How are you guys liking DrupalCon so far? Good, working good? Keep it on. So I'm here to talk about the payment API. And I have a tendency or habit of writing sort of complicated, flexible, super abstract APIs. And I often do talks about all the functionality and features and a lot of walkthroughs and demonstrations. And I really feel like that's not all that useful in the context of a DrupalCon presentation. So I'm going to take a different approach today. I'm going to actually talk about, take a big step back and think about how I kind of got to the place of designing an API and what it does in the context of how people use it and work with it. So for those of you looking for like a really nitty-gritty, hands-done demonstration of the payment API, this isn't the place. But there is a bof in the next session in room 504. So I'll be happy to talk through that stuff then. The payment API is not part of DrupalCommerce. It's a completely separate thing with a completely different set of goals that I'll talk through today. So if you are expecting DrupalCommerce to ask a demonstration, then this probably isn't the place for you. And you guys are welcome to check out other sessions, totally not offended. Those of you who are just kind of curious and want to figure out what this is all about, I hope you guys enjoy this talk. So I've got a lot to talk about and a lot on my mind. But the most important thing right now is that I love Drupal. And I've been working with Drupal for, I don't know, probably eight years. And I've been, I was at the first DrupalCon in Antwerp. I've been around. And I just love so many aspects of it. The biggest part is that before I came to Drupal, this was me. And I, like many people, ran a web development shop. And like most people running web development shops, I wrote a lot of code.  And so I mean, just the idea of getting anything done was soul-crushingly slow because I'm just writing everything from scratch. This is my office today. These people do not write code, but they do work with Drupal every single day. They're community wind experts. They're publishing experts. They work in the entertainment industry. They help people build sites. They do e-commerce. They do all these things. But none of them write any code at all. And that's what I love the most about Drupal is that people who actually have something important and useful to say or get done on the internet are capable of using available tools. And they're able to draw from each other and stuff. So my role went from just sort of being code monkey to helping people actually get a lot of stuff done. That's what makes Drupal so fantastic. And of course, you've seen this slide probably at 50% of the presentations you've attended. You're never alone. And so a great example is anything that you've ever wanted to do or tried to do, someone else probably has done it or tried to do it or can't explain why it's a bad idea or can't explain how to do it better. And that's another great thing that's just fantastic about the Drupal community. We had an experience the other day where a customer was like, I think it's impossible for a database-driven website to withstand any type of traffic. It all has to be static. And we were able to say, well, it worked for the Emmys and here's a really great write-up for how it was done. And so we're all able to kind of share and enjoy and build on existing solutions to get a lot farther, a lot faster. And that's what I love about Drupal. So it also makes it a really good e-commerce platform for all of these reasons. Here's a e-commerce page that I think was actually built with the commerce module. And what's interesting is that the act of making an e-commerce transaction involves this, involves a little shopping cart and some money and a transaction occurs. But really the act of commerce, the act of people making deals and exchanges on the internet or elsewhere is all this other stuff. You've got some kind of media module, you've got image integration, you've got slideshows presenting the project, the product. You've got recommendations or examples of other things that somebody might buy. You've got probably the flag module, something where you're creating wish lists. You've got favorite stores. You can flag different organizations as relevant or meaningful to you as a visitor. You can share it over Twitter or Facebook or whatever you wanna do. And you can fully describe and enrich the product and make it meaningful to other people. So the reason that Drupal makes a great e-commerce platform is not because you can effect a transaction. Heck, if there was no commerce module, if there was no e-commerce module, Uber, cart or pay, you could still have a really great e-commerce website by presenting your products beautifully with Drupal and then posting your phone number and saying, call if you wanna buy it. That's a great e-commerce website because it's really about the act of sharing information, building your product, building your case and explaining things to people and why they should be meaningful and relevant for them to buy from you. And that is what Drupal is really good at. And we can benefit from all those different modules and tools to get there. So change gears a little bit. This is who I see basically every day. This is Marianne, she is a site builder. She works with us, she was probably in that other picture. And our job is to kind of help her work with her customers and build Drupal sites every day. She does an array code, but she has great theming and she responds to her client's needs using Drupal because of all of these tools that are available to her. If you've ever been to a Twin Cities user group meeting you've probably met her. She's just a great lady. But so she works with clients of a certain size building sites of a certain size. And I often like to think about building a site or building an e-commerce site or any type of site in the same way that I like to think about vehicles. The site should be a vehicle to get you where you are going. The customers of the sites, they wanna post stuff and have people buy it or have people look at it or do stuff. Their main motivation is not to worry about the vehicle. They don't wanna know what's under the hood. They don't wanna change the oil. Just like a commuter that doesn't think about all this all the time, a site owner doesn't really wanna be hassled with how the sausage is made. They just wanna get on the road, get where they're going and have done with it. So Mary Ann's job is to help her clients get up and running and build their sites however they need them to build. And when they make a request, she's got certain jobs to do. First of all, she wants that vehicle to go fast. She wants, if a customer says we need this up by next Friday, she needs to be able to deliver a tool, a project, a webpage, a marketing newsletter, whatever, quickly. And she needs to be able to say yes because that's her job. She also wants to use, have a selection of sort of usable components. Like she wants to be able to choose from stuff that already exists. I mean, just like I had to wait three weeks to build one feature back when I was writing PHP.  She wants just a suite of vehicles at her disposal that she can choose and apply to help in getting her customers on the road. But she's also gonna be here tomorrow. They're gonna call up tomorrow. They're gonna have another request. They're gonna wanna upgrade their site to Drupal 8 or 9 or 26. And what she doesn't wanna do is maintain kind of a piece together thing that's difficult to maintain, difficult to support and upgrade sort of built from a bunch of kind of wonky components. So Mary Ann's goals are to find things that work really well, work well together and not have like a lot of problems going down the path. So the first thing she does whenever she needs to do something new is she goes to the Drupal module page and she quickly discovers that there's a lot of choices out there. And of course, I mean, this is the other obligatory slide. Every single presenter needs to say that Drupal is just like a big bag of Legos and we kind of assemble or build them all together into forming different solutions. And we talk about how great that is. We talk about how frustrating it is. But I also think it's sort of a mischaracterization because Legos are rather homogenous and you kind of take a whole bunch and you build them into a wall or the side of a castle or whatever. I like to think of really modules as tools. That's what they are. And each tool serves a discrete and meaningful purpose. They do it in different ways. They're good for different things. And you kind of have, you go to that modules page and you've got 9,000 tools at your disposal. And so there's a couple of different type of tools. That someone like Marianne can take advantage of. And the first type is gonna be with single purpose modules. So there's just gonna be a whole bunch of modules out there that do one thing and do it hopefully well. Great examples are like the URL alias module. That's what it does or the path auto module, I'm sorry. And there's no reason to have a lot of extra functionality built into it. It does one thing and sees it to understand and easy to support and easy to upgrade from version to version. Other modules sometimes run into the limitation of if they're too narrow or too specific to a tiny use case, then they don't get to have a huge user base. And so maybe it does one little tiny thing for one odd group of people. And when group seven or eight comes out, it's not upgraded. And so you kind of want a tool that works well for a lot of people. So sometimes you start adding functionality to it. And then it sort of becomes a multi-tool module where you've got a module that's doing, not just one job, but multiple jobs. It's interesting, Jeff Eaton's talk yesterday brought up the image module. It was exactly what I was gonna bring up. Back in the day, we used to use the image module because we wanted to put an image on a website or create an image node. And then it needed to be resized to have different thumbnails. So it got that functionality built into it. And then it needed to, we wanted to have different sizes in a gallery and then we wanted to import it from file systems. And so that module got sort of taller and taller functionality, which is still okay. It's still not necessarily a bad thing because maybe everybody who wants images wants all that functionality. It's still kind of, you only have to deal with one module and one maintainer and you don't have to worry as much about an upgrade path. So it's not necessarily a bad thing to do. But it can get sort of brittle to maintain because what if you don't want your image thumbnails to be exactly this way or what if you want to do something differently?  This also makes upgrades really time consuming because you have to upgrade all of that functionality all at once just to get to the next level.  