and some member of Tibbets. Buenos dias. Hey Rafael. Hola bien, how you doing? Muy bien. Good to see you too. Feel riding your bike around? Yeah, yeah, for the most part. That's good. Yeah. What have you been up to lately? Are you still working with Rio Ray over at Salvation Army? I'm the chair now of the advisory board. Hey, congrats.  Just a lot of responsibility. But yeah, he's a great guy. It's a good organization. Yeah, it is. You know, they do so much work that I don't think it's talked about enough, you know. Yeah. I mean, the amount of rental assistance you guys do is staggering. Yeah, yeah. The amount of food that is given away. It's pretty amazing. Yeah, so Victoria said she'd be about 10 minutes late. Okay. Would you like to, would you like to start? Sure. Okay, I'll call this meeting of the downtown subcommittee to order. And so here's a little disclosure for due to COVID-19 for anybody who's watching. Due to the provisions of the governor's executive orders and dash 25 dash 20 and end dash 29 dash 20, which to spend certain requirements of the Brown Act and the order of the health officer of the county of Sonoma to shelter in place to minimize the spread of COVID-19. The downtown. Subcommittee will be conducting today's meeting in a virtual setting using zoom webinar. Committee members and staff are participating from remote locations and or practicing appropriate social distancing members of the public may view and listen to the meetings as noted on the city's website and as noted on the agenda. So the public wishing to speak during item three public comment or during our public hearing items will be able to do so by utilizing the raise hand feature or pressing star nine on their phone. Then by giving, then, and they will then be given the ability to address the committee. Okay. Shall we take role. Yes. Thank you. So we'll move on to item three public comments. So for any members of the public attending, if you would wish to make a comment via zoom, please select the raise hand button. If you're dialing in via telephone, please dial star nine to raise your hand. Each speaker will have three minutes. Present. Council member Sawyer here. And council member Fleming will be joining in the next 10 minutes or so. Thank you so much. Thank you. Okay. So we'll move on to item three public comments. And each speaker will have three minutes and a countdown timer will appear for the convenience of the speaker and viewers. Please make sure to unmute yourself when you are invited to do so. Your microphone will be muted at the end of that countdown. Do we have any public members of the public wishing to speak. There are no raise hands at this time. Okay, no raise hands at the time so I'll move on to. And do we also have sorry, any comments via voicemail or email. No, we have not have any comments for voicemail or email. Okay, thank you. Item four new business. So it looks like I will bring up should we bring up the presentation is that we're on now the ballers. So the first item is the update from the railroad square. Or would you prefer to start. Okay. Great, let's do that. Chris, if you would test your audio, please. Good morning. Let me go ahead and once again, let me jump in first. Okay. All right, so well, good morning, chair TVs and welcome to the downtown subcommittee. We're very delighted to have you as as chair. You'll find that this is one of the, the most fun subcommittees that we have just kidding. And then good morning also to council member Fleming I understand that she'll be arriving a little bit late. But good morning council member Sawyer. Great to see you. And good morning to everyone joining the call this morning on this very cold Thursday morning. As part of the formation of the community benefit district in railroad square, our division has worked closely with the railroad square association to help facilitate meetings and conversations between members of our staff and corresponding departments and members of the association board. Most recently, there was a great discussion this actually took place last week, regarding upgrades to depot park where, which we're very excited about in which members from our division and parks, Jen Santos participated in, along with the depot park railroad square association committee. In addition, there's been a lot of planning and activities in recent months. And here to talk about that is Chris Wilson and she is the executive director for the railroad square association. Good morning. Thanks Rafael. And thank you for arranging to get some of our banners that were damaged in the last storm that weren't looking too good thank you for getting those straightened out and taken down. Yes, we've been doing a lot of meetings. Thank you to I think Tim Finnegan is on this call and want to do a shout out for the time that he's been giving us to meet with a depot park project and trees, and things that we're trying to get going in railroad square. One of our biggest projects is that we're starting versus the tree project. So a lot of the trees need to be replaced and at least or at least trimmed. So we're looking and waiting for a bid now. The plan is to probably start on Fifth Street and use that as our model to to replace ultimately replace those trees, and then we'll be moving on to fourth street and looking at those trees it's a huge project so we're waiting for beds and to be a phased phased project. Also we've been. So the trees. We've put together a small marketing committee to really try to look at some other marketing opportunities planning the year but also for right now to support our businesses to make sure that people know that we're open down there and help our businesses. You saw that Jackson's had quite a bit of damage from the last storm, their tent that they are now reopened waiting for a tent. So, trying to really support the businesses down there. We've met with the Hyatt, the general manager from the Hyatt down there. And again, Tim was gave us time to really walk around down there and help with the getting rid of the homeless camp that was across the creek but looking at the issue the biggest issue unfortunately is the vandalism and the homeless issue down there and the vandalism is really seem to increase since New Year's at least. You know stores getting windows broken and doors jammed and the Hyatt has had a lot of issues that impact their being able to rent certain rooms because because of the access to the greenway. And working with the Hyatt in the city to try to see what we can do to help them, as far as fencing and getting fencing approved through for them to protect their property and ultimately bring guests make guests feel comfortable there. The greenway is a project that our president, Mike Montague and all of us take very personally to try to to work working with Steve or Bennett, what's this group to help clean that up and make it more accessible for tourists and our community to be enjoying so a lot going on kind of just beginning a lot of projects so more to follow and again thank you Rafael and Tim for your support. Thank you Chris. John, do you have any questions for Chris or staff on this item. I do thank you. And I miss part of going ahead to change chairs actually the trees. Chris have they. What are the trees that are being replaced and what type of tree are they using. That's still being decided. First of all, we have a waiting for a tree bid to look at the trees to see what, what can be done. You know for some of them just to be cut back, and then to really assess which ones really would be better to to remove we can't just go we're not going to go in and just tear them all down. There's a couple of different trees we do have the city list of suggested trees. So they've talked about Ginko, and I forget the other one but they haven't made a decision something that maybe is a little slower growing and doesn't have such a deep root system that's tearing up the sidewalks.  