of the vapor pressure concentration. Now, presuming the solution of oil in water behaves like an ideal solution we can substitute for mu a minus mu the right hand side of equation 29 k t ln c a by c. And therefore, we can write by combining equations 28 and 29 ln c a by c equal to 2 gamma i v by a k t. Once again we see the solubility c a will be higher for the smaller particles or smaller droplets. What we are stating for an oil in water emulsion we can also extend to particles in water or any solvent. So, the solubility for smaller particles c a will be greater than the solubility that you will be able to measure over flat surfaces. I may ask you to think about this are we likely to have any experimental consequence observable for this result. Is it simply a theoretical deduction or will it have any real consequence? The power of theory and the ability of mathematics to analyze what is common among diverse phenomena is sometimes amazing. So, it is not just the vapor pressures are enhanced solubility is also affected significantly by the size scheme or curvature. Now, in context of solid liquid systems we can put this in perspective solubility of oil for a small droplet is higher than for a planar oil surface in contact with water exactly similarly as the situation is with vapor pressure over curved surface. In context of solid liquid systems this has an interesting effect. When you look through literature on crystallization you would see a similar effect for the higher solubility for smaller crystals. Now, this extent is not difficult to perform one could do this if the crystals are formed very rapidly from a super saturated solution. So, rapidly that upon filtration you would not be able to retain any crystals on the filter paper. That quick crystallization would produce very small crystals and if you observe over period of time what happens to the population of these small crystals what you see is interesting. You find upon standing there would be only a small number of large crystals left. Clearly large crystals seem to grow at the expense of the smaller crystals. That is not now difficult to imagine understand. The smaller crystals dissolve due to their higher solubility exactly according to this equation. And if the smaller crystals have higher solubility they lose the solute molecules to the mother liquor. Through the mother liquor they make their way to the interface of larger crystals which have higher which have a smaller solubility. Larger crystals will have smaller solubility. So, the solute molecules make their way from small crystals through the mother liquor to the large crystals making the larger crystals grow further. Given sufficient time only a few large crystals would remain. This well known phenomenon is known in literature as host wall ripening. So, if we take stock of the three situations that we have discussed so far. We see higher vapor pressures for smaller droplets something very similar to higher solubility for smaller particles or smaller droplets in a solid liquid or liquid liquid systems. And a higher higher excess pressure for smaller bubbles in gas liquid systems that probably will lead you to anticipate that in a fog the much finer water droplets would tend to make way for larger droplets. In case of foam smaller bubbles would disappear in disproportionation and in case of crystallization the smaller crystals would vanish as a result of host wall ripening. Behind all this phenomena there is one common theme that is the enhanced property for smaller size scale or greater curvature. We continue to alternate with the theme of water. This is picture of water as normally visualized. I made a remark last time that water is highly associated there is strong hydrogen bonding among water molecules. So, glass full of water could be imagined to be a single very large molecule that would be a model for it. The structure of water again is given here. We see the strong hydrogen bonding over successive layers of water. We made a mention of certain implicit assumption in our derivation for effect of curvature on vapor pressure or effect of curvature on solubility. And that implicit assumption was that the surface tension in the liquid vapor or liquid gas system was constant or interfacial tension in the liquid-liquid emulsified systems was taken as constant. One could question every assumption and it is not surprising that that has been done. So, let us deal with this assumption here. How good would we do if we treat surface tension to be constant? There are certain calculations made in literature which I would like to have a recapitulation here. For liquid surfaces with the radius of curvature A large compared to thickness of surface region, the surface tension is close to the value which would be measured or expected for planar interface. Question then comes up if for water present in the form of such a small drop as to have the radius A comparable to the thickness of the surface layer, will the surface tension still be same or appreciably different from that for a planar surface. And that is the sense of small size scales. We have much of what constitutes a small particle or droplet very close to the surface. There is not much of bulk there. So, will surface tensions still be same or will it differ appreciably? There are number of attempts to answer this question. First we have Tolman's work in 1949 who used quasi thermo dynamical method independently Kirkwood and Buff used a statistical mechanical treatment and in 1951 we had Benson and Shuttleworth using a molecular interaction method. And all these methods predict that the surface tension will be less than that for planar surface when the radius of the droplet is comparable to a few molecular radii. So, very rigorously speaking treating the surface tension constant would not be correct. But if you take a pragmatic view even when the radius of the droplet is just about a few molecular radii large, the surface tension decrease is relatively small. One could make judgments about these independent methods. To be critical we could say among these three approaches the molecular interaction method is the most reliable one. And that is because there is a very small number of molecules which would be required to make such a tiny droplet. For example, for water if the droplet radius is 4.6 angstroms it would require only 13 molecules and it is based on the scale molecular model which counts the number of bonds broken. The prediction is that the fall in surface tension is just about 15 percent or less. So, for the above water droplet the surface tension predicted would be about 61 dynes per centimeter against the 72 dynes per centimeter is the common value that we have always come across per water for planar surfaces. It therefore seems safe to conclude here that for very small droplets such as embryos and nuclei which are responsible for phase transformation the surface tension indeed decreases slightly, but the decrease is not very large. And in everyday life of a scientist and engineer on usual scales of measurement as are used in the measurement of surface tension of liquids such as by a droplet method which we will be addressing later. The effect of curvature of surface tension effect of curvature of droplet on surface tension can always be ignored. So, the take home message here is ordinarily we can regard surface tension to be independent of curvature, but when you go down to very small size scales like for nuclear embryos which are basic to phase transformations these effects could be somewhat considerable. It is here that I would like you to be aware of another property. In the course of these lectures we will be alternating between some practical considerations and some fundamental or abstract concepts. We will also have to have certain elementary models to estimate properties which are pertinent to an accuracy which is acceptable on an order of magnitude basis. So, after having talked about surface tension abate, vapor pressures, excess pressures, solubilities, Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy, we next think about total surface energy. The total surface energy is greater than the Helmholtz free energy for the surface per area. And the relation is what is summed up in equation 31.  To find the entropy S s, we make use of this relation S s is equal to minus dou F s by dou T at constant N and V. We had earlier proved in the last lecture that F s is equal to gamma 0. So, S s is now equal to minus dou gamma 0 by dou T at constant N and V number of molecules is equal to minus N volume. Or we can rearrange our earlier equation to get U s equal to gamma 0 plus T times minus dou gamma 0 by dou T at constant N and V. So, at 25 degrees centigrade for water, U s will work out to 118 ergs per centimeter square taking the surface tension as 72 dynes per centimeter and the temperature coefficient of surface tension as minus 0.154 and for mercury, U s works out to be 541 ergs per centimeter square. We will stop here for today and we will begin next time with a recapitulation of the total surface energy. So, we conclude this lecture here.