So the other kind of module, the different three different types are, you know, frameworks. And this is kind of what the image module sort of got supplanted by which was you've got the image field module and the file field module and the image cache module and I don't know views and a whole bunch of other stuff. And each one kind of does its discreet piece of the puzzle. And then you can kind of plug in and change out the different parts as you need to. This is a, I think a really great way to work it as long as it doesn't become too complicated because of course you've got different people working on different pieces of the puzzle and you can increase your leverage. So instead of one developer maintaining 10 aspects of a single module, you've got maybe 10 developers working on 10 aspects of the same problem space. And those are interchangeable. So, you know, the framework modules can be really handy but they can also, it always made me a little queasy before Drupal 7 to explain to a new user, no, don't use the image module, that makes sense. Use the seven other modules and assemble them together and invest two hours of your time and then you'll have the image module. So there's kind of different ends of the spectrum to how useful that is. Which is best, it really doesn't, it really, it's not clear. I mean, because I mean sometimes what you need is just a screwdriver, you just need to do one thing and do it really well. And sometimes you wanna break out the problem space and work on different aspects of it. So, you know, I took all this back to, you know, to heart and started thinking about what that means in terms of developing a module and I've been working on the payment APIs since 2006. It's gone through multiple incarnations. Really it was only viable for people to use in 2006 because I tried kinda slicing and dicing it in different ways. Is it a multi-tool module? Is it a single purpose module? Is it a framework? And so, because we work with so many people I had a really good pool of people to talk to. Like I said, our company does support and sort of hands on training and facilitation. We don't actually build websites. So, we have exposure to a ton of different people. And we kinda ask them questions about what are you trying to do? And what often happens is someone, a lot of nonprofits will say, I want somebody to just come and make a donation on our website. And other organizations, and I don't wanna cart and say I just wanna make a donation on our website. Other folks are like, we have these events and we've always had them be free. Us, for example, we have training events on our site. And we want people to sign up for them. Well, there's already a module for that. You can sign up. Yeah, but I want people to be able to pay but only sometimes, right? So, we wanna be able to take something that already works well and add functionality. A lot of other people are like, we want to accept arbitrary information from the internet. People fill out surveys or apply for something. And we're like, hey, I have a great idea. You should use the web form module. And they're like, yeah, but can they donate on the web form module? Or can we use the web form to capture an event sign up and include meal preference and everything else but also get them to pay online? And so, we kept hearing these conversations go back and forth. And the word that never, ever came up was cart. In fact, if there was a cart involved, it was offensive. Like, we're not a commerce agency. We don't want people to, we don't wanna come off as overly commercial. We want people to just naturally be just flowing through their sites, doing their thing, adding information, viewing information, flagging stuff, sending stuff via email and occasionally buying stuff on top of it. So, this is kind of the chart I ended up drawing is that something happens and it could be anything. But at some point, we all decide that this person wants to give our organization or company X amount of money. And so, we wanna process that. We want that to happen. And then we want to record it and let that process kind of continue going on its way. So, what we never really wanted to be involved in is what happens to generate that transaction. There's plenty of modules out there in the Drupal Sphere, you know, collecting user needs and facilitation. Like I said, there's web form. If they wanna submit a form, there's signup if they wanna sign up for an event. There's, you know, all kinds of flags. If they wanna register for a site, they can certainly just use a registration module. And so, we don't really wanna be involved in the business rules of how that goes down because that's just too much work for one developer. But what we do wanna do is consistently be aware of how much people want to pay us and we want to record that and we want to make that transaction. So, I wrote the payment API. After several attempts, I got it to a good place. It has zero dependencies. It's very lightweight to a certain extent. It builds on other modules. So, if you just download and install the payment API, you don't get anything that is useful. But what you can do is you can install other modules that allow you to make payment, or you could write another module that allow you to make payment against arbitrary forms throughout your site. It does have a means of abstracting itself to have pluggable payment methods so that if you want to interact with authorized.net, there's literally hundreds of payment backends. And so, it'd be awfully silly for us to try to support that so you can write that functionality as well. And then it does maintain detailed transaction records. So, we tried at some point to do sort of like, we're just going to pass this to a gateway and not really record what happens. We're just going to record yes or no. But the problem is that maybe you want to have multiple payments against a particular transaction. So, if you want to ship part of something and accept payment for that, or what if you want to pledge $100 but not actually pay for it right away? You just want to record that pledge. So, we do actually maintain a pretty complete history of what happens to a particular payment transaction. But we don't make a lot of judgments about how that transaction came into being. So, this is basically kind of how it looks. Each of those boxes to be right into the left are or could be different modules. And so, you would write as a developer, you would write one of two types of modules. You would write a payment form module. And so, Nate Howe wrote the web form pay module to be able to have kind of any type of payment activity on top of a web form. We wrote a dirt simple really lightweight donate module which if you just want to be like, how much do you want to donate? Great, here's your credit card form. You can install that. We'd like to see more stuff happening in the signup space, user registration, that kind of stuff. And I'd love to see a tip jar module, all kinds of other stuff. But those modules can be written by other people. And the payment methods certainly are the same kind of thing you've got. Those modules exist, the authorize net pay cow, relic, secure pay. And we of course like to be adding multiple of those. And so the Payment API just sort of sits in the middle and allows one set of modules to decide why a payment is occurring. And another set of modules to make sure it happens on the back end. So this is for example, a donate form. It's very simple. We do the donate module allows you to kind of just generate some arbitrary dollar amounts where you can click on other amount and it opens up a little type in the amount thing. Then it happens on one page. Drupal commerce is very different, but in Drupal six.  There was no way to just have a page that makes a donation happen. And so this in Drupal six was a godsend because it kept people who just wanted to, just like this is 100% of what we wanna do with commerce on our entire infrastructure allowed us to install two modules and have done with it. The other thing that we really like about it is that I wrote a node payment. So I associate payment forms with particular nodes. And so this is an event page that, or it's actually a series of events. So each of those are little events that are happening in the series is a collection of those events, the Latin music. And there's this little donation form up in the corner that knows that it's attached to that particular program node. And so I really like that because I think that it's false to assume that if we just make our donate buttons bigger and bigger on nonprofit sites that people will be more likely to click on them. I think you have to build a case. And I think it's important to have the donate stuff in context with the content. So look at our great organization. We've got these really great Latin music festivals. Oh, hey, you wanna support this Latin music festival. And so, and then clicking on that gets you to a kind of the same donate form actually, but it's a little bit branded. And we can do some reporting on, hey, people, you know, the money goes in the same bucket, but we actually know that most of the money comes in from the Musica Latina Festival and not from the Global Roots Festival, for example. So it's a neat way to just sort of like be a little bit pervasive and in line with what the organization is trying to do and what users on the site are trying to do without getting too involved in the e-commerce stuff. So I'd love to see more things happening in the payment form space. It's actually really simple to write a payment form integration module. And we can talk about that in the buff in the next hour if you're interested, I'd love that. Otherwise you can email us, teamadadvantagelabs.com. In terms of developers, there are specific hooks. Everybody likes hooks. This is how you get a payment form into another form. And so basically what payment API is, more than anything, is a really heavy duty form alter hook. So you can actually just use those two lines of code to go load up a form and embed it in any other form. So if you wanna embed a donation form into the contact us page, great idea, you could just do that or you could embed a payment form on the comment form and boy, that would stop your spam. And so I designed it to be a really simple way to just sort of plot payment this into whatever arbitrary functionality you want to include it in. And then in Drupal 7, I'm taking it a step farther and the entire payment form can actually be instead of the payment node module that I was just showing you is a field. So you could add a payment form field to user registrations or to any type of entity that you would want. So you could have somebody pay to create a node, which would be great for certain applications. So super flexible in that regard. The process of creating a payment method module is really simple. We just have, it's all object oriented. So we've got a base class for payment methods or a base class even for payment methods that use a gateway like AuthorizeNet or something that uses one of those HTTP gateways. And so you would just sort of write a little hook pay method handler info to assert that you have a module or a payment method called pie in the sky that it's extending the pay method gateway. And then it would exist and users could select it when they're configuring their site. And you can just go ahead and extend whatever you need to extend to make it work with your backend. Hook pay form handler, that's the other side, that's the web form pay or the sign up or things like that. If you were using this little form alter just on your own site for your own special use case that's completely independent from this, but if you wanted to actually write and distribute a Drupal module that implements a payment form, you would just implement that hook. And outside of that functionality is actions and triggers. You can sit on activities that come along. We do actually record because we did kind of write this, tailor this for donation functionality. We do actually record what a goal amount for a particular form might be. So you could do like funding goals and things like that. And so it'll launch out little actions and triggers as those goals are reached or as certain deadlines close. So it's actually pretty flexible to configure both from a developer's perspective, a coder's perspective and from a site builder's perspective. I was thinking about Marianne. It's got full view support. So like I