So, we will continue our discussion on monopoly like what we discussed in the previous class like short non long run output and price and output decision in the monopoly, how the farms gets profit, normal profit, super normal profit or incur loss and then also we check the demanded revenue, what are the different entry barrier, what are the sources for barrier to entry, what are the different types of monopoly, what we checked in the last class. So, if you remember we talked about the feature of monopoly first, what are the different characteristic of monopoly. Then we discussed about the regions and types of monopoly, then we discussed about the demand marginal revenue for a monopoly firm and then we talked about the price and output decision in the short run and in the long run. So, if you remember in the short run maybe the farm gets normal profit, super normal profit incur loss, but generally in case of long run the farm never incur loss, rather they try to get at least the normal profit even if not the super normal profit. So, in this particular session we will talk about the supply curve of a monopoly firm, then we will take a case of a multi plant monopoly and we will see how the price and output decisions are made in case of a multi plant monopoly. Then we will talk about the impact of change in the demand and cost, then we will talk about the imposition of tax, who gets the bottom of tax whenever there is a imposition of tax whether it is buyers and sellers. Then we will talk about the different methods or measures of monopoly power and then we will talk about the welfare cost of monopoly. So, to start with we will start our discussion the supply curve of monopoly. So, if you remember in case of a perfect competitive firm the supply curve is that segment of marginal cost which lies above the minimum point of average variable cost, consider as the supply curve for the competitive firm. Now, why that is consider as the supply curve of competitive firm because the firm shutdown the operation if price goes below the minimum point of AVC and that is the reason the minimum point AVC is consider as the starting point for the firm supply function and that is the reason the supply curve starts from that point of the marginal cost. So, it is the above segment of the marginal cost which lies above the average variable cost is generally known as the supply curve for the competitive firm. The situation is different in case of monopoly firm. Now, let us see what we consider as the supply curve in case of a monopoly firm whether there is a existence of supply curve or there is no existence of supply curve in case of a monopoly firm. So, the intersection of a monopolist marginal revenue and marginal cost curve identify the profit maximizing quantity if the price is found on the demand curve. So, if you remember our MCMR rule that gives us once we follow the MCMR rule we get the profit maximizing output and profit maximizing price and the price generally found on the demand curve. Thus, there is no curve that shows both price quantity supply and there is no monopolist supply curve. But if you look at now how the supply of goods whatever decided by the monopolist where it gets represented. So, supply of goods by the monopolist at a given price would be determined by both market demand and the marginal cost curve. So, there is no definite supply curve for a monopolist because the whatever the supply of goods by the monopolist at a given price would always be dependent on the market demand and the marginal cost function. Since it is a single seller single firm they always look for the profit where they always look for the price which goes above the marginal cost. So, that they can maximize the revenue and they can maximize the profit because in case of monopoly if you find it is not that P is equal to MC rule the price is always greater than the marginal cost. Whereas, in case of perfect competitive firm it is always P there is a equalization of P is equal to MC that leaves the that leaves no scope for the profit up to maximize the profit for the individual firm. Since supply curve is absent. So, basically it is the demand and MC curve they plays a greater role when it comes to the price and output decision of the monopolist firm. Now, we will take a different type of case that is the case of a multi plant monopoly and what is multi plant monopoly? Multi plant monopoly is one where the firms produces the same product, firms produces the homogeneous product in different plants at different cost of production. So, if the firm has to produce 100 units of the particular quantity of product he can produce it in 2, 3 different plants where the cost of production the per unit cost of productions are different different in some cases it is higher and some cases it is lower. So, when the firm produces the homogeneous product in 2 different plant each with different cost the multi plant monopolist has to decide also and how to allocate the profit maximize output between 2 plants. So, the product is homogeneous but the plant is producing the homogeneous product the same product or the identical product in all the on the different plants and obviously the plant each plant is having a different cost function they are not operating at the same cost function or they are not operating at the same level of cost that implies that the per unit cost has to be different in the different plant. So, now let us see how the price and output determination is generally done when it is a case of a multi plant monopolist and the entire situation is called as the multi plant monopoly. So, in this case the firm must determine how to distribute the production between both the plants which firm should produce how much and because it always dependent on the cost of production. So, firm must determine how to distribute production between both plants production should be split. So, that marginal cost in the plant is the same and output is chosen where m r is equal to m c and profit is therefore, maximized when m r is equal to m c at each plant. So, productions will be split. So, that the marginal cost of the plant is the same the per unit cost added to the total cost by producing one more unit should be same and output is chosen on the basis of the same marginalist rule that is marginal cost has to be equal to the marginal revenue and profit is maximized at the by following this equalization rule that is marginal revenue equal to the marginal cost at each plant. So, we will get two set of marginal revenue curve and we will get or we will get two set of marginal revenue curve and two set of marginal cost curve and when it comes to the profit maximizing level in the both plant the m c m r has to be different because the cost is specific to the plant whereas, the revenue is specific to the firm is a whole. So, if you consider here q 1 is the output c 1 is the cost of production for plant 1, q 2 and q 2 is the output for plant 2 and c 2 is the cost of production for plant 2. Now, what is the total output? The total output has to be q 1 plus q 2 and in this case what will be the profit? The profit is the revenue what the firm gets that is p q 2 minus c 1 q 1 that is the cost function of the first plant and c 2 q 2 that is the cost function of the second plant. So, firms should increase the output from each plant until the additional profit from last unit produced plant 1 equals to 0. So, the firm is going on increasing the output production of the output in each plant till the time there is a positive profit comes to the firm. Once the profit goes to 0 then the firm generally stops increasing output in that plant because if after that it may happen that the profit goes in the negative side. So, this is the profit maximization we take the change in the profit with respect to change in the q 1 that is change in the revenue minus change in the cost function of the first plant and change q that is again MR if you look at the first term is generally MR because that is change in the revenue with respect to change in q 1 and second part is generally m c 1 that is the specific cost function for the plant 1 and h per the marginal rule it has to be equalized to 0. So, marginal revenue minus marginal cost 1 is equal to 0 marginal revenue equal to and marginal revenue and that again if you simplify this then the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost for the plant that is m c 1. Now, the same thing we can do it for the plant 2 and what we will get for plant 2 that is the marginal revenue has to be equal to the m c 2 that is the cost function marginal cost function for the plant 2. Now, firm should choose to produce where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost 1 and marginal cost 2 and we can show this graphically like marginal revenue and marginal cost it gives the total output and this point shows marginal revenue for each firm and where marginal revenue crosses the m c 1 and m c 2 shows the output for each firm. So, now we can see graphical representation of this multipland monopoly generally how it happened how the price is decided on the basis of them. So, if you look at here the equilibrium quantity equilibrium price is decided on the basis of the total revenue and total cost of both the plants, but when it comes to how much they have to produce and because they do not have the control on the price only they have a control about the how much they have to produce in each plant that is again comes from the fact that marginal revenue is equal to m c 1 following the marginalist rule and marginal revenue for equal to m c 2 for the plant 2 again following the marginalist rule. So, this is our average revenue curve, this is the marginal revenue curve, this is our average cost curve, this is the marginal cost curve, this is the point where marginal revenue and marginal cost intersect each other. From here we can find out the equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price. So, this price has to be followed in both the firms so this is again p is equal to m r and p is equal to a r and here it is again p is equal to a r. Now, we will see how we get it from how this q is divided between plant 1 q 1 and q 2. Now, suppose we have a average cost rate here, we have a marginal cost rate here. Now, this is the point where there is a equalization of the marginal cost and marginal revenue. Since we have only one marginal revenue, but we have two level of cost of cost production.  