Do you like bird pirates? How about a wooden ship with a cat head? Or giant mermaids shouting huge Japanese letters at you? Or cranky old men yelling at you as you play?  Starting with Perodius Da, Takogachikyu Osuku, or simply Perodius for you PAL region folks. Later came Gokujo Perodius, which for convenience sake I'm just going to refer to as Perodius 2. And finally there was Jikyu Oshibiri Perodius, or what I'll call Perodius 3. Perodius as you might have guessed is a comedic take on the Gradius titles, with each game featuring nearly the exact same game engine and gameplay mechanics as the Gradius series. Only it's like somebody bent the circuits and sprinkled some LSD all over the circuit board. Yes, this is quite literally a parody of Gradius, and what you come across in these games is beyond belief, if not freaking hilarious. There's also all sorts of other references to other Konami games tossed in there for good measure, like Goemon and Twinbee for example. Let's start with the first Perodius game. The title in full translates to From Myth to Laughter, and yeah, that's pretty appropriate. This received ports to all sorts of other systems, and yes, like I mentioned earlier, this got a PAL region release, but not one in North America. And also this is an arcade port, easily one of the best on the system too if you compare the two games, since they're nearly identical. That's pretty rare for the time. But yeah, the Gradius power-up structure is here, of course, and most of the weapons are the same too, and the game plays the same way in terms of spacing and speed. In fact, all three do for the most part. There's still the red pods you collect, and you have the freedom to use them quickly or to save up for more powerful weapons. In addition to the red pods though, there's the colored bells from the Twinbee games. They bounce around horizontally, shoot them and make them change color, and you can obtain points and even obtain a megaphone thing and shout Japanese at enemies until they go boom. The big difference between Perodius and Gradius very obviously comes in the settings, enemies, music, and the playable characters. You can play as Vic Viper, the same ship as Gradius, but there's also Octopus, Twinbee, and Pentaru. Yes, a penguin, and no, I don't get it either, but it's pretty funny. You fly through a graveyard, a pirate ship, and a circus to name a few areas. And yeah, I don't want to belabor the point too much, but this series stands out because it's just so colorful and so insane. It looks like I'm looking at a moving bowl of fruity pebbles. Let's move on quickly to Gokujo Perodius, Kako no Aikuo Motome de, which translates to Ultimate Perodius, seeking the former glory, and yeah, it seeks it a little too closely because the problem is that there's hardly anything new here. I know that most times with a sequel, you just want more of what the original game did well, but this game gets to the point where I can't even tell where the first game stops and the second game starts. It's a little too samey. That may not be a bad thing for some people, but the sensory overload these games bring about kind of wears on you after a while. I mean, maybe there are a few new things here and there, but I can't tell because my eyes and my brain have just been pounded in a mush at this point. There are at least four new characters here in addition to the four in the original game, and the game does introduce a respawn option where you can continue right where you died or go back to a checkpoint. That really makes the game easier to digest. The third game is Jikyu Oshaberi Perodius, or Chatting Perodius, named as such because an old Japanese man yells at you the entire game. I should just stop talking the rest of the video and let this guy take over. This game is much more distinct for a number of reasons. Number one is the obvious old man shouting. Also, there's 16 playable characters here. Also, the respawn option here works in two-player mode, so if you die, a second player can resume right where you died instead of starting at a checkpoint. It's not quite co-op, but it's still a nice feature to have. The stages in Perodius 3 are also a little more distinct. You fly through a high school, a pseudo twin bee stage, and what comes across as a Konami sightseeing tour stage, with references to other Konami games showing up all over the place. The third game is the funniest of the three because it's a bit more focused instead of just all-out insanity. Also, the level design here is a bit different. It's not just bullet hell type stuff with waves of enemies. This time around, the overall level layout is a bit more varied. Now, I have to address a few things that apply to all three of these games. First is, how bad is the infamous Super Nintendo shooter slowdown? It's not as bad as something like Super R-type or the original Gradius 3, but it's certainly present. The first game has the least amount of slowdown that I could tell, and the third game has the worst. Next, how hard are these games? Well, all three are pretty damn tough, with the third being by far the hardest to get through, even with save states I had a hard time. The first game is probably the easiest out of the three, but yeah. No part of any of these games are easy, even for shoot-em-up veterans. So yeah, even after playing all three of these games for hours, it's still hard to discern between the three. I will say the first game is a very good game, a top five shoot-em-up on the Super Nintendo for sure. The second is a little disappointing because it feels like more of the same. The third game is the most ambitious, the funniest, and the most difficult with the most slowdown problems, so that makes it the least accessible for casual players.  You can't go wrong. Just be prepared for your brain to end up fried like an egg.


You've probably had at least one toxic person in your life, maybe it was a parent who left you with deep emotional wounds or a friend who stabbed you in the back. You may have been able to recognize toxic traits in others before, but have you ever considered whether you were toxic? It's important to reflect on how we can do better and become aware of our toxic traits if we have them. Doing so can help us reduce conflict in our lives and ensure that we're not unintentionally hurting those we love. Today's video is a short quiz that will help you recognize your toxic traits so that you can address them and have happier, healthier relationships. First, let's talk about what it means to be toxic. According to Psychcentral, someone is toxic when they repeatedly say or do negative things that cause emotional harm to others. They are specific traits that experts believe are toxic. The psychologist Dr. Erin Itoff says that being argumentative, inconsiderate of others' feelings and judgmental, are all examples of toxic traits. Relationship therapist Joral Carabello cites jealousy and resentment as two major signs of toxic behavior. This quiz will help you find out whether you have these traits. So, Psych2Goers, how toxic are you? For each question, choose the option that best describes you. Keep track of your answers and watch until the end to get your results. Disclaimer, this quiz was created to help you become more self-aware and reflect on how your behavior may be affecting your relationships. It is not meant to be used as a substitute for advice from a medical professional.  They are visibly upset and tell you that you've really hurt their feelings. Do you A. Tell them they shouldn't be so sensitive. You are just joking. B. Say that you didn't mean to hurt their feelings but refuse to apologize. Or C. Apologize and admit you took the joke too far. Question 2 You text your friend and ask them to hang out. They say they'd love to, but they're going on a date with their partner tonight. They suggest that you reschedule for another day. You've already hung out with your friend a few times this week. How do you react? A.  You act like nothing's wrong but feel jealous of their partner. Or C. You tell them to have a great time on their date. You're happy for them and glad that they are spending quality time with their partner. Question 3 How often do you find yourself in drama with others? A. Often, it seems to follow you everywhere you go. B. Sometimes, if you don't get along with someone, you might intentionally start drama with them. Or C. Rarely, you try your best to avoid drama. Question 4 Looking back at the arguments you've had in your life, how did they usually end? A. None of them were your fault. The people you were arguing with were always in the wrong. So you never needed to apologize. B. You said you were sorry if you were wrong. But you didn't really mean it. You still hold resentment towards most of the people you disagreed with. C. You understood where the other person was coming from and compromised with them. You apologized if you were in the wrong and accepted other people's apologies if they were genuine. Question 5 How do you feel when you have a disagreement with someone? A. Very excited. You love proving people wrong. B. Somewhat excited. Arguing can be fun from time to time. C. Neutral or uncomfortable because you rather not argue if you don't have to. Question 6 Imagine that you had to give feedback to a co-worker or classmate on their work. What would you do? A. Try to find as many mistakes as you can and point them out. Even if they do a good job, you never comment on what they do well because you enjoy being critical. B. Give your honest opinion and don't pay much attention to how your comments might make them feel. Or C. Try your best to give helpful constructive feedback while being considerate to their emotions. Question 7 How do you feel when people tell you about their accomplishments and success? A. You feel threatened.  