I would say in his previous life, when he was more, was concerned with geophysical problems. So, and it's, again, it's something related to rotation. So the subject is the explanation of the masterman gauge spectrum, which is observed in the atmosphere and has been known for some 20 years. And it's the first time when it's derived analytically, but we shall start from the beginning. So what is it all about? In the late 70s and 80s, there was observations of kind of upper troposphere, lower stratosphere from the commercial airplanes, airplanes of opportunity. And there were two basic campaigns, one by the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program, GASP.  And they're collaborators on the American side. The European side was presented by this measurement of Osam Airbus in-service aircraft. It's called Mosaic. The most interesting paper is by Lindbergh, where there are also many papers describing this campaign. So results from GASP were summarized in paper by Masterman Gage. And they produced something which was quite interesting. It was, they called it canonical spectra, or Masterman Gage spectrum. And this is how it looks like. It's a spectrum in the troposphere and stratosphere. And it was for zonal wind and meridional wind. And you can see that it has two branches. On the meta-scale, it goes like k to minus 3. And on synoptic scales, it goes like k to minus 5 third. So synoptic scales, I think I switched them around, synoptic scales are from several thousand kilometers to 500 kilometers. And the meta-scales are from 500 to 10 kilometers. So there was a question how we can derive the spectra. And it was very interesting to find explanation because they seem to be universal. They didn't depend on the season. On average, they didn't depend on altitude. Just universal spectra. So what wasn't noticed in this, because they didn't know how to account for the effect of Coriolis parameter. So the spectra were kind of averaged over the different latitudes, even though there were some latitudinal dependence. But it was noticed that the spectral amplitude decreases towards the equator. So this was kind of a puzzle for the years to come to solve the physical nature of the spectrum. So what was the physics or what, well, it was attempt to relate the level of knowledge with the observations. So what was assumed that the k to minus 3 branch was direct, was due to direct and stratificus k, because the macroturbulence on Earth due to large-scale baroclinic instability. So they have forcing on large scales. It can produce stratificus k to smaller scales. And it comes with a spectrum k to minus 3. And the other part of the spectrum k to minus 5.3 was supposed to be assumed to be due to inverse cascade, with some small-scale forcing. And there was paper by Doug Lilly saying that convective storms on small scales really, on the order of several hundred meters, maybe kilometer, maybe may serve as a source of energy for inverse cascade. And there was k to minus 5.3, due to this inverse cascade. But the following up simulations showed that these things didn't work. There was a paper by O'Gorman and Schneider in 2007, showing that an stratificus k was not necessary to obtain this minus 5.3 slope. Then there was a paper by Lovejoy, showing that he claims that this spectrum of this range doesn't even present. And it shows up because of the errors of the analysis. With respect to this part of the spectrum, there was a famous paper by Eric Lindberg in 1999, in which he used structure functions. And he showed that it's not an inverse cascade. It's actually a direct cascade of energy. And the energy goes from large scales to small scales. So it looks like Calmogorov turbulence. But of course, how can we understand it? It's a variant of the tropic turbulence. That's not what Calmogorov was dealing with, because the horizontal scales are much bigger than vertical scales. So it's not clear how this direct cascade can exist. So later on, Lindberg suggested that it may be stratified turbulence with a large degree of anisotropy. So he developed direct simulations with highly anisotropic grid, with much finer resolution in the verticals than in the horizontal, and showed that this may explain the spectrum. But then there was a paper by Scamarock in 2014, and he showed that this was not supported. Important paper, and it's not very often noticed, is by Choi and Lindberg in 2001, in which he said that the Coriolis force may be responsible for this. But since they dealt with the energy equation, on the level of energy equation, Coriolis force falls out of the equation, cancels out, because Coriolis force is conservative force, doesn't produce work on the flow field. And at this level, the effect of Coriolis force could not be accounted for. So the possibility was open, but there was no more research in this area. So it's still not clear understanding about this spectrum. Even if you take the very last issue of Journal of the Spiric Sciences, there is a paper by Group. I think that either Hungarian, I don't remember it, Peter Bechtel was involved in this, and they were explaining part of the spectrum by Rosby waves on large scales, and another part by internal waves. But they didn't present the spectrum itself, so there is nothing to compare us. Another problem which we have with the spectrum is that we only know the spectra, but we don't know what makes the spectra. We don't know if it depends on centrifugist heat or it depends on the Coriolis parameter or it depends on energy cascade. And it's very difficult to ascertain the physical nature of the spectrum if we only know the slope. We need to know more than just the slope. And part of this research was to find out what makes the spectrum, why it looks like it does. So in addition to this, the spectrum has more than just academic interest because it has a lot of application and atmospheric modeling. First of all, atmospheric prediction systems, they all designed and configured and validated based on the spectrum that their ability to reproduce the spectrum-engaged spectrum. Scamrock and shoots later on, they also used the spectrum for evaluating the forecast error growth, spin up time scales, filtering, and sub-finder-scale physics. It all depends on the spectrum. It depends on the physics, obviously. Moreover, the ability of the model to reproduce the canonical spectrum is very often taken as a validation of the correctness of the model formulation and the implementation and configuration and the secondary scale parameterization, all of this. Now, the kinetic energy spectrum also is a basis for developing of sub-finder-scale parameterization which is used in the models. So we can ask if there is indeed connection between model configuration and correctness of the simulated spectrum. This is one of the issues which is dealt in atmospheric modeling. And another question is, is there any connection between vertical resolution and the form and magnitude of the filtering? Now, there was more questions coming from the group of Lovejoy because they even questioned the importance of turbulence. And it's another interpretation of the spectrum. So they were saying that the failure to account for different scaling laws for turbulent processes and horizontal and vertical may lead to spurious results. And they were saying that flattening of structure from 3D to two-dimensional turbulence may account for a change in the spectrum. Now, they said that another tropic turbulence, well, jump to it a little bit more. So they emphasized the entire mainstream view atmospheric turbulence was fundamentally colored by assumption of isotropic turbulence, and which is true. And atmospheric turbulence is not isotropic. So the question is how to take it into account. It seems to be like a difficult problem. So the last in this series of paper was paper by Yanar, who just copied what he said. In summary, in spite of a peeling nature of an isotropic turbulence theory that potentially unifies atmospheric flows of all scales, as it stands it now, it remains a purely statistical theory without a counterpart dynamical model for describing the system in deterministic manner. Such a system should have a capacity continuously transforming from a quasi-geostrophy to non-hydrostatic anelasticity. And he said my naive feeling is that an elaborated use of renormalization group theory of turbulence might potentially lead to a necessary theoretical breakthrough. But he said I shouldn't be too speculative. And it was in 2010. But it was kind of a visionary remark, because this is what we did with Simeon, and it's exactly conceptually close to the renormalization group theory. There was a theory which was developed by Simeon and myself called QNSE, quasi-normal scale elimination, which yields analytical expression for, in this case, for an astronaut-engaged spectrum. And surprisingly, without any tuning, it just gave the correct result, as we will see later. So what the theory does? It considers three-dimensional fluid, which occupies infinite domain. And the dynamics is represented by full Navier-Stokes equation and continuity equation. And the coordinate system is rotating with angular velocity omega. There is no temperature here. It's just turbulence with rotation. The model of the approach of QNSE is very similar to RNG. It's basically the same ideology. It's a successive coarsening of the flow domain by cyclically eliminating small shell of wave numbers, starting at the highest wave numbers around Kalmabr of wave number. Because of this, wave numbers are effectively realness numbers of the order of 1. And then some procedure can be organized. And this small shell can be eliminated. Then the bunch of scale is removed. But the compensating effect of the scales on viscosity and diffusivity, in this case, only viscosity is computed. And then the equations are re-read with new viscosity. And the equation preserves its original way. And then the next shell of wave number can be eliminated and so on. And it can go all the way under the integral micro scale. Or it can be stopped somewhere in the middle to develop a larger dissimulation scale model. So what is important here is that its full system of Navier-Stokes and continuity equation, no quasi-geostrophies implied here at all. And we don't look on energy equation here. So the problem with a Coriolis parameter, a Coriolis form falling out of this equation doesn't bother us here. We have a paper published in JFM with the theory of some end of last year. So if you're interested, there is a first page of it and can be found there. As I said, well, just repeat, we have Navier-Stokes equation, continuity equation. I have a Coriolis term here, full non-linearity. And it's based on Fourier transform and derivation and Fourier space. So first of all, the theory produces interesting crossover wave number. You can see in the process of elimination that a scale occurs with this l omega, which is epsilon divided by f cubed to the power of 1 half, which is, we call it root scale, it's known as Zeeman scale, but roots found the scale about 