So, corresponding to this we get a point here that is and this gives us the marginal revenue equal to the marginal cost 1. And corresponding to this, this is the output level that has to be produced by plant a. Whereas, if you look at again we have a different cost function for plant 2 and this is average cost 2, this is marginal cost 2, this is average cost 1, this is marginal cost 1. Similarly, again we will take a point corresponding to the marginal cost and marginal revenue and this gives us the output for plant 2. So, this q is equal to q 1 plus q 2 plus and generally how this output is decided? Initially the total output, this profit maximizing output q is decided on the fact that marginal cost which is some total of marginal cost 1 and marginal cost 2 is equal to marginal cost. On that basis, this following the marginal is principle, marginal cost, marginal revenue on that basis this is the equilibrium level of output and this is the equilibrium price. The same price is, same price has to be followed for plant 1, plant 2. How plant 1 and plant 2 they are different from each other? Plant 1 operate at a lower cost of production and plant 1 is operate at a higher cost of production because average cost 2 is higher than average cost 1 and similarly corresponding to that we get two different level of cost function that is m c 1 and m c 2 and m c 1 when you equalize with m r we get the level of output that is going to be produced by plant 1 corresponding to m c 2 when you equalize the m c 2 with m r we get the q 2 which is the same level again the level of output that is going to be produced by plant b. Now, the question comes what is the logic over here on what basis generally the firm produces more? Obviously, the firm produces more in that plant where the cost of production where the average cost of production generally at a lower level because through that they can they get the economies of scale when they operate the scale of product and when they expand the scale of operation they expand at a lower cost of production and that is the reason they prefer to produce more in a low cost firm rather in a high cost firm because if they are producing in a high cost firm they are producing more in a high cost firm the cost of production the gap between the cost of production and the market price that generally narrow down and market price is same for that whether the output gets produced from the plant 1 or output get produced from the plant 2. And this is how the multi plant monopolist generally decides it is the same thumb rule what we apply for the profit maximizing level of output the monopolist firm the multi plant monopolist firm generally takes a total of marginal revenue for across the firm for across the plants and then they take the marginal cost which is the summation of marginal cost 1 for plant 1 and marginal cost 2 for plant 2 since there are 2 plants there may be many plants and always the marginal cost is the summation of marginal cost function of the all the plants where the output gets produced. So, after getting the summation of all this now it is get equalized with marginal revenue and corresponding to that we get a profit maximizing level of output and this profit maximizing level of output generally gives us the total quantity that has to be produced by the firm. Now firms decide the now firm divides the total output among all the firms on the basis of their cost of production. If it is low cost of production generally the firm prefers to give them more output to produce to get produce and if it is a high cost firm they generally produce at a produce less because the per unit cost is on a higher side. Then we will take a numerical to understand this that how this Q gets divided between 2 plants or how the profit gets firm we can find out with the help of a numerical. So, demand function is 200 minus x we have 2 plants m and n. So, this is the total cost of function for m this is the total cost function for n. So, total cost function for m is 30 x m and total cost function for n is 0.5 x n and the total cost function for n is 0.5 square. Now this x is output x is the output this is equal to the x m plus x n because this the output gets from both the firms that is x m plus x n. Now we will find out the output level what output to get produce what is the amount of x and we will find out what is the revenue and what is the profit. So, if you look at then now we have to find the total revenue and total revenue is 200 x minus x square because this is basically the P Q. Marginal revenue is equal to 200 minus 2 x m c 1 is equal to 30 and m c 2 is equal to x n. Now to find out what is the value of x m and x n what we should do now we should equalize the m c 1 may be that is you can call it m c m and this is m c n also. So, marginal cost for m marginal cost of n has to be equal to marginal revenue that is m r. Now when we equalize this m c m and m c n then we get x n is equal to from this 2 we get x n is equal to 30 and from m c 1 and m r what is our m r m r is 200 minus 2 x it has to be equal to what is m c m that is 30. So, 2 x is equal to 170 x is equal to 85. So, x is always a summation of x m plus x n. So, that way if x is 85 and x m is not known and x n is 30 then we can say that x m is equal to 0. So, the total output to be produced is 85 and among this 85 x n has to be produced by x n has to be produced plant n has to be produced 30 and plant m has to produce 55 units of output. Now what is the price once we get this what is the price to in order to find out the price now you remember your demand equation that is 200 minus x. So, that comes to 200 minus 85 which is equal to 115. So, we have the value of p we have the value of q in term of x and from there we can once we put the value of p and q in our revenue function and cost function we can get the value of the profit what the firm gets and please remember this profit is from both the plant that is plant m and plant n because the both the output all the output gets aggregated between both the plants to produce the it in the but when it comes to the firm it is when it comes to the firm the finish could always the price is same and the revenue goes to the firm that is also same irrespective of it whether it is produced in the plant m or whether it is produced in plant n. Next we will see what is the effect of shift in the demand on monopoly whenever there is a change in the demand how it generally affects the monopoly equilibrium or how generally it affects the monopoly profit or how it affects the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of monopolist firm. So, an upward shift in the demand curve that is increase in the demand curve marginal cost curve remaining the same will increase the equilibrium output level. So, m c remain same upward shift in the demand curve. So, generally average revenue shifts off. So, equilibrium output will increase and effect on the equilibrium price remain indeterminate. So, it is difficult to predict whether the price has to increase equilibrium price has to increase whenever there is a upward shift in the demand curve whether it has to be decrease or whether it has to be remain constant. So, we will check in which case it may increase in which case it may decrease and it which case it may remain constant. So, we are just taking one case here where we are saying that demand is upward. So, demand is increasing. So, suppose this is your d 1 this is d 0 or this is you can call it is m r 1 this is d 0 and this is m r 0 this is the marginal cost. So, we have one point here one point here. So, showing this point to understand more clearly. So, this is demand. So, initially we can consider the quantity over here we can consider the price and m r over here. So, initially the demand curve is d 0 marginal revenue curve is m r 0. What is the corresponding equilibrium point? The equilibrium point is the equation of marginal 0 and marginal cost and we get the point e 0, e 0 as the equilibrium point. Increase in the demand takes place from d 0 to d 1. Correspondingly we get a new level of marginal revenue curve and that the new point of marginal revenue curve again it is the equilibrium point we get as e 1. So, with the increase in the demand also if you look at still the price is constant even if the output is increasing from q 0 to q 1, but the price remains same at p 0 which is also equal to 0. So, in this case what we can say we can conclude that if the demand is increasing if there is a upward increase in the demand correspondingly there is a shift in the marginal revenue curve, but the position of the marginal cost curve is such that even if due to change in the demand the new equilibrium is taking place and the corresponding to new equilibrium we are getting a new level of output, but we are not getting a new level of price. The price remain constant only the output changes. So, if you look at it all more to on the shape of the marginal cost curve that will decide whether with the increase in the demand the equilibrium price will increase, decrease or constant. So, this is the first case where the price is constant whenever there is a increase in the demand from d 0 to d 1. Then we will take a case where the marginal when there is a increase in the demand function that generally increases the price also along with the change in the equilibrium output. So, this is d 0 this is marginal revenue 0 demand increases from d 0 to d 1. So, marginal revenue is also we get a new marginal revenue curve corresponding to new demand curve. This is the marginal cost curve. So, we get point E 0 which is the equation of the marginal revenue and corresponding to we get the equilibrium point E 0 and we get another point E 1 which is equalization of M R 1 and M C. So, we get another point of the we get another point of equilibrium. So, in this case in the first case this is the quantity profit maximizing quantity this is the profit maximizing price. After increase in the demand corresponding to new level of equilibrium this is the output and this is the price. So, in this case what is the outcome? The outcome is when the demand is increasing and correspondingly that M R is also increasing the in this case the price is increasing equilibrium price is increasing and also equilibrium output is increasing. So, if equilibrium price is increasing that is all to do with the shape of the marginal cost curve because marginal cost is increasing and if you look at the per unit cost cutting added to produce more output because of in response of demand is increasing and that is the reason the price is increasing due to change in the demand. Then we will take a case where there is a decrease in the equilibrium price whenever there is a increase in the demand for the product this is. So, d 0 is the initial demand curve, marginal revenue 0 is the initial marginal revenue with respect to the demand curve, d 1 is the change in the demand curve because of there is upward shift in the demand curve, marginal revenue is the change in the marginal revenue is the change in the marginal revenue with respect to d 1. Now, we will see how this leads to a decrease in the demand. We have one point again where we get the equation of marginal revenue 0 equal to marginal cost and we get E 0 corresponding to that we get the price is P 0 and quantity is Q 0. Then we get a new equilibrium that is marginal revenue 1 which is equal to marginal cost and we get the equilibrium point as E 1 corresponding to that we get as Q 1 and we get as P 1. So, equilibrium price is P 1 and equilibrium quantity is Q 1. So, in this case what is happening in this case the outcome is when there is a increase in the demand from D 0 to D 1 the equilibrium output is increasing and, but the price is decreasing. So, here if you can see the difference also in the previous two cases the change in the output is not very high as compared to this because relatively here the change in the output is also more because this the increase in the demand and that leads to decrease in the price which again leads to the increase in the output and if you look at this again follows the basic demand supply condition generally it happens in case of a open market or in case of a market which is competitive.


