What do Avengers Endgame, Friends, The Orville, Lion King, and even a previous episode of this series all have in common? This guy. John Feverot. You might recall me saying that Feverot was one of my all-time favorite directors back when we talked about his charming holiday movie, Elf. And although he doesn't get as much credit as he probably deserves from Marvel fans, the MCU really would not exist without him. Apart from the humor, tone, and style he created with Iron Man, he was also the guy who cast Robert Downey Jr. in the role of Tony Stark. And as an actor, he's responsible for one of the best and most emotional moments in Avengers Endgame. But Feverot has also made some incredible films that aren't part of the MCU, and one of the things I love most about doing this series is introducing people to ideas and art that maybe they don't know as much about. So today, instead of breaking down another Marvel movie, I want to talk about John Feverot's hilariously relevant and heartwarming independent film, Chef. Welcome to Out of Frame. Before we get started, yes, there will be spoilers, but to be honest, nothing about Chef revolves around major plot twists or hidden surprises. The beauty of the film is in the character journey. The fantastic performances by John Feverot, MJ Anthony, Oliver Platt, John Leguizamo, Scarlett Johansson, Sophia Vergara, Dustin Hoffman, and a hysterical cameo from Robert Downey Jr., and just in the filmmaking itself. It's pretty much impossible for me to spoil any of that, so don't worry. For those who haven't seen it, Chef is about Carl Casper, a high-end chef working at one of the top restaurants in LA. Once a rising star in the culinary world, now he's sort of lost his mojo, working for an owner who won't allow him to have creative control over his own kitchen. And after a devastating review, Carl gets into a Twitter war with a prominent food critic and eventually has an incredibly public meltdown. Carl loses his job, and has to figure out how to get his career and his passion for cooking back on track. But at the same time, he's also been neglecting his 10-year-old son, Percy. So Carl's ex-wife Inez suggests that they all go to Miami together to spend some time with family and maybe see about an opportunity for Carl to start a food truck business. But the opportunity to get the truck comes from Inez's other ex-husband, Marvin. Of course, the truck itself is a disaster. But with the help of Carl's son and his sous chef Martin, they get it cleaned up and start serving Cuban sandwiches on South Beach. As they drive the truck across the country back to Los Angeles together, Carl reconnects with Percy and his love of cooking, while his new business venture starts blowing up. Thanks to a delicious product and Percy's social media marketing skills, they end up with lines around the block at every city they stop in. And by the time they get back to LA, El Jefe's Cubanos is the hottest thing in town. Delicioso. This movie is awesome for so many reasons. It's funny and warm, and its themes of passion, dedication, creativity, and family are all really lovely. But the reason I wanted to talk about Chef is because it's also a case study in entrepreneurship, value creation, and the importance of embracing freedom as an actual life philosophy, both at the societal level and as an individual. Let me explain. The concept of freedom as a life philosophy is about seeing the beauty in an open and universally free society and dealing with other people on a voluntary basis through cooperation or mutually beneficial exchange. It's about employing an entrepreneurial mindset, finding opportunities for personal success in creating value for other people in all aspects of your life. It's a lens through which to see and understand the world values individual people for their unique talents, ideas, and perspectives, and which respects their right to make their own decisions, just as we all want our rights to be respected by others. In the immortal words of Fee's founder, Leonard Reid, my thesis in the simplest terms is let anyone do anything he pleases, so long as it is peaceful. I would argue that adopting this mindset not only makes for a better world, which we'll talk about later, it's also a pathway to greater success in life for individual people. We can see this play out pretty clearly in Chef. When we're first introduced to Chef Carl Casper, he's already hard at work, creating what looks like a stunning culinary masterpiece. When the rest of the kitchen staff comes in, they're immediately inspired by Carl's passion and start getting ready to dazzle the food critic that they know will be dining at their restaurant that evening. But then, Riva, the owner of the restaurant, shows up. He quickly notes that one of Carl's previous culinary experiments didn't go over well with customers and forces Carl to just do what he's always done before.  The fact is, you worked for me in my restaurant, right? I've had chefs before you in this kitchen. I'll have chefs after you, okay? All right, good talk. Let me get back to work. As a manager, Riva doesn't allow Carl the freedom he needs to be innovative or entrepreneurial inside his role as head chef. Carl's ideas and expertise aren't really respected, and even though Riva thinks he has a good reason for this kind of micromanagement, preventing Carl from getting creative with the menu is ultimately what earns his restaurant a two-star review and pushes Carl into a meltdown. Riva doesn't really understand that it's Carl's unique perspective and talent that makes him valuable. And as devastating as it is for Carl to lose his job, without Riva's restrictions, he can start cooking food he's actually excited about again and reconnect with his own artistic identity. But of course, he still needs to earn a living to support his family. Why do I have to choose? Why can't I have both? There are chefs that cook food that they believe in, and people will try because they're open to a new experience and I'll end up liking it. The good news is that Carl doesn't have to choose between personal fulfillment and making a good living. But this is where I'm going to have to pause the story for a moment and talk about how market economies actually work. Looking at the big picture, we see huge differences between societies that do a decent job of upholding private property rights and which allow everyone to offer their unique skills, products, and services to prospective customers without a ton of restrictions or bureaucratic hurdles, and the ones that don't. More economically free societies are not just vastly wealthier overall, they're also far less corrupt and way more entrepreneurial and innovative. People who live in those societies have more and better opportunities than people in other parts of the world where they don't have as much freedom. Honestly, it's pretty easy to understand why. Fewer barriers for people trying to participate in a given market allows more businesses to form, creating more types of goods and services in an environment where there's more competition. All that competition means we all have to work harder to make better quality stuff at more affordable prices in order to attract customers. More importantly, since potential customers are actually free to choose what they want to buy or not, we end up with a ton of meaningful information about what people actually value. This is key. You'll find that politicians and even some economists often talk about national economies as if they're machines. Pull this lever, turn that crank, push this button, and the economy will grow or contract the same way a car would accelerate or slow down. But that's not really how any of this works. The economy is just a label we use to describe the result of millions or even billions of individual choices made by people all over the world about production, consumption, and trade. These choices are based on all kinds of highly specific information that can only be known and understood by the people making them. Stuff like the comparative availability or scarcity of different products in a given town or region, local cultural norms, personal preferences and values, or even just moment to moment desires. The one thing that almost all of these choices have in common is that they reflect each individual's attempt to use the knowledge and resources they have at their disposal to improve their own lives. Entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in all of this. Their task is to come up with new ideas that they believe other people are going to value, usually stuff that solves a problem or improves on an existing solution. You don't even have to run your own company to think like an entrepreneur. Look at Chef Casper. He's constantly coming up with new recipes and getting feedback on them from his friends, family, and colleagues. He's making the pretty reasonable assumption that if they all love what he's cooking, his customers will probably love it too. This is the essence of entrepreneurial thinking. Carl's not inventing the concept of food, but he is trying to improve on it and offer new variations that people like more than whatever other alternatives already exist. He's trying to make his customers' lives better by doing what he does best. But the only way he'll truly know if he's actually creating value or just wasting his time is by observing what economists call price signals. As long as nobody is forcing anybody to do anything, we can see when people really want a product or service by how much they're willing to pay for it. Rising prices indicate the demand is greater than the available supply and vice versa. Entrepreneurs that create goods and services people genuinely like without wasting a ton of resources will find more customers and eventually earn a profit. The ones that produce stuff no one wants or who can't figure out how to make their products efficiently must either learn to do a better job or eventually go out of business. The interplay between open competition, free choice for producers and consumers, and the information revealed by prices, profits, and losses is really the magic of the whole thing. And the people that benefit the most are, well, all of us. As consumers, we're getting more and better quality options for the things we value at lower costs. And that's basically how we end up with higher standards of living over time. This might all seem really abstract, but understanding how the market process works can be incredibly useful to anyone who's looking to improve their personal economic situation. Like Carl. I don't think you understand what's going on here. I'm a real chef with a job, not money. I need a job like I had. But ultimately, Carl doesn't actually get a new job working for someone else. Instead, he creates a job for himself by finally taking an entrepreneurial risk that Inez had encouraged him to take for a long time. El Jefe's Cubanos is basically a startup business with fairly low overhead and a small initial capital expense.  The relationships he's built over the years provide him with a few favors and a talented assistant to help him run the new business.  They even experiment with local ingredients and come up with unique recipes to cater to new customers in different cities as they travel across the country. Meanwhile, Percy uses his mastery of social media to get the word out about the business and let potential customers know where they're going to be. It's just such a perfect encapsulation of the entrepreneurial spirit. But none of this would be possible if the permitting process was so strict that Carl couldn't legally run the food truck or if the cities he visited didn't allow trucks to operate at all. That was a real problem back when food trucks first started to get popular in the United States. Economic freedom is a necessary condition, not just for LFAs Cubanos to be a successful business and for their customers to be able to enjoy delicious sandwiches, but also for Chef Carl Casper to be fulfilled as a creative individual. This stuff is all connected. If Carl had someone mandating what he had to cook or if his customers were legally prevented from buying his products, nobody would be better off and the world would be poorer for it. It's no coincidence that the countries that do place heavy restrictions on their people's economic activity also see the highest levels of poverty on the planet. I recently produced an award-winning documentary on this very subject called Made in Mecca. Check out the link in the description to watch that film. But this isn't just about the big picture, it's also really personal. I talk to people all the time who are looking for better opportunities and a pathway to a more successful career and the one piece of advice I give again and again is that it always comes back to value creation. In a free market economy, you'll always have the opportunity to succeed if you can figure out what other people want and be the one to provide it for them. And if you can do that while also doing the work that you're passionate about, you've pretty much won at life. Is this boring to you? No, I like it. Yeah, well, I love it. Everything that's good that's happened to me in my life came because of that. I get to touch people's lives with what I do and it keeps me going and I love it. And I think if you give it a shot you might love it too. In Chef, Carl rediscovers the intersection between his passion and the value he can create for other people and in doing so turns a beat-up truck and some sandwiches into a thriving business. He regains his creative freedom and uses it to make food that his customers want and that he's actually proud to cook. In the process, he improves his own life along with the lives of his family, friends, and customers all at the same time. This is the beauty of entrepreneurship and understanding freedom as a life philosophy. Now, who's hungry? Hey everybody, thanks for watching this episode of Out of Frame. If you want to know more about the ideas I talked about today, check out the links in the description or leave a comment and I'll try to get back to you as soon as I can. Also, let me know if you'd be interested in content like this more than once a month. We're thinking about ways to expand the series and I'd love to hear your thoughts. And please, don't forget to check out fee.org slash shows for all the other content we're producing each week and go ahead and like, subscribe, and ring that bell icon for at fee online on YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. See you next time.