You feel jealous. But admire their hard work. Or C. You feel neutral. Or happy for them. The results. If you chose mostly A's, you have a lot of toxic traits. You may be engaging in toxic behaviors that are affecting the quality of your relationships. Do you remember the toxic traits we listed at the beginning of this video? That's right. According to psychologist Dr. Aaron Ituff, being argumentative and considerate of others' feelings and judgmental are all toxic traits. If you resonate with any of these, the good news is this doesn't mean you're a bad person. You can be more aware of potentially harmful behaviors moving forward. If you find yourself doing these things, it can help to take a step back and ask yourself, is there any way I can make this situation more positive and beneficial for everyone involved? There's no need to feel discouraged. Self-improvement is a lifelong journey for all of us. No matter what toxic traits we may have. If you chose mostly B's, you have some toxic traits. You could benefit from a little self-reflection. But you're pretty good at keeping your toxicity in check. You might have a hard time admitting you're wrong sometimes or start arguments even when they're unnecessary. But you don't intentionally hurt others. Let's review some of the warning signs to look out for. In an interview with Healthline, relationship therapist Jorale Carabello pointed out that jealousy and resentment are two indicators that toxic behaviors are affecting your relationships. If you find yourself having these feelings, instead of acting on them, it can help to pause, acknowledge your emotions and explore why you have them. If you chose mostly C's, you have little to no toxic traits. Congratulations! Your results show that you're a healthy communicator and don't indicate signs of toxic behavior. You're empathetic, non-judgmental and can take accountability when you've messed up. You've probably done a lot of self-work to get to this point, so give yourself a pat on the back. Oh, and be sure not to let others take advantage of your kindness. Remember that this quiz is just for fun and your results don't make you a good or bad person. If your results weren't what you expected, look at it as an opportunity to learn more about yourself and what behaviors to look out for moving forward. If you're watching this video, you're probably willing to be better for yourself and those around you, which is something to be proud of. So, Psych2Goers, what were your results? Share them in the comments below and find out how others scored. If you want to learn more about this topic, check out our recently posted video on 6 signs you're becoming a toxic person. Those of you who watched this video, appreciated looking inward and recognizing your behaviors that might be causing unnecessary harm or conflict. We're proud to have a community that is so open and willing to self-reflect and learn more about how you can improve. Subscribe and hit the like button if you want to see more content that helps you learn about yourself and others. Thanks for watching. Until next time.


Welcome traders to another TickMill earning season preview with me, Patrick Munley. Before we jump into today's report, as always, we want to adhere to the risk disclaimer, most pertinent to today's presentation is the fact the views and opinions expressed by me are solely mine. They're not indicative or representative of those held by TickMill UK or TickMill Europe Limited. So, okay, let's jump into today's report and we are actually going to take a look at First Republic Bank. Not normally an earnings preview that we would cover, but given recent events, this one is certainly going to be of interest to the markets. First Republic are set to announce earnings after the close of trade in New York trading today. We are looking at a revenue, EPS, sorry, per share of 95 cents based on revenue of 1.22 billion. Following the failure of the Silicon Valley Bank in March, First Republic faced similar concerns over the sustainability of uninsured deposits and unrealized losses in its security portfolio that could be booked in case of a fire set. To combat the crisis, First Republic obtained additional liquidity access from the Federal Reserve Bank and JP Morgan Chase. It fortified the bank's financial position with more than 70 billion in unused funds for operations to be used in the event of a deposit flight. Also, it received uninsured deposits aggregating 30 billion from 11 banks of the country showcasing confidence in First Republic. Companies first quarter 2023 revenues and earnings are likely to have declined year over year, reflecting the current stress environment. First Republic has an impressive earnings surprise history. It's earning surprise the consensus estimate in the trailing four quarters. The average beat was 3.71 percent. The lending environment though has weakened in the first quarter of this year with the pace of loan growth across most categories slowing down. Per the Fed's latest data residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans and consumer loan growth have all declined. This is likely to have reduced the overall loan demand to be reported quarter from quarter at the end of 2022. Also, slow growth in loan as demands call in the light of higher rates in an uncertain economic environment is expected to have hindered First Republic's lending activity. Federal Reserve have obviously hiked rates by 50 basis points to be reported in the quarter and the 25 basis point in the prior quarter. The policy rate has reached 4.75 percent, 5 percent higher since 2008. Such successive rate hikes have limited any further positive impact on the company's net interest income. Also, yield curve inversion and rising funding costs in the March quarter are likely to have hindered the bank's net interest margin and consensus mark for the net interest income is actually pegged at around 990 million suggesting a 15.7 percent fall on a sequential basis. The bank does also have a robust wealth management practice with a focused on personalized customer service experience through its relationship banking model. It has also been expanding its investment management service offering to clients as well. These efforts are expected to have aided the company in onboarding new customers. However, given the concerns faced by First Republic post the closure of SBB and a worsening economic backdrop, the company is likely to have lost its customer base during the quarter. Uncertainty due to recession fears has dampened the market performance, weaker equity markets and low deal making activity during the quarter are expected to have affected First Republic's wealth management revenues and assets. Nonetheless, the consensus estimate for investment management fees is pegged at 153 billion implying a rise of a 0.5 percent sequentially. Let's take a look at some of the statistical trading patterns around First Republic earnings releases. First Republic shares have a tendency to move higher in the immediate aftermath of only 7 out of 12 previous reports. On average though, the stock has moved down at the end of the first day of trading for a loss of negative 0.2 percent on the day. Based on the previous 12 earnings releases, First Republic is more likely to trade lower one day after earnings for an average loss of 0.1 percent. Moving to the analyst community, and as you can imagine, there has been a sway in opinion of late, of 16 analysts that cover the stock. Only three have it as a buy. 12 are saying keep on hold and one as a strong sell. In terms of price estimates, obviously they have swung significantly as well in recent weeks. The downside would suggest an $8 price target, and the average target for the next 12 months is a 61.75 cents per share, and then the max upside we're talking about is $148 per share. In terms of sentiment and flow data, there has been a bit of a bullish move in terms of the options market. There's been over $13,661 contracts traded, the $15 call, which expires on Friday. An options order flow sentiment in general has been bullish. Investor sentiment going into the company's earnings has only 47 percent expecting an earnings being predicted. Move after earnings announcements has been 4.8 percent, and on average the actual earnings move has been around 3.9 percent in absolute terms. The options market notably has overestimated the First Republic stock earnings move 83 percent of the time in last 12 quarters. That said, let's pull up the First Republic chart and see if there is any immediate trading opportunities that we can identify. Obviously, you can see the decline that we saw during the crisis in March, which has stabilized now, albeit at much lower levels or trading around the $14 mark. To my mind from a technical perspective, we can track this as a five-wave sequence, so we're going to call this wave one, wave two high here, an extended wave three, wave four, and a fifth wave, which should have completed now. Now, what I'm looking for here is pretty simple really. I'm going to lean on that $15 call idea for Friday, and I want to be a buyer of this stock. I'm going to be using the year-to-date lows as a stop, so let's say $11.65. I'm going to be using an $11 stop on this, and I'm going to be looking for that $15 level to pull us into a trade. What I'm actually anticipating now, and this is a technical setup, that we'll see a three-wave corrective move to actually retest the wave four high, which should take us into that $50 level. Just above there, we have the $54.94 level as the 38.2 percent retracement of the entire decline, which technically often gets tested in a correction. Obviously, the alternative scenario would be that we don't test the $15 level. We are trading $14.55 in the pre-market at the moment, but if we take out that $11.41 swing low there, then I would anticipate we will be down taking a look at that $8 level as the next downside objective. But for now, I'm going to look to play this from the bullish side, and we're looking for a move through $15 using an $11 stop, and we're going to target ultimately a grind up over coming weeks and months to test that $50 level. As always, trade does plan the trade, trade the plan, and most importantly, manage your risk. Until next time, thanks very much.