Welcome back in the last segment, we considered the problem of deciding whether a set of disks is intersecting or not intersecting. In this segment, we are going to look at arrays of graphics objects whether that is even possible and we are also going to conclude this entire lecture sequence. So, can we have arrays of graphics objects? Indeed we can, so if I create an array, we will end up creating multiple graphics objects. So, for example, I can write turtle t and that gets me an array of turtles, three turtles to be in particular. So, if I write such a statement, this statement has to appear after I write init canvas because when I create the turtle, the array of turtles, the turtles will be created on the canvas as well. So, such a statement has to appear after I have executed init canvas. And furthermore, if I create such an array, I will get three turtles and they will be created at the same position as what we get when we create a single turtle, which is all of them will be created sitting at the center of the screen and furthermore, they will be all facing right. So, I can in a similar manner, I can also create say circles. So, I can write say circle C maybe 15. Now, there is a slight difference between turtles and circles. So, when I create a circle, I am expecting to give it center and radius. So, when I create an array, there is no room for me here in this syntax to give the center and the radius. So, what I need to do if I am creating an array of circles or indeed creating an array of lines or rectangles is that subsequently, I have to execute C dot reset with X, Y or expand R for an individual circle or for an circle from an array, I have to issue say C dot C of I dot reset X, Y and R and here I can specify the X and Y coordinates of the center of the ith circle and also the radius of the ith circle. Reset command is discussed in chapter 5 of the book. So, this first circles will create, will indeed create an array of circles, but they will not have radii, they will not have centers, they will sort of be dummy circles until you do this reset. But coming back to turtles, if I issue this, you will indeed get turtles on the screen, but they will be sitting in the same position which is the center of the screen and pointing all pointing to the right. Now, I can talk to one turtle and I can write T of 1 dot right, which is what you might expect. This will turn the first turtle, remember there is a zero turtle as well, this will turn the first turtle right by 120 degrees. So here is the program, so let us see what it does. So it is going to first create the canvas, then it is going to have three turtles created, then it will turn T1 left by 120, T2 left by 240. So what is this going to do? So I have three turtles, one on top of the other, T1 is going to turn left by 120. So one of the turtles is going to start facing in this direction. So this is turtle 1, the other turtle is going to face by turn by 240, so it is going to face in this direction. So this is going to be turtle 2 and turtle 0 is going to be facing in the same direction. We have not changed the orientation of turtle 0. Next I have a repeat statement, but the repeat statement is a little bit complicated because inside it there is a for loop. So inside I am going to do something for every turtle, for every turtle I am going to do the same thing forward 100 and left 360 upon 8, you remember what this does? So if this had been just forward 100 and left 360 upon 8, this would have been drawing an octagon with side length 100. So effectively each turtle is going to draw an octagon, but this turtle is pointing in this direction. So it is going to draw an octagon which looks something like this. This turtle is going to draw an octagon which looks something like this. And this turtle is going to draw an octagon which looks something like this. So starting over here, so it is going to go forward, then left, so like this. So that is what it is going to do and then there is it is going to wait for you to see what has happened and that is the end of it. So let us see this in action. So this is the program, this is pretty much what you have on the slides. So let us compile it and let us run it. So you can see that the three turtles are drawing three octagons but they are drawing octagons in different positions and this way you can create interesting designs and interesting patterns or you can choreograph the turtles in interesting ways if you want. And incidentally you will remember that we did something like this earlier when we were looking at when we were studying chapter 5. Over there we just had names T1, T2, T3, but now we can actually use an array and since we have an array we do not have to write the commands separately for the separate turtles, we can put them in a loop. So this is as far as what I wanted to say about arrays and the applications of arrays and so let me make some concluding remarks for this entire lecture sequence. So first of all an array is just a way to store many objects of the same type in memory without having to define a separate variable for each object. So by defining an array you get many variables defined in one shot. So you do get all the variables you want but you do not need to define them one at a time separately. The index allows you to choose which of the variables you want to refer to at the current moment and the index must be between 0 and the length minus 1 or the size minus 1, the size of the array minus 1 and it can be an expression and index may sometimes play an active role in the sense that when the roll numbers are consecutive from 0 to n minus 1 we do not need to store the roll numbers. So the index or the position of the element is going to tell you what roll number it is. So we do not actually store the roll number, we do not actually store the index either but we can refer to the index, we can say give me the ith element of this array and that i is the index and that is sort of implicitly present and when we are dealing with certain kinds of problems. So if say the case of the roll numbers, if the roll numbers are in 0 through n minus 1 we do not really need to store the roll numbers. Similarly in the polynomial representation we had n coefficients but we do not need to store i, we just have to store ci or the ith coefficient because the coefficients are stored in sequence we know the which coefficient corresponds to which power in the polynomial. In the taxi dispatch the position, the index also played an active role because using that and using that variable front we could say, we could figure out which customer, which taxi driver came earlier and which tax driver came later. Sometimes of course the index may not have any significance. So in our example where we had roll numbers, sort of general roll numbers as well as marks. So we had to store the general variables as well and essentially what was going on over here is that we were storing sets of pairs and so those pairs could have been stored in an arbitrary order. One point that we have to note is that indexing into an array happens very fast independent of how many elements there are present in the array. So this is something that we will discuss a little bit later in the next lecture but this is something that you have to keep in mind. So when you write marks of i, some little bit extra time is there beyond accessing a variable, a simple variable but it is really pretty much the same time as accessing an ordinary variable just a little bit more and importantly it does not depend on how many elements you have in the array. One more remark when you have arrays there are some very natural idioms that you should understand. So the simplest thing is that you may have to scan through all the, go through all the elements in the array to find a matching element. So this is sometimes called a linear search. You may do some calculation which determines the index of the histogram, index of which element is to be looked at. So you are not going to, you may not go through the indices in order always but you may do some interesting calculation and this is something that happened in the histogram example. You may use an array like a queue of elements which wait for something to, which wait for something to happen and after which they leave the queue and this is something that happened in the taxi dispatch example. And of course we also saw the accumulation idiom and we also saw the filtering idiom. So that is basically it for this lecture. I will again remind you that in the textbook there are lots of problems related to arrays at the end of chapter 14 and I would like you to start solving those problems. But we are going to have an additional lecture on chapter 14 so which is going to come up next. So let me conclude this lecture at this point and thank you.