Pog and Trader's another techno charting with me Patrymon and we want to draw your attention today to some levels to pay attention to in Ethereum on the daily time frame and we have seen a channel expansion to the upside looking for an interim wave 3 now to complete into monthly range resistance 3674 channel resistance 3728 watch for a corrected pull back there to test symmetry swing support at 3325 from there I look for bullish reversal patterns long positions targeting a wave 5 objective up at 4000 level as always try this plan to trade trade the plan and most importantly manage your risk until next time thanks very much


ANU was founded 75 years ago in response to a global crisis, the end of World War II, founded as a resource to the nation. Today is no different. Now, more than ever, as Australia's national university, it is up to us to help navigate disruption as we emerge from another global crisis and to continue to deliver on our critical mission. Food security is a societal problem. We've got a responsibility to have enough food for each other. It's an environmental problem. We've got to do it with the least impact on the planet, and it's actually a global security problem. By 2050, we've got to increase production by about 60 percent. How we're looking to do that is to increase the energy efficiency of plants. To deal with climate change, we need to decarbonise global energy, industrial and transport systems. That's what we address in our research. How can we decarbonise and how can we do it in a way that is economically beneficial, that aids with the renewal of our industrial systems? And how can we decarbonise in a way that benefits Australia's regional development? My research deals with religion and politics, and I look at particularly how religion and politics affect the Middle East. So the biggest challenge for Australia is managing this crowded horizon of risk that the nation faces, whether it's great power competition, whether it's COVID, climate, political violence. Our research team builds and engineers components that can be used to improve crop productivity and how crops perform in challenging environments, and we build components that can be inserted into separation technologies so you can turn waste liquids into valuable resources. If we want to transform the way that we use energy, we need to use solar, not just to produce electricity, but to produce energy for everything that we use in society. And to do this, we need to make solar energy more efficient and cheaper. So we're using new materials and nanotechnology to create world-leading efficiency solar cells. ANU Institute for Space is the front door to ANU space capability. Underneath the institute we have access to 42 research schools and all of the space infrastructure that ANU can bring to the table. So we have experts, our mission specialists in everything from bushfire mitigation to advanced communications to satellite design and to space law. So what we're really doing in this intellectual property space, with our Indigenous-led research, is that we're creating those opportunities to really navigate the space of difficult and complex systems. That's what we do well in ANU. We really are great at problem solving. We bring new technologies like virtual reality into the classroom because we want to stimulate and engage our students. We want them to be active participants in their learning journey. ANU isn't just any university, it's the national university, and that means we have a whole set of responsibilities, not just to our own scholarship and our own ideas, but to our country and to our citizens and to our region. This is the place in the national capital where ideas and research and thinking enmesh with the real world challenges of policy. In a time of uncertainty the university becomes especially important because you know our whole job is looking for truth. So we're sort of that's what we're trained for, that's what we're trying to do, we're trying to draw connections between things, we're trying to get good people together to work on problems, and we're trained to do it with a certain amount of critical distance from the day-to-day operations so we can look for truth without getting wrapped up in a lot of the problems that say politicians or other kinds of professionals might have to deal with. So what we always do, whether it's through education or research or outreach, is we bring people together. We bring people together and enable them to think differently about things. So whether we bring students together who come from different countries, different religions, different ethnic backgrounds, they learn together. They learn to engage with each other, they learn to understand the world from each other's point of view, and that's the critical thing that we do as a university and we encourage people to think for themselves, we give them the skills to think for themselves and we challenge them and that enables us and should enable us I think to help shape new futures for all of us. I mean we're living in an extraordinarily terrible awful time in many many ways but as a university we have an opportunity to shape a future in a new way and that is incredibly important and really exciting. ANU has a special mission as our country's first and only national university. We were established by an act of the federal parliament to be an intellectual powerhouse that could respond to and solve major national and international challenges. Over the past 75 years we have delivered for communities across Australia and our region and with our world-leading academics and our highly talented students we will continue to fulfill our founding mission.


Welcome to season three, episode two of Stable Talk. We have men's soccer CJ Batetta and AJ Morales here today with us. Hey, guys. Hello. We're gonna do some quick trivia. We're gonna do some question and answer. Tell us where you guys are from. How long you been playing soccer? How you ended up at Stevenson? All that fun stuff. CJ. Oh, okay, okay. So I was originally born in New York in Brooklyn, but then I moved to Lancaster County, PA when I was four. And then that's pretty much when I started playing soccer. So I've been playing soccer since I was four years old and how I found Stevenson. I always had the plans of playing college soccer, but I hurt myself junior year. So I didn't really look at that many schools. So then summer going into my senior year, I played at some random tournament and then I got an email from Stevenson because I had never even heard of it. I got in touch with Graham and the other coaches and then it sort of just like went from there. It was kind of just a perfect match. And now I'm here. Nice. Love you, CJ. Love that, love that, love that. Well, I'm originally from Miami, born and raised. I started playing when I was around 10. Like I started playing like serious, like travel. And as time went on, I ended up coming to Maryland when I was about 15. So after my freshman year of high school, I came up here pretty much just to pursue soccer and college, just the opportunities were a lot better up here. So that's how I found myself in the Maryland scene, just looking at a couple of different schools, playing with a couple of different clubs in the area. And I was at one of my high school games and then the former coach Andrew Bortalon emailed me and that's how I got in touch with him and that's where I am right now. So. What position and majors are you guys? I'm a center defensive mid or center mid and I'm also a bio major. Thanks. I'm an outside bag. I'm a marketing major with a minor in coding and software design. Nice. So since the pandemic started, what has been each of your guys' favorite activity or trip or whatever that you guys have done that like you normally wouldn't have done if the pandemic hadn't happened? I don't know if I would say that it's something that I wouldn't normally do. One of the activities that I really got into, like my family and I have obviously the quarantine and all have been spending a lot of time together. So we have a lot of campfires in the backyard. Nice. So that's one thing. And also I was fortunate enough to have an uncle that was getting rid of like a weightlifting set. So like I usually work out, but now with Jim's being closed, I got really lucky that I got this weightlifting set in my basement. So I've been doing that all of quarantine. So campfires and working out. Campfires and working out. You're the best things. Right, right. You're the best things right there. Pretty much early, early months, a lot of spending time with the family. So a lot of things you did was like building puzzles. So I have two, like two younger siblings under the age of eight in my house. So it's a lot of trying to keep them entertained and they're really energetic. So we just take them outside, play with them. Other than that, I was very fortunate enough to see a lot of people I hadn't seen since high school. So I got to hang out with a very small group of like really close friends. So that was really nice. What two puzzles did you make? What two, oh, okay. So they really love Disney. So we made a couple of different like Pixar puzzles. So one was a Cocoa puzzle. Another one was a Toy Story puzzle. We made a Jumanji puzzle. How many? We made a couple of different ones. How many pieces do you guys get? My mom tries to get them, but she tries to get like a thousand plus pieces.  