I'm taking looking at the place of least resistance as far as tree replacement is, you know, it's been a real challenge downtown, especially with irrigation as well and of course irrigation is important. But I just kind of, you know, it would be great to make. I would assume that the tree list recommended by the city has been updated to to to deal with the realities of urban trees that have failed in the past. So we've probably replaced the trees downtown, two or three times, at least twice. And they're, and the, they're still dying. I mean, it's, we're still dealing with dead trees because they got a blight and there were not the only city in the state that dealt with that but going cautiously. I would would recommend because Ginkgo sounds like a great tree, although they do have major leaf loss in the in the fall, which is beautiful but also creates a maintenance issue. But anyway, it's, you know, I'll stop there but it is, it seems like a simple there seem like simple answers that are not necessarily so. I think that yes, and I will make I do have a list I don't know if it's an updated tree list, but that that is a concern is to really looking at something that it's not only going to be aesthetically beautiful isn't going to be a major maintenance problem. And then the other issue is the irrigation and the electrical is very old. So, you know, for Depot Park that's definitely an issue. Yeah, good point. Thank you. Okay, thank you. I don't know Victoria are you with us. I am with you. No questions. Thank you very much. Okay, do we have any members of the public wishing to speak on this item. We have no raise hands at this time. Okay, shall we move on to item 4.2 downtown action organization update from Candice Hinkle Allison. Hi everyone, can you hear me. Yes. Good morning, chair tidbits nice to have you joining the downtown subcommittee I agree with Rafael it's a it's a very fun group. And good morning, Council members, Sawyer and filming it's nice to see you both again it's been a while since we've met. I think thank you to everyone who has been supporting our downtown businesses city staff are putting in a lot of work, and we're very grateful for their continued support and creativity as we keep working through the myriad of issues that are happening for all of our local businesses. It seems like a long time ago since we haven't met since winter lights ended so I just wanted to get a quick update on that, which was that the new version went really well you know we adapted to kind of get with the times. And we've got great feedback from business owners and the community who really enjoyed seeing downtown looking so festive and having activities to participate in. And we did, we were able to install some lighting, and that's actually going to stay up year round and kind of be our. We're going to look to that as we continue working on new lighting this year as well. Just a couple quick updates for our downtown businesses I think everyone knows it continues to be a very tough time for our business owners. Thankfully we've not had any more businesses close over the holidays so we know it's going to be a struggle for quite a while. Our restaurant owners are thrilled to be able to operate outdoors again so very grateful that that happened a little faster than we were anticipating. But other than operating under the current restrictions, the main concerns and issues that come up with our business owners are really dealing with issues with the homeless population. So those logistical updates for the DAO we did hold our annual meeting in January. We completed our annual report which is available on our website for anyone interested. At that meeting we highlighted our priorities for the year, which are to install additional lighting. We also looked at some of the light poles downtown. Like River Road Square establish a plan to prune and replace trees along 4th Street, and then also look into the feasibility of an ice rink in Courthouse Square for winter next year, this year. Future years really. We're going to be talking about our board of directors so just wanted to share the updates there. Our current board is Leanna Ozielo. She's a new board member. Natalie Balfour, Zach Berkowitz, Pauline Block, also a new board member. Joe Dietzen, Charles Evans, Hugh Futrell, Katelyn Kurosak, also a new board member, Tom Robertson, Bernie Schwartz, Stephen Stankovich, also a new board member and Peter Stanley, who's also new and Doug Van Dyke. Our executive committee will be selected at our next board meeting. We have two new committees forming. The first is an ad hoc group to support efforts around the EIFD and the County Civic Center. And then the second is a community engagement committee, which is meant to support our businesses, downtown with post COVID recovery, and also create regular programming for summer and winter, which will again look to include the ice rink, and really focus on what's worked for us in the past. You know, we had two kind of last minute programs that we put together through Open and Out and Winter Lights. What worked, what didn't, what can we look to in the future that will work for the majority of our businesses and create a great opportunity for our community to come down. We also had a really good meeting, I think it was just yesterday with Jason and Marisa around public works, and I think we've got a good plan moving forward, a couple of projects that we're going to be working on, but really just appreciate their support, talking through issues around baseline services and making sure that we've got kind of a clear plan for the future with the work split between the DAO and the city. A couple updates on what's already planned and in the works. We did have one more art installation go in. Hopefully you've seen it. It's along 4th Street. You wouldn't notice unless you're walking though, because it's in some empty tree grates on the ground. So we had six mosaics installed of native flowers. And they're really gorgeous. So I recommend you take a stroll down forth if you haven't seen them yet. They go from the 500 block up to the 700 block. Coming up soon. Baside Church, who's been a really great supporter of downtown, is putting together an Easter egg hunt at businesses throughout the area. So that'll be a lot of fun for families. And we're looking forward to working with them on that. The goal is just to get families to stop by as many businesses as possible throughout a couple of week time span. So it should be a lot of fun and a great way to kind of introduce some people to the businesses that we have downtown. And I'll share more details on that at our next meeting once it's kind of finalized. We also are working with California poets and schools to do a poetry installation in the month of April for National Poetry Month. So that's really exciting. And we just started talking with both the museum and with Tara and her team about ways we can keep using downtown as a canvas to both engage the community and support business. So we'll look forward to sharing more details about those as we're moving forward. So a quick update from our Street Plus team. Not much new there. They continue to dedicate most of their time to issues with the homeless population, especially those struggling with mental health issues. We meet regularly about once a week with Catholic Charities in the city to talk through specific challenges that are occurring and the Catholic Charities team has been great about coming through regularly and to trying to get to know some of the folks who are longer term residents in the downtown area. So most of the majority of their time goes and it's often preventing them from doing other work.  