Welcome to combat of Wing Chun. Today we're going to show you a few more Wing Chun Dami techniques but we're going to do a little bit differently. We have our awesome action camp today and you're going to see in first person mode so stay tuned and we can get to it right now. In the middle of the Wing Chun form from Yip Man's 116 moves. So this is the one where we start like this and then we're going to go to the right, go to the left, go to the right, back to the left and when you get to the left you're going to circle this one and then we have a left palm come out down here. You can see it. So that's all we're going to do and then we do it with our left hand. We start with left hand and build it in the front and then out, in, out, in, circle this way, on to the midsection here. So a little bit faster it'll be, it'll be starting to the right, we'll be going to the D on top of that and then we'll start the level we want it to be. So I'm going to show you how to use that in the self advanced application. So if you're using this against an attack this is what it's used for. So let's say your punch is coming from the other way. So you can use this to block this way, another one is coming, you can use it to block this way. So basically it depends here if your hand is on this side you're going to push it out this way. So if it's hands on this side you're going to use it this way. Just like you did on the dummy, right, you go to the right, left, left, right, anything. So it doesn't matter which hand it is, if it's on the left we're going to go out to the left. If it's on the left scale you can go over that to the left again. If it's on the right side you're going to use that to redirect to the left and so on.  So he's going to do any kind of attack. This way, this way, another one, this way, this way, this way, this way, this way, this way. Okay so remember see what I did in the last one there. Okay so I've got this one, this one, another one. If I go on this side I want to move it to the other side so I do it good. And now it's on this side. Okay so let's say I'm fighting with my right hand in front here. So basically this action is going to redirect anything on this side and then if something comes in this side, this action will redirect everything on this side.  Okay so he can punch any punch he wants, this way, this way, this way, this way, this way and so on. Okay go this way, I keep going this way, I'm going this way, and this way, and this way. Okay so basically you should be able to redirect stuff all with the front hand in this motion. Okay so if you use the soft way it'll look something like this. One, two, three, four. And notice that whenever I'm doing it I am not moving it too far out to the left and right because in the dummy you can see there's only this much space in between them. So I'm moving from here, little tiny movements right because you move too far to the right and you open yourself up too much. So when I'm doing the redirection I'm just doing a little bit out, open up the middle for an attack.  So just to summarize we're going to use this motion and you can use it basically as the first line of defense. Any punch comes in, any kind of attack, this is your first line of defense because it's closest to whatever is coming in. So you can use it to, first of all, immediately overtake the center line with that one motion. But instead of just staying there like in the Wing Chun dummy form, just doing this, I'm going to combine it with a step so we go boom and then now look what happened. I opened up this and then I'm in the center line for attack. So if it is a little bit on the outside, if you think it's going the outside and then continue forward and now you're in the center line of the attack. So make sure that you are stepping in with that motion. So instead of just staying in one place and he comes in attack, he comes in another one closer, he does another one, he can move in closer and closer. Now I'm getting stuck and I'm trying to do this. So what you want to do is overtake that center line as fast as possible. Punch is coming in, cool. I'm already here overtaking the center line on the outside this time or if it's on the inside, cool. I'm already here on the inside overtaking the center line.  Okay, so let me show you a combination that you can use. So that's like he's coming in for a punch, he's in attack, let's say hit him, he wants to hit another one. So that's your combo. Combo would be boom and then this one just like in the dummy form. So here's time to use it against very common attack which is just the one, two punch. So he's doing one, two. So firstly, I'm going to do the same thing. First one, I'm going to get on the angle on the outside or on the inside. So if I can get on the outside, for example, this two is coming, then either I can, if I have time, I will hoon it, but if I don't have time, then that's what you're loose all this for, your second line of defense, right? Now we've got two. First line of defense, second line of defense. So he does one, two. One, the two is coming, you have a second line of defense here. Okay, so I can do double punch. So like make sure you have your first line of defense here. He does one, two. On the outside, like you see, he's trying to do a hook. Good thing I had no second line of defense. So I can block here and then go for a rear cross or do the same thing, right? Second line of defense, I can grab here, right? Do the palm and my leg. Do what we did there, right? You can do a arm guard, arm break. You can do a wrist block, whatever you want to do, something like that, okay? So this is very good for using it as a defense and using it as an attack, but basically you're occupying that space.


Hello everyone in this video. We'll discuss doing a be deployments using in OpenShift a be deployments is a deployment model that is used commonly these days for For achieving minimum downtime of applications where you would when you whenever you make changes to your application you would want to run more than one version of the application at the same time and then Switch over to the newer version of application over a bit of time. Let's let's look at what how it works let's say you have your application and and a version of your application is running, let's say you deployed a version one of your application and it's running and The end user is accessing this application using a using a URL assigned to this application and there is a router that is front-ending and when you Let's say there are multiple instances of your application running and when the user hits that URL the router takes care of directing the traffic to one of those Instances that are running for application, which is of version one Now let's say you need to make changes to this application and at that point you Introduce a changed version of of this application and in case of AB deployments Instead of turning off the older version of your application and then switching over to the newer version What you would try to do is run both the versions of applications at the same time wherein you would let's say you had four instances of application version one running you introduce just one instance of application version two here, right and Now and you will configure your router to Direct some of the traffic to application version two and If you are happy with how that version two is working, right? then you would increase the number of instances of Version two that you are changes and you will gradually reduce the number of instances of application version one and over a period of time you would You would completely remove application version one and Your application version two takes over from there, right and this also allows you to actually roll back The two application version one if you are not happy with version two then you can scale down the number of instances of version two and Increase the number of instances of version one as desired So you can do the reverse effect if if you wanted to right now This kind of a implementation of a AV deployments Comes naturally out of OpenShift due to the way in which OpenShift itself is architected And let's see how that is how that can be achieved with with what we have Basically if you look at if if you have understood the architecture of OpenShift in the past right OpenShift runs the application instances in OpenShift or Any app runs inside a Kubernetes part, so let's say your Application version one is running and it is running in four different parts. Let's say right and those parts are front-ended by a Service which groups all the parts related to this application. So let us say we have Assigned a label to this application version one and we and we assigned a label called AB member equal to true meaning I am going to be using An a bit deployment model for this application in the future So make me make me as part of this AB member or AB group We are just sitting a random label like that like you you can choose whatever name you want While creating an application we can add a labels For for the service to be able to group your parts based on that label We'll see how to do that in when we are creating an app so Now the service will be configured with a selector to Select all the parts that are with that label AB member equal to true, right and When you expose this service with a route Then your router will be configured to direct all the traffic coming to your application To any of these parts which are selected by using the selector, right? Now with this kind of an architecture being there When you have to introduce a change to the application in in our AB deployment model all you would do is add your Version 2 application the beef be version of the application and assign the same exact label and That's it your service will pick up your new parts based on the same selector that we had assigned to it before and The traffic gets now routed between version 1 and version 2 and eventually you can Just keep version 2 and remove version 1 if you're happy with version 2, right? So that's