Yeah, yeah. That is advanced. I keep, we keep it like simple. We keep it like around 300 or 100 pieces. So it's easy to do like in one night or one sitting. If you get like a thousand, I don't know if we can. Yeah, she just leaves in the living room. It'll be a week. She just leaves it. Yeah. Yeah, it's a lengthy process. I've heard there's like 2000 and 3000 pieces out there. What did you guys have to adapt first? Going to school in Maryland, what would you guys, anything stick out about living in Maryland now, food or culture-wise? Maybe a little bit of culture. A lot of the guys on the team actually happened to go to like the same high school. So they were all sort of like tight-knit when I got here. And also like the lingo, you know, with slang and all. Definitely a little bit there from the Lancaster County. So I had to learn a little bit of the language. So that's something that I had to adapt to. But other than that, like the food's great. I mean, we have a lot of options really close to campus. So I can't really be too big of a complaint I have, but yeah, I love it all. What's some of the slang that you've noticed? So like, oh boy, I don't even know what to say. So, okay, so I learned, I don't know if this is even, I don't know where this is from, but the one kid on the team uses the term brick in reference to like a long period of time. So like, oh, I haven't played soccer in a brick. I've never heard that. I've heard it. Yeah, right. And then also like, I'd never heard it before, at least from where I was from, but like the term dummy is just like casual. Like you call your friend and tell me like, oh, what's on dummy? Like it's not like a bad thing. It's just like what you said, that's another thing. Dummy's a big one. No, I picked up on, I kind of love it. It always makes me laugh, but yeah, positive. Yeah, you're always saying something, oh, another big thing, if you're just from, I didn't know this until I kind of moved up here and like started to hang around a lot more people from Baltimore is how they pronounce some of their words. So like say the word two, sometimes the other guys on the team would say like two and so on and like so on and so forth. So that's like a really big thing that was different when I came up here. Another big thing that I really like realized that I had never experienced was the weather. Oh, free, like absolutely just like the winter time and like fall, like seeing like the leaves falling stuff. Like just like the changing of the seasons was really new to me at first. And I like, I love it now, but at first like when it was really cold, I didn't like it just cause I was absolutely freezing. We haven't had a cold winter in like two or three years. Oh yeah, it's been a while. Yeah. So our first segment is gonna be, would you rather? So our first one is, would you rather eat a jar of mayo or a cup of hot sauce? Oh man. That's hot sauce any day of the week. Hot sauce, yeah. Just get it down. I'm not eating a spoon and mayo in my mouth, that's a no go. No, thank you. I'll take the hot sauce as well. Mayo is the best thing. Yeah, it is gross. I don't think I'd be able to eat it either honestly. Really? You can get one of that. Not a whole cup of hot sauce, maybe like. No, what's a cup? Are we talking like a little, yeah, yeah, yeah. It's like a cup where you would like put ketchup in at like a two. Oh yeah, yeah. Oh, okay. I was thinking like a solo cup. Shot of hot sauce. Yeah, I don't know. Down the hash? All right, would you rather live on a boat for the rest of your life or an RV for the rest of your life? Oh, I would say, I would say live on a boat. I feel like I'd be able to travel the world. Yeah. That was my answer at first, too, but then I was like, what, like, doesn't this sea get really rough? They can, they can. I'd definitely choose RV. Like you can drive anywhere. Yeah. Also like the sea, like I feel like water is water anywhere. So if I'm living on the ocean, like, it all looks the same unless you're going to like some across ocean journeys. I'd rather just drive across the country and like stop it all in that way.  It's seasick.  Drive somewhere else. No way. Also, yeah, on the boat for the rest of my life, no way. The boat is rough.  No, more risk of death in the boat, I feel like. Also eating is hard. Like you got a fish, like am I allowed to leave the boat? Or am I just like living on it? You can dock your boat on a toast line. So, okay. Okay. There's your stories on it. You can go to the RV route.  You just got to sleep on the boat. Yeah. Fair enough. Okay. Would you rather never use social media again or never watch another TV show or movie ever again? Wow. That's a thinker. I can go without social media. However, like not, not being able to watch a movie or show. Yeah. That's a tough one. I enjoy watching movies. I enjoy like watching different TV shows, social media. Personally, I can go without it. Yeah. I think I could live without it. It's just like being so detached from everybody else. I feel like everything is so social media oriented. So I just have like a harder time getting information than everybody else. But I love movies and TV. So I might just have to go without the social media. Also, I feel like it's healthier too. So like. It is definitely. Definitely. All right. Last one.  Did I like this one? Oh my God. I can see. I can smell it. I don't remember writing the answer question. Fish smells bad. I don't think I could. I mean, I'll just take the, I'll take the L and just look like a fish. I'm not trying to smell like that. At least you could smell good if you look ugly. You know what I'm saying? Like if you look like a fish, I could do other things to make me look better. And what kind of fish am I looking like? Yeah. Yeah. That's important too. This is important. Like a sunfish trout. I don't know. Normal.  Oh God. Nice average lake fish. You can get like really ripped and like smell good.   Like there's makeup and. Right. I don't know if makeup can fix eyes on the side of the face, though. Like if you look like this guy. Get some eyeliner guns. Yeah. Good job. Yeah. That's just, would I be like skin colored? Like would I still have this skin tone? Or would I be that color? A fit? You think skin tone. Okay. That's rough. That's diabolical.  This really attractive one. Can you see it? Oh yeah. Yeah. That's cool. That's cool. Yeah. I'm still picking looking like that. Yeah. Cause like people don't, some people don't care what you look like. But if you smell, it's really hard to hang out. Right. Right. It's about what's on the inside. Yeah. It's about what's on the inside. Yeah. I would bring in like, I would bring in salmon and broccoli to the office and they see we get really upset. He wouldn't. If you wouldn't have that. You're really about to eat fish in a room of six people. It's a quality meal, though. Yeah. Quality meal. It is a good meal. It's a good meal. All right. Team superlatives. To me, player, coach. Oh yeah. Player, coach, trainer, whoever. Most likely to be our next president. Who's most likely who or what I love to be the next president? Like, I think I'd put Joe in high one. Characteristics to run for president, go through the whole thing and can like rule our country. The rule it. I don't know if anybody has the way we would do all that work. But if I were to put somebody in office, definitely Dylan Holi. He's so calm and just like, I would just feel so comfortable having him in office. Like, he's just like so unbiased, very logical. I just think he's a great option. But I don't think he would go through that effort to make it a case. I don't think so either. Definitely. I think my choice would be Matt Steltano. Just being our keeper, just looking just the way he analyzed his stuff. And. That's a good point. Just being one of the captains, he just has a control over the game and overall. So that's my choice. That is a very good. Yeah, I agree. Definitely. So it's like going to go viral. Like, think of like, okay. Like, it's 2011 and Vine is still a thing. He was most likely to pop up online. I think Cruz, any day of the week. Vine, Cruz. If it's Vine, I think Ryan Cruz could put something on social media like that to go viral. Like that. He's like the most unique person you ever meet. Crazy. So yeah, definitely him. Okay. I'm gonna have to give it to Dominic Solano. Oh, true. Why? We just, we have, I'm not gonna get into it, but we've seen it in this question as well. That's very, that's very, that's very, very funny. I think that would go very well. As much. Okay. Who's most likely to be a millionaire post graduation? I don't know. Like, there's different ways to become a millionaire. Like you could win the lottery. Like some guy can. Let's say millionaire by 30 though. Billionaire, billionaire. There's so many. Billionaire. There's so many millionaires. Billionaires West Colvin. I love the B one. I know. By 830. Yeah. Forbes 30 under 30. I guess they got like a 30. Dude. That's a tough one. Maybe Tart? No. You gotta give it to your school. I mean, I'm gonna be broke when I'm like 28. I'm going to medical school. So I'll just be in student debt. Like it's gonna be wrong. So champion me. I'll be making money by 30, hopefully. That's the goal. But I would say, CJ, you're a finance man, right? You can do it. Yeah, you're very smart with your money. You're mature, you're responsible. Yeah, CJ, coding. You can come up with like the next big app.  I'm gonna keep going. He doesn't want to spoil it. He doesn't, yeah, right. He doesn't want to get spoiled. We can't jinx it. We can't jinx it. You know who would be, I think, would be very, very successful. I think Tart would be. That's because he is a computer science major. So he's really into that stuff. And he's very smart. And he knows what he's doing. I think that would be my nominee for the secret. Entrepreneurship Mindset. Indeed. Best or biggest bromance on the team? Like, I think bromance can be expanded into like a slightly broader term. So like, not just two guys, because typically like me, if you see me somewhere, you're probably gonna find one of my, like four of the roommate or three of the roommates, Drew, Dale, or Sean. So like, I think that's probably a pretty good bromance. Like we're always together, especially now that we live together and even on campus.  That's like funny. Oh. You guys have a couple. That's what, there's a lot. That's like so hard to pick. But, here, CJ, you do your answer. I'll think of a moment. I would say, I'm gonna give this one to me and Jevin. Like, me and Jevin, we're always, we went to high school together. So like, we're always together. We're always picking at each other. We're always, we're always fighting with each other at some point. We like each other. And these guys know, so I give it to me, Jevin. Oh, okay, bromance moment. Got one. So last spring, we all lived in Wooded Way together. So, six of you guys, right? Okay, so it was a good setup, well, questionable. But it was like, it was four soccer players and one random in one room. And then directly across the hall was another five soccer players. So it was kind of like, essentially a nine-man room at most points. So like similar bromance moments would be, like we'd have sleepovers, right?  Where sleepovers as in like, all of us load our beds into one room and watch a movie. And then everyone just passes out in the same room.  