So it took our team a couple hours to pick those up and clean them up and, you know, a little bit of damage from it but ultimately hours wasted, not being proactive in their work which is tough for them. So it's definitely an ongoing frustration, but want to thank Sergeant Wolf and his team for working so closely with us, especially this past week to address some of the more challenging individuals. It's definitely taking the support of a lot of city departments to try and address this as best we can. So we really appreciate you working so closely with us. And then finally, a quick update on the Asawa Fountain. We are still hoping to break ground soon but don't have a date yet. So I will definitely share that and that's something everyone is very eager to hear about. So as soon as I have a date I'll make sure that gets shared with everyone here, even if it's before our next meeting in March. Any questions from Council? Okay, seeing no questions, do we have any questions or comments from the public? There are no raise hands at this time. Okay, seeing no hands. Let's move out of 4.3 the public safety update. It looks like we have Sergeant Wolf. So this is Sergeant Wolf. Good morning everybody. A few things to update everybody on. I think I'll start with the Greenway. About a week ago, we cleaned up the Greenway. There were imminent floods and the camps were in a low line area. Contrary to what people may have read on the press, I just want to take this opportunity to explain that not only were everyone offered beds for three days in advance, but we did get the most vulnerable and sick people, some into hotel rooms, some into Sam Jones. So we did house a number of people from there. And as we've seen before with the Greenway in the days following the cleanup, there were a number of people that came back. We have done our best to stay on top of that, knowing the impact that it has on the Hyatt and Railroad Square. Of course, with the timing being contemporaneous with the rains coming in, we did see an increase at the underpasses, which some of it was from the Greenway, but most of it I believe was just the weather conditions because there weren't a lot of familiar faces from the Greenway. It's been a little tough to stay on top of. As of yesterday, I know there were about eight tents on nine. And we've had a few individuals showing up on fifth or six as well. So that's something we're definitely going to have to keep an eye on. We're also seeing an uptick in both vehicles and some camping around the Juilliard Park area that's not necessarily related to the Greenway started before the Greenway, but we are seeing that and getting reports about that as well. So bearing in Cadence's frustration, downtown has picked up a bit. We've been getting reports of more campers on 4th Street. I have two guys from my team who have been trying to walk it in the mornings as calls for service in time allows. And that's probably had some impact, but we'll do our best to keep doing that. The team for DET is a little low right now and we've decided to keep two guys on the weekends and two on the weekday so we can continue offering some support seven days a week. But it means we just have fewer officers available. And I want to thank the DAO because they've been great as far as letting us know when they've had major issues as recently as a couple days ago. They notified us of one individual that was causing some pretty serious problems downtown. The good news is we were able to arrest him for drug charges and warrants. The bad news is the arrest happened yesterday and he was released and causing problems there again today. So as I've explained before, we're still dealing with some difficulties with the way the justice system is set up during the COVID pandemic. We do intend this year to go around as we do every year normally on Valentine's Day and get the trespass letters out to the businesses. The timing's a little bad as it's coinciding with some major camp operations we'll be doing. So it's okay with cadence we can talk offline later we may have to adjust the date a little bit but I'd like to work with you on getting those trespass letters updated a regular annual thing. And then the railroad for the railroad square folks, I'm aware of the issues I've actually met with Mike Montague as well. And I want to let you guys know you are not forgotten we're aware of the impacts, especially with the camp closing so close to your area. And we are aware of it and we are devoting as much time as we can there. It's just really divided between a number of areas that need attention right now, so no one's getting quite what we would like to offer everybody. And I do apologize for that we're using our resources as best we can with the most significant problems we're experiencing. And I believe that's it. Awesome. Thanks, Sergeant. Any questions from council. I'm seeing no questions. Sergeant, I did have some questions for you. You mentioned difficulties with the justice system as a result of COVID. Can you expand upon what some of those problems are right now. Absolutely. So, the jails had to reduce their population pretty extensively. As a result of the COVID outbreak. What that means is people that would normally when we book them be held are cited out with a court date absent it being a serious violent or sexually related felony. In most cases. So we're seeing a lot of people that we arrest who are causing problems for whatever behavior they're engaging in. Right back on the streets within a few hours so I know sometimes we even get calls from people who are pretty ticked because they're like the problem still go and you came out and what they don't know is we may have arrested them and they may be back there within a few hours sometimes. So that's some of the impacts we're having and then a lot of cases are being cleared because there was a backlog and it affected the courts and what type of cases they were willing to put on in their limited capacity. So, some people previously that would have been held to a higher sentence. They may be received probation or not even that are the cases were dismissed. And so we're seeing kind of more of a brazen attitude from some of the people we deal with because they committed offenses and essentially have fewer no consequences. That answers your question. Yeah, it does thank you so when COVID-19 is over. Do you feel like you're going to have more enforcement capability than you do currently. Well, I mean, I'm speculating to some extent, but based on what I'm saying, my concern is less so with the jail because their capacity should increase, but the courts going to be faced with an enormous backlog of cases. And I'm just not sure about that second part I described, if some of these cases may be dismissed or what's going to happen with them. So, it's kind of tough to tell. Sure. And then my last question is, as you mentioned staffing issues within the DET. And it sounds like there's a need for an additional officer without additional officer help you address some of the issues that are popping up on the greenway downtown. It would absolutely, it would. And on top of that we've got some injuries that I'm hoping the guys come back here pretty quick. But yes, another officer would absolutely assist with our ability to be downtown and at some of the camps that we're dealing with simultaneously. So are you understaffed right now because you have somebody out on disability leave or is it because there was a position cut. Well, we had a difficult time so our staffing is myself and six officers. And with that we're kind of telling the line we couldn't meet all the needs but we can meet more than what we're doing now with with the two injuries it's definitely impacting us but even prior to that we'd had some discussions because if we deal with a larger camp like we're about to go into it can require as many as 10 or 12 officers. So, and a certain number of them need to be from this team because we have certain expertise and some of the legal factors dealing with the homeless. Effectively when we do those we don't have anybody available