the model Let's look at the example of how to do that in OpenShift So now I'm logged on to my OpenShift environment on the web console. I am in a project creation screen I'm creating a new project with name avid deployment and I just give a display name and Description as well, and I'll say create this creates the new project and Now let's add an application version a right so on GitHub I have provided a sample code for this I have a simple application what it does is it it shows That it just displays a version number and it says where this part is running is it displays the IP address of the part, right? Now let's take this and apply it Into OpenShift as an application a so I'll go back and I'll use this URL and Since this is a PHP app, I'm selecting PHP I'll call this app a Right and we will since we are going to create a new service and We will be Using our own selectors. I will not create the route for now. I'll just remove the route so I am deploying app a with no route and We'll scale it up later as of now what I'll do is I'll add a label called AB group member is true right So now this label got added and when I create this application any part that gets Created would have that label applied Now this will take a couple of minutes for this application to spin up in the meanwhile. What we'll do is we will use our project C project AB deployment and And Let's look at what deployment configurations exist now there is a deployment configuration for app a that was that's already created So let's edit that We'll see edit DC now If you look at this it has a label AB group member equal to true right That means that any part that gets created will get added this label Now what we'll do is we'll also add this to the selectors right, so I added a selector here to this deployment config now, let us also add a new service to to expose this deployment configuration with this change that we just added right, so we'll add a new service and And So I'm exposing a service the DC app a with the name I'm assigning a name AB service because this is a common service that applies both to application a as well as application B so I'm calling it a B and I mean, it's just a naming convention. I'm using there's nothing you can call it any XYZ It doesn't matter and I am assigning the selector of AB group member equal to true This is the one that we configured right and we are going to generate a new service by default when OpenShift Created this application it would have added a service ignore that we are Creating a new service that can that is configured to with the selector AB group member equal to true right, so let's see If I do OC gets service You will see now there are two services one is that app a which was generated before right And there is a new service that we just added. This is what we are going to use now And this this is a service that we will use to expose via our route Okay, now, let's also create the a route By using this service I will expose service AB service and I'll create a new route with the name let's say AB route and I'll assign a URL a hostname equal to AB deploy okay Now my service is exposed via this route In the meanwhile, the build is still running So let's give it a couple of more minutes for it to be done. So the application is now deployed and Let's see the the build is complete The one part of this application is running Right, so let us and and if you look at the services There is a service that was created along with the application will ignore that and we created our own service a new service and We assigned a URL To expose the service. Let's open this link in a new tab so if I look at it now my Application is now running since there is a single part which is ending with 59, right? Let me show you on the overview page There is one part running that is 10 dot 1 dot 1 dot 59 and that's what is shown here right now Let's do something. Let's scale up this application OC scale EC App a this is the the I'm saying use the deployment configuration app a and scale this application and Set the number of replicas to four Right once I do that watch in the back it does it is spun up four different parts immediately and it's Slowly the parts start Turning into running status right now. They are all running now. Let's do something else We will Now run We'll put a for loop and run a curl to the same URL To see what we get right so the scaling is running. I did a 10-time curl To the same URL that we configured right it says I'm version one I'm version one I'm version all the time this version one and it says the it gives the part number 59 60 66 67 look at it 59 60 66 67 and then It's load balancing the track it's doing in the round robin way like 59 66 66 and again the same things will repeat right so basically we have an application version one and four instances of this application are running and when we are from the client side from the my local machine when I am Accessing this application I am hitting all different parts and My the route is the router is routing the traffic to between load balance the traffic across different parts That's what we have seen so far now Let us do the next step now will Go to the application and we will make a small change here, right? Edit this file. I'll change this to version 2 right now and I'll also Come at this changes I'm not asking OpenShift at this point to update app a to that new version instead what I'm going to do now is create an additional application within the same project right and I'll use the same The same GitHub URL To deploy my application. I'll select the same php 5.5 and This time I'm calling it app B instead of happy right that the first one was happy. This is at B now I'll not create a route because we already have a route and that will take care of this and What we'll do is we'll just create one part. So scaling replicas is set to one by default and We'll edit the labels and we'll give the same exact group membership a be group Member whatever you configured in in the selector for the service that same label name should apply to this these parts as well So and I'll add that Now now I'll create this app B Now open shift will do the source to image process it will go and pick up the source code from this Git repository and it will overlay that source code on the top of the php image It will create an application image and it will then deploy that image and that process will take a Couple of minutes for that to happen the app B is still the the schedule is still waiting to schedule a build Job so we'll give it a minute and and come back. So now the deployment of App B is complete. It was it's successfully build It's pushed into the repository and then now it is deployed and it is running with a single part And that pops parts IP address you can see is ten dot one dot two dot thirty seven right now Let's run that same for loop again As you can see that app a which is the version one is has four instances running, right? And app B which is version two of our application has only one instance running So we should see the same kind of thing when we Look at this the output of this for loop If you see this right there are four instances of app one running So with the drone robin scheduling, you'll see that There is 66 67 59 60 which are the app a parts right those are returning version one and 37 which is 2.37 which is pod Belonging to version two is returning. I am version two right and then this repeats so it's like four results from The from the version one and one result from version two which is Consistent with the number of parts that are running right to move forward with our AB deployment process now Let's say we are happy with The way in which version two is running So let's increase the scale of the number of parts for version two and scale down the number of parts for version one So all I'm going to do is OC scale Deployment configuration app a Replicas I'm going to reduce this to two right and for app B I'll increase this to two so we will have equal number of parts of both right as you can see while I'm making this change It's happening behind us Right behind the screen right you are seeing that the app a has two parts now and Ab B has two parts now it took a second for for those to get into the running status now Let's run that for loop again, right now. We should see that one result is from Version one other result from version two one result from version one other from so it's like it's equally distributed so you have 66 60 returning version one and 68 and 37 Returning version two right so now Let's say you are not happy with the change and you want to roll back you can always scale the App a up But let's assume that app B's the changes we made for app B are good and we can scale app a completely down So let's set the replicas to zero. It's gone You can see that app a there are no parts running at this point of time, right and for app B We'll set the number of replicas to four Our favorite number Now You'll see that quickly this app B has four parts. They are two of them are in the pending status now They're running. Okay. Now. Let's run the for loop again. Everything is version two now, right? So that's how AB deployments Can be achieved in open shift There are some improvements that are expected in this area in terms of assigning the percentages and all But we'll cover them when it comes to that so that's In short the a bit of employment in open shift. Thanks a lot for watching the video