Hello and welcome to our monthly virtual office hour series. My name is Phil Nguyen, and I am the Director of Customer Success here at TechSoup. Joining me today on our panel are Shruti Ramaswamy, our VP of strategy, Vanessa Jimenez, who is our Customer Success Manager, and she'll be helping me as a moderator today. Finally, presenting today's Making Sense of Security features within your Microsoft Cloud Licenses conversation is Kevin Mohall, our Technical Customer Success Manager. We're so happy that you're here, and we thank you for spending an hour with us. We had a bit of a technical issue last time around, so this is a makeup session, and like I said, we're just thrilled that you're here with us today. A few housekeeping items before we start. Please use the chat function, which you already have to type in your questions and comments. We will collect questions and answer them during the Q&A portion of this session today.  For the folks that are just joining us, if you'd like, you can go ahead and do that as well. I'm personally infatuated with local weather, and I'm not sure why. I always check the weather, I always ask about the weather. But once again, I am Phil, I am dialing in from the San Francisco Bay Area. For closed captioning, please click on the ellipsis and then turn on the live captioning feature. Please note that this session is being recorded. The recording and slides will be available shortly for everyone who registered for this event. Before we start this conversation, we have a question about cybersecurity. This poll is optional, so don't feel that you have to answer. You can close out the pop-up window when you're done, or if you don't feel like answering. You should see the pop-up on your window now, on your window screen now, and then refer to the checkbox to see real-time results of the poll. Okay, I'll give everyone a minute to click here. Okay, so a lot of phishing, okay? Phishing, malware. We have one ransomware attack, and then two insider threats. Okay, very interesting. If you picked phishing, you are correct. The biggest, most damaging, and most widespread threat facing small businesses are phishing attacks. Phishing accounts for 9% of all breaches that organizations face. They've grown 65% over the last year, and they account for over $12 billion in losses. Phishing attacks occur when an attacker pretends to be a trusted contact, and entices the user to click the malicious link, download a malicious file, or give them access to sensitive information, account details, or credentials. Keep this topic in mind as we go through the presentation and the demo. Without further ado, I'd like to introduce Kevin Mulhall, who will be leading this conversation about security features within 365. Thanks, Phil. A good morning or afternoon to those of you who are joining us today. Again, my name is Kevin Mulhall. I'm a technical customer success manager here at TechSoup. Today's agenda, we're gonna go over the following items. The security basics of 365 email, the basics of 365 security data, and the security basics of 365 identity. The second item in here, we will push back a little bit further if this is a topic that we can open to Q&A just for time constraints. After review of these items, I'm gonna go into my demo account to review some security defaults and configurations specifically around threat policy, and then we'll open the floor to Q&A. So again, I'll follow up with what Phil said. We apologize for the mishap that we had when this was originally scheduled. When it was, it was actually National Cyber Security Awareness Month. I'm a huge fan of the slide, just because I love technology and it has a really cool vibe to it. So a happy belated Cyber Security Awareness Month, there are no present surprises that you will receive, but not getting hacked is a good thing. So what I'm gonna go to in here, starting with 365 security, and then moving forward to data and then rounding it out, we're gonna go over the basic features just really quickly as far as it pertains to what's available in the core licensing itself. We'll highlight or just touch briefly on some of the advanced features that are within licensing through this range of topics. So starting with 365 security and email, basic feature that's built into all core license types is exchange online protection. What that is simply put is that it is a protection that's set up as part of exchange online server through a configuration that happens within SPF records to block out messages from untrusted sources. Translation for those of you who ever look in a spam or a junk folder and you see a message in there, that is exchange online protection at work. There's a variety of reasons that happens there. There's a variety of reasons why that message doesn't get across, but just know and understand that exchange online protection is how that essentially happens. The next basic feature is transport rules. Transport rules are a set of conditions, exceptions, actions, and properties that can be applied to mail flow to and from your organization. You may have heard these, it's called mail flow rules. They're also synonymous with transport rules. They are something that can be configured and for those of you that are interested in this, either setting up a time to speak with us or even attending our next month's webinar, a little preview hint here, we will actually be discussing Outlook in greater detail. Some of the advanced features that are available with the premium license types within 365 include safe links and safe attachments and then general and S-MEM email encryption for transmitting sensitive data. The next component of 365 security is data. The basic features include at rest and in transit protection, file share permissions, application assignment controls. As for at rest and in transit protections, what that simply means is that information that is stored in your account, information that is transmitted through Microsoft's data centers is provided security encryption by Microsoft as part of the service level agreement you have with them. This is obviously a great feature to have because you don't want your data to be moving around in an unprotected manner. Microsoft provides that as part of 365 by default. File share permissions at the user and tenant level. For those of you that are using 365, you're probably already familiar with this. If you've ever shared a document using OneDrive for business, for example, you'll notice that you have a certain type of set permissions regarding the documentation. The ability to read and or edit and or even download documentation and prevent that from happening is a default protection built into 365 services and core licensing. Another item I put on here, it's not necessarily a default data security protection by nature, but it kind of is what application assignment controls for those of you who attended our first session, first off I'm glad that you're back for this one, we discussed about the assigning licenses to users. The cool thing about 365 is that when you create a user and you assign a license to them, you can actually get granular enough to control what applications they have access to. So for example, if you do not want a user within your tenancy to say be using Microsoft Teams, hopefully you would, but for say some reason that they just don't need to be accessing the information that's going to be placed and communicated in there or equally for SharePoint online or OneDrive for business, which are the majority of components where data and informatics are stored within 365, you could simply deselect that during the setup process and prevent access from that all together. If there are any questions about that, we can, I can kind of go over that, but it's just an interesting little control feature that you have. So some advanced features, again going back to the core licensing SKUs would include things like sensitivity labeling, data loss prevention, data retention labels and policies. Moving over to the 365 security identity, modern authentication. So I'm sure there are those of you that are in attendance here that have either had to configure or have had the joy of trying to configure multi-factor authentication. If you're a global admin and you had experienced registration after the 21st of October, 2019, you've now had the joy of dealing with