was saying before, is that it maintains an awareness of all the transactions that have occurred, all the activities that have occurred on those transactions who's making the transactions. And you can build up reports and forms pretty much any way you need to. This one is on a particular node. And in fact, the node it's on is this one, which is in fact, you know, a Kickstarter style microfunding thing. And it works just like Kickstarter because the authorize.net payment method does, it'll collect and store via authorize.net, the payment credit card information and then we can actually effect a transaction to capture payment if the project is successful. So people can pledge against a particular payment campaign. And then if that's successful, then we can go back and collect the money. If it's not successful, we don't collect the money. So that's totally possible with this. And then it's got all the view support back into it. And the modules that we include just in the payment API are like the payment field or the payment node, kind of making that transition. And then the progress indicator for that goal amount. And then other people have written, like so Stella Power has written, both a payment backend and she's written a Google Analytics API or module for the API and hopefully other people write other stuff as it goes. So we just want to sit in the middle of this little ecosystem of people thinking about different use cases for writing payment forms and people thinking about payment backends that they want to use. And we just kind of want to sit in there and kind of leverage both sides of that work. I really, I've been like worried about this presentation actually because I'm worried about like a versus attitude or like, you know, I just think there's just bad blood is not good for anybody. And it shouldn't really be, and we to be honest use Drupal commerce a lot and we recommended a lot. And the reason we do is when we start hearing people say, we need a cart, we need product management, we need, you know, we need rules, we need all like absolutely, right? That's exactly the right place to be with that stuff. Or if you have multiple pieces of functionality that, you know, might benefit from having all the flexibility of Drupal commerce. I like to think of a module like that going back to the earlier slides as like a multi-tool or even like a multi-tool made out of frameworks. And that's really great if you're gonna use that functionality, but it's like renting a U-Haul to carry a letter to your friend. It doesn't always make sense. If you're renting a U-Haul to move out of your apartment then that makes a ton of sense. So just sort of kind of thinking about short and long-term needs. One of my big hopes would be to, my sort of plans is to try to write a payment form module for Drupal commerce so you don't really have to choose. You could implement, hey, we just want a simple donation or we wanna sell a hat. And you might implement that functionality using the payment API. And then you say, oh, we had it all wrong, we need a cart, we need all the stuff. And you could install the Drupal commerce module and be able to use the payment API and all the configuration for it to make that transaction and keep all your records in one place. And so that's something that I'd like to see in the future is sort of playing all together and working in harmony rather than having it have to be an either or it should be a both and kind of solution. So it's sort of like alpha, beta and Drupal seven. But it is working and a lot of people are using it. We're certainly using it. And I do kind of hope for more people to just try to think of reasons to use it. Like I said, I have come too many Drupal cons and I presented at many Drupal cons talking through all the functionality without really explaining the rationale. So I'm hoping that explaining the rationale will help people understand where I'm trying to go with this. There's a buff in the next session in room 504. So if you're interested in understanding how to write a module or interested in whether or not it makes sense for you to work with this, we'll be happy to talk through it. We'd also love some help if people are interested in getting involved in terms of documentation, writing some modules, or even just like having a case study. Like, you know, here's how we use it, what we're doing with it. So I wanted to know if people had any questions. If you could talk to that, yeah. Actually, if you want to come up to the microphone, it's a race. Just wondering how or if you deal with PCI DSS, that all that e-commerce stuff that's now everyone's. Yeah, everybody's kind of worried about that. We've dealt with that to the extent we've had to. I mean, I know that sites that we're using it on have done well on PCI compliant stuff. I mean, we do transact everything over SSO. We don't store anything. And so we're doing that to the best of our ability, but yeah. I can't remember if you said that image at the slide that you had where the payment API was talking to authorize.net and PayPal and all of that. Yes. Was that included that communication or was that like a different module for PayPal that we would have to attach or talk to? Yeah, so there's a module called PayPal and there's a module called authorize.net. And then I think style of powers wrote another one for secure pay or there's an Australian for security. So those are all different modules that extend like a base class that's inside of the payment API. Okay, thanks. Sure. A nonprofit and as we get more of these payment sources, one of the worries or problems that's occurring now for us is once authorize.net settles, it goes into our bank account and we can't identify with the reporting as easy anymore. Have you experienced that or is there a solution that you know of that can make us help us track the settlements with the actual initial payment easier? Well, I mean, the having view support and the ability to use like export a CSV would be helpful, assuming that all of your transactions are going through the one Drupal site, right? Actually, there are multiple sources, like we have different donation forms from different websites. So we'd like to be able to identify those when it settles, but we're using the same gateway for both things like a Drupal site and that. I just don't know if there's a solution or if a bank can give. I know that authorize.net like has reporting on transactions that have gone through. And so the extent that good information is sent back to authorize.net. That's probably the best way to do it. Or like I said, you can compare the views, you know, what's in the Drupal site with, what's in the settlement reports. There's always weird stuff though that like the settlement happens at a specific time of day. And so a transaction that occurred at 555 and a transaction that occurred at 601 would be in two different batches. Do you have any suggestions on handling multi-tiered payment sites or multiple payment gateways on the same website? Yeah, so the payment API lets you set up multiple payment methods and those can actually have like for example authorize.net will allow you to store credentials separately for different instances of that payment method. I think that's the only one I did that for. But so that would allow you to have as many payment methods or many different authorize.net accounts as you want. And then each payment form is associated with one or more of those. So you could create multiple payment forms via web form or donations or something else. And then associate that with different different payment backend accounts. So the short answer is that's technically possible. So I feel like I kind of powered through that. But the bonus is a little bit more time in the hallway track if you want that. Or we can, like I said, I'm gonna make my way to the BOF session if you don't wanna like ask questions over a microphone. I'm totally happy to talk to you in the BOF or just at any time if you wanna flag me during the rest of the conference. So thanks for your time. Thanks for coming to my session.


We're here excited to showcase the latest and greatest with the HDMI 2.1 specification. Behind me here, we have an 8K TV, CES 2019 is all about 8K. The first products have been announced, have come to market from Samsung, from LG, Sony, TCL, Kanga have all announced their 8K products. Behind me here, we're showing a demonstration from a chip company called Invicus. We're showing off the full 48 gigabit bandwidth for HDMI 2.1. It will be through one of those cables. And this here is one of the prototypes of an HDMI ultra high-speed HDMI cable that will be used to support the full 48 gigabits. These will be coming to market soon once the compliance test specification is available. So every tech news site is saying that the big story of CES 2019 is 8K. And every time they talk about 8K, it's always HDMI 2.1, right? Yeah, so every time you see an 8K announcement, there will be a 2.1 port on those products because that's the only way to get the 8K video from a source to a display. So look for more and more announcements from the TV manufacturers as the year rolls on. All right. And there's some other products that are on the market that have 2.1, right? Yeah, absolutely. So let's come on over here. We'll walk across the booth here. We're over here. We're going to see the Microsoft Xbox One X. This is one of the first products to introduce itself with 2.1 features, specifically the variable rate refresh and the auto-load late C mode.  We'll tell you more about the Xbox One X. All right. Thanks. So hi. So hi. So who are you? I'm Norm. I'm from the Xbox team at Microsoft. Yeah. And so you have successfully been able to implement these 2.1 features in their shipping, right? Yes. Since the last time we talked at 2018 CES, we have the Xbox One X here, along with the Xbox One S that have turned on some of the gaming features, specifically HDMI VRR and auto-load latency mode. At the same time, we have Samsung who has also turned on those features. So in this implementation, we're currently demonstrating at CES 2019, HDMI VRR and auto-load latency mode two of the four gaming features actually working today. So this is an actual popular Samsung 4K TV HDR. Yes. They updated the firmware. Exactly. This is a 2018 model and they have several models that do support these features. In addition, these are both completely retail units. They're not custom. They don't have demo software work working on them. And what's the feeling for gamer, the difference? How does it feel different? Well, there's two things that happen and both of these features operate differently. Turning on ALLM tells the TV to go into game mode, which makes the entire experience feel more reactive. So everything happens much quicker. On the other hand, VRR, because it allows the GPU to take more time to render the frames, makes the action seem smoother. And so we're demonstrating that with several games here this year, which there are YouTube videos that actually show multiple games and how VRR actually improves the experience. It seems smoother. Is it like what Nvidia and AMD are doing with G-Sync, Pre-Sync? It's the exact same experience leveling. So you get the same feeling of smoothness that you do. So this is G-Sync and Pre-Sync technology capabilities, experience on HDMI. And it's a standard feature that all HDMI adopters can put into their products. And what kind of work did you have to do and what kind of testing did you have to do to make that work with the Xbox? Well, fortunately, Microsoft was responsible, along with AMD, of getting these technologies into the HDMI 2.1 specification. So we had a real good idea of what needed