20 years before Zeeman. So it's probably more to give him credit for this name. f is 2 omega as a Coriolis parameter. And at this scale, the length scale, the time scale of turbulence and inertial waves are equal. So this is a crossover scale between turbulence and waves. On smaller scales, turbulence dominates. On larger scales, inertial waves will be dominating factor. And the procedure of coarse-graining goes like this. We take some wave number lambda and take a small shell delta lambda in a way that delta lambda is much smaller than lambda. And we separate the modes to fast and slow. The fast modes are sitting here. And slow modes are sitting in the rest of the domain. And we compute the correction of the delta lambda to the inverse green function, but eventually it will become the viscosity. By ensemble averaging over the fast modes in this shell delta lambda, and the correction will generate the same order of, the procedure will generate correction of the same order to this quantities and diffusivities and diffusivities. And then it will, when delta lambda is put to zero, then we get a set of ordinary differential equations. The only thing is that in this procedure, when you have extra strains like rotation or stratification, the procedure doesn't generate only viscosity by itself, but it also can generate other viscosities which are acting in different directions. In the case of stratification, pure stratification is no rotation. It was vertical viscosity and horizontal viscosity. In case of rotation, when there is no even temperature, this is much more complicated because rotation has a specific feature to affect not only horizontal and vertical directions, but also affect the vertical velocity component in a way different from horizontal velocity component. So it's called componentalization, I think. That's invented by some French guys and cannot even pronounce them. So we have four viscosities here. Two are acting in horizontal and vertical, and two more are acting in horizontal and vertical on vertical velocity component only. And you can also add the diffusivity equation in the case, and this will give you two more equations for the normalization of diffusivity and the horizontal and the vertical. The effect of rotation is also quite complicated because it causes energy cascade to go into a large scale at some point. Some wave number, we have the quantity goes to 0, which is signaling about starting from inverse energy cascade. And at this point, we need to start the procedure. But we have all this procedure going from the forcing scale, if it's close to the wood scale, and all the way down to a small scale. As I said, this is another way to show the emergence of the wood scale. And it's coming from the spectral Rosby number, which is given here. OK, so there are equivalents of wood scale and the representations of the spectral Rosby number. And because we only take the derivation close to the wood scale, it's all done in the small parameter expansion around the wood scale. So this can be so done analytically, and there are solutions which are given here. OK, well, I'm not going to go through the solution. But what is important, there is a complete difference to the effect of rotation and the effect of stratification. In effect of when stratification acts, then you will see that the vertical viscosity and diffusivity decrease by horizontal, but horizontal, otherwise increase. But in the case of rotation, horizontal viscosity decreases and becomes zero. And then we have inverse cascade. So in many senses, the effects of rotation and stratification are opposite to each other. But it's more subtle. And I don't have time to spend on this. Let's go to the spectra. So the spectra can be derived analytically. And you can define a longitudinal and transfer of spectra. And the most interesting here are the longitudinal spectrum of horizontal velocity and the transfer of the spectrum of horizontal velocity as well. And this is more or less what Nasterman gauge plotted. So when we have this equation, you see that it has some kind of analytical coefficients. When we take this equation and plot them against the data in Nasterman gauge, this is what we get. This is the zonal spectrum, which is longitudinal spectrum. And this is the zonal spectrum of the radial velocity, which is transfer of spectrum. This is how it was actually computed. So the color line as what is coming out from the theory and all these dots are the measurements in the airplane. They're a little different because what I showed before, it was latitude averaging. This data is not average in latitude. And then we can see that it doesn't maintain as k to minus 3. In this case, it's a little less steep. But the agreement, other than that, the agreement is very nice. And this is just coming from an analytical theory without any adjustment, without anything else. The only thing which you can ask me is how do we know epsilon for the spectrum? Well, epsilon was measured by Freilich and Scharmann, at least one non-paper. There are some other measurements that are close. So this is epsilon which is used in this derivation. So it's just taken directly from the data. And as you can see, this is not inverse cascade. This is a direct cascade. And this direct case throughout the spectrum. It's assumed that the flow is forced on large scales. So it's a baroclinic instability. And the physics of this is an isotropic turbulence and dispersive waves at the combination of the two factors. The spectrum is universal. And it depends only on f, on Coriolis parameter. You can see that we don't talk about n-strophic cascade here. And we don't need it. And it can be quantified. So the first obvious conclusion from this is that this part of the spectrum should diminish and should disappear as we go to the equator when f goes to 0. This was not done by Naster-Mengage because they couldn't account for the effect of Coriolis parameter. And they didn't know anything about it. But they did give us the data. They provide some measurements of the spectrum at different latitudes. So this is their measurements. You can see the range of their data. And given in the table. And this is three lines produced by the theory for 10 degrees north, 30 degrees north, and 60 degrees north. This agreement may not be ideal here because they really didn't concentrate on precise measurements. So it's probably need to be done more accurately. But the range of variation is very, very close. And at least we understand now what by the spectrum depends on the latitude because it depends on f and not on Nsterfeer cascade. So as I said, it's really important to know not only the slope of the spectrum but also parameters which enter the spectrum. This is there even more important than the slope. Now, can we say something about the equator? There was a data by Sue and company from 2011. It's not tropospheric data is over the ocean from quick scat kind of data, say middle tropospheric and lower. But what is important here is that this is our data, global data. They separated the data on several regions. They have some north region here, southern region here, and the equatorial region is here. And they plotted the average spectra which they found in their data. This spectrum is steep on the northern part. It's under minus 3, but over minus 2 to 2.5. The same is on the southern part. But the equatorial part is very close to Kalmogorov. So as expected, the part which is Kalmogorov dependent in the equatorial region is not present here. Because Kalmogorov is very close. Because Karol's parameter is very small. Now, what we derived here is universal spectrum. It doesn't tell us that it's atmosphere. It can be applied anywhere else. This is just rotating flow and the general derivation. So why cannot it apply to oceanic flows as well? Recently, there was some interest in measuring oceanic turbulence and the oceanic spectra. And those people who did it, they distinguished between longitudinal and transferable spectra. And this is the measurements in several campaigns. And the sea clients are the result coming from the analytical theory. So you can see that even in the oceans, the agreement is very good, particularly in this case. There is one more thing. This part of the spectrum, the oceanic spectrum, is given by universal garret and monk spectrum, which is also unknown. What is the reason for the spectrum? But what is coming out from QNSE actually goes right over the garret and monk spectrum. So we may not only have explanation for this part, but we also have explanation for the garret and monk spectrum as well. It still needs to be, I was trying to say an astro-engaging, I forgot, but we may have some byproduct which is applicable to garret and monk spectrum. Now, we can apply to spherical geometry. It needs to be now rewritten in spherical coordinates. R is the radius of the Earth, and omega is an angular velocity rotation of the Earth. And there are some simulations going back to Scamero. This is what he found using the M-pass model with 3 kilometer resolution global model M-pass. So you can see that it has minus 3 part and minus 5 third in the troposphere and the stratosphere. The stratosphere is not as good an agreement, but it's still there. And there were some simulations by Peter Hamilton using his model in which he was trying to determine what is the effect of Coriolis parameter on the spectra. So what he did, he ran the general case, and then he increased and decreased rotation by a factor of 2. And as you can see, his spectra went up and down. And this is our spectra. Well, this is our spectra to begin with. He gives the spectra in different latitudes. But what can you see predicts the change of the amplitude of the spectrum by the same factor as in the case of Hamilton? They also derived the semi-scale parameterization for their model based on many empirical simulations that got some result. But if you take a Kalmogorov spectrum in this part and derive, well, they used by harmonic friction just from Kalmogorov turbulence, you will get the same dependence on the almost the same. They get minus 3.22. We get minus 3.33 dependence on the truncation wave number. So indeed, if we have theory, we can define, we can derive analytical representation for subred scales. So it's a very end. So again, we have analytical theory, which is behind the Nasterman gauge spectra. And it's done for the first time. It's based on Navier's talks and continuity equation in rotating coordinate frame with no approximations. We do use the concept on other traffic turbulence. Of course, it's very important in this case. And we account for the effect of Coriolis parameter. You can probably read it all. I don't want to repeat what I'm saying here. But this is very important. The way it's done, we don't rely on just traffic turbulence approximation. And by the way, it's done, it's possible that we over rely on this approximation. But sometimes we need to look on the full set of equation and take care of the turbulence that comes to the picture and not oversimplify the problem.