and I used the word dealing with in the most dear of terms, the forced and forced enabling of multi-factor authentication. This is something done by Microsoft, but as someone in total agreeance with this concept, this is to protect your tendency and to secure your identity. Multi-factor authentication essentially is a way of verifying that you're who you say you are. The default application that Microsoft uses is Microsoft Authenticator, but that said, depending on your license type, you have the ability to configure several other factors, including as shown on here, SMS or text messaging. And again, depending on your license, even the possibility to enable a phone call. Some advanced authentication and identity management features that you may come across when learning or interacting with your admin endpoint include conditional access, Azure seamless single sign-on and self-service password reset. Again, with identity, with email, and with the other components such as data, your license type may have an impact on your ability to use some of these advanced configurations. So moving over to something that's a little bit more digestible, some of our favorite security features by license type. For those of you that are users of Microsoft 365 Business Premium, we're huge fans of safe links, safe attachments and dynamic delivery. I will be going over those actually during a demo, so you might wanna pay a little extra attention to that. This license type is ideal for advanced security, faith-based organizations and mobile app protection. In the Office 365 Enterprise E3 license, our favorite security feature is Azure Rights Management Service. RMS is essentially the feature through which you are able to encrypt email messages. This is obviously ideal for clinics, social service and referral agencies, as well as legal aid organizations. Moving over to Office 365 Enterprise E5, my personal favorite, and I just had the pleasure of creating my first campaign last week is Attack Simulator. Attack Simulator is a platform through which an administrator can essentially create a campaign in which they are able to disseminate a test email. That test email could contain phishing components as well as and or malicious software that can be injected by users interacting with certain elements of the email. This is an ideal arrangement for organizations with larger international presence that may be more well-known and be more likely subject to attack by hackers, human rights organizations and those with complex regulatory demands. Okay, and with that, we're gonna go to the security defaults and configurations of the demo session. This is where Kevin's actually gonna take you into his tenant to show you how it's done. The first portion is MFA, multi-factor authentication. Thanks, Phil. Let me go ahead and then jump into my tenant here. So this is a demo tenant. So just that those of you are aware, this is not real or live information. This is information pre-populated fictitiously by Microsoft for the purpose of performing demonstrations to Microsoft customers. From the admin portal, which you can find at admin.microsoft.com, you will need to have a global administrator or similar permission level access in order to configure this to address multi-factor authentication after logging in. We're gonna go down to the left side dashboard, click settings, work settings, and then we're gonna scroll down to multi-factor authentication. I'm gonna click configure multi-factor authentication. In this particular case, you can see that MFA has been enabled. If you arrive at this page and you see that MFA is disabled, what you'll wanna do is click the check mark to select your group, or if you wanna do it at an individual level, and instead of it reading disable, it will read enable. This is the directional for clicking enforcement. I'm not going to do that, but to enforce MFA, you would need, after it's enabled, to then click enforce through the quick step menu options. So giving into the items, the item as far as MFA, where we've heard some concerns regarding the ability to authenticate for using a platform other than the Microsoft Authenticator app, this is where you wanna pay special attention. So I clicked on the service settings tab, and what I'm going to do is I'm going to scroll down, and you will see this check box right here. You'll wanna go ahead and click, I've turned this on previously, but the text message to phone, you'll want to enable that option, and then you'll want to hit save. There's some other items here, such as trusted IPs, and then remembering multi-factor on trusted devices. We can discuss that in greater detail later. If those are some items that you are interested in possibly learning how to configure, but for the sake of this demo, I'm just gonna go ahead and complete that. So next up, Phil, we have... Yeah, we're gonna raise the level of protection against malware. So from the same admin home portal, we're gonna go down to security, and this is gonna lead me into the defender for endpoint. We're gonna scroll down under email and collaboration to policy rules. You said this was anti-fishing, I'm sorry, Phil. No, this is raising protection against malware. Perfect, okay, so under policies, we're gonna click anti-malware, and I'm gonna go ahead and create a policy here. I'm gonna give it a name, it's just gonna be for demonstration. See, there you go. And then I'm gonna go ahead and give it a description, and then I'm gonna click next. So you'll see this across all of the units that we're gonna demonstrate here. So when you're assigning this policy to a tenancy, it can be done at a user level, it can be done at a group level, and it can be performed at a domain. If you are not using Microsoft 365 groups to manage policy within your tenancy, you will have to add each of your users in order to encapsulate that. If you are managing by groups, you can assign this to groups, and then you will want to add, if you have a custom domain, which I'm assuming you do at this point, if you're using Exchange for email, then you're gonna want to add your domain, which has already been configured. So for the sake of simplicity, I'm going to just apply this to a single individual within the demo account that I have, and then I'm going to add a domain. And you can also choose to exclude users or groups and or domains. If you're using multiple domains within a singular account, a.org, a.com, multiple.org names, you can go ahead and configure that there. I'm not going to for the sake of the demo. I'm going to click next. So we go down through here through protection settings. So by default, Microsoft disables certain document attachment types. So .ace.ani. You don't really need to know any of these per se, but if you're ever curious on understanding these, it's a value to know, especially something like an executable file, which is in EXE. If somebody is adding applications, such as installing Office, if it's through Windows, it runs through an executable file. So this is something that you're going to definitely want to have, which Microsoft already includes by default. If you ever have any questions about this or any other configurations, the really cool thing I want to point out is these eyes with circles give you a much better summary than I can probably articulate as to what this actual feature does. In the case here, specified file types are automatically identified as malware and email messages. So you can customize your file types if you want to exclude certain types. The next step down here is zero hour auto purge. You will see this in parenthesis where Microsoft identifies certain features or functions as recommended. For the majority of those, I can think about the top of my head. I probably would enable those. Again, if you have any questions on what that is, you can simply hover over the information arrow. Now, there are certain policies that when they're turned on or they begin enforcement, they will by default quarantine certain components. Now, you have to make a decision as part of the policy how you want a particular function to be quarantined. The demo guys are not cooperating with me right now. For this, I don't know why, but in this particular policy, what I'm going to want to do is I'm going to want to enable access only to an administrator and then you have notifications. Again, many hands make light work. So somebody either at an administrative standpoint or someone you designate that handles security within your organization's tenant, I would include notifications here to that two said admin. So I'm going to go ahead and just add as an example here about undeliverables. See if it's going to cooperate now and it's not. So I'm going to go ahead and click next. It's going to give me a review of the policy, what it includes as users, recipients, settings, et cetera. And then I'm going to go ahead and click submit. And I'm going to close that out. So the next, Kevin, are you ready? Ready. So the next thing we're going to talk about is how to protect against malicious attachments and files with safe attachments. All right, cool thing here about this demonstration is it's all under the same banner. So security, email, policy and rules, and then threat policies. So I'm going to click on safe attachments. I'm going to go ahead and click add to a policy, give it a name and a description. Again, just as how we demonstrated before, it's add a user and or group level and then your domain. And I'm going to