to be done. And we're also responsible for writing the tests that will make everything certified as compliant. So we're certain this box is working as the rest of the ecosystem needs to work. And so as manufacturers add these technologies to their devices, they can use the Xbox as a reference platform today in order to help ensure that their products are going to be compliant. Now, full certification testing is going to be required to make that claim. But today, we want to make sure that with this one device that's out in the market, they can make sure that their devices work correctly with our system. And I want to get any secrets out of you, right? But it can't do 8K, right? It can't get 8K. So the gaming features are kind of orthogonal to resolution. So you can do VRR at 1080p or 720p or 4K. All right. So that means the hardware that was built and when was it released in 2016? So the Xbox One X was released in 2017. The Xbox One S was released the year before. Both of them are with a combination of AMD and Microsoft SoC inside. And since the AMD Silicon supports FreeSync, it's really a small leap for a software upgrade to make it HMI VRR capable. And so we were very lucky in our choice of Silicon provider that we could turn on these technologies very, very quickly. It was future proof. It was like, you know. We were very fortunate that it was future proof, yes. And it's become basically, this is the reference that people should know. Yes, this is the first source device that has both ALLM and HMI VRR. And you're pushing the industry to do every TV to support this? We're working with all TV vendors and a lot of the repeaters that go in between such as soundbars and AVRs and preamps in order to allow these signaling to go through. Typically those devices are really concerned about audio. But in order for this signaling to get to the TV, we encourage those repeater devices to incorporate that technology. All right. Now we also talked to the TV manufacturers and there have been several introductions, press announcements this year about the inclusion of HMI VRR. So here you have the remote, right? So when you push something, what is the milliseconds? Is there some way to measure that? What's the latency actually? So there is a way to measure it. You can't do it on screen. So essentially what happens is you have to measure the signal that comes in and then time how long it takes for something on the screen to change. So there are test equipment devices that actually determine how long the latency is. And there are websites that do that kind of testing for you. And how much is the HDMI 2.1 spec helping with that compared to the actual TV manufacturer creating a low latency TV? It's actually not. So most TVs today include several video processing modes, such as for sports. So you kind of reduce some of the blur cinema, which is really good for video processing. And then the game mode, which reduces as much of the long latency processing as possible. What ALLM does is it allows the source device to tell the display when to go into game mode and then when to revert back. So a common use case is since we have OTT streaming inside this box, you set your TV up to a cinema mode so that when you're watching Netflix or Hulu or Amazon, any of the streaming apps, it will process the video the best way it can. But when we watch a game like Wolfenstein that you see here, it will tell the display, please go into game mode. And then all of that long video processing gets reduced. And then when you exit the game, go back into the dashboard, then it will tell it to please go back to whatever mode you had before. So it allows the source to tell the display when to change and the user no longer has to go in and do it manually. So what's happening is actually the Xbox is encoding the video, the TV is decoding the video and when you decode you wanna, there's different ways to decode, you can decode higher quality or lower quality but you just wanted the fastest one. So there's no encoding and decoding going on. So all of it's being rendered here in the box but we're telling the TV what kind of processing it does. When you do processing for video, there's a lot of things you can do. There's motion interpolation, there's compensation, there's mapping, tone mapping you can do that you don't need to do for games. For games you really wanna reduce that 50 to 100 millisecond of video processing down to the low teens. So pro gamers are gonna use pro monitor gaming and stuff like that. It's still gonna be faster than even those kind of TVs or is it possible that TVs are gonna be as fast as the coolest gaming monitors, you know? There are several TVs that are trying to reduce that latency down into the teens but you will find professional gaming monitors that are down below 10 milliseconds. Now that can be really hard to do but that's kind of the asymptote that a lot of TVs which are supporting game mode are working towards. How did they reach that? What's the challenge for them to get there? That's technology. That's technology. That's technology and they're all using their own special sauce in order to speed up the chips that are doing the processing and just being clever. All right, but this is true size in the 18 model. It's gonna, it's exciting to see the CS. There's so many new TVs and stuff to size 19. It's gonna get better and better, right? Yes. The experience for the gamers is gonna be better and better. Exactly, exactly. So in addition to what we've got turned on today, there's additional features. Quick frame transport is also gonna help reduce the overall latency, the overall reactivity of the system by decreasing the amount of time it takes to transmit the data from the source to the display whereas low latency mode reduces the processing time in the display and that's all part of the entire cycle. So HDR is one of the coolest things about the TV industry. Isn't a console and games the perfect thing to do in HDR? We have done and when we introduced the Xbox One S three years ago, we were the first box that enabled HDR gaming and the games that actually have HDR continue to grow and grow as the market becomes, you know, more capable. It becomes more impressive, right? It does. It's very nice to play HDR. Yes, you have those specular highlights, very bright spots on the screen in addition to nice deep blacks. And there's also a bunch of stuff that's done with that in HDMI 2.1, right? Actually HDR came out in several years ago with HDMI 2.0. So with HDMI 2.1, there is dynamic HDR, which is a new capability. You can change the HDR settings on the fly, but that's more for video and not necessarily for gaming. Gaming, we're very free to change whatever the HDR settings are, whatever we want to. Cool. All right. I hope people don't play too much on these games, right? Because they need to, in society, people need to do work also, right? I'm joking. Like, this is one of the greatest pastimes. This is my work. This is my work. This is one of the greatest pastimes. And it's not so expensive. When you go buy a game, they can be playing the game for 80 hours, 100 hours. It's actually the price per hour. Yes, there are many gamers who will start on a low difficulty level just to get used to it and get practice in. And then as you say, they will take it up to the next level and the next level.


Okay, so let's do this one as the last reaction of the day. So this is another way to make an ether. So we already talked about making an ether from alkene. Let's make an ether from an alcohol now. So remember we talked about sodium hydride being a good non-nucleophilic phase. So in this case, sodium, of course, is always plus one charge. So the hydride anion is actually negative one, right? So sodium, the counter ion to that is going to be the hydride ion, which is a hydrogen with two electrons. So that makes this hydrogen very, very basic, not nucleophilic at all. So whenever it sees any sort of acidic hydrogen, even slightly acidic, like the one on alcohol, it'll go after it. So let's just erase this and draw it back over here. So what it'll do is it'll make hydrogen gas and you'll actually see it bubble out of the reaction plant. Very fast reaction. Alkoxide, so that was the acid phase. I think the alkoxide and H2 gas. Commonly you'll see a little arrow there in organic chemistry instead of that little G symbol that you might be used to from Jenkins. Anyways, so this is actually what we call a two step one pot reaction because you don't ever isolate. This is the intermediate, right? But you don't isolate it. You just leave that in the reaction flask and then add your alkyl halide to it, okay? So this has to be a non-sterically hindered alkyl halide because it's going to perform an SN2 reaction.  Anyway, so let's get that out because it's bubbled away. Let's just move this counter ion to somewhere else. Okay, so we dropped in our methyl bromide. So remember the SN2 reaction, we should get inversion and configuration. But it doesn't matter because there's no stereochemistry of forces. The methyl bromide, you'll see we made an ether out of that plus sodium plus and B-onlinus hanging out. So that's the only product, the sole product of this one. So you do that acid-base reaction, bubble the hydrogen away and then add your methyl bromide to the SN2 reaction. Everybody cool with that one? Okay.


Metadata is data about data, it's information about information, it's not the content of the information itself, it's information that tells you something about that content. If we're dealing with say a file, a word file or something like that or an image, then the metadata is actually contained within that object itself. So for instance, a geotagged image will contain the location, the coordinates as to where that image was taken. When we had the landline, the only metadata that was associated with it was the calling number and the receiving number. When you move to smartphones though, smartphones enable a whole lot of additional metadata to be transmitted. All of a sudden there's a whole lot of information about locations to where particular objects were created. There's information as to who wrote certain documents for police, law enforcement agencies. This increase in metadata is a definite plus. As to who can access this data and what they can see, it really depends on the actual type of metadata that we're talking about. Metadata associated with objects for instance, if you receive that object such as an image or a word file, then you can have a look at the properties associated with that and that will tell you metadata associated with that particular object. So for example, if you have a look at the properties associated with a word document, you'll see who wrote it, you'll see dates, you'll see hours spent preparing it and so on. Those are all examples of metadata associated with an object. Other forms of metadata, for example, those associated with lawful interception is much more tightly restricted. Punishments for illegal interception are quite severe. For that sort of metadata, it is meant to be purely for law enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies and so on. People who are authorised to access it. The other side of the coin of course is to do with privacy. There's a lot of consequences for the information that could be detected out there about the way you live your life. There's a lot of things that can be found out about people's interests, their relationships. Perhaps you should be wary of apps that ask you for additional information. Some apps will ask you to access your address book. The most important thing is to just be aware of how much information you can make available through your actions online.