to support the downtown area. And if we did get up over six bodies, that's enough where we could supplement it with patrol staffing and partner one to one to manage the camps and it would leave us at least one officer who'd be available to keep an eye on the downtown during that time period. Okay, thanks for that information that's really helpful because you know, we recently had a presentation from Chief Navarro, where he talked about staffing needs within the police department so I believe that's going to be coming back at some point so this will be helpful for the members of council who comprise this subcommittee to know about. So I believe we've asked the public councils had the chance to ask their questions so I think we'll move on now to item 4.4 maintenance of courthouse square. Good morning everyone you hear me. Yes. Good morning, Chairman tidbits and council member Sawyer and Flynn and I'm introduced myself. I am Tim Finnegan. I'm a crew supervisor for the parks department was the retirement of Dean Hamlin. I've been tasked to oversee the, the entire park system, why we work to fill his position so I'm going into this. I'm a little bit green and learning as I go. I had the, the opportunity to meet with the railroad square association. As previously mentioned, on some of the concerns and so forth with the trees and Depot Park and we were able to talk about those items. The main plan put together the look that to do some trimming down there on those trees, either with our internal staff or seeing if, if we can have our contractor do a little work out down there so we had a great conversation about the, in general the park maintenance in that area Depot Park. We also talked about looking at some of the trash receptacles in that area and some work was done on doing some painting and some power washing, cleaning Also have a few ideas about maybe moving some of those trash receptacles and maybe a little bit better areas, better, better areas so the public can throw this away and just make, make, make it look a little bit cleaner down there on the, on the sidewalks. Then we were, as far as courthouse square stuff our crew has been busy with doing the leaf cleanup. Now that we're kind of on the tail end of leaf drop our crews were working hard down in courthouse square. Jeju Way, doing a lot of blowing a lot of cleaning, had quite a little bit of storm damage with some limbs and so forth that required our crew to do some, some cleanup in that area. So that was all taken care of so it's looking good down there. Looking, looking ahead. We have our crew scheduled for next week to do some Graffiti abatement in the Greenway. We've been putting a plan together with With, with our senior mains worker and, and getting the things that we will need to do that sort of cleaning that will include painting The graffiti on the walls, as well as some power washing and some soda blasting on the sidewalk to try to get that area cleaned up and looking, looking good again after We have the cleanup there of the homeless cleanup that Sergeant Wolf and his team helped us with there last week. So I'm kind of excited to see how that's going to turn out. That's such a beautiful area. When it's cleaned up and it's usable for our public so I'm kind of excited to see how that's going to look after next week. Looking ahead a little bit. We are going to be working with streets plus on their receptacles down for elsewhere for street downtown area. I'm kind of doing the same thing as we did in the Depot Park area, the railroad square where we're going to be doing some power washing and repainting of those receptacles. So looking forward to that in the future. I think that's all I have. I do appreciate and I please be patient with the parks department. I'm a I'm the only supervisor and you know trying to look over 67 of our parks, as well as 18 members of our staff, our crews. I'm just I'm being stretched a little bit thin and I just appreciate everyone's working with me and introducing themselves to me. But I just ask for your patience and we are in the process of refilling that position that cruise supervisor position. It's just taking some time with some of the other things going on in the city revolved around our our our employees hiring and figuring everything out so I'm glad to be part of of this committee and and working for you guys and doing the best I can to make the city in the downtown area with the best as it can. Thanks, Tim. We appreciate that. Right now I'm looking up here's john. Thank you. I just want to say thanks, Tim for their I mean it's got to be not only is it thankless, but it's never ending, and you've got to know you have a like you said you mentioned how many acres of of park land you have to deal with and it's very much appreciated even though it feels like sometimes that it's one step forward and two steps back, you know, is we really do appreciate your dedication, especially to our to the core of our city, which is very important not to underestimate the importance or not to understate the importance of other parks. But these are the downtown area has its particularly challenging areas and very much appreciate your your hard work and the hard work of your staff. It can't I know it's not easy, and I just wanted to voice my appreciation and I'm sure that I am not alone in speaking for the entire council and in in voicing our appreciation for the hard work of your staff. In voicing our appreciation for the hard work that you're that you and your staff do and what you provide as far as quality of life for our city. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks john seeing no other hand hands raised by the council. Let's look to the public for any public comment. There are no raise hands at this time. Okay, seeing no hands raised. We'll now move on to item 4.5 courthouse square ballards project update and thank you to Tim. Are you able to see your presentation. I am. Yes, thank you. Can everybody hear me all right. Great. Right. Well, good morning, chair tidbits, council members Sawyer and Fleming. I'm Grant Bailey, associate civil engineer with the transportation and public works department. This morning I'll be providing and project update on the courthouse square ballards project and this update is a follow up update to an update we provided in July 2019 on this project. Today I'll be discussing project purpose current that the timeline anticipated schedule as we move forward. Project scope, as well as design and construction considerations. Next slide please. The purpose of this project is to install or replace existing ballards in the square with traffic rated ballards to mitigate the potential of a vehicle entering the square. And this need was identified. And the completion of the courthouse square reunification projects, because there are two, you know, relatively long straight stretches of roadways and Mendocino Avenue to the north and Santa Rosa Avenue to the south that have the potential to allow to gain a high rate of speed and a relatively short amount of time. And, you know, whether it is by an intentional act of terrorism or unintentionally, if a vehicle were to interest the square at a high rate of speed there's a significant potential for injury and possible loss of life. And so this project will install traffic rated ballards that should stop a vehicle or that will stop a vehicle from entering the square from the north or south approaches at courthouse square. Next slide please. So for the project timeline, as I mentioned in 2019 staff provided an update to this subcommittee. At that time we're preparing requests for proposals for design build services to install traffic rated ballards in the square. In January 2020, we received two design build proposals. And then in March 2020 Council awarded this contract to M3 integrated services of Santa Rosa, California to carry out this project. As you're well aware, you