It's fairly well known that low carbohydrate diets can cause insomnia, specifically keto, paleo, carnivore, but is that really the truth? If you spend a bit of time browsing around any dietary form, vegan, fruitarian, mediterranean, pescetarian, raw primal, whatever diet, people have sleeping issues simply when making a nutritional change. There are quite a few elements to address here.  But before we start troubleshooting a dozen different factors, we should address the three obvious ones. Are you eating enough? Are you consuming caffeine? Are you in a high Wi-Fi environment? Because if you start fiddling with this stuff before addressing this first, that might not fix it. And you don't eat enough food in general, regardless of macronutrient consumption, regardless of diet, your cortisol, adrenaline, various other hormones, skyrocket causing hyperactivity in most people. And this is especially an issue for some people when they start fasting and for those with an increased amount of muscle mass. If I go just one day without eating, I can't sleep. Obviously you want to increase your calories to remedy the solution. But if your body just isn't meant to handle large amounts of fat and protein, if you're not digesting what you're eating, a low carb diet might simply not be for you. You can look into digestive enzymes, mess around with foods in your diet. But we definitely want to address some other factors before ruling it out because a low carbohydrate diet can be very healthy and therapeutic for some people. So you're in a caloric deficient. Your adrenals are stressed because of hormone overproduction due to a lack of calories. You're exhausted from not sleeping, so you start drinking some coffee. You consume some more caffeine. Caffeine stresses your hormones, your adrenals even more, and it has a fairly long half life even when you're drinking it in the morning. There's still caffeine in your system when you go to bed at 10, 11 midnight. It's an obvious culprit for a lack of sleep. And since most people on keto and carnivore diets are consuming less calories and they're drinking more caffeine, it's a quick step towards adrenal fatigue. The lack of fiber and higher volume foods in these low carb diets also reduces gut motility and surface area, likely making coffee more potent. And I'm sure that clown Dave Asbury has a lot to say with bulletproof coffee. You're literally dousing your stomach with caffeine and MCT oil, which is antibacterial. So you're literally destroying your gut bacteria every morning. I honestly couldn't think of a better way to destroy your gut than drinking bulletproof coffee every morning. I've touched on Wi-Fi in many videos and you want to make absolutely sure that the environment you're sleeping in, preferably the environment you're living and working in has zero Wi-Fi signals as they will dysregulate calcium channels in the body, causing more, you guessed it, hormonal imbalances. A low carb diet with lots of coffee, sleeping near a cell phone is a living nightmare. You can watch my past videos addressing household concerns of Wi-Fi, EMF and how to reduce them. Are a people on a low carb or ketogenic diet consuming so much caffeine because they're tired or perhaps craving minerals in certain foods as well? Chocolate is a very popular keto food. It also happens to be very high in magnesium and copper. And I would argue that magnesium and copper are the two minerals that most people are missing for proper sleep, especially on an animal-based diet that favors zinc and lax copper and magnesium. Problem is, foods like coffee and chocolate are also incredibly high in histamine and the main symptoms and side effects of a histamine intolerance are insomnia. I have a video addressing histamine intolerance a few months ago. If you want to learn how to fix that, basically supplementing copper and magnesium in fairly high amounts over a two month period of time will help you sleep better, you'll produce more of the enzymes needed to process histamine and you might be able to still stay in love with your coffee. Are there other nutrient imbalances in your diet that can cause insomnia? It's possible and in order to develop an understanding of overall nutrient profile, nutrient synergy, you should watch a few videos on my channel, maybe check out my book or course for a concise summary. I'll repeat that the copper and the magnesium supplementation will fix a lot of imbalances for most people. Speaking about supplements, what supplements are you taking? If you can't sleep, if you have insomnia, you shouldn't be taking any supplements. If you still can't sleep without supplements for a period of one, two, three weeks, then we can start incorporating certain things to figure out if they fix the problems you're having. This includes medication. You're taking antihistamines, benadryl, allergy medications, I did a video on those I think a year ago, stop taking everything. There's a good chance when you're taking 20 supplements, when you're taking three supplements with insomnia that one of those is the culprit. You'd be very surprised at what can cause insomnia. Does a lack of carbohydrates cause sleeping issues? This is a similar problem to under eating where your hormones go out of whack as well as changes to neurotransmitters in the brain. Some of this might just be an adjustment period. Low carb, high protein diets certainly cause more sleeping irregularity than the opposite. It can go away after several days to weeks, but this can very well tie into gut bacteria issues. This biosis is a very simple term for microbiome imbalance. It's nonspecific. You could have an overgrowth, you could have not enough bacteria, you could have too much of the wrong bacteria, you can have too much of the right bacteria. You could have not enough of the right bacteria. It's a nonspecific term. The point is that your tummy hurts, it's messed up. Most microbes need carbs. What I mean by most microbes is if you don't consume carbohydrates, a lot of the bacteria in your gut's going to die and it's going to create this environment that's conducive to whatever diet you're following. Some people are able to go a long period of time on these low carbohydrate diets without feeding that specific gut bacteria, but eventually you will run into issues, which is why I was okay on the carnivore diet for four or five years and then I hit a wall. This is why First Nation Alaskans, the Inuit Eskimos, consumed rotten meat every day to replace the bacteria in their gut as they had very little to no carbohydrates in their diet. As I mentioned earlier, a low carbohydrate diet might not be for most people. Most First Nation Alaskans also ate very frequently to keep calories high for their cold environment. They ate three, four, five times a day very high fat, high protein meals and meal timing can make a huge difference from person to person. You might not be eating often enough to get your calories in. If you're eating twice a day as much as you can, you might want to increase your meal frequency if you're not sleeping or you might be eating too much. You might be eating too close to bed and that can be disrupting your sleep. There's a bunch of mechanisms and reasons why, mainly due to the gut, but the important thing is switch up meal timing, experiment, see how you feel, see what works for you. Next up is allergies. Pretty simple.  Are you allergic to the supplements you were taking?  And those are the most common allergies as well as nuts and seeds. So try to take note of dietary changes when you incorporate new foods. Figure out a baseline to start with. And that is the key word I have been working towards this whole video. Find a baseline. If you don't start with scratch, eating food that you know works. Remove coffee, turn off Wi-Fi, reduce high histamine foods, balance nutrients, remove supplements, address allergies. If you don't do these things, you're not going to figure out what is causing your insomnia. Get to a point where you're able to sleep, then worry about following a specific diet or protocol. Anything on this planet can be fixed with the proper knowledge. Don't become a victim. Don't feel like you have to suffer. Don't feel like you're never going to sleep. You guys have known I've had a lot of sleeping problems recently as my health declined over the past two years. Before that, I slept like a baby just fine on the carnivore diet, 10, 11, 12 hours a day. Through all my experimenting, I know what happens. I know why I didn't sleep. Did I take too much magnesium? Did I take too much of this? Did I eat too much food? Did I do this? Did I do that? There's a bunch of reasons. I might do a Patreon video where I go over my sleeping issues and how I fix them. But maybe not. We'll see. Thank you guys for joining me today. If you guys would like to support me, there's a bunch of means to do so down in the description below. We are restocking a lot of stuff on Frankie's Syringe Me today, so definitely check that out. I launched my audio book for the Ancestral Indigenous Diet last Sunday, so if you guys have been looking forward to that, you can listen to that as well. Of course, we have the new shampoo on Frankie's Naturals, and I'm trying to get you guys some more stuff on organ supplements. Thanks again for joining me, guys. I'll see you for tomorrow's video and live stream.