Paragon The Over Prime is having their final test starting on November 10th. This will be a global test, so all hands on deck, no player cap. They'll have new heroes, including Xena, who appears to be a solely original, new jungle monsters, and a ranked mode to try out. They haven't said how long the test will last, but it ain't going to be no weekend of dumb things, so be ready to battle that out for a while.


So good morning, ladies and gentlemen, the chairman president and distinguished guests. We agree that probably I will have a short presentation here on the basic ideas and targets of the Hungarian presidency of the European Union. And then if you are interested in, I'm more than happy to be involved into a consultation question and answers. So ladies and gentlemen, first term as a prime minister, I had between 1998 and 2002. And when my first term as prime minister of Hungary came to an end, may I say the waters deliberated me from the office in the early 2000s, I left the leadership of a candidate country about to enter a very optimistic, hopeful European Union that was full of dynamism. In the beginning of the 2000s, we saw that the following 10 or 15 years would be the great decade of prosperity of the European Union. We had a good reason to think, to think so or think that, as the European Union did indeed have a great decade between 1990 and 2002. First we reunified the two parts of the continent that used to be torn apart. The own currency of the European Union, the euro could be created. In the beginning of the 2000s, the objective that the European Union should be the most competitive economy of the world by 2010 did not appear to be illusory. Perhaps now it seems a little odd. We were fueled by enthusiasm in the early 2000s. We could talk about a market of 500 million people, a market covering 500 million people, the largest single market of the world. Nine or ten years have passed since then. If we were to give a short summary of the current position of the European Union in the world economy, then any speaker should point out the following. The Union has lost a substantial part of its share in the global economy. The rate of public debt is extremely high in the member states of the European Union. The rate of activity is specifically low within the European Union. The average of the European Union is somewhere around 66-65% while the same rate is 75-85% in the United States and China respectively. And we cannot ignore the fact that demographic problems have appeared over the last 10 years, which caused our continent much suffering. So when it was Hungary's turn to take over the presidency work of the European Union, the Hungarian presidency set out from the assumption that we really had no more time to waste. The Union must face the most difficult issues and the most serious challenges, therefore we choose the most difficult questions when putting together the programme of the Hungarian presidency. We undertook for this six-month period, first to introduce the pieces of legislation that allow the coordination of economic governance, or the economic governance of the national economies, with the objective of protecting the common currency, the euro. Second, we also set as an objective that the European energy market should be created because the European Union is an economic entity that covers 55% of its energy needs from outside the Union. There are many supply islands and we don't have a unified common energy market. We wanted to see a change in this during the Hungarian presidency. Another objective set was that we should bring the new financial regulatory system closer to the set targets. Despite the ever-increasing anti-enlargement sentiments in Europe, we targeted the further enlargement of the Union, we wanted to complete the accession negotiations with Croatia during the Hungarian presidency, and we also wanted to complete the enlargement of the Schengen Zone with Romania and Bulgaria. We also set the objective that Europe should have a common strategy for the Romans in Europe, and social inclusion should be elevated to the level of the European Union. And finally, we also held an informal council meeting for ministers responsible for family issues to take the first steps towards making sure that the governments of Europe do some joint thinking about solving demographic issues and that a collection of best practices in successful family policies should be compiled for other member states of the European Union. This was the programme of the Hungarian presidency. It is a traditional wisdom in the Union that the most difficult questions are not the ones that you can foresee, but it is always the unexpected event.  This also happened to the Hungarian presidency, beyond the toppings I have listed, we also had the crisis in North Africa coming our way, and then the disaster in Japan as well. So ladies and gentlemen, as a result of all these, the European Union must unfortunately face the serious question if it will react to these challenges by stepping back from the results of integration achieved thus far, or by progressing further on the road to integration. We will be able to protect and regulate our common currency, the euro, more efficiently than today. Are we serious about maintaining the free flow of persons? Do we enlarge the circle of countries that enjoy this liberty? And finally, do we take at least one more step towards the further enlargement of the European Union, where we see the Balkans as the direction to go, because the Balkans constitute a region of Europe that is surrounded by NATO and European Union member states? It not about pushing the borders eastwards, but our task is about making an enclave fit for accession. Ladies and gentlemen, from this point, from this perspective of the challenges that Europe faces, can it be understood what is happening in Hungary? So let me tell you a few words about Hungary, because the challenges that Hungary is facing cannot be separated from those of the European Union. You also know that in 2008, Hungary was the first national economy to collapse within the territory of the European Union. So that privilege does not belong to the Greeks. Financial collapse happened first in Hungary, 2008, to be followed only one and half or two years later by other dramatic setbacks within the European Union, including your own country's difficulties. Also the state crumbled in Hungary in the meantime. Corruption proliferated and grew stronger. The incompetence of public administration grew. Using the rules became a way of life, be that public safety or tax avoidance. As a result of all these, my country, Hungary, suffered a complete loss of confidence, both domestically with its own citizens and in the international arena. What was the response of Hungarians to this situation? The response of Hungarians was unprecedented unity. Hungary and voters created the political unity that remains rare and even unprecedented today. A unity that generated admiration on the one hand, envy on the other hand, and also suspicion. In the language of parliamentary representation, we call this a two-third majority in the parliament for one party. A unity of two words in the parliament is what we have in Hungarian politics. In the year of crisis management before the elections, one month's worth of pensions were taken away from the people. One month's worth of salary was cut from people working in public administration. The retirement age was increased from 62 to 65 years, and the deficit of the Hungarian budget was still 7.5% in the summer of 2010. That was when Hungary launched a large-scale financial consideration exercise and the turnaround of the budget. Also we started to complete reorganization of the country because we became the recognition that Hungary in her current structure was unfit to become a competitive economy within the European Union. This is why we announced the transition. We started the transition from a welfare society model to a work-fare society model. In this spirit, we have completely reorganized or are in fact reorganizing right now the system of unemployment benefits, social welfare benefits, education, pension system, and I could go on. We have introduced a 16% income flat tax. We have cut the corporate tax rate for companies up to tax of 500 million foreigns, which is the Hungarian currency. We have started building a completely new pension system. We have launched a program to reduce the state debt, and the rate of public debt will be reduced from the current 82% of GDP to the 70% of GDP by the end of 2014. Simultaneously, we also took a very difficult decision. Here in Ireland, I clearly do not need to spend much time outlining the various approaches to financial crisis management. One of the first decisions of my government was that we had to do everything we could do to return to the international money markets. We must reach the point when Hungary is no longer funded by international financial institutions but the money markets on the basis of commercial considerations. Of course, the opinions of the leaders of international organizations are also important. But when it comes to money, we trust the market's opinion more. We believe that the country stands firm on its feet only if it can supply money to its economy on its own right, from the money market by offering proper return, instead of receiving money for its financial needs from international institutions against certain conditions. So we ended our cooperation with IMF and returned to the financial markets. And I can tell you today in June 2011 that Hungary has already secured on the markets all the funds it needs to satisfy its payment obligations in 2011 as a consequence of a massive bond issue. This autumn, we will be working on how we can raise funding for our payment obligations in 2012. If you think back that Hungary was leading the list of countries in the biggest trouble, we were before Greece as I mentioned, in the summer of 2010. And if you look at the current situation, then it is clear that Hungary is no longer mentioned with the countries that represent an immediate financial and funding risk. So ladies and gentlemen, I think this is a point when I should and I could stop. This is the list of the points of the program of the European Union Presidency of Hungary. This is the understanding of the Hungarians of the European situation. These are the consequences we drone from the developments we have seen in the European Union concerning our country. This is the way how we try to become one of the most competitive economy of the European Union. May I just add as a last remark that Hungary is not alone by that kind of attempt. If you remember back rightly to the period prior to the financial crisis, Central Europe played a very essential and important role for the European Union, because the economic growth rate was far the highest in Central Europe. Central Europe was from the Baltic Sea down to the Adriatic, the gross engine of the European Union. That time even Germany was lower in that respect than the Central European countries. And my understanding is that after this financial crisis or getting closer to the end of this crisis, Central Europe will play again a very important role for the European Union in two terms. First as an engine of economic growth and second to have the European Union big manufacturer companies, industrial companies to keep their potential and the sets inside the territory of the European Union. Of course we are happy to see that they are moving to Central European area, I mean the foreign investors. It's good for us, but if we are sinking in the framework of the interest of the European Union, it's good for the European Union as well not to let the companies go to China or Brazil or South America or somewhere else instead of staying in the territory of the European Union. So I think Central Europe in the future will have a strong mission for the European Union as well. Thank you President. Thank you very much.