know, in March of 2020 the state went into lockdown because of COVID-19 and as a result there were delays to finalizing the execution of the contract. But in September of 2020 we were able to finalize the contract and begin design work, which leads us into present day February 2021. So we are now pretty much completed our design and we're looking at finalizing it in the next week or two. Since the project is a design build project that's been awarded by Council, we have a short timeline to get to construction so we're anticipating starting work next month in March. The project should take about eight weeks between installing the ballards and doing some curb ramp and ADA upgrades. So we're thinking we should be complete about mid May of this year. Next slide please. So for the project scope, you can see on the screen on the right hand side there, there's a planned view of Courthouse Square. The primary scope objective is to install two ballard arrays on one on the north side and one on the south side of the square. Each array is approximately 85 feet wide and span Mendocino Avenue to the north and Santa Rosa Avenue to the south. The baller heights will be 54 inches and they'll be spaced at 60 inches on center. In addition to the primary scope objective, we'll also be replacing curb ramps in the square on the north and south side of the square, as well as curb ramps outside of the square on the north side of fourth street in front of exchange bank and fourth alley and on the west side of the square in front of La Rosa restaurant. Next slide please. So some design considerations when we picked off our design phase for this project we engage a number of city departments including planning and economic development parks, police fire and of course transportation and public works to, you know, have different staff members provide input on, you know, variety of options on the ballards and based on feedback we received. The final, I guess appearance of the ballards will have a jet black powder coat smooth finish with reflective tape at the tops of the ballards with a slant style top. The ballard appearance should be very much similar to what's shown in the picture here with the exception of the paint color being black. A couple of other really nice features about this project, you know, from the beginning we aimed to maintain the existing appearance of the square as much as possible and so we wanted to replace the existing permeable pavers that are out there. And in working with our designer and ballard manufacturer. We came up with a foundation system that does allow us to replace the papers so you know outside of the ballards being replaced or, you know, being upside the visual appearance in the square should be pretty well maintained.  And also the major consideration for this project was to ensure that we're providing a system that would protect users of the square from a large vehicle traveling at a high rate of speed. And the system that was selected does it does achieve that. And, you know, in the event that a vehicle attempted to enter the square. This system should only allow penetration of up to three three feet maximum. Next slide please. So as far as construction considerations. We consider that there are two work areas effectively part of this project, the ballard work area themselves inside the square and the curb ramps outside of the square on 4th Street and on courthouse square West. We also consider traffic control for vehicle traffic and pedestrian traffic and how this project would impact the surrounding businesses and residents of the square. Next slide please. So to elaborate on my some of the points on the previous slide. As I mentioned, there are two work areas, the ballard work areas themselves inside the square. You can see, it's kind of a hatched area in the north and south side but, you know, outlining that hatched area there's kind of a heavy dashed line here. That indicates the approximate location of construction fencing, which should, you know, bar access to the public to the construction site as well as secure the site during construction. Also, there's some arrows around that around the work areas, which indicate pedestrian detours to ensure that pedestrians aren't getting into our work site or we're signing appropriately. Outside of the work area, as mentioned, we'll be replacing, excuse me outside of the square. We'll be replacing curb ramps on the north side of 4th Street, as well as on the west side of the square in front of a restaurant. As far as traffic control goes, we don't anticipate any long term lane takes required for this project. However, there will be some short term lane closures to accommodate construction activities, those activities primarily being the concrete pores for the foundation, the ballard foundation and concrete curb ramp and curb and gutter replacements. We'll be replacing curb ramps for pedestrian traffic control since we'll be removing the existing curb ramps on the north and south sides of the square. We'll be preventing access to the square or closing down those access access points to the square. We'll be officially detouring pedestrians to the next closest signalized intersection at B Street and D Street. However, we do anticipate a significant amount for traffic will utilize the crosswalks that are unsignalized just to the east of the square and shown on the far right hand side of this slide. Just to touch on the surrounding businesses, the project management team at the city and our contractor will be working with businesses to ensure that throughout the construction process we're maintaining access to businesses and to residences and any services that businesses offer, we're going to do everything we can to ensure that they're maintained in full. Next slide, please. So with that, I'd like to thank everyone for their time and open it up to any questions that there may be. Council, any questions. Okay, seeing no questions. Let's go to public comment. Any questions from the public. There are no hands raised at this time. Okay, last chance for questions or comments from council. Sergeant, what would like to make a comment. Yes, I had a quick question if I may have that three foot penetration of vehicle. Is that for any vehicle or is that for like a passenger car size vehicle. Yeah, that's a really good question. So it's for a larger vehicle larger than a passenger size car. And kind of nature of the project. I don't, I don't know if we want to go into the actual design vehicle that the border systems rated for. Unless, of course, you'd like me to and I'd happy. I'm happy to discuss that the specifics around the design vehicle. No, just the concern was whether it was like a small passenger car, or if it would accommodate or stop something a bit heavier and that no specifics needed. Thank you. No problem. Thanks for the question, Sergeant. Okay, so seeing no comments from council. Thank you, Grant. We're going to at this time move on to item 4.7 the imagine art presentation. And it looks like Kim NATO will be presenting. Pardon that will actually be Tara Thompson presenting. Oh, okay. Thank you. Sorry about that. Hi there. This is Tara Thompson. Can you hear me? Yes. Great. Hello chair tidbits and council members. So you're in Fleming. I am here today to provide my normal public art and permitted events update, but I thought I would start off by sharing a visual sense public art is a visual medium in many cases. So this is the approved artist for the imagine art in courthouse square project, which I presented to you status updates. Since gosh last year or even the year before, it's been a long process to get to this point, but we have now a selected and approved blessing Hancock and her design unum for the north end of courthouse square the large public art project that was presented in the master plan for courthouse square. So after an extensive selection process that narrowed