click next. Okay. Now you'll notice here that the safe attachment policy is turned off by default. So going back earlier to that slide where we said one of our favorite things is safe links, safe attachments and dynamic delivery. Dynamic delivery is a preview future. So just so you understand that without getting too jargony that a preview feature is one that is available to use, but it doesn't necessarily mean that that's how the feature is going to work when it becomes what's called generally available. I still think that dynamic delivery is a fantastic feature because it allows you to look at the text within a mail message without actually receiving the attachment until it goes through a secondary scan. So at the very least I would want to configure this to block current and future messages and attachments with detected malware. Here, once again, go through the quarantine policy. I'm glad that this is cooperating through this portal because this is what you should have seen in the last one. I'm going to go ahead and enable the policy as admin only access policy. Regular users do not need to be concerned about this nor should they probably be dealing with this unless that you've designated them as either a global admin or a security administrator. So messages that are flagged, you can decide whether or not you want these to be redirected. So when dealing with security issues, my thought process is, and I'm speaking just from my experience, is that if there is something going on, it's worth investigating. So in the case of that, I would probably like this to be redirected to the admin account. And then I am going to press Next. And again, reviewing the policy here and then click Submit. Okay. And the last and not least, this is probably the most important, right? We're gonna show you how to protect against your email from phishing attacks. And keep in mind that this is the most damaging and most widespread threat to cybersecurity. So this is one of the most important features. Thanks, Phil. So from here, I'm gonna click the anti-phishing policy. I'm going to create a name for the policy, description. Again, this comes down to user group domain. So you'll notice that the user interface is a little bit different here. So what it starts out here is with a meter. This is somewhat similar to the toggle that you have in SharePoint access controls through the admin portal in that there are multiple levels of protection. As you can see here, again, I love these informational components that they have. This explains to you that it controls the sensitive for applying ML models to messages or determining phishing verdict. So really quickly, just to get on about this, my thought process with this and more, and I will double back to all of the components that we're showing here is that it's important that you test these first. The reason obviously for that is in the case of phishing or anything to do with email, the goal here is really not to, certain email flows need to come in, right? Like you get that no dash reply from TechSoup. Now you can address those things and save sender links, but if you find that you are not receiving email from say a partner, for example, or another organization that you work with directly, it may be worth taking a look at how the Exchange Online Protection default configuration is handling message flows, right? So here you have it down from one to standard to the most aggressive policy. This explains how it treats those. Again, this is something that you're going to, like all these policies, you'll wanna test them first within like a small user group. And then you could then move those into full active what they call production. So in here with impersonation, this is, these are a couple of features I'm just going to turn on just because I find value in those, this is deals specifically with things like spoofing and trusted senders. I'm gonna go ahead and enable users to protect and then enable impersonation protection. And I'm going to, in this case, include the domain that I've been using as an example. And the domain that I own is the domain that I have been putting in the domain box when configuring these. Added trusted senders and domains. This is something to control at the level. Again, this goes back to, are you dealing with someone that's at example.org? And their emails are not coming through. This is where as an administrator, you want to take a second and go, do I want to include that full domain listing as a trusted sender? Because again, EOP will sometimes detect local UPN aliases, which is the at the left of the at sign and or the contents that are within an email itself, things like that have like a lot of links to them, a lot of pictures, and we'll just automatically assume that this doesn't save. Most of the time, that's a great thing. There are some times where you will run into issues on very occasions where you have an issue. Again, that's where you may want to address that under the trusted senders and or domains. The enable intelligence for impersonation protection. It explains down here what that is. Again, Microsoft recommends it. I would recommend it being turned on. The last part here is spoof intelligence, which kind of ties into all of this. It's protecting the domain like at the DNS level and then enabling spoof intelligence. These are all good things to do. You can of course learn more about all of these, which is the great thing that Microsoft has is there are links to a majority of the configurations they have. I'm gonna go ahead and click next. Now, as far as safety tips and indicators, now again, you just hover over to what the information arrow shows. And this tip is to show recipients when they first receive a message from a sender or they don't regularly receive messages from the sender that Microsoft has a default message that it pops up to them to say, hey, there's something about this email that you might wanna take a secondary look at in a capacity as an administrator or even from a security standpoint, you don't necessarily have the ability to constantly be looking at everything all the time. So that's something I'd recommend just really turning on because it's better to get a phone call or a message from somebody in your organization saying, hey, Microsoft took a look at this. I don't really understand what this is. Like, you know, and then at that point that's where the investigation process might begin. You can also put on a toggle on to impersonation safety tips, domain impersonation safety tips, unusual character safety tips. Again, you can look up what these are and then decide whether or not that's best for you. To me, I'm more of a fan about just general notifications and or disclaimers to keep things a little bit more manageable in the beginning until you're comfortable with advanced security configurations. I'm gonna go ahead and click next and this is a review of the policy and then I'm going to click submit. All right, Kevin, thank you for that demo and for the audience, I know that was a lot. So we have a couple of resources here to help you as well as the Q&A that we're gonna do, but I wanna share with you our resources page. I highly recommend joining our digital transformation forum. You can find how-to videos, guides, post questions and have conversations with fellow members. The forum is moderated by this exact team and we do our best to answer all your questions in a timely manner. It's a bit of a self-help model but I find it very, very useful. And once again, we'll be sending a copy of the deck to anyone who's registered for this event and the links for these resources should be available on chat at this time. Another thing I wanna highlight is that we have a security in the cloud course and that should be available in chat as well. It's about $10, it's very well worth it. So you should consider that. And with that, we're gonna open the floor to questions. There's a couple in the chat so we could start there. Okay, give me one moment folks. Okay, Kevin, you ready to start the Q&A session? I'm ready. Okay, Brad asks, what data is protected by 365? Do you mean SharePoint and OneDrive? Any other apps? So digital assets in general. So SharePoint is the definitive repository for your data, right? So it's essentially a file server in the cloud. So the contents that you create within that are those that are considered data or digital assets are what's protected as part of that. So it could be PowerPoint presentations, it could be Excel spreadsheets, it could be Word documents, it could be Teams chats because Teams is backed up, information is backed up in SharePoint. So it extends to all of those types of assets for lack of better words that are contained within 365. Okay, and the next question is for Marty. He says Marty is in Office 365 E3 and does not see the Safe Attachments option wrong license? The feature that enables Safe Links and Safe Attachments is Defender for Office 365 Plan 1. The Office 365 E3 license, I do not believe has that feature. I'd have to double check to confirm that, but I'm fairly certain that that's the case. Kevin, are there any add-ons that Marty can look into? Yeah, the Defender for Office 365 Plan 1, I believe is, I don't wanna misquote the price, I think it's like 80 cents per user. But in the particular case of E3, to be honest, it might even be worth looking at Defender for Plan 2, for Defender for Office 365 Plan 2, just because of privileged identity management. But that's something