Insecurity and food crisis in Nigeria. Aribu land which is defined as a percentage of land area in Nigeria as of 2016 is reported as at 37.33%. One of the cardinal campaign objectives of the Buhari-led government is tackling insecurity. However, despite claims by federal authorities of increased security measures and atmosphere of insecurity still lingers, rising cases of banditry, kidnapping, headsman clashes, open grazing becoming a hot debatable issue, are bound with huge amount of ransom being paid. This is excluding PTSD which is the traumatic stress disorder that has suffered, has been suffered by victims according to opposition. There's a huge value chain of opportunities explored by beneficiaries of the rots in the system. According to a premium times reports, a total of 4.62 trillion naira has been allocated to the federal security sector in the past five years despite claims by the Nigeria security forces that they are being underfunded. The recent ensas protests against police brutality in the country led to the discovery and the mass looting of warehouses filled with food items meant to ameliorate food insecurity in the nation. The looting revealing Nigeria's perversive poverty and food insecurity. Food insecurity in Nigeria is continuously being aggravated by my rate of factors including insecurity and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic. About 9 out of 10 Nigerians cannot afford a healthy diet. Nigeria has the second highest burden of stunted children across the globe and millions of children suffer from acute malnutrition. About 3.7 million Nigerians or people across 16 states are food insecure. Other factors driving food crisis include civil conflicts, large-scale displacements, rising food prices, climate change population growth, natural resources degradation etc. Propelled by this certification in security and the loss of grazing land to expand settlement. The south word migration of Nigerians. Hetzmen is causing a lot of violent competition over land with local farmers in some communities. Communities have had to pay bandits before they could harvest farm produce. Rising conflict between Hetzmen and farmers in the country is already 6 times deadlier in 2018 than Boko Haram's insurgency. Food supply to some parts of the south was cut off due to agitation from aggrieved Fulani Hetzmen. Tens of thousands have been firstly displaced, crops and livestock worth billions of naira destroyed at great cost to local and their state economies. To stop the bloodshed, the federal government should bolster security for farmers and the Hetzmen. Should they end impunity for assailants, implement conflict resolution mechanisms and the heisting livestock sector reforms. It should also elaborate the new national livestock transformation plan and the commenced implementation of same. States should also become creative in diversification of IGR. It is worth mentioning that embracing innovation is also becoming imperative. Traditional methods like bush following rotational farming, grafting and agroforestry is being replaced by vertical farming, the drones and the bees. The polly house, polly tunnel, farming, artificial intelligence, internet of things and automation as well as robotics among others. With fluctuation in global oil prices, Nigeria can diversify its earnings by making agriculture attractive through ensuring safety of farmers. If the United States can rank top by volume of exports which is 72 billion dollars then Nigeria can replicate same. You know whenever we talk about this matters on food and insecurity it always comes down to the top point Nigeria as a country does not even know how many Nigerians it hopes to feed. No computer data of the entire people in the country. We are over 200 million people. We are not sure of how many and how many we are. We are not sure. And then secondly we have ignored something the desertification of the upper part of Nigeria that Zampara, Katsuna, Boruno it is causing an issue upon the desertification naturally man moves towards water. So taking away the desertification let me add another bigger problem our borders are insecure. So I were in a quagmire of issues if we do not get right as a country which other simple countries have gotten right we just might be able to never solve our insecurity and food insecurity we will never solve our insecurity and food insecurity I think. And you see what you're saying now someone yesterday who made a statement and the person said listen we're complaining about the rising cost of tomatoes in the market they said he went to he was a lady with a husband they went to the mall and one of the supermarkets and they realized that about he said oh like I assume it's not all majority of the tomato paste that he saw there were all from Nigeria. Now the question is this with the advent of these companies being set up to produce tomato paste have we deliberately increased the amounts of tomatoes that are produced in the north. Because now these people be taking a chunk of the same tomatoes as opposed to circulate around Nigeria to produce tomato paste sell the same tomato paste to us whereas we are left with a smaller quantity than we normally would and we know the the the theory of economics buying and selling and demand and supply thank you. So of course that will increase I think we're not strategic enough in in the way we address food as a security in Nigeria. Someone made a statement they calling me a statement about South Africa I said every year the people wait on government to hear government's policies before the strike especially after an election because they know that is the next big thing that's the next way to make money. Yes government came in and said they want to do a Greek and not just this government even before that we know what Mr Adeshino did how many of us have plugged into a Greek. Now we're complaining about the basins that they want to go discover oil in the north asif bla bla bla and I say fine number one that's the story for another day the money will not be given to the state government you'll be given to NNPC or whoever to explore and it will be shared in normal way of old whatever that is. Now the truth is the people quote unquote in the north often look for a way to resolve their problems we know I mean I'm shocked that we had we've had this headsman crisis in so many years and the question is how many state governors in the south have decided that you know what let's start producing an amount of rice let's start producing an amount of yam let's start feeding ourselves in the south so that if this thing worsens not just that we're self-sufficient but we can even sell food to the north to help them out because they cannot create food we are putting everything back on the federal government which they should take the blame no big deal but what are we doing as a people to make sure that we have food to eat. I think everything has been politicized to a very large extent because you just raised a very valid point we've been there's been headsman crisis for a very long time it's just became I don't even know what now made it brought it to the front burner but it's always been there we've always had cases of people being attacked in their farms we've had cases of cows moving into farms and eating things but you see because everything is about the politics everything um the that the advent the oil boom completely destroyed our capacity to think yeah it shut us down we hibernated we hibernated if at all we did not shut down we hibernated um so we have a minister for agriculture and we don't put in blames pointing fingers but the question is which goes back to that same question what's your developmental plan feme additional opened our eyes to a lot of a lot of things a lot of things kasa labor as a matter of facts which when you listen to feme additional you will not akimu mi addition akimu ma addition sorry akimu ma addition is the reservoir is i'm sorry even family you know where you were talking even family to me are you referring to am i this i'm not talking about you sir so akimu mi additional opened our eyes to huge opportunity in the agri agri agri agri sector um and you will be shocked how many billions of naira has been voted for this that information is not public because guess what karede if the information is made public it's made available if the process of the dissemination of that money is not through government if it was through independent institutions that also exist i am sure my village in ohozara produces rice i recall i recall very well at the time when i was there they will go to rise from they will produce rice when you hear about rice i we am from airborne states and my village produces rice but the process of that production is still is too acute to feed the the club needs our demands to meet that demand why can't we move in automation there why can't they move a factory there but it can be done because there is someone who represents us who will rather keep that conversation at the state house of assembly of federal house you know there was a one time minister of agriculture and i remember he really celebrated that we started exporting koko no it's impressive that we are exporting koko but i would give you the numbers we've always been doing no i'll give you i'll give you the numbers that's of 20s this was 2016 as of 2016 um we we're making as much as three billion dollars from our exports in koko wow but now the normal Nigerian was impressive but we need to pay attention to something our imports of koko derivatives which are koko uh chocolates all the things that was at 9.6 billion dollars meaning Nigeria is running at the deficit of 6 6.3 billion dollars when you have the raw material what is your plan for processing and now this processing deficiency is what Nigeria can feed itself i don't have a doubt about that i've travelled all across Nigeria i've been to every state Nigeria can feed itself Nigeria's problem is storage and processing and storage yeah we don't have no and there's one other thing transportation a lot of these things they just they are there for so long bringing them down here because by the time we look at the the cost the variance in the pricing from the village or wherever it is coming down to the city and even within the city from the amount of something is sold in ikorodu is different from the amount it's sold in probably or relay or somewhere in badagri why is the same legacy but the and the amount is not just little hundred or 200 or at times as much as 500 600 and i always tell them there are there are no headsmen between ikorodu and badagri so you cannot blame headsmen for that