Now so far we've only been handling numbers, but what about the strings? Obviously those are a way we can kind of work things and One of the things you saw I was kind of explaining in earlier videos is that we can use these quotes These quotation marks to indicate that I'm I'm talking about Words well, let's say for example. I don't have that for a second. Let's say for example. I just do capill a I get an error a is not defined. Well, what happens if I do something like a one two three not real street? I'm talking about an address Okay, I still get an error it freaks out. It's like no that's not valid syntax though So how can I just take these numbers these letters? Symbols I see a period that how can I take all that and just literally say I just want you to represent that text I Used the quotation marks. I can now come in and I can say one two three not real street Sorry If I close the quotation, that's you know where I got that error before if I close out of that quotation now all of a sudden Ah, I get a nice luxurious thing. You notice all of a sudden Python is it's actually only using one quote Well, that's actually another way we can actually represent text not real street Street and the reason why we actually get these two different options is what happens if I want to use a quote Inside of my my string. Let's say for example. I wanted to You know represent someone saying something. It's kind of the same approach that you see in fiction, you know, all right well We can think about it in this sense Your wizard Harry So what I've done all of a sudden I know is I've got an apostrophe inside of my My my quote and so I don't want it to kind of freak out If I had done it the opposite direction, you can already see this is not gonna end well due to the kind of color correction Already in there. So all of a sudden if I can put two quotes Well, what happens if I want to put two quotes inside of a string? I can do the exact same thing. I can say let's start with a single quote and let's say Hagrid stood over Harry and said You are a wizard Harry I Can close out of it and then I can give it a single quote Now you notice I said you are a wizard because I Was trying to avoid all of a sudden this kind of lasts a little bit. So How can I kind of do that? How can I work with both? Our our quotations and our apostrophes well in order to do this We basically do something super fancy super technical super, you know out of this world We do three quotes now. I can also do Three apostrophes does not actually matter. It's the indication that oh, I'm I want to use both quotes and Apostrophes inside of my string so Only when I see three of them is it the end of my string? So now I can kind of write out my full sentence of Hagrid stood over Harry and said Now I can throw the quotation in because I'm inside of my string your And you notice I can put the apostrophe and it's not freaking out It's because it needs to see three of them at the same time wizard Harry and I can end the quote and then if I want to end the string one two three


All right, so we're out here on a column and the problem is the temperature's dipping and then now it's working okay. The old LED lights there and they're alternating back and forth slowly. I bet you it's probably a flame sensor fault. They always seem to have an issue with that.  So alternating slow, there's alternating fast. They're slow. It's got burns filled to ignite flame sense probably. All right, so this is a G50. Everything's a G something with these guys. 5801, so the 5 and 8 used to be months or days. I forget exactly what it was, but the old one is what you need to look at. So it's a 2001. One thing you definitely wanna watch when you're doing model numbers, that dash two number, that dash O2, that's how many times it's been revised. So looking in here. Now it is, well, 20 years old now. This was a pretty reliable unit, it's an 80%er. Got the resubble breaker on the side. That was one nice thing. Here's flame sensor, it's already been changed once. See that flame sensor? It's not, nothing's broke. Somebody sold them a flame sensor when they didn't need one. That thing's not busted and not loose there. Clean it. And then they left their nasty old steel wool in there. So anyhow, we'll leave that there. Let's check the heat exchanger. Let's make sure it's safe to operate and don't waste a lot of time on it if it ain't safe. Make sure all our wire nuts are good to go. That comes right from the wall through there. No switch out here, so sometimes they'll put it on the wall, but they didn't. So let's go ahead and check the heat exchanger real quick. These were pretty reliable. Nothing in the primary. Can't see real great in the other side. Now the problem is you can't see all the way up in here. So we'll watch it to see if there's any disturbances, but other than that primary section there, which I knew is gonna be a problem later down the road, eventually you're gonna have to try to either look through your limit there on the fan limit and inspect it, or basically watch for any fan disturbances or flame disturbances when the fan comes on. Let's go ahead and check the flame sense signal now. I guarantee it's gonna be low and we'll check it after we're done. All right, got my magnet switch on there, which that's down in my toolbox area in my description of the video. So we've got it hooked on the meter there with our leads. So hooked through there to there, we're checking microamps and let's see what we have first. All burners lit, microamps are 0.8, 0.7, 0.5, they're dropping, that's not gonna work. And it should drop out here any moment. Yep, so it did. So we know for certain that that is our problem. Now we could have just cleaned it and moved on. This is reassurance that the board's working correctly and we'll see what the difference is when we're done. So let's go ahead and pull that flame sensor out of there. This is where your right angle tool comes in handy. Got the power off, we'll be able to get right in here. Like that, put an extension on the end of that and just undo it. I kinda recommend doing this by hand. You could do it with your drill, but not a good idea. If it's too aggressive. I did switch back to my 11-1, but if you notice, that works out just nice. So we've got the flame sensor out. It really doesn't look that bad. Lank has always been good about not damaging the metal because it gets too hot, like some brands out there. It really does not look that dirty. It really doesn't, there you can get a good angle at it. We're gonna go and clean that up with my stainless steel brush that I like. Once again, I think I have these in the toolbox thing. Nothing special about it, stainless steel. Brass has a tendency to leave residue behind. Stainless steel doesn't scratch anything up. And like I've said a million times, you can run that thing right on your skin and it doesn't hurt your skin. So it's not gonna hurt the metal there. We've got it all cleaned up. We just ran the brush on there. You know, like you can see, there's no grooves in my metal. Nothing's grooved up. So go ahead and get that back in there. We'll check microamps and then we're gonna go through and we're gonna give them some value for their money because this didn't take very long to do and nobody wants to feel like it was a simple job and you paid all this extra money for somebody to come out. So we're gonna do a safety check on everything. We're gonna check our electrical. We're gonna check, make sure our capacitor's good to go. Make sure our amp draws right on the draft motor and blower motor. Just gonna go through and double check all of our connections in here. Make sure they're all tight on the board. Make sure that thermostat doesn't have the plastic underneath the screw. That's a problem I see all the time. So we've got that done. So let's go ahead and get this back in there and we'll recheck it and we'll continue forward. Got that back in there.  We'll shove our little magnet back on and let's watch it try over again.  Got a little bit of a whine to it. Let's see what our microamps here are now. It's a little dusty so we're gonna clean that out there too. These igniters, the resistance on them are a little bit odd. I've not found that to be successful as far as it determining when they're gonna go out. They last forever. And there's that. Microamps are higher. Almost a full one point setting. It's usually you'd think it'd be higher than that. But we've more than double, almost doubled it over what it was before. So that's a lot better than what it was. Now they already are grounding this. One of the old sayings they used to say, what's mean and green, it makes a pulse run mean. That was the ground wire. And they would always ground their stuff real close to the burners, which is pretty standard now. But it works its way all the way back up here to the board. Everything in here is live in my voltage for the most part. So keep your fingers out of there. You can see the heat is getting a little bit warm on that rubber. It's starting to dry rot a little bit. It's not cracked yet. If you were to mess with it, there's a good chance it may crack. So just holding in at one point eight area. So I'd say we probably got that problem fixed. It's not gonna get a whole lot better. Only thing you could try to do is see if grounding it better would make a difference, which I don't think it would. That was why I built this one here. It's my meter lead turned into a nice big old jumper. You could actually come down here, clamp right onto the bell. We're at 1.9 now. Come right up here to where the ground wire is itself, which is on the backside of that. It's too close to get in that. That's high voltage up here on top. So let's just go here. It's not gonna make a difference. So you know it's grounded. As good as it's gonna get grounded. So let's go ahead and get that undone. We'll go ahead and hook it. 1,002. So she shut down on flame since. Good to go there. Now Lennox never waited for the whole blower to completely bring the temperature down. It'll try to reignite here in a couple seconds. The spark ignition was even quicker yet. So hot list delays. They were straight to the point. It's been running for a little bit.  Let's go ahead and continue on with the other checks. You don't see me use this very often, but where do you think this one came from? Look familiar. So yeah, it comes in handy. If you ever get one that you're throwing away, salvage that. It comes in handy. Save you 10 bucks, 15 bucks, whatever they sell for. So let's go ahead and hook this thing back up. All right, look what we just found. Capacitor should be five microfarads. It comes in at 1.9. So did we just save them a service call for later? Sure did. So let's go ahead and get that capacitor changed. All it would have taken to make this thing run to clean the flame sensor. We just did the customer service by checking that. So let's go ahead and get that replaced and recheck it then. We could check it before and after on the amperage too, if you're curious to see what happens. All right, we're gonna go ahead and jump G just to see what it is on high speed. See what kind of amperage we get. Just for a couple of seconds here to see what we are. But the door off don't matter. It's gonna be the same scenario to compare it against. These actually run a different fan speed for G. That's one of the, let's see how it is now. 3.7 amps, once it went up to cooling speed, back down to fan speed, G speed. So 3.7, let's see what it does when we get done. We got a brand new Mars capacitor there. It's rated for five and we're at 5.1. Let's go ahead and get that installed real quick. So we got that back in there. Let's put it back together.  But eventually it's gonna drop down to the fan speed for the blower to continuously run. It stabilizes doors off just like it was before. Prior to, we were at 3.7 amps. They were at 0.1. So we've dropped it a little over half an amp of current that we saved them. Not a lot, but it's likely even a light bulb run. So not bad. We did them a service for a $10, $15 part for a capacitor. Anyhow, we know that we made a difference on that. So let's go ahead and get that off of there. And let's go ahead and let it run. Let's check our motor though first. Make sure the end of it's clean, which is a little bit dirty on the end. What else have we got in there? Look at that, what's that right there? Looks like a piece of duct tape or something. So we'll get that out of there. Yep, something in there. Let's get that out of there. That's where these little gizmos come in handy. That right there ought to be just fine. Grab this little rag.  