I'd be more than happy to talk about at a greater length personally. Okay, thank you, and we'll address that at the end as well. Kurt asks, is first contact safety tip always given for any email from the contact first time, or just if it would otherwise qualify as phishing? Yeah, only if the AI and ML would actually indicate that there's a higher potential that it is. So the platform that is used, like there's a library that defines these, that Microsoft obviously has ownership of that. So it's really about whether or not it's going to recognize that there is a potential risk there. It's not gonna be something that's by default, it's gonna be something that it recognizes as potentially malicious, and it's going to provide that notification as a result of that trigger being basically turned on, if you will, though. If you find in any case, if you find that something is, and I'm gonna be straight up, is that there are certain triggers, and we had this conversation a lot, where there's what's called false flags. If you find that something is returning a lot of false flags or false positives, then that's a time to look at what the policy is in general. Maybe it's something that doesn't need to be, again, be applied to everybody. Maybe it's something that needs only to be applied to certain people with either PPI or PHI or bank information or something of that nature. But the great thing about this is that you have the ability to toggle features on and off. You have the ability to apply these policies at a user or Android group level. Okay, thanks, Kevin. So Michael T. As, who's actually on camera, does adding these security policies negate the need for installing Norton on individual computers? That's a really good question. So as far as like Norton Lifelock, Barracuda email essentials, Bitdefender Gravity Zone, this is really, they're all great products. So it's really like, what is your cup of tea? Like, I like cheese on my hamburgers. You know, some people don't. So it doesn't negate the use of a secondary tool and Microsoft, that's why Microsoft has a ton of secondary and tertiary partners because they recognize that there are certain things that they do well and they recognize that there are things that other people do well. So really it's just about, again, it's testing the value of these policies. So that's the cool thing is the ability to just kind of isolate a couple of accounts. They don't even have to be like necessarily real accounts. They could be licensing that you picked up to just try and apply these features and test them. They could even be through a trial acquisition, a 30 day trial acquisition and then just see how this is. If you feel that after reviewing, building out your tendency using these features provides a equivalent level of security, then you could perhaps run that all within one.  Yeah, I've heard I'm working with another customer right now and we use the term wearing a belt and suspenders. So this is probably an example of that. Okay, Paul asked, can Office 365 detect encryption activity initiated by ransomware attack and stop the process? So the email itself, it's as far as how that, like how Log Analytics, for example, work, that's one of the components that will pull that in. When there is encryption, like depending on what type of encryption is, again, this is configuration policies. Decrypting mail messages are something that you do have control over. So if somebody is transmitting, for example, a message encrypted using SMEM, you can actually control it to where that message is not released until you take a secondary look at it. I can follow up with information regarding that because if you're in an environment where you're, again, PPI, PHI, you're using standard and or SMEM, or if you're even bringing over like a self-published certificate from Exchange on-prem, like that's something that merits a much deeper conversation. Okay, great. And Marty just had a comment here. He said he was breached in September. So he wants to strengthen up his security as well. But Marty, we've heard a couple of our customers say the same thing and they even went so far as to do ransomware. And luckily, what this one particular customer we have, they were able to recoup their data and they didn't have to pay the ransom, but we've seen it happen. So that's why security is such a hot topic these days. Okay, oh, go ahead, Kevin. Yeah, no, first off, the big thing to me is just the psychology behind security, right? Is that there are people that look at that and think of that as something that it is terrible, but really kind of think of it as a learning opportunity too. And that's where you could even get into something like a tax simulator like I was talking about. There's nothing wrong with testing how in tune your users are with email security, like understanding that simple things, like should this person even be emailing me right now? Like it's like if I'm talking with Phil and then we're going back and forth, I can anticipate if it's something by email that there's probably a greater chance that this is a legitimate email and you might not necessarily think twice about it. Now, if he messages me at one o'clock in the morning with something that has nothing to do with anything, that's probably gonna be a cause for concern. I thought he would probably do that, but that's something where it's like, where is the logic behind the content of the email, the time of the email? And even honestly, just taking a quick look to see where the domain comes from because domain spoofing is something where there's an injection in like the DNS top level where it's just like, you could say like tech soup, but spelling tech with like three C's or two C's, you wouldn't necessarily catch that, but somebody of course has gone out and taken the time to do that with the hope that by leasing that domain and sending you that malicious email that you're not gonna pay attention to it because you're just gonna glance over it, you recognize the name, you didn't really look at the domain that it came from. Those are the kind of things where it's just like, understanding where people are at on that is a great educational opportunity. Yeah. Okay, can you enable MFA for all users at one time and then work with users individually to activate, configure over a few days? So you can enable it and then work with them and then enforce that as a policy afterwards, like how I was showing in that. So yeah, you can work with individuals again. If they're struggling with something like Authenticator, I get it, it's not the easiest thing. I spent an hour and a half with my dad setting that up. Yeah, it's something where you could schedule that. Again, you just don't want like basic authentication, but that's really the takeaway from this. Username and password just doesn't cut it anymore. And even something like where even passwordless, yeah, lots of dancer care. So that's good. Like even something passwordless might be worth discussing. And again, that goes into something that I mentioned earlier called Azure Seamless Single Sign-On. So there is a little bit of a step with that, not gonna get into the details of it during this webinar, but it might be something worth having a discussion about with us, maybe even with one of our managed partner providers to where you honestly, you identify what the best security scenario is for you again, going forward and just make sure that you've moved beyond username and password. Okay, I don't see any more questions, but I do, I think this group is small enough where we can try something different. If you are comfortable enough, you can go off mute and ask the question. It was easier without having to type in your question or you can raise a hand, whatever you're comfortable with. I know this complex, this topic is very complex, yet very necessary for your organization. So that being said, I'd like to offer a special 30 minute session with our customer success team and Kevin to do a deeper dive into your tenant. No agenda, just bring your questions, come and ask anything you like and we can do our best to help. If you need security assessment, we can help you out there as well. We can refer some services. If you're interested, email us at customer success at techsoup.org, which should be available in the chat now and we'll send you an invitation. Or you can book directly with Kevin using his bookings link which is also available in the chat box. Vanessa, can you add our, okay, I see that email, sorry about that. So it looks like we don't have any other questions and we can offer a little bit more one-on-one time but thank you again for joining us and we look forward to seeing you in the next session on October 19th, where we will focus on Microsoft Outlook. We'll discuss the best practices, explore tips and tricks to help improve communication and collaboration. We are building upon working on apps which is what the audience recommended or suggested. So we'll start with Outlook. We'll move on to Teams. We'll go to SharePoint and OneDrive as we progress through our webinar series here or virtual office hours. With that, once again, I'd like to thank you and oh, looks like we have a question here. Dave, was that you? That was me clicked it by accident, sorry. Okay, no worries. Anyway, thank you again for attending. We're so happy that year we, this is a makeup session so appreciate your time. Spending it out with us means a lot to us and hope to see you soon. Okay, thank you everyone.