Those are pretty fun. Okay, who is the most accident prone? All right, any of that one. Accident prone or injury prone? Yeah. Accident or injury prone? I'm gonna have to give it to Cruz, unfortunately. Yeah. Oh, yeah, with the shoulder. Yeah, definitely Ryan Cruz. Poor guy has been, has been so little, but like little story for guys. He had dislocated his shoulder and after going to rehab, et cetera, he started to get like back into like lifting with us, et cetera. So like the first day he was back lifting with us, we were doing like a pre-hab exercise just to get our muscles warmed up and stuff. So it was like one of the red bands and you just have to like, it's pretty much like stretching and island stuff. And he does it, he does it again and his shoulder just popped, just popped back. Poor guy. It was, it's just unfortunate. He was always in the training with us on things, poor guy, he could never catch a break. So. That was also after that first day of pre-season where he blew out his shoulder in the first season, like the first practice too. Like wasn't that the first practice? Yeah, it was. Like when we got back, he got hurt and then as soon as he got back, he got hurt the next one with the band. Like it was two times in a row. There's always one on each team. He can't catch a break. No. We're gonna move into some Q and A here. All right, start you off easy. Favorite soccer player of all time? Mine would definitely have to be Thierry Henry. He's a French soccer player who retired a couple of years ago. He played for Arsenal for a long time. So he was really good there, but that's not really when I was, I wasn't really watching soccer when I was younger like that. But once I got older, I got into watching like a lot of his clips and stuff. He's just like super classy player. He now coaches actually. So I just really liked the way he plays, he loves number 14, my favorite number. So then that's my favorite player. My favorite is Christiane Ronaldo. That's the easy reason. Like when I started watching soccer a lot, like Manchester United, he was a big influence. Like I would get his hairstyles, I would try to get the same piece he had. So definitely he was a big influence. And just the way he plays, I really enjoyed watching him and just his hunger and motivation when he's on the field and just trying to make his team better around him. So that's my favorite. What about you AJ, Ronaldo or Messi? I would have to pick Messi personally. I just like, I like the way he carries himself more on the field just as like a leader. And also I just like his playstyle more. I think he's a little less flash, a little more class. And Ronaldo is kind of the opposite of that. But also there, I mean, obviously they're both great players and it's hard to like pick one over the other. Some one has a good season, the other one doesn't, then it's like reverse. But if I had to pick between the two, that would be Messi. Okay, if you could have any exotic pet in the world, what would it be? Like no dogs or cats, rabbit or any of that, like an exotic animal. If it wasn't essentially wrong either, it would probably be like 20, like 20, something like that. Sometimes there's ethical issues. We'll even try to get like pet wolves and stuff, I know. This was like kind of easy for me, honestly. So like, do you guys know who Sway Lee is? He's like from Race Remember the Rap? Yeah, he has like, I don't know if it's like a lemur or like some like little monkey thing, but I would love to have like a pet monkey because they're like, one, monkeys are super smart so they can be really personable. Two, they have like hands and they do all their own stuff. They're like mini humans. They're just super cute, a lot of fun. I remember in elementary school, I used to like ask my mom for a pet monkey all the time. They're sweet. Anytime I do. I like decorated with stuff from monkeys. Anytime I think about a monkey, I think about the one from the monkey museum, who's like seeing on television. Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Great movie. If I'm gonna have, well, I kind of, it's not an exotic pet, but it's like, I have a lizard. So I have a, he's a Chinese water dragon. His name, his name is Yoshi. He's my little man, but if I would, I would really love to have an iguana. I think that's my, if I'd have to choose one. People get pet iguanas, don't they? Or do they not? Yeah. Is it iguanas or lizards that the tail can like fall off and then it grows right back? Is that so? It depends. And so like some reptiles do it. My little guy doesn't, but there are some, like geckos or different types of small lizards that where the tail just comes off. Which one changes color? Is that an iguana or an iguana? That's a commune. An iguana or gecko. They change, they change their colors and they show like their colors. So they fall? All right, favorite soccer team of all time. I guess franchise or just like maybe one year of a specific team, whichever route you want to go. DJ, go ahead bud. My favorite club is pretty basic, with a three-metre, Los Blancos, I think. All-time Rial or any specific years? No, just, well, just like as a club and a whole, but like when I really started to get into them, like when the past, like within the past decade and just the run we had from, I think it was 2014 to 2017, just winning three champions in a row. It's like, I'll give you like the greatest team of all time, in my opinion. I'm just watching them. And then when we went to Spain a year ago and we got to like what, we got to like go to the field and walk down to the tunnel and stuff. And just seeing the stadium for the first time was a really special moment for me personally.  That's my team. So I think it's a good thing that you said like years and stuff, so growing up, I was like a Barcelona fan because my dad, the exact opposite of CJ, but my dad watched a lot of Barcelona games when I was growing up. So that's kind of what I did with him. So that's how I learned to love Messi and just like soccer in general. And then as I got older and got more into soccer, like I said, my favorite player is Thierry Henry. So as he was getting older, he actually transferred over to the MLS, which is professional soccer league in the United States. Not as great of a soccer league, but I'd like one was born in New York, one, Thierry Henry transferred to the New York Red Bulls, three really liked their jerseys and like their sweatshirts and stuff. So I kind of just like transferred over to follow my favorite player. And I consider myself a Red Bulls fan. I don't really watch that much MLS because I mean, it's all right. But I just love mainly Thierry Henry and the Red Bulls in Barcelona, I guess. So I'm not really too invested in any team specifically. Before we move on, do you guys have any good or funny stories from Spain that you guys want to tell the podcast? The whole soccer team with the Spain. What was that? Wait, CJ, what was our tour guy's name? No, Fernando. Fernando, okay. Fernando. So Fernando, right? When you go on his international trip, I don't know if you guys have been on them. Like you have like an assigned tour guide for like your whole trip, or at least we did. So his guy's name was Fernando. Funny guy, right? We came up with a whole bunch of nicknames. Whole bunch of nicknames from over the course of the trip, one of them being Fabrizio, one of them being Jordan and like, there was all these different nicknames, right? The most, like the funny thing that he would always do is when we were always exhausted because you know, like the time difference and also playing soccer, hanging out, whatever, whenever we'd take a rest stop or like a break at some like tour we were taking, he would always tell us we have like, so we'd go on the tour, right? And you're supposed to have assigned free time. And after we'd go through the tour and the like the scheduled activities, you're supposed to have like 30 to 40 minutes or like maybe an hour of free time, but it always ended up that it was running late. So a funny man, Fabrizio, Fernando would go, all right guys, you got like two minutes of free time. So like that's probably the end of the entire trip because what are you supposed to do in the two minutes that you have for free time? Like we need you back in 10 minutes. You got free time now. There's just that kind of thing. Always had us laughing, but yes. That's actually really funny. So we're gonna do some trivia, just men's soccer trivia and Stevenson trivia. How many years has Graham been at Stevenson?  He's always been there for me. And Stevenson, I was a coach. No, that's Stevenson. Oh boy, I didn't know. Ages. I'm gonna guess, I'm gonna guess. Okay. I'll say, dude, is it really that long? I'm gonna say 13. That's right. That's right. Oh, let's go. Thank you, dog. You just got major brownie points with Graham. Sweet. I'm impressed when we asked that question, no one ever gets anywhere, like a question similar to that, no one ever gets anywhere in here. Lucky guess, I guess. Who were the top three scores for the men's Stevenson 2019 soccer team? Oof, 2019, so no. Yeah, top three. Was this past season? Yeah, top three and goals. I know. It was, one was Jay. Yeah, Jay was the number one. The second one was, I think, I don't remember. I know I'm one of the three, I think, but I don't remember if I'm two or three. What was it, Tark? Yeah, Tark, two. One, Jay, two, Tark, three, me. Yeah. Okay. You have a good idea. Two for two. Okay, who were the top three goal scores in the US men's soccer national team history? Oh, I know one. Donovan, right? Donovan. Yes, sir. Donovan is two. Two. Convince is one. I was going to guess, yeah. Good one, see it. Josie Altidore, maybe? Yeah. Oh, we're on a roll, baby. We're on a roll. Okay, I'm going to throw in a bonus. Oh, yeah, a bonus. So I guess Clint and Landon finished with the same exact amount of goals. That's crazy. You have a guess of how many would be. To put it in perspective, Altidore had 42. Ooh. Wait, you're asking us how many they have? Yeah, how many goals have Tyron? Tyron, all-time goals, I guess. I got my guess. Are we guessing separate or the goal is you did? What? We're going to go separate. He just said that he had 42. Why would it be 100? No way, don't score 100 goals for the international team. I'm saying it's like 54. How much other? 52. Oh! Oh, wait, 57? 57. Oh, yeah, 57. I was close. You were really close. That was really good. Okay, I have one more that I'm throwing in right now. What was your assistant coach Bill's number at UMBC? Oh, this is a hard one. But he's a centerback, right? What's the centerback number? Like five? Like 18? That's not my guess. That's not my guess. I don't know. Centerbacks have lower high numbers or it does not matter. I think people just don't care. I don't know. I'm going to guess and say his number was 23. I'll go with that, sure. I'll put my money on CJ. It's three. Was he three? Three. I'm going to have to take that up on Bill. Yeah. What do you say? Bill's a quiet man. We were close. Yeah. There's a three in there. You take the two out of it and then you have it. You guys did really good on Korea, actually. Thank you. Women's soccer last week should not do this, though. But people don't consider it, so. Bill's a fast guy. But yeah, thanks for the answer. Yeah, that's about all we have for today. Awesome. We always ended as, what do we usually say?  Shout out to anyone, your mom, your dad. Shout out to Janine Morales, my mom. Shout out to Drew, Dale, Sean, and Cruz, the Rumi's. Yeah, that's all I got for you guys. Shout out my parents, much love. Shout out my Rumi's. Eric, Jay, Dylan, Jevin. All the boys watching. All the boys. Yeah, shout out to your coach. Shout out to her. Shout out to Big Bill, Big Billy holding it down, number three here in BC. Shout out to Grandma Lara, just being grand. Shout out to Musty, we didn't forget about you. Coach Jim, shout out to all the boys coming into freshman.  You're to get everyone back together. So I hope it's a good one. Great one.