down over 140 submissions to five finalists. One artist has been approved by the art and public places committee blessing Hancock's design unum was identified by the project selection panel is the top proposal that best satisfy the goals of the project. The unprecedented number of submissions from artists 140 was our highest number ever and from that five finalists were invited through a competitive selection process to submit designs. And then the selection panel was very thoughtful and thorough with the entire selection process, especially with this final decision. To account the artist responses to their final selection questions the public opinion that we gathered through an online survey, as well as the stated project criteria. So this piece unum, it means Latin, it is Latin for oneness or together, and as a signature artwork that places emphasis on innovation diversity and engagement as leading values of San Rosa. It is inspired by the themes that the artist heard through an initial survey we did out to the public about being welcoming being inspirational and also relaying values of innovation and cultural inclusivity. So you can see the surface has engraved or I should say laser cut words on it and those words will be collected through a robust community engagement process that will be beginning this spring to determine what words and phrases should be on there that speak values inherent to San Rosa. During the day, the sculpture will cast shadows onto the words shadows of the words onto the square using sunlight and then in the evening LED lights from within will light the piece from within creating a soft diffuse glow. This piece will be approximately 12 feet high and 15 feet in diameter, and will be made of water jet cut stainless steel and LED lights. We are looking at a timeline where this piece will be completed and installed next February 2022. That's the only slide I just wanted to share the slide the image of this piece you can learn more about the project see the other finalist designs if you had not seen them previously on our website which is srcity.org slash imagine art. That's the website for the project. The dates that I have related to the public art program are that another exciting kind of step forward for us just last week was the art and public places committee approved a new strategic plan for fiscal years 21 through 24. And this will be an exciting way for us to operate operationalize some public art program initiatives and strategies, moving forward for the next three and a half years or so. And we'll be working more on some of the projects that will come out of that at a future meeting. We also on Monday, the eighth, February 8 will be issuing a new call for artists for a parking garage project on the fifth street parking garage. So if you want to learn more about that you can check out our website as well. And that's all I have for public art updates. The only special event updates I have are really just that the permits themselves remain suspended under our current health orders and restrictions. We have permitted the open and out street closures, the continued street closure of the 500 block of fourth street as a part of the expanded dining space and retail space. But really all other permits are currently suspended. We are starting to get event organizers asking us about events for this summer and fall and unfortunately there's not a clear answer to that yet we're awaiting guidance from the county and state on how to start permitting and when to start permitting large gatherings but right now we do not have a timeline for that. That's all I have for today I'm happy to answer any questions. Thanks Tara, looking at council for any questions, john. Thank you chair to it's not a question just a comment, Tara, what a, you know, what an elegant piece, you know, it's everyone has an opinion on art, and you had some really great submissions and I. This was, it was a hard choice when I was looking at them to this and this was in my top two. And I, it is. Such a great piece on on so many levels congratulations to the committee that that have a very difficult job of selecting a piece of artwork I've, I've, I have sat in that chair before and it can be very very challenging and they did a beautiful job. This is, like I said before a very elegant piece I think it will stand the test of time. And it's right for our times. So, thank you very much for your effort and I look forward to it to its to its placement, ultimately in the square. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks john, Victoria. Any questions. No, I, my, I was just going to echo what john said it is a beautiful piece and also congratulations to the artist on getting commission. Thanks. We'll move to the any public comment. There are ways at this time. Okay seeing none we'll bring it back to council for any final questions or comments. Seeing none. Thank you Tara, appreciate the update. Great, thank you so much. So now I believe we'll move on to item 4.7 the parking program update. Yes, good morning, everyone and welcome chair tidbits to this committee. I have a brief update for you. We had seen a gradual uptick in parking activity for the downtown, starting with the resumption of paid parking in July and then with the resumption of outdoor dining that went into effect in December of course we saw a corresponding dip in activity. And with the resumption of outdoor dining. We've already in a week seen people coming back downtown and seeing increased activity so that's good news. We are seeing revenues down about 50% year over year, which is not a surprise and actually I'm pleased to report that in comparison to similar cities, we are actually doing better than a lot of cities who are seeing 6065% drops in their revenue. I'm happy about that. I did want to remind folks that we are offering free parking options we have the first hour free and all five of our garages. We've got free parking after five o'clock Monday through Friday and all of the garages and all of the garages are free all day on Saturday and Sunday so we are offering many options for folks to to park at no cost. And we also have some garage construction underway, you may if you are parking in the garages you may see that there's work underway right now we're in the D street garage. This is primarily ceiling cracks to keep water out of facilities to extend their useful life. And that work will be going on for several more months at all of the garages except for the third street garage. And then lastly I just wanted to say that I am really excited to be working with Tara on that new art project for the fifth street garage. The purpose of this besides being aesthetically pleasing and you know making the garage more attractive. It's also to help people in wayfinding to understand that that garage is there it's kind of hidden behind redwood trees. So we're looking at the corner of orchard and fifth street, which people can see from fourth street and D. And so we're hoping that this project will kind of serve multiple purposes and making people more aware that that large garage is there and very close to fourth street core. So that's what I've got for you and I'm happy to answer any questions. Thanks Kim. Any questions from council. Seeing none we'll move on to public comment on item 4.7. There are no hands raised at this time. Okay, seeing no hands we'll bring it back to council. Seeing no hands we'll move on to item five matters held in committee. And thank you, Kim. And there are no matters held in committee. Okay. Item six department reports. There also seems to be no additional reports. Okay. Good stuff. Well, so we're at the end of our meeting. So I guess I'll go ahead and adjourn. Thanks everybody. Thank you.