Hello, hello, hello! I'm Philip Magnus and I am an insufferable book nerd. It's true, most of my friends think so, they don't say it, not in so-I'll-try-to-way, but it's undeniable. Now I've wanted to do a booktube kind of spin on my gaming channel for a while, but sitting in front of a camera and talking for a long, long time has always intimidated me a little bit. It is however 2021 and what is a new year if not to challenge ourselves? Happy new year by the way! Today I'm going to talk about my favourite fantasy book of 2020. There were quite an awful lot of books that nearly made it only one one over. Before I discuss my favourite fantasy book of 2020 I would like to give a very short shout out to three of the runners up. The first one of these is The Ones in Future Witches by Alex E. Harrow which has a striking powerful feminist message about womanhood, sisterhood, motherhood and society as a whole about women and their place in society, the roles that they had been and in many aspects continue to be forced into all those horrifying little boxes that no intelligent creature deserves to be put into. Our second book, our second runner up is one of my favourite authors, Joe Abercrombie's The Trouble with Peace. This is the second novel in his Age of Madness trilogy which follows up on the glorious first law trilogy and the three stand-alones that came out from that classical grimdark trilogy of the late 2000s. Our third runner up is The Girl in the Stars by Mark Lawrence and I'm something of a newbie to Mark Lawrence. I hope to read a lot more of his works, I have heard wonderful things, I have had a few chats with him and he seems like a wonderful chap and he is of course the architect behind the SPFBO, the self-published fantasy blog of which is a great event I think for self-published fantasy authors. And now that we have all of this out of the way, let me show you. Let me talk to you and to you about The Burning God by Rebecca Kwob. This is my favourite book of the year and it is a special one. Now I could prattle on incoherent odds for you all day without managing to describe to you why The Burning God and the popular trilogy in general are so strong, so special, such unique and wonderful works of fantasy literature or I could let my inner voice do the talking. Got it boss! The Burning God is a triumph, Rebecca Kwong's conclusion to her debut trilogy The Poppy War is testament to her growth as a writer. What began with an ambitious girl looking to better her life closes with a broken young woman shaping the future of an entire nation. To speak of The Burning God divorced from the trilogy would make little sense and so I'll draw you a mental image of the teams the author examines, a fraction of the historical events she draws from. I'll keep spoilers in this discussion to a minimum. This is a military fantasy at its most intricate. Kwong touches better than almost anyone I've read, the human cost of war. She juxtaposes strategic and tactical expediency with the horrors they give birth to, creating in the process as powerful, a critique of war as I have ever come across. It was evident from the first part of the trilogy the author is not one to shy away from the brutal and ugly nature of warfare. So much of these novels is drawn from well documented war horrors, many of them from the Sino-Japanese War. I don't think I'll ever forget the haunting descriptive passages of Gollin niece, a slaughter whose brutality recalls the Nanking massacre, more about which you can find in The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang. The setup in the first half of the first book does not prepare the reader for this. The sudden breakout of war and its arrival are shocking for the brutality at display when the Nicarian Empire is attacked by the Mugenese. Children, the most promising of the new generation, unwaid by the sins of the past, are co-opted into facing unimaginable horrors long before they are ready for them, as if anyone could ever be ready for such atrocities. Protagonist Trin is triced down to be a linchpin in this conflict, once for being a student at Cinegard the elite imperial academy for the leaders of tomorrow. A second time for her shamanistic ability to call the fires of her people's god, the phoenix who consumes all things with flame, and the third time, because Ryn is one of the last two surviving spearleys, a nation with a strong bond to the phoenix destroyed by the same Mugenese who now attacked Nicaria, but 20 years ago. I don't want to write or reuse too much of my review of the third book, you can find a link to that text in the description below, what I do want to talk about is this, the burning god sees the blossoming of so many of the elements the author set up over the previous two books, in one particular aspect, showing not only the instantaneous horrors of war, but its indirect devastations too. When the river is poisoned to deter one set of attackers in the dragon republic, it's a tactical inconvenience for that side, but it's the civilians who suffer the effects long after the conflict has ended, it's the civilians whose lands are made uninhabitable, and whose main source of sustenance, fish, is removed from its natural habitat in waters among other things, ecological devastation. When the psych, the shamanistic special forces, squad of the Nicarian Empire, breaks down a dam, they kill thousands of the invading Mugenese and earn precious time for the war efforts of their military forces, but the floods displace and kill untold thousands of the empire's own civilians, the floods turn some of the most arable lands in the empire barren, for all present purposes, crops are killed and a swath of population, the survivors of this tragedy, is displaced, refugees in their own country, the breaking of the dam is a strategically sound decision, and it helps the war effort, but its human cost is unimaginable, a small thing that Rin pushes out of her mind soon after the fact. But events in the Burning God recall it more than once, the tragedies of repeated conflict have left no part of the empire untouched, and the scenes of desolation, hunger, forced migration, suffering and disease, repeat themselves anywhere Rin and her band of ragged soldiers travel to, its civilians who starve are uprooted, who are the main victims of the violence of one aggressor after another, to the ambitious leaders who have pulled Rin this way and that, no strategy is left untouched if it can offer them an edge over their foes, to Rin who sees more pain than anyone should, who is used and betrayed more than once, worries the only thing that makes sense, she lashes out time and again, trying to numb her pain, Rin is reactive and too overtaken by what she has witnessed, what she has done and what has been done to her, to look at events with any degree of clarity, Rin accepts too the guidance of anyone crafty enough to use her Burning Rage's weapon. In the first two books anyway, by the third she has wisened up, but the wounds and scars she bears from over a year of non-stop conflict has deafened her to the agony of the every man of the civilian, she does not see the pain, she does not see the inability of the everyday person in the Nicarin Empire to continue this way, she is too overtaken by ambition by what she believes is right by a need for vengeance, this is a big part of the reason the conclusion to this trilogy earned doubt-revered status as my personal favourite of 2020. The other part is, this book has shamanism, magic that draws on a pantheon of dozens of gods which Rin uses to cook and mel people, hmmm, crispy, ah, old wizard, how do you score the magic of this series overall? Ten out of ten, dis-excellent man-child, just not, no amusing remarks, no jokes about the fire-channeling being hot, so something lame like that? Well, you already said something like that, and it was very tacky, very inappropriate, cheap too. But you don't have to be mean about it, would I be doing any of this if I were a comedy writer do you think? Anyway, if you'd like to read more about the Burning God or the Dragon Republic, the second book in the series, you can find links to my reviews down in the description below. Let's go back to Philip Prime, shall we? Thanks in a voice, an old wizard whose backstory I have yet to come up with. See, I knew I had a good reason for having the Burning God as my favourite fantasy novel of 2020. If you enjoyed this video, tune in for more. If you'd like to hear more about the best reads fantasy and sci-fi of 2020, that's what I'll be looking through over the coming weeks of July, no, we are here in January, it was just Christmas, so January it is.  Bye, special thanks to my dear friend Sean Lee for all the art, you are a lifesaver and without you this wouldn't be anywhere near as fun. And of course, thank you to all my friends who watch my videos and thank you newcomer from whatever part of the internet you are from. I'll see you next time. Bye! Wasn't it? It works. I'm not saying it's perfect, I'm not saying I had all the right jokes, but it works. Probably. Yeah.