This study looks at severance taxes imposed at the state level on the extraction of energy. Severance taxes are imposed when a non-renewable natural resource is extracted below the surface of the ground. A lot of mining activity has some form of a severance tax. So it's an old tax but taking out all kinds of new dimensions in the fracking era. Almost all of the states that drill for oil and gas, an activity that's now expanding because of fracking, impose some tax like this. There are 30 states that have some form of fracking policy but historically these severance taxes have been quite popular politically. In fact, the rates tend to be highest in conservative states. Alaska is really the grand champion of this form of taxation. The state usually gets more than three quarters of its total revenue from a severance tax or production tax. But an emerging concern now in Alaska is that with the competition that's emerging in the remaining parts of the U.S. because of fracking, does Alaska need to reduce its taxes to begin to compete? We're producing a lot more gas. We're producing a lot more oil. We're not talking about scarcity nearly as much. And so states begin to think strategically about harnessing that resource. The attractiveness of keeping tax rates low becomes significant because they're more competitors in their own backyard. We're not aware of any set of shale companies that have literally pulled up their drilling rigs and gone somewhere else because of the tax changes. That said, most of these rate changes have occurred in the last year or so, so it's a little bit early. And this also coincides with the fact that there's been such a spike in production that may be actually depressing the attractiveness of further development because the price is going down. In turn, that declining price may force states to further rethink just how they want to approach this issue.


Hello, welcome back on my YouTube channel. In today's video, I'm going to evaluate a new plugin that uses AI for digitizing. It's called the Bunting Labs AI Vectorizer plugin. Let's see what it can do. I'll install the plugin, but before we're going to check it out, I click here on Home Page, which you should always do when you install a plugin, because it will give you some more information. Website looks great with nice examples of what it can do. It also has a Frequently Asked Questions section, and there are some installation instructions, and it looks really simple. So let's just give it a try. And for the test, we're going to use the Mount Marci topographical map that we also use in our courses and the Book DJI's for hydrological application. Plugin has added a new icon to my toolbar, but before we can start using it, I need to create a new vector layer, and I'm going to create a Geo package. Call it Mount Marci, that area here, and I'll start with Rivers. And as a geometry type, I choose a line string. I choose the projection of this map. Let's also add an attribute with the name of the river and add it to the fields list and click OK. Now I toggle on the editing, and I can use this icon now. There's a little introduction here. So I need to accept the terms of service because it's going to send data to a server, and I need an account. So I'm going to type here my email address, and the service is free with access to 2000 completions per month. So here I use my email address and click Create Account. Then I receive an email that I need to verify my account. And after verifying the account, I click I've clicked the link. And just wait a little bit because it will then get you started. You'll get this popup with six steps. Load a roster layer to digitize, create a new shapefile layer, toggle to editing mode, click the icon of this plugin, and start tracing. And hold down the Shift key to cut the tracing. So let's click Get Started. Although the instructions were mentioning Shapefile, we'll try it on our geopacket. So I click this icon to start digitizing, and let's start with this river. I go from upstream to downstream, and after two clicks, it already connects to the internet and completes my line faster than I could do. So this really looks promising. So far so good, but here it takes a wrong junction. When I hold the Shift button, I can go back where it was on the right path and give it a few hints, and then it will continue. Sometimes you need to wait a bit, but then it will finish the line. Now this is the first line. Click right to complete it. And let's change the color a bit so it's clearer. And then we'll do some more tests. Let's use this blue line. So here you see what we've digitized. Now I'm going to create a new geopacket layer for lakes. I call the table name lakes, and I choose here from geometry type that's polygon, and I choose the projection of the map, and also there an attribute with the name of the lake. I choose to add it as a new layer to our geopacket. Let's toggle on editing mode, zoom in a bit, and click on the icon of the plugin and start digitizing the lake. There it goes. That looks good, but it gets more complicated. So here it takes a wrong junction. So I guess I need to correct here a bit more, and then let the rivers, because it's quite a complicated shape. So with shift I can always go back, and then continue from there, give it a few hints, and it will continue. So together with AI, AI assisted I can digitize this lake in an easier way than if I would do it completely manually. Now let's try it on an easier lake. It takes to grid, took the wrong junction. I'm going to help a bit past the grid line, and there it goes. Just need to help it sometime. Let's try some contour lines. I create a new geopacket layer in the same database. I call it contours. The line string could also be polygons. Use the same projection and an attribute set, which is a decimal number. Add it to the field list, and add it as a new layer. And let's start. Let's start with the 700 meter line. Toggle on editing mode, click the icon of the plugin, and give a few points. There it goes. And it seems that it works better if you kind of pull it over the line, and it goes very fast. You see that this one works very nicely. Conclusion is that this is a really great plugin that helps you tracing vectors in a very easy and fast way. When it gets difficult, you have the chance to correct the algorithm, but it really speeds up the digitization process.