Welcome back to our lecture series, Math 4230, Abstract Algebra 2 for students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'll be your professor today, Dr. Andrew Missildine. In lecture five, we actually want to use what we've been learning about group actions and apply it towards, well, an application. Specifically, an application towards commonatorics. You will recall that commonatorics is the mathematics of counting thing. We want to enumerate things. And it turns out, symmetry is a big part of commonatorics. Algebra and commonatorics, they play nice with each other very well. And in this lecture five, we're going to talk about Burnside's counting theorem, how we can use group actions to help us count certain commonatorial structures. Now, before we present Burnside's theorem with its proof, I want to remind the viewer of a very important observation here. So imagine we have a group which is acting upon a set. If we take some element little g inside the group and some element little x inside the set. I want you to remember that, well, first, the symbol g sub x, this is the stabilizer of little x here. This is the set of all elements g dot x, where g can range over g here, right? These are all the elements of the group that stabilize, that fix the element x. In particular, this is a subgroup of g here. What I want to remind us here is that if we look at the stabilizer of gx, this is actually the conjugate subgroup of the isotropy subgroup gx, where you actually conjugate it by the element g. So stabilizers of elements in the same orbit are actually isomorphic to each other. Now note, if you have a subgroup, if you take a conjugate of that subgroup, you're going to be isomorphic to that subgroup. Because after all, conjugation is an inner automorphism. So the stabilizer of x is isomorphic to the stabilizer of gx. Now x and gx are going to belong to the same orbit of the g action. So we say that x and gx are g equivalent. So whenever you have two g equivalent elements they're in the same orbit, their stabilizers will be isomorphic in particular for us as we will be counting things as their stabilizers are isomorphic. It means that their stabilizers will have the same order. They're the same size. And that's going to be important as we work with these, when we work with these isotropy subgroups presenting Burnside's theorem. So here is the theorem of Burnside that we're talking about in this lecture. Imagine we have a finite group g that's acting upon some set x. Let little k denote the number of g orbits of x. So that's how many orbits there are in this group action. Then what our theorem is going to tell us is that the number of orbits of the x. Because the orbits form a partition of x, they all combine together to give us x here. But how many orbits are there? This is going to equal one over the order of g. And then you add together the size of all the stable sets where you range over the elements of little g right here. So as a reminder, what are these things meant? We talked about the stabilizer just a moment ago. What is the stable set x of g? This is the set of all elements of the form where you have g dot x equals x right here. But this time g is fixed and you allow the elements x to range here. So this will be a subset of the g set x. And so we gather all of those elements which are left fixed that are stabilized by the element g right here. So we can compute the number of orbits of the group action by looking at the sizes of these stable sets. How do we do this? Well, this equation comes about by analyzing this equation right here. Consider the equation g dot x equals x. And I want you to treat this as an equation with two variables where the elements of the group g are allowed to vary and the elements x of the g set are also allowed to vary. So with an equation with two variables there, how many solutions are there to this equation? Well, it depends on how you count them. If you consider this with respect to stable sets, which again gx here, we want all of the elements that satisfy the relationship g dot x equals x as x ranges over capital X right here. So if you have a fixed g in mind, like so if this variable is nailed down, it's like we keep g fixed, then you want to grab all of the x's that work with that g. Well, that's exactly the set x sub g. So if you allow then g to vary because we have two variables, while g is fixed, you'll just grab x sub g. But then you allow g to vary over all the possible elements of the group. That gives you all the possible stable sets. And so the solutions to the equation gx, if we think of those as ordered pairs, those can be identified with elements of this set here. So this counts all of those solutions. We take the sum as g ranges over g of the sizes of the stable sets xg. But what if we change our perspective? What if we think about the stabilizers, which we said earlier, the stabilizers g sub x. This is the collection of all the things that satisfied the relationship g dot x equals x, where g ranges over g here, right? So if x is now fixed, so if we fix x and we're like what g's work here, then g sub x will grab all those possible g's so we get all these different stabilizers. Then if you allow little x to range over all of the possible x's inside the g set, that'll also capture all of the same solutions. So if we're counting solutions to this equation, the stable sets count the solution by enumerating all the possible stable sets. But also, if we enumerate all the possible stabilizers, that will also give us all of the solutions. Now in combinatorics, this is what we call a combinatorial proof. That is, we counted the same set in two different ways. What's the set? We're counting the solutions to the above equation of two variables, the solutions in two variables there. We have then two different numbers that count the same set. Well, if they count the same set, that means they actually equal each other. And so we get this very important equation that the sum ranging over the elements of the group, when you add up the size of all the stable sets, that's equal to the sum where you range over all the elements of the g set, where you add up the orders of the stabilizers. Those two sums are exactly the same thing. Now, let's get back to the observation we made at the very beginning of this video here. If y and x are in the same orbit, so in particular if y is in the same orbit as x, their stabilizers are actually the same, well, they're isomorphic stabilizers, thus they'll be the same order. So when we look at this set here, when we look at g sub x here, though that order is actually gonna show up a couple times. It's gonna show up for every element which is in the same orbit of x. Well, let's try to keep track of that. So instead of taking the entire set x, what if we just look at the orbit of x for a moment? If we just add up those. Well, this stabilizer right here, it'll have the, excuse me, this stabilizer will have the same order as gx. So what you're getting is you're getting a sum of the gx's a bunch of times, where you range over the orbit of x. You just get the same number over and over and over again, so you're gonna get some multiple of the order of gx. But how many things are gonna show up there? Well, how many things were in the orbit? The cardinal of the orbit is gonna count how many times this thing shows up. But when you look at this, we have the order of gx, then we have the size of the orbit, but we know by the fundamental counting principle that the size of the orbit is actually equal to the index of the stabilizer. So we get the index of gx times the order of gx by Lagrange's theorem. That's actually the order of the group itself. So what we see here is that the sum of the orders of the stabilizers when we range over a fixed orbit always adds up to the order of g, right? And this happens for any orbit whatsoever, it doesn't matter. So if we were to range over, if we range over all the elements of x, we're gonna get some number of copies of g. Well, how many copies are we gonna get of g? Well, it's the number of orbits we have. That's what we called k earlier. So then divide both sides of this equation by the order of g. We then end up, so we have this equation right here. If we divide both sides of this by the order of g, we then get Burnside's theorem, which you saw at the top of the screen. It's back there right now. And so Burnside's theorem comes as a consequence of this very nice combinatorial proof. Let's see an example of this. Let's take the set where x is the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. And let's take g to be the, it's gonna be a permutation group that's isomorphic to the Klein-4 group. G consists of the elements, the identity permutation, the 2-cycle 1, 3, the 2, 2-cycle 1, 3, and 2, 5, and then the 2-cycle 2, 5. So that's a Klein-4 group. It acts on the set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in a natural way. It's just the permutation action. What are the orbits of this structure, right? Well, the identity leaves everyone fixed, all right? 1, 3 will send 1 to 3 and 3 back to 1, okay? 1, 3, 2, 4, it'll send 1 to 3 and 3 back to 1, but it'll also send 2 to 5 and 5 back to 2. It leaves 4 fixed. And then lastly, 2, 5, it'll move, it'll swap 2 and 5, it'll leave the other ones fixed. So we see that for this Klein-4 group, the orbits of the group action are exactly these sets you see on the screen. 1 and 3 are together, 2 and 5 are together, and 4 is isolated by itself, okay? And so this gives us a partition of x. The orbits of a group action always partition the set. You'll notice that how many orbits do we have? We have exactly three orbits. So we really count the orbits without Burnside's theorem. This isn't too hard of an example, but alternatively, if we use Burnside's theorem, what are we gonna get? Well, let's first look at the stabilizer of the identity permutation. The identity stabilizes everything. So it sends 1 to 1, 2 to 2, 3 to 3, 4 to 4, 5 to 5. And so the stabilizer of the identity is gonna be the entire G set. That's always the case. So we have that x1 equals x. What if we look at the stable set of the element 1, 3? Well, 1, 3, as the permutation notation suggests, it sends 1 to 3, 3 goes to 1, so those are not left fixed, but it doesn't do anything to 2. It doesn't do anything to 4. It doesn't do anything to 5. So the stable set for 1, 3 is 2, 4, 5, okay? What about the stable set for 1, 3 and 2, 5? Well, the nice thing about permutations, the permutation action here is that the stable sets are easy to calculate. If the number shows up in the cycle decomposition, then it's not stabilized. So the numbers that are missing when we write the permutation notation here, the cycle decomposition, that's the number that's stabilized. So notice 4 is left alone. So the stable set of 1, 3 and 2, 5 is the number 4. And then likewise, who is stabilized by the 2 cycle 2, 5? It's gonna be 1, 3 and 4, because you don't see that in the cycle decomposition here. So we have these four stable sets that we see right here. So if we use Burn Science formula, the group itself has order 4, so we get this coefficient of 1, 4th and front. Then we add together the cardinalities of the four stable sets. We get 5, 3, 1 and 3. And then adding these things together, of course, 5 plus 3 plus 1 plus 3, that's equal to 12. 12 divided by 4 is equal to 3. And that was the number of orbits we saw. So this is a verification, just to check on Burn Science theorem. Now this example was very small. It was much easier to count the orbits by just computing the orbits instead of computing all of these stable sets. I mean, in fact, we had only three orbits to begin with. But as the group actions gets more complicated and more complicated, then the Burn Science approach to computing the number of orbits can actually be much easier to do. And we're actually gonna see that in the next video where we utilize Burn Science theorem to solve some combinatorial problems.