Let's get back in there and work on this with that. Get a hold of it and finally got it. Here we go. See, silver tape. Notice that I don't know how to do the sheet metal. Everyone's favorite silver tape. So now we should be able to get in there and get that motor wiped off with a rag and that plier should make it a lot easier. All right, so we got everything cleaned out. It's better than what it was. It's just getting old. The motor looks a lot better on the end there. That's much grease now, catching all the dirt. We've already checked all of our wires. Make sure they're tight. Let's go ahead and put the door back on and make sure this thing runs. Probably not a big deal, but at 20 years old, I'll put on there the draft motor, so I'm a little funny. Need to replace a bunch of things on something that's already pretty old and it's about ready to need to replace here before long unless they need it. And Linux has always known for making a lot of noise on the draft motor. Watch and see how an accident blower comes on. And it disturbance, but it went away. So bothersome. It's pretty well sealed. Let's check, see if we can see anything through that limit spot there. That was quite a bit more than what I'm used to.  I can feel some out here. The door's open over here, which goes right out to the garage. So we'll shut that. Let's go ahead and put this thing back down again. All right, so we pulled that out and you can see in there pretty decent. At least the first two. There's one over here on the side, but I don't see any impingement marks or anything where we were looking at. I got in there real good with my flashlight and stuff. And if I had any signs or thought that there was anything causing that, more than just the dust and the air, dust being stirred up in the air, you can always pull the blower out and check it from the top. But I don't think it's gonna be the case because we really don't have any major wear in there. It's pretty even all the way across, all the same temperature looking in the metal. The metal looks like it's all been about the same temperature, even temperature. So I'm gonna say she looks fine. You can see the bottom half here, see the top all the way to there. So we're gonna put her back together and let her run. Just wanna make sure. All right, so I kicked on that time. I didn't have any of the disturbance on the planes. There's just a little bit of a flutter from the dust as much. No. Now that changes it, just a little bit of dust in the air. Yeah, so anyhow, we're gonna go check temperature rise. Got to go inside to get the closest register. Can't do it out here, it's too much radiant heat. I was able to check the evaporator coil from that hole there also and everything looked clean on that. 35 to 65 is the temperature rise on this thing. So let's go ahead and see what we get. Well that wraps that one up, pretty simple call. Just goes to show it's always good to check everything while you're there. Less chance of getting a call back. Temperature rise on that thing, I think was 46. It's good all the way up to 65. So we're nowhere near going to be tripping the limit switches or anything like that. We gave her a good, honest look over. Didn't just fix one problem that we went through and gave her a full service and nickels and dimes. So we gave her her money's worth. She was real happy and now we're heading on to the next one.


The Navy announced the addition of five new books to the Chief of Naval Operations Professional Reading Program. The Professional Reading Program, or PRP, aligns with the CNO's three tenets of Warfighting First, Operate Forward, and Be Ready. Active participation in CNO's Professional Reading Program is highly encouraged. The program serves as a tool to help sailors' personal and professional growth beyond their daily duties. Many of the current and previous titles are available for free in e-book format or digital audio download from the Navy General Library Program Portal. For the complete list of titles with book summaries and additional information, visit the Navy Reading Website. From the Defense Media Activity, I'm Petty Officer Tony Rosa.


Hey, thanks for tuning in for another edition of Drunk with Nintendo Power. Last time we looked at Volume 25 featuring Battletoads on the cover, so today let's take a look at the very next issue, Volume 26 featuring Robin Hood Prince of Thieves for NES on the cover. Again, I sincerely apologize for the amateur quality of this video, I'm not exactly an expert on filming stuff, but enough of you liked the last video well enough, so I thought I'd try another one. So let's start by looking at the stuff featured in every Nintendo Power issue, starting with the mailbag. Here we see the infamous Game Boy that was burned up in a fire during Operation Desert Storm. It's owner actually mailed it back to Nintendo asking for a replacement, and believe it or not the thing actually still turned on when hooked up with a battery pack, and the start and select button still worked, that's pretty damn amazing. Next there's the Nestor's Adventures comic, which features Nestor attending a summer camp telling scary stories around a cab fire. Sure, okay. This month's classified information has a stage select code for Little Nemo the Dream Master, as well as the Lone Ranger, and there's an amusing section on Dragon Warrior 2, there's no codes here, it simply tells you what to do at the end of the game since evidently the game itself did a poor job of telling the player that. There's a ton of passwords and an unlockable sound test for Low G Man, I remember being interested in this game only because it was in classified information like three or four times, and there's a tip to summon your tag team partner to interfere in the middle of a match in WWF Wrestling Challenge. This month's poster is a great shot of Samus advertising the forthcoming Metroid 2 for Game Boy. The other side of the poster I'll get to a bit later. The now playing section features High Speed, a video pinball game for NES, Legends of the Diamond, a decent baseball game featuring old time Hall of Fame players, a shoot-em-up called Over Horizon and Videomation, kind of a precursor to Mario Paint but for NES. So really nothing all that interesting. For this month's contest you win a Super Nintendo, well damn I'll take that. You also win a trip to beautiful Redmond, Washington to tour Nintendo of America's headquarters. Second place is a Game Boy, third place is You're Fired, sorry I couldn't resist the Glen Gary Glen Ross joke there. The Counselor's Corner features a lot of questions about deja vu including what you need to clear your name from being a murder suspect, as well as how to rig the money making game in Legend of Zelda where you use the second controller to save in the middle of the game. There's also solutions to tricky puzzles in the game Puznick and some handy answers to questions like what the hell do I do and where the hell do I go for the game Faria. Here's a shot of this month's Counselor's including this dude who says he beat Legend of Zelda without a sword. I remember reading that as a kid and thinking that guy had to be joking but yeah as you probably know that's a legitimate thing that can be done. Hearing about it back then though seemed crazy. Super Mario Bros. 3 reclaims the top spot in the top 30 taking it back from Turtles 2 the arcade game. Like I said last time it's cool to see which games show up on the fringes of this list like Battle of Olympus. The celebrity profile is Marshall Warfield also known as Raz from Nightcourt where she complains about how hard Mario 3 is especially World 8. The NES achieved section has all the high scores mailed in for the month including one dude who finished Advanced Dungeons and Dragons Heroes of the Lands and one dude who finished Bandit Kings of Ancient China. PacWatch takes a look at future NES games which this month has defenders of Dynatron City, Star Trek, Ninja Gaiden 3, Treasure Master, Wolverine among others. Okay let's get to the main features the big one being for Robin Hood Prince of Thieves for NES which gets 16 pages of maps and all sorts of hints. They scored this game 4.3 out of 5 which is pretty good and pretty odd since you never ever hear about this game today but I guess they liked it at the time. The big selling point they harp on here is that the story follows the movie scene for scene. Well whoop-de-doo. There's also an 8 page feature on Rockin Cat a game based on the Saturday morning cartoon. It's cool to see them put in so much detail even in games like this that might not get a lot of attention otherwise. There's 4 pages on Capcom's The Little Mermaid a game I looked at a long time ago which is a short but well made game.  Nintendo Power gives the controls here 2.2 out of 5 which is as low as I've ever seen them give a game. The monthly Game Boy feature has Who Framed Roger Rabbit, the Info Genius Productivity Pack, Sneaky Snakes, Navy Seals, Dick Tracy, Altered Space which is a really interesting looking 3D puzzle game featuring 8 long levels where you go from room to room avoiding enemies and discovering new areas. Blades of Steel is here as well and there's also codes for games like Mercenary Force, Lock and Chase, and Berai Fighter Deluxe. Last but not least we have yet another preview of the Super Nintendo which was mere months away from release in North America. Right away they make it a point to say that the Super Nintendo won't just be in NES with better graphics since it features effects like Mode 7 shown here with F-Zero and its claims that foreground objects are redrawn as many as 60 times per second? What? It shows off the effect of Mario flipping behind a fence. I always thought that was really cool at the time. It talks about scaling and again showing off pilot wings and it talks about the huge sprite certain games will have as big as 128 by 128 pixels like the first level boss of Gradius 3 here. They talk about color layering and a game called Demolition is discussed not to be confused with Demolition Man of course. But does anyone know what game this ended up being by any chance? Because there isn't a game called Demolition on Super Nintendo. Anyway there's talk of multiple scrolling backgrounds while showing off Super Ghouls and Ghosts and again the sound is highlighted saying when the soundtrack is combined with the clarity and colors of the graphics the effect is so stunning that it's like you're controlling an interactive movie. Well I don't know about that but okay. After that we get a huge layout of screenshots for 29 different games that will eventually be released for Super Nintendo in North America. There's Mario World, F-Zero, Link to the Past, titled Zelda 3 here, Pilot Wings, Super Play Action Football, Gradius 3, Super Bases Loaded, Super R-Type, Augusta Golf which was later renamed YLA Country Club, Darius Twin listed as Darius here, Final Fight, Drakken without the H in the title, Sim City, Act Razor, Super Ghouls and Ghosts, Legend of the Mystical Ninja, Jumbo Ozaki's Hole in One, later renamed Hal's Hole in One Golf, Super Castlevania IV just called Castlevania IV here, Populous, UN Squadron, Baseball Simulator 1000 which is listed under its Japanese title here of Super Ultra Baseball, Battle Dodgeball which never left Japan, a game called Gadolin, an RPG titled GD Lean in Japan that never ended up being translated and then there's games like the first SD Great Battle Game and Big Run both of which never left Japan and there's Ultraman, DeForce, Bombuzal which was released in North America as Kablui and finally Final Fantasy II which is of course Final Fantasy IV. All right, that's enough for now. Thanks for watching and have a good rest of your day.