men they are headsmen in uniforms no no no in uniform collecting something that's why they are headsmen in uniform i mean i have a friend from benwestates her name is mimi and mimi will tell you that mimi will travel to her village and she will send pictures and she will say this big yam you're seeing is less than 1000 naira and when you see the big yam and she will tell you that yam is probably 400 naira in her village she will bring a basket of tomatoes and tell you this is 1200 naira that same basket goes for 6000 when you arrive i was in i was in just before i came in i don't live in live i was always bragging about that so i was in just and the basket of tomatoes there is 800 it's even less than oh but what happens and i sent to my sister in sister in law and my wife was apparently in Lagos at the time i sent to them and transporting it and if you divide it i was wondering i said why is tomato that expensive in Lagos if i decided to start transporting tomatoes up and down i'll make a lot of money but i'll tell you what Nigeria ignored the most which is pain of our problems with insecurity right now you see the troubles in sub Saharan Africa you asked the question you said how did it move to the front burner the troubles in sub Saharan Africa so when Libya was breaking down Sudan was causing havoc more guns were coming into the system in sub Saharan Africa Nigeria as usual didn't care we're spending money on oil national assembly was buying new cars we refuse to secure our borders what happened is those guns and those borders trickled down remember that our politicians hired some of these people for their little vendettas let me not only put place my hands on the politicians alone our small community referral fights and i'm not going to mention we hired a few of these gun criminals from outside to fight our wars and everybody's wondering all of us how the hell they get here everybody's not your business really and you see like what you're saying is so after that now listen i always we spend we don't understand and we don't take our time to really study about security if we did we realize that Nigeria hasn't done anything now Egypt doesn't have insurrection South Africa doesn't have insurrection Algeria doesn't have insurrection but in terms of GDP they spend more on securing and their military than Nigeria who is suffering and all round does we spend less than i think 0.5 percent or 0.6 percent i think Egypt spends or South Africa spends around 0.9 Egypt 1.2 1.6 uh Algeria is it towards whatever of their of their budget and their budget let's face the facts most likely will be bigger than Nigeria's budget so in terms of the actual amount they spend way more on their military every single year than we Nigerians who are confronted confronted with insurrection across both from the northern part to the southern part and that is military not to talk of the interior security i mean the police and blah blah blah we spend a lot yes and i think one of the challenges people are having is interaction explanation on where this money is going and how it's been done but the cost of funding the military is no joke i was there was this report i came out some years ago that said a fully kid american soldier i mean at war the war from maybe in afghanistan or so i'm not sure i need to confirm that maybe it's worth around is it 40 000 or 30 000 dollars fully kids that's standing full soldier ready for battle and that that amount though if you're not sure we'll come back that same way maybe we'd depreciate to around 20 or 10 or 5000 and when it's going to so funding the military is heavy and we when we say and i when i look at Nigeria and security i laugh because they said all most of our expenses are going to the military the civil defense service we supposed to be the frontline first line of call in the area and all that we're not spending enough even look at their uniform is tatted the police we're not spending on them and they're supposed to be the human have the human face be able to interact with you so these people are hungry we're not spending yet on security you know kia kia kia i tried to bring out on point spending on our military is like securing let me bring it down to basis like securing an entire estate spending on your police is like putting boglar proof on your house that's to tell you the efficiency we have in Nigeria now imagine we have where we approximately give or take as we call ourselves 200 million uh usual number how many people do we have in our police force less than 500 000 of those less than 500 000 250 000 are guarding vital assets be banks cbn etc then another then and politicians then you have 250 000 policing 200 million people un is one policeman to ten in a best situation one to ten Nigeria has one to ten thousand one policemen to ten thousand how are you going to secure ten thousand people as one policeman it is if we like let's spend 500 billion dollars as long as that is the that is the amount of people we have it's not going to be possible to police we always mention state police in our whatever always always come up and i say why do you talk about state police you build from the ground up not from the top down so if you are going to be looking at anything ethnic policing if you grow up in a locality let's say you let me give an example let's say you grow up in etiusa from when you were a child if you join the police at age 20 there's nothing that is going on in etiusa that you will not know you know the bad boys if they still tv you know you you can count probably did it but you can now employ somebody from from a degree to come to leki and expect him to handle it doesn't work that way so instead of us clamoring and i blame the middle class for this for the so-called fictitious state police with state governors ordinary small state state elections board that giving them no rival party can win election state police want to give them the improvs of states so in my position we should go actually be clamoring for local government police in the hands of local government chairman that we can hold responsible let's also remember that local governments are not immune that's the local government chairman is not immune they don't have immunity really if they cross you ah you didn't know ah let me tell you to so you are etiusa chairman your sorrelary you know anytime you just feel they've stolen one money carry them to kut they don't have immunity oh that's good news thank you kule talking about security and delving back into the food and beds now one of the reasons in my view that we're not really transforming in food is because the youth are not fully active the banking sector where it is today is done by the youth movies entertainment is done by you any active sector in Nigeria today is the youth i think it's time for the youth to get involved in food and security amazing up next is kule lawa stay with us


om within Raider and Asian, Mike Tower. Or they're like, if, if, if a talent like Jaylen Carter falls to the seventh seed or the seventh pick, which the Raiders do, the Raiders take him. Since the Dodgers are one of the, yeah, the Dodgers have a top five farm system by all metrics, by most, by most metrics. They got plenty to trade, but they're not going to trade for, they're not going to over, well, first off, whatever, whatever the offer is for every other team for the Dodgers, they're going to, they're going to want even more, you know, so they're not, they're, they're not going to cut the Dodgers any, any favors or give them the best, you know, they might not even want to do a deal with the Dodgers because they don't want to see him an hour north of Anaheim, you know what I mean? I mean, that, that would be a bit of a PR issue for, for them. And I don't think the Dodgers are going to overpay for Otani knowing that they can just, because all they have to do is, you know, all they have to do is just bid. But one of, one of, one of the, I think one of, one of the more deflating things that happened to Chats is you trade Otani, he's a team sport, last time I remember, can you imagine? Yeah, I mean, that's, they, they could get, you know, they could get a, can you imagine what they'll receive in turn? Who's going to pay that though for a two-month rental? Chad, if they were going to get a massive return, they should have traded him last summer. But for a two-month rental trading deadline, July 31st, with just what August and September, the month of August, September left, with no, with no assurances that you'll be able to re-sign him to a contract or an extension. I mean, maybe if you, maybe if you get guarantees from Otani's agent that he'll sign long-term, then maybe you do the trade. Right. Okay. Yeah. Then I agree. Yeah. I mean, if, if, then I think the Dodgers would be in on the trade market, you know, but I still think that they're, you know, you know, I don't know how much he would really, how much they would really trade or if the Angels really give that them offer, but unless Otani tries to force it. So there's sort of a tricky thing here. You can agree with the agent and Otani, but if the Angels don't agree, then then you're sunk, you know? So, so that's, that gets, that gets a little tricky there. But I, what the point I was going to make was that I think one of the, one of the more deflating things that happened to the Angels was that Artie Moreno is still the owner of the Angels.  His tenure has been a good one, but I think the team has sort of outgrown his, outgrown him. And I think they need to take it, take, need a new, another owner to take it, the Angels to another level, especially in a, in a big Southern California market like this. Do I trade trout rather than Otani? I mean, it depends on what you're getting. Nobody's untouchable, right? Trout's probably the better, better possibility of getting the bigger deal, I think. He's already has a contract that, that's already set, right? And by the end of his contract, his contract will, will look cheap for a player of his caliber, just because of the nature of, of the salaries that increase every, every year, right? But if you're trading trout, it would have to be, you know, but I think that's where you can get like, that's where you would try to get like another superstar in return. There's more, obviously because of Trout's contract, there's more assurance that he's going to be with your team because he's under contract, you know? But if you're trading Mike Trout, you got to trade for another, you got to get a couple other all stars in return, at least.  