Hey everybody Dr. O here. So in earlier video we talked about general senses versus special senses. Now we're going to look at the general senses and we're going to classify them based on the type of stimulus that excites them and sends information to your central nervous system. So here we're going to look at nociceptors which are pain receptors, thermoreceptors which respond to changes in temperature, chemoreceptors which respond to chemical concentration and mechanoreceptors which respond to physical distortion of their cell membranes. So let's go ahead and jump in before we actually talk about nociceptors our first group. I do want to talk about the nature of these receptors in a term called adaptation. So adaptation is how your nervous system will respond to or the presence of a constant stimulus. So something is painless and constant your nervous system will basically get used to it and will stop wasting all its energy reminding your brain about these things. So there's two different types peripheral adaptation is when a receptor changes and that's what we're going to talk about here and then central adaptation actually changes in the brain. This is why when you smell a new smell you get used to it pretty quickly.  So getting used to a smell, getting used to a touch, getting used to the feeling of your clothing these would all be examples of adaptation. But here we're talking about peripheral adaptation with receptors. So whether or not you stop sensing something depends on the type of the receptor. So there are two types there are phasic receptors which are also known as fast adapting receptors. These are ones that respond to change so they're usually off they're triggered when there's a change and then they turn back off. So the textbook example would be thermoreceptors. So you respond to changes in temperature not just constant response to temperature unless it's extreme enough to cause pain I guess. So those phasic receptors are your fast adapting receptors. Excuse me tonic receptors are going to be slow adapting they're always on so as long as there's a stimulus you're going to know it and this is going to be your nociceptors or your pain receptors will be an example here. Speaking of that let's go ahead and dive in to our first type so excuse me nociceptors are going to be your pain receptors. So where do we have a lot of pain receptors your skin around your joint capsules around the periosteum the skin around your bones and around the walls of blood vessels so that any anytime there's pain so what is pain pain receptors are triggered by tissue damage whether that's chemical whether it's caused by extremes of temperature whether it's mechanical doesn't matter. So pain receptors are free nerve endings and if they sense tissue damage from one of those three things extremes of temperature chemical changes like from dying cells or mechanical damage they will send pain information to your brain and the reason it's important to note that they're sensitive to all these different things is it's why it's hard to classify pain so you whether you've been burned by acid whether you've been burned by heat or whether you have a deep cut you might feel burning pain and that's because of this overlap overlap and extremes of temperature is pretty important so if it gets so hot or so cold it's uncomfortable it is actually painful. So those are your nociceptors the pain receptors are tonic or slow adapting receptors which means that you don't so if you hurt your knee like this person here you know oh I hurt my knee it hurts really bad no the pain's gone no that knee is going to hurt as long as the tissue damage is still there so the sensation is going to stick with you and you can manage pain you can try to think about it you can use ice and Advil and these kind of things but the receptors are going to continue to tell your brain that knee hurts until the source of the damage is gone and that's good because pain is a reminder to not do further injury to this joint we don't want to feel pain but a life without pain would lead to lots of damage and lots of extra destruction in our body so we need to feel it as a reminder to be careful all right so that's nociceptors or pain receptors next we have your thermoreceptors so these are going to be your temperature receptors also free nerve endings you're going to find a lot of them in the dermis of the skin your muscles have thermoreceptors as well as your liver and your hypothalamus so there so there are both cold and hot receptors there are three to four times as many cold receptors as warm or hot receptors now there's actually no structural difference but we do know that they that they are different so why would you have so many more cold receptors than warm receptors well it's because cold can kill you so much more quickly right you're outside in the bitter cold or you fall in cold water i mean you can be dead in minutes heat isn't going to be isn't going to kill you that quickly so you don't need as much information about it so there are so make sure you know that there are three to four times as many cold receptors as warm receptors these are phasic receptors which means that they're usually off they're triggered by changes in temperature but then that the initial stimulus goes away because of adaptation so think about you go outside and it's five degrees colder than you'd like it to be you're going to be very aware of that because your brain's trying to tell you to warm up put some clothes on go back inside but you will quickly adapt to that temperature unless it's bitter cold or really hot unless it's actually painful if you go outside it's just a little bit colder than you'd like we'll just wait a few minutes you're going to actually you're going to get used to it and you forget about it because these are quick adapting or phasic receptors okay chemo receptors they're going to monitor chemical composition the first key thing to note here is chemo receptors only respond when a lipid soluble or water soluble substance has been dissolved in the surrounding fluid so two examples we'll cover with special senses will be smell and taste you can't smell or taste anything until it's been dissolved in fluid we'll come back to that here since we're talking about your general senses these chemo receptors are monitoring primarily the chemical composition of your respiratory and cardiovascular systems so why is that your respiratory system these centers are monitoring pH and carbon dioxide levels because if you get if your pH of your blood drops too low or you get too much carbon dioxide in your blood you're going to die if the pH climbs too high or you don't have enough carbon dioxide in your blood you're going to die so we cover that name we cover that name b2 but for now just note that your your brain is constantly monitoring carbon dioxide levels and it and it responds by changing how you breathe so if your pH is if your if your blood's getting too acidic then you're going to breathe faster to get rid of that carbon dioxide which is an acid and vice versa but we'll come back to all that later the chemo receptors that are monitoring your cardiovascular system are looking for the same things they're monitoring the pH of blood carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels but i do want you to note that and we cover that more in a and b2 your body cares way more about carbon dioxide levels than oxygen levels and that's because we have plenty of oxygen that's why people can go to higher altitudes and survive carbon dioxide becomes an acid so if we can't control carbon dioxide levels we can't control pH and we can no longer maintain homeostasis so these uh so the the cardiovascular centers we have what are called the carotid bodies that are near the origin of the internal carotid arteries and the aortic bodies where the aortic branches or the aorta branches off but so these are basically we basically have pH meters in our blood and in our brain that are monitoring all your body fluids to make sure that you have the right amount of carbon dioxide and the right pH those are chemo receptors all right and the last group here is the mechanical receptors but we have some further grouping here so these are going to be the ones that respond to physical distortion of their cell membranes so stretching compression twisting these types of things there are three types of mechanical receptors we have tactile receptors those are going to be the real physical sense ones so like touch pressure and vibration but we don't talk about them as much the last two groups are baro receptors and proprioceptors so baro receptors they're going to monitor pressure changes in hollow organs like the walls of your blood vessels your your stomach your your lungs etc so they they sense changes in pressure so we actually so like i said earlier we have a pH meter built into our our body we also have blood pressure cuffs inside our body so the carotid artery and the aorta both have baro receptors that monitor pressure that's how your brain knows if your blood pressure is getting too high or too low and it tries to respond baro receptors also monitor the degree of lung expansion so if you're overexpanding your lungs that will that will trigger these baro receptors and then all over in your digestive and urinary tracts we know that if your stomach gets full you're actually going to trigger these baro receptors or stretch receptors same thing in the urinary tract if your bladder gets full so those are baro receptors which monitor changes in pressure last group here is the proprioceptors i like to say these are called your joint position awareness receptors so you're going to find them in your joints and your muscles they're constantly active they're constantly telling your brain where your body is in space so they monitor the position of your joints the tension in your muscles and your ligaments and they monitor how whether or not your muscles are contracting so all that information gets sent to your brain so your body knows where you are in space so they don't adapt at all most of this is subconscious but think about it close your eyes where's your right elbow you know where it is because constant information being sent to your brain about where you are in space why is that but without this information you couldn't move properly if i don't know where my arm is now that i don't know how to reach for my coffee right if i don't know where my my legs are now then how do i take the next step how do i navigate obstacles things like that so proprioceptors think joint position awareness receptors i love proprioception it's something i did a lot of research in when i was in college on the last thing to note here proprioception is a purely somatic sensation so i said close your eyes where's your right elbow you know close your eyes where's your spleen you have no idea right this kind of that in your organs don't tell your brain where they are in space if you know where the spleen is it's because you've seen it in an image or in using a you know a cadaver a donor and you know you just know where it is because of memory you can't sense where the spleen is all right there's organs in general they do have receptors but they don't have proprioceptors they have pain receptors temperature receptors these types of things but they usually have huge receptive fields that's why like i mentioned in an earlier video if you have a stomach ache or let's say you have an ulcer right you don't know you you're just going to get pain from that general area you can't say exactly where it is okay so those are that's that's the the four main ways we classify your general senses i hope this helps have a wonderful day be blessed


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of ADC120 Evaluation Tools. My name is Gregory Gossignac, I'm application engineer at ST Microelectronics, and today I will guide you through this presentation. I will start with a quick presentation of ADC120, then we will see in details its evaluation board, and finally, I will show you a software demo using this board. So let's start with the device presentation. Here is the basic principle of an ADC. The purpose is to convert an analog signal from the real world into a digital signal, which can then be processed by software. Let's see the details of the ADC device from ST. ADC120 is a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter with 8 input channels and a sampling rate from 50k to 1 nega-sample per second. It has high precision for accurate measurements, so when we talk about precision for an ADC, the important parameters are the effective number of bits, which is 11.7 bits typical for ADC120, and also the INL and DINL parameters, 0.4 LSB typical. It has a simple digital connection by SPI, and it can be interfaced with various ST amplifiers, like TSX711, TSZ121, or TSU111. It provides flexibility thanks to the 8 analog channels and a sampling rate up to 1 nega-sample per second. And it has a poor consumption of 6.6 mW under a supply voltage of 3.3V. This is a robust device with an extended temperature range from minus 40 to 125°C, and it has 4 kV ESD protection. On this slide, you can see the block diagram just here. The device has two power supplies, one for the analog block, AVCC, and one for the digital block, DVCC. On the left, you can see the 8 inputs connected to a multiplexer, where you need to select which channel to measure. Then the signal goes through the 12-bit ADC converter, which is based on the successive approximation register, SAR, with internal track and hold cell. At the end, you have the logic control block, which is used to manage the SPI signals, serial clock, chip select, data in and data out. At the bottom, you can see the package for this device, which is TSSOP16. On the right-hand side, you have the pinout of this package, with below the description of all the pins. Now, let's take a look into the SPI interface. Here you can see the timing diagram for the digital signals. The first three signals here are sent from the SPI master interface, for