Hi everyone. My name is Megan Knitzer. I am honored to present my research to you today and I hope you will enjoy this presentation. This presentation will focus on sound level monitoring earphones with smartphone feedback as an intervention to promote healthy listening behaviors in young adults. Myself, Professor David Swannable, Dr. Faima Malamat-Ashmal and Professor Venayam were part of this research team. Historically, the focus of noise-induced hearing loss has largely been related to occupational noise exposure and to hearing loss in the elderly arising from lifelong exposure to noise. With the increased use of personal audio systems, recreational noise-induced hearing loss has become a major public health concern, especially among adolescents and young adults. The World Health Organization estimates that more than a billion adolescents and young adults are at risk of acquiring recreational noise-induced hearing loss due to the unsafe use of personal audio systems. Among the younger generation, aged 12 to 35 years, approximately 50 percent are exposed to dangerous sound levels due to their personal audio systems. Although recreational noise-induced hearing loss is a totally preventable condition, it still remains a challenge to persuade young people to adopt safe listening habits. Educational programs alone have not been effective in changing listening behavior in personal audio system users. What may be more effective is an intervention that does not only consist of information, but also provides individuals with tangible cues. The use of technology is a promising development in hearing health intervention. Technology-based interventions offer the opportunity to reach larger audiences in cost-effective ways. New technologies such as DbTrack, which was used in this study, allow users to monitor personal sound exposure on their own devices by using sound-level monitoring earphones with an accompanying smartphone application. The DbTrack Western sound-level monitoring earphones on noise-canceling earphones was built in microphones to measure in-ear sound exposure. The accompanying DbTrack smartphone application records listening activity measured by the earphones, in other words, listening duration and listening intensity, and calculates an accurate sound dose on a daily and weekly basis. The app team provides real-time feedback based on listening behaviors, for example, notifications of intensity levels, volume warnings, remaining safe listening time, daily and weekly sound dosages, and sound dose warnings. The sound exposure limits of the DbTrack application are based on the World Health Organization and international telecommunication union standard for safe listening devices and systems. Prior to the Who ITU standard, there were no established standards specifically for the use of personal audio systems. The Who ITU standard is more conservative in terms of sound allowance when compared to many other standards established for occupational noise exposure. This study was conducted in two phases. Phase one aimed to determine the accuracy and the reliability of the DbTrack We Stone sound-level monitoring earphones, and phase two aimed to determine the effect of sound-level monitoring earphones with smartphone feedback and hearing health information as an intervention to promote healthy listening behaviors in young adults. In both phases of the study, the in-ear microphone of each pair of earphones was calibrated using a DbTrack Calibrator. In phase one experiment one, the accuracy and intra-device reliability of the earphones were determined by conducting repeated measures using seven pairs of sound-level monitoring earphones as well as an occluded ear simulator coupler with a sound-level meter. In experiment two, the within-subject reliability of the earphones was determined by comparing the in-ear sound levels of 19 participants measured by the earphones during test-free test conditions. The second phase of the study was conducted using a single-group pretest post-test design. Forty young adults reported high sound exposure through their personal audio systems participated in the study. Participants completed an online survey regarding sound exposure through personal audio systems. Thereafter, they were required to use the sound-level monitoring earphones and customized version of the DbTrack app for four weeks. During the first two weeks, the participants' in-ear sound levels were measured by the earphones and recorded in the application with the application's smartphone feedback feature being disabled. This was the pretest condition. The application monitored all audio output from the device via the earphones including music, videos and games. The DbTrack app synced the recorded listening behaviors to the participants' profiles on the secure DbTrack cloud-based portal. I used this tool to monitor each participants' listening activity and to identify possible singing problems. At the end of the first two weeks, a brief information guide on hearing health was provided electronically to the participants. During the last two weeks, the smartphone feedback was automatically enabled on the application which allowed the participants to monitor the listening activity. This was the post-test condition. Participants completed a second online survey with questions regarding feedback on the study. Results of phase one experiment one showed that the maximum LQ difference between the earphones and SLM was less than one DbZ for both the test and retest conditions. The maximum LQ difference between repeated measures across earphones was also less than one DbZ. Nineteen young adults participated in experiment two of phase one of the study including 10 females and nine males between 20 and 35 years of age. Results showed that the mean LQ difference between repeated measures across participants was less than 0.6 Dba and the maximum difference was less than 1.4 Dba. The sound label monitoring earphones were therefore well within the recommended American National Institute standard for personal noise dosing meters of plus minus two Db when compared to a reference measurement and when compared to each other. Forty young adults including 25 males and 15 females between 18 and 35 years of age participated in phase two of the study. The survey regarding sound exposure through personal audio systems revealed that two-thirds of participants were motivated or very motivated to develop safe listening behaviors. There was a statistically significant decrease in the average daily intensity and sound dose measured by the earphones during pre-test and post-test conditions with a small and medium effect size respectively. Sound dose was the most important variable in which we needed to see change and we were pleased to see that the intervention had the largest effect on sound dose out of all three variables based on the effect size calculations. The post-study survey revealed that smartphone feedback and hearing health information motivated 95 percent of participants to change their listening behavior. 90 percent of participants reported that the smartphone feedback contributed the most. In conclusion this study has large implications. Currently we do not know of any public health intervention that can help prevent young adults from acquiring a recreational noise induced hearing loss through their personal audio systems. It was also the first study to investigate the effect of sound level monitoring earphones with smartphone feedback and hearing health information on listening behaviors in young adults. The study's preliminary data indicate that DB Track Western sound level monitoring earphones with a calibrated in-ear microphone can reliably and accurately measure personal audio systems sound exposure. Feedback on sound exposure using accurate sound level monitoring earphones with an accompanying application can potentially promote safe listening behavior in young adults and reduce the risk of acquiring a recreational noise induced hearing loss. The main study limitations was the small sample size and the high variability in results. Possible sampling bias since non-probability sampling was used. Real ear measurements could have been conducted in addition to the real ear coupler measurements. And then most of the data collection for phase 2 of the study took place during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown period. This affected participants' daily routines as well as their listening behaviors. And the study was terminated earlier due to the pandemic allow a smaller sample size than initially anticipated. This may explain small effect sizes or marginal significance. Participants with high sound dose percentages received multiple notifications from the application during the post-discondition, which they might have become accustomed to over time. Only Android technology was used in the study, which does not allow for the device's internal compresses to be switched off. So although the audio route with the least processing was used, this might have contributed to the high variability of results between participants. This research should be expanded using a larger sample over a longer period of time, as it might decrease variability among participants and lessen the impact of internal and external factors on listening behaviors. A longer study period can be used to determine whether the effects of the intervention are sustained and including samples of different ages, especially teen ages, could inform preventative strategies in this group. Furthermore, notifications delivered by the application could be tailored by means of altering the frequency of notifications to prevent users from becoming disinterested in the application's feedback. Thank you for listening. This research has been published in ear and hearing for those who are interested to give it a read. Feel free to ask me any questions or to send me an email.