Here is how I feel about Instagram. Instagram is basically the perfect gateway to creating positive touch points. Now what are touch points? Touch points are interactions that your customers have with your brand. The better and the more positive touch points that people have, the more likely they're gonna buy from you. The more likely they're gonna turn it into loyal fans. For example, with Starbucks, when you see someone holding a cup of Starbucks with a smiley face, then this gives a great touch point. Another example would be when you hear about that new flavor from your friend, tagging this new pumpkin spice latte, that's another great touch point. Or if you see a new campaign that Starbucks is doing, which is very creative, that's another great touch point. And all of these touch points, they add to the willingness of you taking out your dollars to spend with Starbucks. Just to prove my point, research from Google says that, specifically in the food business, you need roughly 20 positive good touch points in order for you to actually decide to purchase from that brand. Well, now you might be thinking, you know what Wilson, you're raving about touch points, but what does this have to do with Instagram? Well, first of all, they're one of the biggest platforms out there. They have more than a billion active users and not only that, more than 500 million people are actively using their stories features every single day. This is the perfect platform for you to build positive touch points with your audience. So what do I mean by that? If you're advertising on TV, well, you'll only get 20 seconds for you to establish that one touch point with the brand. And let's say if you know what, you don't have the budget for TV, you're doing email marketing. Well, every single touch point is one email. So it really depends on how many emails you send to your audience. But on Instagram, you can actually create multiple positive touch points every single day. I'll give you an example. Let's say if you own this coffee shop and you're making cookies, you can share behind the scenes with your audience of you making the cookies. This gives value because people don't get to see this every day and that's a positive touch point. Now they are on your profile. They see other people engaging with your cafe, with your cookies. They love it because they get to see that confidence. People enjoy your cookies, positive touch point again.  What's gonna happen is that you answer a lot of question, you have a lot of transparency, another positive touch point interaction with your audience. This is just a quick example, sharing with you how you can actually create positive touch points. There are many other ways, for example, if you are having interactions with influencers, thumb doing collaborations, giveaways, many more different touch points that you can create using Instagram. Now, within a date, you generated four to six different positive touch points and this is how you're able to convert these window shoppers into customers and into loyal fans just by you knowing what to post on your Instagram. And finally guys, this can all be done using organic growth hacks. What do I mean by that? That means you don't need to spend any money on Instagram ads. We're talking about you saving thousands of dollars.  All of this on your Instagram account. So all you have to do is to actually have to write strategies and also have the patience to do it and the consistency to actually do it on a regular basis.  Be super strategical with your user generated content. This way, you're gonna have a lot more people to talk stuff about you because at the end of the day, what other people have to say about your brand is much more powerful than what you say about your own brand. This could very well mean inviting influencers to come to try out your food or to be able to collaborate with different businesses that correspond and actually compliment your brand. This could also mean creating a branded hashtag so then that way you can share with people who support you so then that way other people can see the same thing. And when you're able to use user generated content properly and strategically and masterfully, what's gonna happen is that you're gonna have a lot of free content for you. Not only that, these free content, you're gonna be able to repurpose it to actually drive sales for your food business. 92% of consumers, they turn to people that they know for referrals before they turn to any other type of sources. Millennials, they trust UGC user generated content more than 50% more than what you as a brand have to say about your own stuff. A staggering 93% of consumers feel that UGC is really helpful when deciding where to eat. So guys, when you're creating your goals, you must identify your whole customer journey and create the positive touch points so then that way you can get lots of customers. I know I just went on a tangent on influencer and UGC and the reason why I did that is because I just wanna emphasize the importance of these two elements because this would really make or break your business. We see these strategies utilized in world-class companies. Case in point, McDonald's, they just did their collaboration with Travis Scott and also with BTS. So influencer marketing works like a charm and that's the reason why I'm sharing that with you. Now, I know a lot of people when it comes to influencer marketing has a lot of questions and it is very intimidating at the same time because at the end of the day, how do you reach out? Who do you reach out to? How do you identify them? What do you even say when you're reaching out? What if they reply? What type of deals are you gonna be able to set with them? And guys, I've worked with hundreds of food influencers and you know what? Part of my success is all thanks to them. And because so many people ask me and I do a lot of consultation, I basically took what I have done in my own business. Every time I work with these food influencers, I jot down what I say. I jot down what works, what doesn't work and I put it in the Foodiepreneurs Finest program. Now, all these templates that I'm sharing with you are proven to work. Every time we open at a new location and new city and new country, we utilize the same core messaging and the same core templates. Now, it is all available for you in Foodiepreneurs Finest. And if you have any questions in drafting your first influencer campaign, feel free to drop into our student-only community and on top of that, we also have our bi-weekly coaching course on that way. We can guide you through this whole process.  So then that way, you can exist in your customer's eyes. So then that way, you can actually start making sales. Then you have to check out Foodiepreneurs Finest program because we cover everything in there specifically for you. So there you go, friends. I really hope you enjoyed this video. If you wanna learn more about how do you build a thriving small business and leverage Instagram as a tool to actually make it, then definitely check it out in the link below, Foodiepreneurs Finest program. I really hope you guys enjoyed this video. If you guys have, make sure you guys smash that like button. Otherwise, I will see you guys in next week's video.


Are you working as a security guard? Are you working as a cleaner, a housekeeper, barista in Qatar? Do you know your rights? Do you know what you're supposed to do? Do you know your rights as an individual? Yes, in this episode we are looking at the rights of workers or what are our rights. Most of us would not try to take advantage of our rights because we are not aware of our rights. In this video we are going to talk about what you call an employment contract. By the way, did you know that it is your responsibility of your employer to give you the employment contract? Yes, it is by law, it is by law mandatory for your employer to give you a copy of the employment contract. However, if your employer refuses you to give you a copy of your contract, if you have your cut ID and you have your mobile number, you can still check for that copy of the contract under the Ministry of Labour website online.


Hi and welcome to our session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says construct an input output table of the following circuit. This is the circuit given to us and we have to construct an input output table for this circuit. Now begin with the solution. We will now construct input output table for the given circuit. So in this question inputs are p and q and output is s. Now we will write the values which we can take in terms of 1 and 0. Now we can take the values 1, 1, 0, 0 and q can take the value 1, 0, 1, 0. Now corresponding to the value of p and q we will now find output. Now in the first row both p and q are equal to 1. Now our gate, sorry, not gate changes the input 1 to 0. So inputs to the or gate are 1 and 0. An or gate changes the input 1 and 0 to 1. So output of the circuit is 1 when 4 inputs are equal to 1. Second row p is equal to 1 and q is equal to 0. Not gate changes the input 0 to 1. So now inputs to the or gate are 1 and 1. Or gate changes the input 1 and 1. Or gate changes the input 1 to 0 and thus inputs to the or gate are 0, 0. Or gate changes input 0 and 0 to 0. p and q are equal to 0. Not gate changes input 0 to 1 and thus inputs to the or gate are 0 and 0. And or gate changes input 0 and 1 to 1. So required input output table of the given circuit. So this completes the section. Bye and take care.