This topic on pseudo random numbers and stream ciphers follows some of the things we've just seen about The block modes of operation we saw some of those modes of operation take a block cipher and Really convert it into a stream cipher. What's the difference? I guess in theory the difference is how much do we encrypt at a time a block is usually 64 bits or longer a stream cipher usually 8 bits But in practice, it's about the implementation of the speed the idea of using smaller number of bits a stream cipher and Especially X oring the plain text with some random input is that can be done quickly So as the plain text is generated by our computer and let's say we need to quickly send it across a network a Stream cipher can be better in that case a block cipher would take more time to encrypt to an entire block so there's some practical and theoretical differences and Somehow connecting also is random numbers because stream ciphers really are X oring plain text with some random sequence But there are different ways to generate random numbers So we'll just briefly introduce random numbers today. How do we generate a random number? How do you generate a random number by randomly doing it? How do we but how do we generate a random number close your eyes? Okay, so if I say choose a random number between One and a hundred Tell me 49. Okay, you somehow use your brain to choose a random number.  Someone must have implemented the rand function and That when we implement something in our computer It's usually what we say deterministic that is it's a function that it will always do the same thing given the same inputs Which is not what we think of random random is it should do different things all the time So we in fact have a problem of how do we generate? Not as a as an application programmer We can call a library like the rand function to generate random numbers, but the person who needs to implement that library How do they generate random numbers? And that's hard any suggestions How would you do it? Right, so some math function that takes some some input number raise it to some power applies some complex math operations So that the output looks random and we'll see some examples of that some simple ones Of course, it's not random because with any function if you take the same Same inputs you always get the same output. Okay, so there is some determinism there Any other ways to generate random numbers Sorry Use the CPU clock CPU clock goes from one two three. That's not random. How would you use the CPU clock? Use noise. Where do you get noise from? Some senses so you maybe some hardware so when you say noise electrical noise noise in terms of some disturbances from some audio or or some especially in in computers the noise generated by vibrating components it is Considered to be random that is that the noise if you have electrical components And as they do things they vibrate a little bit and if you can measure the output effect of that then that's considered to be Random and that that's a good way to generate random numbers But it has some problems because you now need some special hardware to do it for you to measure those things So there's a trade-off of getting goods good random numbers truly random numbers You should require specialized hardware you can measure the The radiation levels so I have a what is a Geiger counter and if you measure the radiation levels at particular in a general area Then there will be random variations and use that as an input But that means your computer needs a Geiger counter or something so To get true random numbers is hard because you need hardware to do it, but the comment about the CPU Yes, you still can use the CPU clock, but how how to use the CPU clock? It turns out when you do things on your computer like press the keyboard button move your mouse Start and do operations with the software the time at which you do them has appears to be random not the day or the year or Even the hour in which you press a key but if you measure the millisecond at which I press a key and then press another key that The milli or even microseconds those numbers at the end if we look at them over time will appear random Not just a pressing a keyboard key, but maybe hardware interrupts occurring for different hardware components. So in fact most operating systems today Will use those things like key presses mouse movement memory access hard disk reads and writes and Look at the times when they happen Specifically the very fine detail time like microsecond millisecond times just those parts and use that As an input to generate random numbers. So we need some other source. We can't just use a function sometimes So generating random numbers is sometimes not as easy as we think we can't just use the RAND function What do we expect as the output? How do we know if something is random? Is this random? Is there a random pattern? No, we can see some pattern here random random Right, so we can visualize I think that there's no pattern in this case that we can recognize So we may judge this as being random or if we look at the bits that represent this image We may say all those variations in zeros and ones are random But we need maybe a better way to measure and to be able to determine if something is random or not Okay, so we need some measures to to be able to evaluate what's good and what's not Why do we need random numbers in security? Why do we need random numbers? To secure what for example Keys are important. I want to generate a shared secret key that only you and I will know I Need to create that key. I don't just choose it from my head It takes too long to get 64 bits and maybe I'll just choose the next the same value tomorrow or a slight variation of it So we use a random number generator to generate a key for us if we have a random number generator that is not good in That the output is not really random Then that gives the attacker some opportunity to find my key If I generate a key, I think it's random But it's not really random and the attacker knows that then it's easier for the attacker to find my key so random numbers are Important for many aspects of security. So they used in generation of keys Session keys for example a session maybe Every time I connect to a web server. I create a session and choose a new key and Tomorrow when I connect again, I use a different key. So across a session. We need to generate random keys RSA will see in a later topic is a public key cryptographic algorithm. It needs keys and it needs random numbers To distribute keys and authenticate again in later topics. We'll see that random numbers become important stream ciphers X or the plain text with a random number. So we need a good random number generator There are different measures of randomness That is given a number or a sequence is it random or not? Well, there are different ways to measure some things We expect if we look at binary a uniform distribution of zeros and ones Take a long sequence of zeros and ones like a thousand zeros and ones We'd expect Half of them to be zeros and half them to be ones 500 zeros and 500 ones is one measure of Is that sequence of zeros and ones random But we wouldn't expect it to be 500 zeros then 500 ones. We wouldn't evaluate that as random Okay, so we need a distribution of zeros and ones in our number Spread out Not just is an entire sequence have equal number of zeros and ones even sub sequences for example Just have a few simple examples to introduce random numbers today, and then we'll go into the details next week Let's say we have a sequence of 10 bits 12 Nice a number to split 12 bits and we want to evaluate if it's random. So I'll write some How many did I do? One more That's enough 12 bits random or not. Is this a random sequence of bits? What what why would you say no well one measure is that there are more there are there's one zero and 11 ones One zeros 11 ones. So when we say uniform distribution, we'd expect about half and half How many zeros? How many ones? All right, half and half good Random No, we may say no there looks to be some structure. Well