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss kinds of quadrilaterals. Based on the nature of the sides or the angles of a quadrilateral we have different kinds of quadrilaterals. First kind of quadrilateral that we have is a trapezium. Let's discuss about the trapezium now. It is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides. This figure A, B, C, D is a trapezium where we have A, B and C, D are the parallel sides. If the non-parallel sides of a trapezium are of equal length then it is an isosceles trapezium. Like if in this trapezium A, B, C, D, A, D is equal to B, C then we say that A, B, C, D is an isosceles trapezium. Next quadrilateral that we need to discuss is a kite. Let's see what is a kite. It is a quadrilateral in which there are exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length. It is basically a special type of a quadrilateral. Consider this figure A, B, C, D in which we have A, B is equal to A, D and B, C is equal to C, D. That is we have two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length are there in this figure so A, B, C, D is a kite. Next we discuss parallelogram. It is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel. Consider this figure A, B, C, D. In this we have that A, B is parallel to C, D and A, D is parallel to B, C. That is we have the opposite sides are parallel so this A, B, C, D is a parallelogram. Now considering this figure we will discuss some elements of a parallelogram. Like a parallelogram has four sides and four angles, the sides A, B and D, C are the opposite sides. Then another pair of opposite sides are sides B, C and A, D are also opposite sides. Angle A and angle C are the opposite angles. Then angle B and angle D are also the opposite angles. Then the sides A, B and B, C are the adjacent sides and the sides B, C and C, D are also the adjacent sides. Adjacent sides are those in which one of the sides starts where the other ends. Like in A, B and B, C, A, B ends at B, side B, C starts at B. So we say A, B and B, C are the adjacent sides. In the same way we can find out other pairs of adjacent sides in this parallelogram. Angle A and angle B are the adjacent angles. Then angle B and angle C are also adjacent angles. That is these are the angles at the ends of same sides. In the same way we can find out other pairs of adjacent angles of this parallelogram, ABCD. We shall now discuss some properties of a parallelogram. Like the first one says the opposite sides of a parallelogram are of equal length. That is if you consider this parallelogram ABCD you say that AB is equal to CD and AD is equal to BC. Then the opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal measure. That is angle A is equal to angle C and angle B is equal to angle D. Then the next property is the adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary. That is we have angle A plus angle B is equal to 180 degrees. In the same way angle B plus angle C is equal to 180 degrees. Angle C plus angle D is equal to 180 degrees. And angle D plus angle A is 180 degrees. Now we have another property related to the diagonals of a parallelogram. It says that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. We know that the diagonals of a parallelogram are not of equal length. In this figure you can see that AC and VD are the diagonals. Now they intersect at the point O and we know that the diagonals bisect each other at point O. So we have that AO is equal to OC and BO is equal to OD. This complete session hope you have understood the kinds of quadrilaterals.


I am sure by now you have seen the headlines. The next Nintendo Switch, Nintendo Switch 2, is going to face a backwards compatibility problem. Don't presume that the Switch 2 will have backwards compatibility. Backwards compatibility. Backwards compatibility. Backwards compatibility isn't happening. I get it. I understand what's happening here and we need to talk about this because I think the reports are wrong and I also think the source of the reports while somebody who is very well respected here on YouTube and in the development community is overstating the actual issue. That being said we are on our road to 100,000 subscribers and if we can get there by the time Tears of the Kingdom comes out we'll be giving away a collector's edition of Tears of the Kingdom. So the pin set, the steel book, the art book, the poster and that lovely box. Guys, please hit that subscribe button and help us on our road to 100k and let's get into this video. So modern vintage gamer is at it again. He's been sort of beating the same drum now for a couple of years on backwards compatibility. Really since Nintendo put up this slide, this slide shows a number of interesting things most notably that Nintendo plans to carry some things forward to their next system. And the biggest thing here you obviously see is Nintendo accounts, there's a big emphasis on Nintendo accounts being carried forward but this is more than just Nintendo accounts. You see there's also that addition of value added services, now this likely refers to Nintendo Switch Online in addition to Nintendo account right? And modern vintage gamer even in his video that he put out there stated that yeah NSO, those games easily emulated, they will be carried forward and that should continue to grow. But there's also this extra circle that often gets ignored called expanding Nintendo IP which encapsulates the Nintendo Switch and it's integrated hardware software and that next device along with obviously other things and you know this includes the movies and the theme parks and all that stuff in between of course but these devices would heavily be part of that. Now the interesting part of course is that a lot of us just assume there will be backwards compatibility, the 3DS have backwards compatibility to the DS, the Wii U to the Wii and so on and so forth. It's actually been very common throughout Nintendo's history, the Wii could play GameCube games at least in the first couple of years before they ended up dropping that support. So this isn't new, Nintendo's been down this road before but the arguments modern vintage gamer makes for why it's not possible now well here I'll let him explain it himself. Let's assume that the new Nintendo Switch model has a new SOC which is a generational leap over the current Tegra X1 that the system currently houses and it has more power, more RAM and possibly 4K visuals via modern reconstruction techniques either by DLSS, FSR or whatever that totally makes sense right. It's also irrelevant to this discussion about how much more powerful the new Nintendo hardware might be. For this discussion the focus is purely on the SOC. Of course we know that Nvidia developed the Tegra X1 which is using the old Maxwell architecture and we expect that Nvidia will host the SOC of the new Nintendo Switch model, perhaps using Lovelace or Ampere, the actual SOC has been rumoured but that's not really that important. All we know is that it's a different architecture or binary incompatible with a Tegra X1 even though both are ARM64 based. This means Nintendo can focus their new SDK for all intents and purposes as an iteration of the current Switch SDK with specific changes for the new hardware. This makes sense because developers can easily migrate over to the newer hardware and have a very familiar SDK to work with. The GPU stack is rumoured to run NVN2, an iteration of NVN that runs on the Switch although that particular leak as of the making of this video has no direct linkage to a new Nintendo Switch model. It's suggested that NVN2 will power the new Switch and it makes sense but at this time it's only speculation. So Nvidia powers the current Switch and Nvidia will power the next generation model. So backward compatibility should be easy right? It's Nvidia, it's ARM based, it's a newer SOC, a call to draw a triangle on the screen on the Switch should be one to one backward compatible with drawing a triangle on screen on a newer piece of hardware right? Well the answer is no, in fact this is where I've hit a bit of a junction trying to understand Nintendo's strategy. Let's talk about how software runs on the Switch, when you install a Switch game it sits on top of the operating system known as Horizon OS. This physical game data itself comes built in with what's known as Nintendo Shared Object or NSO files and this is not the same as the Nintendo Switch online NSO that you may have heard of. These system objects that are brought in embeds a full Tegra X1 Maxwell GPU driver stack inside of every single Nintendo Switch game regardless of first or third party. Any shaders that are pre-compiled are also bundled with the game and this is the root cause of the backward compatibility problem. A new SOC to power a new Switch hardware will simply not be binary compatible with this code even though it's still on ARM64 architecture. You might be wondering on my PC I can simply update my GPU drivers when I get a new graphics card so why is it possible to do it on my PC but not possible to do it on a next generation piece of Nintendo hardware? Because the GPU driver stack is not statically bundled into the game, drivers are installed externally to the game as a dependency and when Nvidia updates its GPU drivers you know what simply works because its legacy around that is known as the unified driver architecture or UDA. This simply means that your existing games that target Nvidia GPU driver stack will work on any updated drivers and we know this to be true on the PC. On the Switch however UDA is mostly irrelevant because of its custom operating system horizon OS and again due to the embedded nature of the GPU driver stack. First thing he said is that it's a bit of a click madey video that plays on people's anxieties which I don't think is intentional however he does have a history of trolling people on Twitter. He also paints the situation as unique to the Switch but literally both the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One uses pre-compiled shaders in their biggest titles including Sony first party games. PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series were able to engineer compatibility into the hardware. This was also the solution Nintendo went with the Wii U according to Awada asked when talking about backwards compatibility. I do want to also note that they basically included a Wii chip in the Wii U. I just want to point that out that is a thing they did but he's actually talking about something like that except we wouldn't need the full Tegra X1 chip to make that work. Also the way we did it we had to reboot into a different