Thank you bro. I'll see you later. Welcome to Ace Pimba's. We're here, gladly, of course, for the premiere of Anastatu Season 2. I managed to meet you last time. Tili kuwa pala event. Uhuru Gardens. Was it for Lee? What was the event about? Tewa was performing. Yes, yes, yes, Tewa. Yeah, I remember, yeah. Tewa event. How's the year going? Happy new year. Thank you. The year is nice so far. I can't complain. It's in our complaints. Better than last year, so. What is so better about this year compared to last year?  And this year I've been a bit positive. Akuna ma stress mingimingi, furahai kotea, yeah. What do you mean by telling us stress? What was hell? Like last year I broke up with my baby daddy. Last year I was also trending because my news were leaked, yeah. So basically my last 2023 was bad. And 2024 is nice. How did you manage to overcome all this? Over, I don't, I feel like I'm this type of a person who I really, I had overcome before because the guy had started threatening me way back. Like three years before I had overcome it. Whatever I was dealing with was it being out there, but I knew it would happen one day. I didn't know when, but I knew it would happen. So whatever I was dealing with was just what people are saying and what people I think didn't really matter to me because I had all the support I needed. Because you know everyone was talking about it. Nah, you had to come out, speak about it. I didn't speak about it. Of course you had to come out and speak about it, but it used another option just to handle the situation. Why did you handle the situation? Why did you handle that way? I feel like as long as the important people, at that time I was dating, as long as my boyfriend knew the whole story, my mom knew the whole story, my family knew the whole story and my friends knew the whole story. I didn't feel like other people had the right to know this. Let them believe whatever they want to believe. It doesn't affect me. Of course as well you mentioned last year was very stressful. The other story you had to break up, you had to start afresh. I know there are circumstances that had made you do that. What was that one thing you had to... I was like, yes, I'm going to have this because I want to sacrifice this because I want to achieve this. What is it that made you break up with your boyfriend, start your own life afresh? Raising your own child? So in short, what was the reason of the breakup? Not about the reason. What made you started to have to move on? It's about me now. I think sometimes in relationships in Afika places where your goals are different, so I think that I had different goals, he had different goals and we could not achieve our goals on the same path. But you guys were couple goals? Yeah, we were couple goals. It was nice when it lasted. I personally don't believe everything should be forever. If it's not working and you guys have tried, you can just let it go. What is not working? A lot of personal things I would not want to talk about. Yeah. Personal things. Now of course you have your own goals. This year, what goals do you have? How's the baby? The baby is nice, she's growing, she's turning to in a while. She's saying mami, daddy, hello, bye-bye. She's making some words. Yeah, so she looks like me. But Ebo? She looks like me. So Muacheku hate Apo. Who hate him? One asema afan na babaki. Is it true? No, it's not true. It's not true, it's not mixed up. It's mixed up. Of course at times when the baby is growing very well, of course at times there's those names of daddy, mami, does that bring you, takes you back a bit to the memories you guys used to create together, used to share together as family. Yeah, of course, but I feel like I've put my relationship and Tyler different from my relationship with the baby and his relationship with the baby. Like I've just, I'm trying to separate all of them. How are you trying to do this? By getting to balance them, like making sure the relationship we had does not affect any of the relay. I grew up without a dad, so my big goal is having my daughter grow up with a dad and the real dad, yeah. How was life growing up without a dad? It was, I don't know, it was, it was na. My mum did everything, like I got everything I wanted and my dad's side of the family was there for us, so I never lacked anything apart from the father-in-law. So I can't complain much. Do you feel like your daughter deserved the father-in-law? Of course, that is why I try as much as possible to make them have a relationship. How is co-parenting? It's nice, I can't complain. Of course it's not all that, it's not all roses, but we try our best to come to an agreement. You guys have like agreement in terms of meeting up, in terms of, you know, when to see the baby. We've never had like a major argument, but we've had minor arguments, yeah. Are there arguments? Minor, like not major. What do you mean by minor? Is it like... Like? What do you mean by minor? So just between do, go, go, go, see. You know what I mean, it's the details. What do you mean by minor? It's good for your fans to know. I don't want them to know my personal issues, yeah. Like I said, I respect him and he respects me, so... Are there possibility of you guys maybe through the healthy co-parenting you guys have for you guys to get back together maybe, in future? No, I think we are both fully healed. We'll get a chance to see you guys maybe getting back together just to work on the content. No. Why no? Because we are fully healed. Like as much as there is content and all that, we also have both our personal life separately and everybody is different. As personally, I put my happiness first. Self-love. Yeah, my self-love comes first. This year you're planning us... What are you planning for us this year? I'm planning to change my content to more of a motherhood than personal. Namiwa na personal, muna nantafutasana, so... No nantafutasana. Watu ingi. Now to motherhood, what is so special about motherhood that you want to focus more on the content creation? I feel like there are so many young mums who get encouraged by me and by how I manage to stay strong and do it. And I feel like Nmekwankiwa nima so much that side of my life and I think it's worth sharing it with them because it's not all roses. And anyone as a young mum, they know how much we go through and how it feels. And not even a young mum, even the whole of motherhood, so yeah. What is so interesting? Am I inspiring so far about motherhood? You get to discover a side of you that you didn't know existed. That's it.  All right, of course as we wind up, you know, we are here for the Anastatio season 2. I don't know what was the experience inside. Did you manage to see the series, the premiere? Are you looking forward? Do you have a favorite cast? Maybe you're looking forward, you know? Yeah, my favorite cast in the previous one was Maya. Why Maya? I don't know, she played the rude very nicely. What about the season 2, Expectation Yako? Expectation Yako, I believe Butita is a nice script writer and it's not too poor. Ima vunja range. Kamani 1 out of 10, Iko 20. You may be given a chance, will you want to consider maybe being featured in Anastatio? That's what people of your fans to know the other side of you, the other creative side of you. I don't think I'm an actress though. What makes you think you're not? I don't know, I have very bad facial. I want to cry and still look cute. That's the biggest fear you have joining film. I don't think I'd want, maybe later on, but at the moment I don't think I... I don't think it's for me. Maybe I can do it for fun, but not as a career.  You need to look for other avenues, other avenues to just to make sure that you have such a base to pay your own bills. Are there avenues looking for options you are looking for to establish maybe for yourself? Maybe I'm planning to be very consistent with my YouTube and yeah, YouTube basically, I think my Instagram is doing good, so I'm planning to be more consistent with my YouTube. As we wind up now, we go to the show base of course in the tenement scene, we saw it on Valentine's, it seemed like someone wanted to buy your car, it seemed like a leaked conversation online, allegedly like you guys are dating someone, I don't know if someone was crashing on you, I don't know if there was something ongoing between you and you know a content creator, Vincent Boya. First of all, I'm in a relationship and actually I was not to say I'm in a relationship until he came out with all that and my boyfriend was like, then you have to say you're dating, you have to make it clear, so I'm in a relationship and I'm in a relationship and I'm in a relationship and I'm in a relationship and he's nilim block kitambo, so I don't know, yeah the conversation was real but I didn't know it was him for the longest time and when he was like, oh Nezak to make it for Valentine's, I was like, okay no worries because if you know me, I don't, I think I sinanga yo rohoyatia, niniyama zeusini pigyes, zeusniyanga, lese, that is naturally not me, so I was just like, I believe in my, in positivity, so I was like just, okay so I kido kido goiko online, I was like oh I won't talk about it, kamaivon Ramyona is good for, I didn't even text him when I repost the phone call, sendo the next, I think when Yalena siku react, doa kanta saku leta sto Rizagari, let's just say kanta kuh go over but because I'm trying to explain to my boyfriend that I don't know this guy, like I've met him once through my friend but I don't know him on personal levels, he's blocked and so I was like, ah let me just clear it up so basically that yeah. When was the last encounter with Mr. Senbo? I kido tambo we met, actually we met through my friend and ito amuendwa, muendwa fotografi, we met and tulikwa leka group, then akaenda na sitkaenda, akaze, it was last tiya oku, I can't remember when. Because through Vincent Boyer social media handle, alieka through stories, you know, one of your tattoos on the stories. Mr. Juman Boya kewa jamini and I said in my, when I explained that story, I said I'm not going to talk about it, I'm just talking about it because you asked. Mr. Juman, let him, if bringing my name to the table makes him abaki kwa industry. Is Klauchesim with the name maybe? Let him do it, it's like, kama inam fanyakai relevant, nisa watu. As for me, I don't have to try, I just be breathing and I'm trending. So, kama ya na feel he really has to go that hard yun shidake.  It wasn't hard because there is evidence, like, nivenye, nye have evidence of our him texting me and we've had nothing, never. So, How's the new relationship? How's the new boyfriend? I don't want to talk about it. It's not a part of it. Is he more of like a public figure he's dating a celeb? He's not. So, how many months have you guys been dating? How many years? No, it's months and it's low-key. Badoni yang, the relationship... So, when you're talking stages, say, kama ni ma date stages? When you're talking stages, lage badoni yang, kido, kwa chansi, nta yongelelelia, later, but not later. How did you guys celibate Valentins? It's long distance. Oh, she's not around? Oh, he's not around, sorry. He's not around, my bad. Ya, he's not around, but he traveled to come. It's so special about this guy that you had to, you know, keep it low-key this relationship. I don't know. I'm not putting it low-key. I might post him, but not now. What is so special about this new guy? He's just somebody I love. Nothing like specific. But from love, is that something? He tells me, don't post this, post this, like he's a good leader in my life.  Every woman wants a leader. It means you never get a chance to have a lead in your life? I have, like, yeah. I have. So when are we? Like, basically, kwa relationship, a man should lead. So yeah. Being in control, of course taking charge. Is that something you wish you'll never, you've learned from your mistake, you'll never do in this new relationship? Yeah, I feel like as you move to the next steps of life, you move by learning, una enda, una joa mambo mingi. And as for me, there are some things that I did in my past because I hold myself accountable also for the relationship failing. I was not a perfect girlfriend and kuna vitu specific didn't touch in Shikwa Imbia. What makes you perfect in this new relationship? Nothing. I'm not perfect. I am not perfect. I am, I am very much not perfect, but I'm going to try to let it be positive. All right. Thank you so much for speaking to us.  I want to wish you all the best to your fans. I don't know if you have something to tell them. Just tell them. I just have to tell them thank you for supporting me and I love them so much. Thank you for having us. Thank you guys for having me too. I'm a fan of your interviews. I didn't know that. Yeah, I watched them. Yeah, a hundred percent. Guys, make sure you watch espiambas because I have a real fan here. Of course, from day one. Jajina, maybe it's just something you're cooking maybe for your fans to stay tuned. Espiambas family fans will go subscribe maybe to the channel. Yeah, they should go subscribe to my channel because I'm really, I've really been thinking of how to change it because it was more of a couple's channel. So, and they should subscribe. Something good is coming here. All right. Stay tuned on Jajina's socials because something great, something good, something amazing is coming. Thank you.