example, from a microcontroller to the ADC device. And this device will answer back to the data out line, back to the microcontroller. The first signal is a chip select. You need to set the level to low to enable the ADC device. Otherwise, when the level is high, the device stays in power down mode. The second signal is the clock here, which can go from 0.8 to 16 MHz. Then you have the data in signal, which is used to select the input channel to convert among the eight channels available. It is a 3-bit address, which starts here at the third clock period. So if you want to select a different channel, you send the new address during this transmission here. And the sample for the new channel will be available at the next SPI transmission here. And the last signal is data out. It starts with 4 zeros, and then contains the 12-bit data from the ADC converter, which will be received by the microcontroller for digital processing with software. Let's see an example of data acquisition by capturing the SPI interface of ADC120 with an oscilloscope. From the oscilloscope, you can see the four signals of the SPI interface. And we zoom in with the horizontal scale to better see the details. Note that this is captured with analog probes. You can clearly see from the clock line in yellow that there are several SPI packets sent successively with the same channel address. In this case, by looking at the signal in red, the channel selected is channel 1. On the blue signal at the bottom, this is the 12-bit data converted by the ADC. You can notice that only the last few bits are toggling. This is because the analog signal captured in this example is almost constant. In the next section, we will see the board available to evaluate the ADC. This is a picture of the ADC120 evaluation board. The name of this board is STival-AKI001v1, and the device is located right here. This board has been designed as an expansion board to be connected to STM32 nuclear board. So it has the Morpho connector on the left and right side. And the connector to hook up the analog inputs is located at the bottom. For the online resources, let's check what is available on ST.com. From ST.com, you can look for ADC120. There you go. Then you reach the product page. If you go to resources section, you can find the datasheet and application notes. And if you go to tools and software, there you find the evaluation board. Then you reach the evaluation board page with its description. And in the resources section, you can find all the documentations. User manual, Gerber file, BOM, and schematic. The evaluation board can be used in two different ways. First case in standalone mode, in which case you need to provide an external power supply. Second case connected to STM32 nuclear board. In this case, it is power supplied by USB 5V from the nuclear board here. This USB connection enables PC communication and further signal processing. In standalone mode, the connector for the SPI interface is this one here. When attached to nuclear board, the SPI interface is directly connected to STM32 microcontroller through the Morpho connector. It is using the Pintz Cycling Green here. Now let's study the block diagram of the evaluation board. Here is the ADC120 with the eight analog inputs on one side and the SPI interface on the other side. It is powered at 3.3V thanks to a LDO regulator. For the purpose of evaluation, each channel is connected to a pre-cable function on the board in order to show different possibilities of analog signals to measure. On the first two channels, there are analog temperature sensors. It is two different types of sensors to show two different ways to measure the temperature. On channel 2, you have an amplification for strength gauge. On channel 3, you can connect an external signal from plus or minus 5V. On channel 4, there is a voltage reference. On channel 5, it is a direct connection from an external signal, nothing in between. Because the ADC is powered at 3.3V, the signal must be within the range 0V to 3.3V. And finally, on channel 6 and 7, there are user configurable filters. In the following slides, we will take a closer look at these onboard features for each channel. On channel 0, there is a temperature sensor from ST, the STLM-20. The ADC measures directly the output of the sensor, so the output voltage in volt is the image of the temperature. And the corresponding value in degree Celsius is given by a specific equation that you can find in the user manual. For example, a variation of 0.1 degree Celsius on STLM-20 represents 1.5 LSB of ADC-120. On the picture on the right, you can see the location of the sensor. On channel 1, there is another temperature sensor based on the principle to measure the resistance of a platinum element. The resistor value varies with the temperature. On the schematic, you can see that the signal is conditioned so that the resistor value will change the voltage on the ADC input. So for the PT-100 used here, it has a resistance of 100 ohm at 0 degrees Celsius. Then the relation between resistor value and temperature is given by a specific equation. On the picture, you can see that the sensor is located here. Channel 2 is used for strain gauge measurement. It is composed of a witchstone bridge and an instrumentation amplifier to amplify the strain gauge variation. So to determine the resistor value here, the ADC-120 reads the voltage image of the amplified voltage variation. For example, if we use 120 ohm resistors in the witchstone bridge with a minimal measurable variation of strain of 0.1%, thus, the voltage variation on ADC-120 input is 9 millivolts, which means 11 LSB. Note that the witchstone bridge is not directly on the eval board. It is external, but you can attach it via the connector located here. On Channel 3, the open configuration is used to rectify the external voltage in a positive range from 0V to 3.3V so that it can be used by the ADC. And the input for the external signal is located on this connector here. Channel 4 is used to measure a precise voltage reference. It is based on TS3431, which is a natural stable shunt voltage reference. It has a precision of 0.25%, and if we use it with resistors of 0.1% precision, then the output voltage will represent 6 LSB of ADC-120. On Channel 5, you have a direct connection to the ADC input. So it is the simplest way to measure an external signal with this eval board. That's why we will use this channel in the next demo. You have to connect your signal here on this connector. Just make sure the signal level is below 3.3V. The Channel 6 and Channel 7 are used for custom configurable filters. It has a resistor divider to provide an acceptable voltage range to ADC input. And it has an operational amplifier where you can set the gain. The two inputs are located here on this connector. But be careful that all the resistors here are not connected by default on the eval board. So you cannot use it directly without configuring it first for your own application. It's time to use the evaluation software and to show you a demo of the output signals you get on the eval board from all these channels. The evaluation software uses the nuclear board. So these are the boards you will need to run the demo. One ADC-120 evaluation board, one STN32 nuclear board, and one USB cable. Then you have to connect the ADC expansion board on top of the nuclear board. The software runs on the computer. So you'll need to connect each other with the USB cable. Before being able to use the nuclear board, it needs to run the right firmware to interface the SPI interface with the ADC-120 device. So step one is to flash the STN32 firmware. Let's see a quick demo on how to easily flash the STN32. So connect the USB cable to your computer. You can see here that the nuclear board appears like a virtual drive. Then open the software package for ADC-120. Inside you have the binary of STN32. And all you need to do is to copy this file and paste it in the virtual drive. And that's it, the nuclear board is flashed. Now that the hardware is ready, we can use the evaluation software on PC. So step two is to launch the software. Let's see how to use the evaluation software. Open the software package and start the program. You can see there is a main window here for the control and a console here to display information. On the main window, click to connect to connect to the nuclear board. And there you have a menu selection with several possible actions to perform with the demo. If I click on menu one, it prints the data of all channels. Then I can stop. On the left hand side here, I have the sample value for my eight channels. These are the direct values we get from the SPI interface of ADC 120. Because this is a 12-bit ADC, the maximum sample value I can get is 4095. On the right hand side here, it is the same values but converted into volts. The device is powered at 3.3 volts, so the maximum input voltage is 3.3 volts. The menu number two is similar, but it prints only one channel. So here it prints channel zero. I can stop. If I want to change the channel, I come here and I select my channel number. Let's try channel two. Print channel two. So it will just capture the channel two and print it. I can do this till the last channel. Channel seven. I can print like this continuously or stop anytime. The menu number three will plot all the channels in a more graphical way. So let's try it. There it is. And I can maximize the window. So these are the values of the eight channels on the eval board. Just write out of the box. I didn't bring any modification on the board. On channel zero and channel one, we have the temperature sensors as we expected. And we can see both sensors provide the same board temperature. On channel two, it is a strain gauge input. And on channel three, an external signal which can have a negative range. But I have nothing connected on these two inputs. So it just shows the default voltage value of the board. On channel four, there is a voltage reference, which is precisely at 1.70 volts. On channel five, it is a direct connection to the analog signal. I have nothing connected at the moment, but what I can do is to connect a jumper to for the input to ground. So let's try it. I put the jumper. And as you can see now, the ADC measures zero volts because it is to ground. On channel six and channel seven, the components for filtering on dot soldered. So the value it shows on dot meaningful. Money number four is to capture the data and save them into a file. So I click to start the capture. Now I can record over a long period of time the evolution of an analog signal, which changes slowly like the temperature, for instance. And when I'm done, I can press stop. Then I can go to the program location to get the file. In the file, I see the digital sample value of all the channels here, channel zero to channel seven. The data converted into volt here and even the corresponding temperature value of the first two channels. With all this data, I can now analyze them and maybe do some post processing. Money number five is similar to number four, but it will only record one channel. And I can select the channel I want to record here. Let's try channel four. I capture this channel. Then I can stop. And I will find the data recorded here. All the data captured by the ADC that we have seen so far in the software demo look pretty static. This is because there are no dynamic signals by default on the eval board. They need to be brought by the user. So let's generate easily an analog signal which evolves a bit faster. To do that, we will use the STM32 microcontroller. This is a typical block diagram of what you can find inside a STM32. And the STM32 we have on the nuclear board embeds a digital to analog converter. So we will use this analog block to generate a sine wave. This is the sine wave generated by STM32 thanks to its D2A converter. We selected a slow frequency on purpose for this waveform to have the time to see it and to capture it. The sine wave is generated on a specific output pin named PA4. So you need to connect this signal to the input of our ADC on channel 5 with a wire. Like you can see on the picture so you have to connect the wire from here, PA4 to here in 5. Now we can try to capture this generated signal with the evaluation tool. I come back to the software and I use menu 3 to plot the signal. And there, on channel 5 I can see my sine wave captured. Because the plotting on this window is slow at only 2 samples per second it is good that the waveform is changing slowly for the purpose of this demo. But what about capturing a faster signal? A simple way to get a faster and periodic signal is to use the probe compositor signal which is available on every oscilloscope usually located on the side. The frequency is 1kHz and the amplitude 2.5V. So you connect the ground to one of the ground connector of the nuclear board and the oscilloscope signal to the input channel 5. What will happen if I try to capture this signal with the evaluation tool? I am back on the software and I use again the menu number 3 to plot the signal. On channel 5 where is connected the signal I can see it is oscillating between 0V and 2.5V. But I cannot see the square waveform because the 1kHz signal is too fast to be captured with this window. That's why I will use another menu to capture the signal faster. Menu number 6 here will capture the signal for a short time faster at 20kHz. So let's try. This menu only capture one channel so I need to select first the channel I want to capture channel 5. Then I can press the button and start the capture. So I can see here it has captured 1000 samples in 50ms. Now let's open the file. Here are all the samples saved at 20kHz. With Excel I can quickly analyze the data by plotting them. Let's zoom a little bit and there you go. I can see my square waveform at 1kHz here with an amplitude of 2.5V. So this is a way to capture fast signals on ADC120 evaluation board. And I can even capture at 100kHz by using the last menu selection. You can get more information for this product on ST.com. Thank you for watching.