mode that was obviously not ideal but that's not even there that could have been figured out software wise. Modern Vintage Gamer doesn't even actually give this as an option and also dismisses the idea that Switch 2 would be powerful enough to simply emulate Switch like Steam Deck does even though the T239 which is the rumored chip in the next system is a more powerful system on a chip than the one used in the Steam Deck. There are other incorrect or misrepresented information in this video. Like MVN 2, it's just MVN. There is no 2 and to say there is no link to Nintendo hardware and that it's just speculation is clearly wrong. MVN itself was announced the same day as Switch as an NVIDIA custom API for Switch hardware. It's only used to create Switch software and I'm not even sure you can get legal access to it without Nintendo dev licenses. Furthermore, the only hardware it is built around is the T210 which is the Tegra X1 slash Arista, the T214 which is again the Tegra X1 plus Mariko, and the T239 which is the rumored chip for the next system called Drake. Just a lot of public and known information is dismissed by him so it's a bad video in my opinion because he either knows the information and dismisses it or he doesn't research the information and only makes the problem seem more difficult than it is. Trust me, if your 3-4 year old smartphone can play Switch games and they can, Drake isn't going to have a problem in software emulation and NVIDIA slash Nintendo have the ability to hardware emulate Maxwell shaders if needed. Now someone asked him regarding this very interesting modern vintage gamer video on backwards compatibility potential struggles, what solutions from his list would pretty much ensure that we at least get automatic improvement on games with dynamic resolution and better frame rates. And this is where Zombal list of some solutions that modern vintage gamer listed and well that he came up with. Software emulation is one way, making Drake shader compatible with Maxwell like PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series did with the RDNA architecture to do with GCN. This is something he didn't talk about but there is some hardware compatibility in that in those dev kits. Next up is putting two Maxwell SM inside the system and allowing higher clocks and that's the faster ram slash CPU. He mentioned putting the entire Tegra X1 in but you actually only need the Maxwell GPU cores which aren't that big in our you know the literally around 300 million slash Trey I'm not exactly sure what this means I'm not going to understand the technical jargon but apparently they're very tiny and could just be included as a subset to the chip itself the new chip placing the entire Tegra X1 SOC inside Drake which is something he mentions and then throwing away Drake and just allowing Mariko to run 50% faster. This doesn't fit any of the rumors of course this would be more like a you know new Nintendo switch situation like a Switch Pro where you're basically just running the Tegra X1 at stock which is the same chip so of course there would be backwards compatibility highly likely this is what they're going to do at this point maybe that's something they plan to do with OLED back in the day but at this point I doubt we're just going to see oh here's the Tegra X1 running at stock it's just it's just not something that I think Nintendo is really considering at this point. Now he had a few other things he wanted to add let's say he doesn't buy the backwards compatibility problem that was reignited by minor vintage gamer it's not really an issue. PS5 and X1 consoles had to deal with games having pre-compiled shaders but both were able to solve this for the RDNA architecture which is fundamentally different than what they were using before thanks to some compatibility work from AMD Sony and Microsoft there's no reason to think that Nvidia and Nintendo can't actually just do the same thing and I will note Nvidia has a long track record of making stuff compatible with their old hardware with their new hardware so Nvidia themselves has already done this just in the PC space on their own so I don't know why they couldn't just do that with Nintendo. Drake is apparently a custom part and will have Ampere and or Maxwell architectures share about three-fourths of their instruction sets and the CUDA cores are partly binary compatible patches are still required to push higher fidelity than switch games were programmed for and to introduce DLSS but if all you want to do is run dynamic resolution and maximize unlock frame rates Drake can offer that to switch games without patches so look what we learned from here is we actually have some potential specs for the switch to what we're I'm not going to dive into those right now I think like that's a video for a different day this stuff has been debated and talked about to death for a long time you know remember how we knew it's hey whatever this is looks like it's more powerful than a steam deck what are we talking about well we'll get into that later because that's always really really exciting stuff and because it's been debated and talked about for so long we have more concrete it's still speculation but speculation based on information that we could go over so we'll do that at a different video in a different time but what I want to focus on here is the fact that this problem that switch has with with backwards compatibility isn't unique to switch it is something that other systems had to deal with as well and I think modern vintage gamer dismisses the other systems having to deal with this problem because he thinks the leap in power made up the difference so they could just straight up emulate but it ignores that these systems happen to offer some hardware solutions as well to help with that so while there is probably some emulation involved from a software perspective there's also hardware patches in there enabling all of this so they already thought about backwards compatibility while designing the hardware and there's no reason that nintendo couldn't do this like if it's true all the nintendo needs to do is get the Maxwell GPU cores added to the die they could easily do that make the die just a smidge bigger and there you go you have exactly what you need you could run on the old GPU cores with the faster CPU cores of the new chip use similar instruction sets and next thing you know you have better stuff going on now this in order to get the improved visuals like if you want dls support that kind of stuff will require a patch uh that that's very notable that when we're talking about just backwards compatibility this just means playing switch games as is or playing switch games with the ability to unlock the frame rate and the dynamic resolution so if you have a game like the witcher 3 with dynamic resolution scaling well on the new chip it could just run at its max resolution all the time and could run at a higher frame rate since the frame rate is unlocked right so that could be something that can be added but if you want 4k textures uh an actual improvements to the visuals well that's going to require patches and stuff like that you can't avoid that so it's not as if we we get this new system and all of a sudden your copy of tears of the kingdom you buy on may 12th is going to run at 4k and look pretty out the box it will require a patch in order for that to happen but backwards compatibility isn't about necessarily taking advantage of all the new fancy dancy features of the new system it's just about being able to play the old games in the way we've been able to play them this whole time and then if if developers want to release patches and want to take advantage of stuff they can so that is sort of where all of this uh stems from by the way this is not me trying to insult modern vintage gamer in any way he is an actual game developer he has worked on several games being brought over to switch he has used switch dev units he knows what he's talking about and he's quite knowledgeable and he hasn't only developed for switch but i think he's a little bit dismissive of some things i know that we can't definitively prove that the mvm mentions for the new chip last year are nintendo but we also haven't seen mvm instruction set used in any other device to date it wasn't even used in in nvidia shield and that was using the same technology and had well hey like we games like twilight princess reported to it in hd believe it or not out in china so look it's very clear that it's probably for nintendo's custom chip that news broke last year we talked about it back then i just think that we're in this situation where he is he wants to put some skepticism out there because if the system doesn't have backwards compatibility he wants to be able to be like hey i told you so and if it does have backwards compatibility he can point to hey i never said he couldn't have backwards compatibility i just think it's dumb to assume it will i don't actually think it's that dumb if nintendo's carrying forward nintendo accounts they're carrying forward nintendo switch online why won't they just carry forward backwards compatibility they have a lot of experience using backwards compatibility through various methods in the past nvidia has a ton of experience making their hardware cross compatible i just don't think this is going to end up being as big of a problem it's not like they're jumping from nvidia to amd and that's going to suddenly change anything are going from arm cpu's to intel cpu's right like they're still using arm cpu cores they're still using nvidia technology while there is obviously work that would have to be done to make backwards compatibility work no one's arguing that i don't think it's nearly as complicated as he makes it out to be and i also think he's significantly undershooting what the power in a nintendo switch 2 will be um the fact that he starts off by saying by by talking about how it wouldn't be powerful enough to emulate switch games meanwhile we've got some evidence that it would be more than powerful enough to emulate switch games and yet still be at an affordable 350 to 400 price range that's what we'll talk about in a future video until then thank you guys for tuning in and i'll catch you in the next video