But it's hard to say like what team has that you need to find a team that has a lot of, a lot of talent that they can move that would still be stars. But like what team would really do that? Like I'm looking at Astros Braves highlights here. It's like, I suppose you can trade trout to, to the Braves and get like Austin Riley and Ozzy Alves and Michael Harris and a pitcher. But why would the Braves do that for Mike Trout? They wouldn't, you know? But that could be some, that could be the framework of a deal, you know, and they've got some, they've got those guys under good, good valued contracts and stuff like that.  No assurances that you're going to find the next trout. I'd rather find more established players, you know, but or, or, or, or good players who are under bad, who good players are under in bad contracts that are kind of, that are holding the team back from making like moves. Maybe like that's another thing you kind of, kind of look for. I would imagine he does, probably.   Comic Hunter, what's going on?  We're just kind of chatting a little baseball before we sign off, but we'll be back tomorrow, three o'clock Pacific for breaks. Yeah, he has full no trade protection. So he can't even trade him Chad, unless he agreed, unless trout agrees to wave that full no trade clause. So it's a mood point. You know, I would probably trade Anthony window. That would be the better trade option. You know, that, that's like a, that's not a very good contract. But if you can trade him and take another team, sort of not so good contracts and add some more depth to that team, especially the pitching side of things. I don't know. Moving, moving guys like trout and Otani trading those guys are really tough. It's not easy. Everyone wants Otani, of course, but at what cost? You've read rumors, rumors of, of trout going to Philadelphia has existed since Mike trout became Mike trout wrecks. Remember before Mike trout signed that, that bit, that, uh, that contract with the angels. You know, it's like every other, every other week there is a rumor of Mike trout going back to Philly. It's hard not to connect the dots. He loves the Philadelphia Eagles. He's from Philly. He's building a golf course in his hometown near Philly. You know, so all the signs will always be there, but there's a no trade clause unless he waves no trade clause. I mean, you could pay him. It'll just, it'll just, you'll just sacrifice a lot of other parts of your team. You can pay for Otani. You know, the, what's the luxury tax in 2024, $237 million or something like that. There's still a way under that luxury tax, you know, and they, they, they have technically have a lot of money coming off the books for 2024. I mean, they could pay him, but at what, at what cost? Yeah, I don't know if there is their farm system good enough to do that. And then it, then it's a matter of you're, you're acting like it's, it's going to be guaranteed that Otani is going to resign with the angels, even if McGate given the bigger offer. At this stage of Otani's career, it seems he seems to suggest that he wants to go to a playoff team. He wants to be in the playoffs, compete with the best, try to win a world series, add that to his resume. I don't blame him. All right. Yeah, but I mean, listen, this, this will be, this will be a thing we'll, we'll be talking about all summer long. Should the angels trade him? Should they not? Who's going to get him? What's the offer going to be? You know, it's a big risk if you trust an agent to say, oh yes, of course, if Otani gets traded to you, we'll definitely assign extension with you.  I don't think I'm a good fit. I don't agree with the trainers. You know, I think I'm going to explore free agency. You know, unless I guess you get the extension right then and there that week, but there's no reason for Otani to do that. You know, he's going to ball out the rest of the season and he's going to get, you know, he's going to go into free agency looking like Aaron Judge when he went to free agency last year. So Aaron Judge is on a pretty solid team. Could be resigned to a pretty solid team. It'd be a lot, a lot of money being thrown on Otani, but I don't think money is going to be the only factor for him. Yeah. I don't like cold weather. How much does Otani get paid? I mean, what's the, what's the, uh, what's the highest, highest salary in baseball right now? All right. See you, Teddy. Otani's 28 years old. That takes me to 30. Mickey's saying Otani gets eight and 40. Yeah. I don't, I mean, I think even with an eight year contract on the back end of that deal, maybe the last three years of that deal, Mickey, I think they're going to say, so do you want to just, you're going to switch to one because there'll probably be one year wasted due to injury. And then they're going to be like, you got to pick one. Yeah. I think he gets, uh, I think he gets four 50. I think he'll get, I think that he's going to want to, I think a team is just symbolically wants, wants to give him a huge deal. I think it's going to get him, give him four 50, you know, at what, seven years, huge average annual value. Maybe you just try to spread it out nine years, give it a nice even 50 million dollars a year for nine years, four 50, four 70. I don't think, I don't think he hits, I don't think he hits $500 million. That's still, that's still a lot.  Even, even trout for someone of his caliber who's almost automatic, you know, could automatically be top three in MVP voting every single year he has for most years is getting 426.5 and that was back in 2019. Yeah.  But yeah, I mean, he's he's a unicorn for sure. But there's also just basic economics of baseball and Otani knows that too. Otani could be worth $700 million. He could be, he can have the contract of a $350 million contract as a pitcher and a $350 million contract as a hitter all in one.  And Otani knows that he can't be take gobbling up 89 80% 70% of someone's payroll, yearly payroll or whatever, they got to put a bunch of other other players out there. So yeah, I mean, you can look, you can look at fan graphs, right? And you can, there's a great little tab called value. You can go down here and you could see based off of average yearly salaries, based off how much of all the baseball players and taking and they divide, they figure out what each war, right? Everyone knows wins above replacement, right? For each 1.0 war, how many millions of dollars that is, right? So they figured they calculate that out and then take the player's war, multiply it by that average value per million dollar or whatever. Aaron Judge was worth $91 million last year. Now, does that mean he's going to get $91 million a year? No, because he'll have an 8.6 million. Now, is someone going to say, well, we're only going to pay you $8.6 million? That's also ridiculous on the other end of things too. So you just kind of have to figure out, you know, you also have to consider because he's the only player that has done what he's done, right? That also means, I think this is just for hitting, by the way. So if he were, if Ohtani was worth $30 million as a hitter last year versus, I'm already a member, but I don't want to sign up. Is that okay? I don't know. Will they have value? And worth $30 million as a pitcher? No, that's still hitting stats right here. So I don't know how that's going to work. But anyway, you get the idea. You also have to say that there's diminishing returns every year he gets older. So you work that into the equation too.  I suppose it happens with a lot of sports, but remember, players can, you know, since he's the only one that can do that and there's no comparison, you're almost, as a player, you're bidding against yourself. So I guess, you know, baseball owners could collude and they could be like, Hey, let's all agree that no one's going to offer him more than $500 million a year. Don't eff it up for the rest of us. Players association hate that too. Hey, maybe when, uh, maybe when Jaspy's opens, there are talent agency will hire some things. Anyone thinks A's get him? No. Vegas, I don't think they're even going to move in until 2027. It's four years later. I think Ohtani wants to win right now. Do you want 28 to 9, 30, 31, 32, 32, 33 year old Ohtani, you think he's going to wait four years for them to make the move to Oakland and then make, you know, and then trust that the owners will actually spend money to build up that team? I think so. Yeah, that's what I'm saying. But I mean, they have the numbers Rex. They have better number crunchers than anybody that could project future value and how, and the diminishing returns based on increase of age. So all those numbers will get crunched. I think it'll be very interesting though to see, to see how, how that goes down. All right, gang, I'm going to call it, but good conversation. I'm sure we'll be talking more about this Ohtani stuff all season long. So stick with us, keep breaking with us, keep chatting with us, and we'll keep discussing. And every, every time we get new information, we'll discuss it again and reframe our arguments and we'll see, we'll see what happens. All right, Rex, Chad, Mark, Mickey, Comet, Hunter, and anyone else who's still up and awake and hanging out. Mike Tower, maybe might still be awake. Thanks for hanging out with us. Thanks for spending a bit of your Sunday night with me. I'll be back tomorrow, three o'clock Pacific, six o'clock Eastern, and we'll do this all over again. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next time. For, I'll see you tomorrow, not next time. I'll see you tomorrow.