Our bodies are made out of trillions of cells. Each cell contains all of the genetic information necessary for us to develop from one single cell into adults. And this information is encoded in our DNA, in specific sequences or genes. Our DNA also contains the information responsible for our body to function correctly, and our chances of developing a specific disease. In order to fit this immense amount of information in each cell, our DNA is packaged and organized in 46 individual chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures formed of linear DNA coiled around proteins, which give structural support. But what do the ends of chromosomes look like? At each end are thousands of repeats of the same DNA sequence bound by a special set of proteins called shelterin, which together form a structure called the telomere. Telomeres are like caps which protect the end of chromosomes from breaking or fusing with other chromosomes. Every time a cell divides, each chromosome replicates, and the two copies are distributed to each daughter cell to ensure the genetic information is passed on. However, the cell machinery cannot copy the very end of linear DNA, therefore every time a cell divides, the telomeres become shorter and shorter. When they reach a critically short length, the cell can't divide any longer. Very short telomeres instruct cells to seize division, and this stimulates a process of biological aging or cell death. So how does a cell make sure its genetic information is not lost with every division? This problem is solved by an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase is able to extend DNA by adding telomeric DNA repeats to the ends of chromosomes, maintaining all of its genetic information and allowing the cell to keep dividing. We normally find high levels of telomerase only in those cells that divide frequently, such as cells during fetal development, stem cells in tissues such as the bone marrow, which produces blood cells, the digestive tract, as well as in cancer cells, which need to keep multiplying and thus need to keep their telomeres replenished. Sometimes there are changes or mutations in our DNA which affect the function of different genes. In telomere biology disorders or TBDs, mutations appear in the factors which play an important role in extending, replicating, or maintaining telomere length or structure. Different names have been used to describe the different syndromes, but what they all have in common is that cells have abnormally short telomeres. So far, 14 genes have been identified as being associated with TBDs, but there are individuals where the genes affected still hasn't been identified. What are the symptoms of TBDs? Because all cells have telomeres, many organs throughout the body can be affected by short telomeres, and the symptoms can vary from individual to individual. Although some, like the bone marrow and the digestive tract, are extremely sensitive to telomere length.  The immune system, lung, and liver may be affected, and certain forms of cancer may occur. Additional information can be found in Deskeratosis congenital and telomere biology disorders, diagnosis and management guidelines. What are the treatments for TBDs? The current treatments focus on organ-specific life-saving interventions, such as bone marrow or lung transplantation. With time and understanding, these have become safer and more accessible to individuals with TBDs. As science evolves, there is more focus on how we can fix the defects in telomerase activity or telomere length prior to the onset of organ failure. More support and funding are required in order to do more research to find a cure for TBDs. Individuals with TBDs and their families can connect through Team Telomere as a community, find resources and access to treatment, and learn how to fund research. This, along with the work of the Clinical Care Consortium for Telomere-associated ailments, a group of physicians and scientists from around the world that are working together by doing research and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of TBD, gives us hope for the future. For more information, reach out to info at teamtelomere.org.


This is a time for us to come and talk a little bit about testimonies now. This is a time where it's not about us, it's about God. It's a time where we don't glorify how great we are, the kind of car that we drive, or anything like that. It's all about Him and all the glory points to Him. And testimonies, I love testimonies because it's a time where we can kind of share our experiences and something that we could all relate to. Just a few days ago, actually last week, I wasn't going to share this because I thought, oh, it's just something little, it's kind of actually hideous a little bit. But that was the devil, that was a liar, I know. But last week I went to the gym and I was working out really, really hard. I woke up the next morning and I go to work and I'm sitting on a chair at work and it's not one of those comfy chairs, those big fluffy ones, it's one of those hard ones. And I decided I needed to stretch at that moment. So I kind of leaned back a little bit and all I heard was pop, pop, pop, pop all the way down my back. I'm like, oh God, you're serious, no way. And what happened was, I guess I was just really sore or whatnot and my whole back just popped and I couldn't move. And my kids were all looking at me and they're like, are you okay? And I'm like, I don't know yet, just give me a moment. And it was, for two days, my back hurt. For two days I was complaining, I was, because I was just in a lot of pain and on Wednesday I was telling my coworkers, I was saying, you know what, I'm not, I don't think on Tuesday actually I was saying to my coworkers that on Wednesday I don't think I'll be showing up to work because my back really, really hurts. And I go to church, I had to be at worship practice at 5.30 or whatnot so I come here a little bit earlier. And when I left church on Wednesday, last Wednesday, there was no pain. Absolutely no pain. I mean, I don't know if it was during worship time where I was healed or if it was when Vlad was praying about, hey, if you have a sickness, I don't know when it was but I was absolutely like, I couldn't feel anything. Like I was even taking a risk and trying to bend it the same way I did at work. You know, and nothing happened. So glory to God. You know, see with God, he doesn't care how big or small your testimony is, he cares if you share it.   And I hope that you get encouraged by my testimony.


Hi, this is Leo Bartalon. I'm extension cropping system specialist based in Minot. Today I'm gonna talk into how we can build and increase our resilience into cropping systems. As you may know, notice this cropping season was very tough on North Dakota, especially in the North Central region. We got extremely drought. We under D4 for a long, long time and the crops were suffering a lot during this time. If we look at medium term and long term into the cropping systems, there are some options that we can take into account to diminish the problems with the dry conditions. So one of this is how to increase organic matter in our in our cropping systems. So we have an environment that is very challenging to grow crops and to increase organic matter. But with the right decision into the crop rotation, we can increase the organic matter. So one thing that we should do is increase no till. So reducing the tillage, we can conserve more water into the soil and then reduce the evaporation because we can leave the soil surface covered for a long time. And then we can increase our water storage. Another important thing to do is how we fit cover crops in our cropping systems. So it's very challenging here in North Dakota to introduce the cover crops, especially in the North Central and Western part of the state. But there are a lot of options that we can rely on to increase the use of cover crops, especially in the late summer and in the fall. And then the cover crops can grow in that period before the frost. And then we have the benefits of leaving plants growing in the short period of time. So these benefits will translate it into increase over time the soil structure. We need leaving roots into the soil to increase soil aggregation, soil structure. And then over time, not a short period of time, but it takes time. So we can increase our water storage capacity. So there is a lot of options that have been researched for North Dakota for cover crops. You can look at our publications. So try to fit the cover crops in your system. Another important thing that we have saw this season here in the dry conditions. So a lot of farmers try to seek moisture during the planting time. Seek moisture, I mean plant deeper than their recommendation. So we have seen a lot of problems doing this practice. You know, we should plant like two inches depth and a lot of farmers trying to plant three inches depth. And we saw a lot of problem for emergency uneven fields. The soil was crusted. It's a practice that should be avoided. And another issue that prevents your cropping systems to be more resilient is one thing related to speed of planting. We came across with several fields with speed planting problem. So it developed a growth in the soil surface that prevent the proper emergency of the crops, especially soybeans. The most common problem up here in the region. There is not an easy fix for building resilience into the cropping systems. But there is a medium and long term, very feasible options to build your resilience into cropping systems. So my final message is try as much as possible to feed cover crops into your rotation scheme for you get all this beneficial in the medium and long term. Thank you.