another way to look at it then is to look at the sub sequences So yes of those 12 bits half and half for zeros and ones. Well, that's what we want But let's look at sub sequences. Let's look at say this six bits We have Six zeros and Zero ones So that doesn't that sub sequence of six bits doesn't have this property of an equal number of zeros and ones That's an indicator that this is not a random sequence or does not exhibit the randomness that we That would expect so not just as one sequence have an equal number of zeros and ones But the sub sequences that is the first six bits should have three zeros and three ones the next six bits Or any six bits for example If we select any six bits at a time, we'd expect on average to get the same number of zeros and ones Of course, we cannot go forever and just select a sequence of one bits but as You have a long sequence of bits you can start to apply some measures to test whether One sequence exhibits more randomness than others So one more sequence How many zeros? How many ones? What if we take this sub sequence How many zeros? So it's not enough just to count the number of zeros and ones. So we need other ways to measure the The randomness of this sequence. So again, this doesn't appear random. It looks like it's just alternating zeros and ones So the other one which is sometimes harder to measure is independence that we would think no sub sequence can be inferred from others so if we see some of those bits we cannot predict what the next bits will be and In this case if we see okay the first six bits zero one zero one zero one Maybe you can predict that the next two bits will be zero one. So this does not exhibit independence So that's some another measure of whether this sequence is Exhibits randomness or not But it becomes hard so there are different measures to try and to compare Sequences and see how random they are should be hard to predict the next value in a sequence so to finish today we'll distinguish between true random number generators and pseudo random number generators There's also random number functions, but I will not talk about them okay a True random number generator. We think is something to take some source that measures the physical environment to get a sequence of numbers which we can say a random so Radiation events from the environment maybe electrical Circuits and how things vibrate the noise from different environments measure them and It's under certain circumstances people believe that they exhibit randomness and they generate true random numbers for us But and even mouse and keyboard activity the timing and when different things happen and we can extract the events and get a true random number generator the problem is that such Techniques for generating random numbers are inconvenient We maybe need some extra hardware or some dedicated things to make these measurements So they're not general purpose solutions like a piece of software and That they often just generate a small number of values over time so if I want to generate I need a One million bit sequence Which is random? Then a true random number generator may take days to generate such a sequence Which is not very convenient So we talk about pseudo random number generators. They're not not real real true number generators They are fake or pretend ones They use algorithms that we can implement in hardware or software. They're deterministic and we calculate random numbers And we talk about them being relatively relatively random and Often they take an input which we call a seed Where that may come from a true random number generator? so we'll use a true random number generator to Act as an input to a pseudo random number generator and That can produce larger sequences of random bits, which are more useful for applications and software we will we will look at some example pseudo random number generators and Look at some of the properties of them and how to compare them next week You


Well, thank you so much, Sarah, for this lovely introduction. Thank you all for being here this afternoon, and thank you for the barns for hosting us this year. In 1988, Vic Muniz suffered a lapse of memory. It occurred when he began working on a series of drawings entitled The Best of Life, in which he rendered from memory some of the most famous journalistic photographs taken from Life's magazine, 1973's special edition, also called The Best of Life. This commemorative issue anthologized the most prestigious images published by the news magazine as a memorial to Life's history from 1936 until its death in 1972. Muniz purchased a copy of The Best of Life at a garage sale in Chicago in 1987, right after moving from Brazil. To the artist, the book was a device of acculturation, because it made him feel, quote, more of a part of the place where I was living, end quote. Since the magazine's special edition offered a large variety of images, ranging from pictures of celebrities to political achievements, Muniz felt that by owning the book, he could not only absorb more of American culture, but also, in a way, include himself in that culture. According to the artist, he carried the book at all times like a family album. But he lost it in the summer of 1988. It was the loss of this item that led to Muniz's desire to recollect from memory some of its most remarkable pictures. He recalled and rendered nine photographs from Life's volume, but the images he chose had already been exhaustively reproduced. Indeed, the pictures remembered by Muniz were, in art to this day, key contributions to the American collective imaginary due to their mainstream circulation and or emotional impact. Ayodhima, Vijay Day, the cinema audience watching the first 3D movie, John F. Kennedy Jr. during his father funeral, the execution of a Viet Cong, Man on the Moon, Ken State shooting in Ohio, the napalm girl in Trang Bang, and John Lennon with a New York T-shirt in his apartment. For Muniz at first, the memory rendering was a pastime. He explains, quote, I would wake up and work on a few every day and each day I would remember a bit more, end quote. It took him a few years to capture most of the picture's general features without looking at them. In order to make his renderings appear more like the images from Life magazine, Muniz photographed the drawings. But he did so in soft focus, as you can see here. I pressed the wrong button, sorry. So he did so in soft focus, as you can see here, with the image on the right, ostensibly to emphasize the elusiveness of the lost reference, and to remove evidence of his hand. He later photographically printed them through a halftone screen to simulate the pixelated quality of photographs published in magazines, mimicking the format in which most people first encounter the pictures. So the grains that you actually see on the screen are not a distortion of the projector or the image. It's an actual printing process. So the end product is thus a blurry line that resembles a bad photo reproduction of the well-known picture. When paired against the images reproduced in Life magazine, Muniz's memory drawings retain many details from the original source, such as body configuration, overall scale, facial expressions, and even the point of view from which the photographs were taken. However, despite having an outstanding visual memory, Muniz seems to have forgotten many details. He left out peripheral information and it is precisely such absences the focus of my paper today. I'm interested in the staging of forgetting, in examining the nuances of memory loss and the social political implications of these gaps. For instance, in execution of a Viet Cong, the artist neglected to include some of the details of the photograph's original background, emitting markers of built environments, forgetting parts of the place to which the image is historically bound. The figure's body seemed to stand in an abstracted vacuum of blurry lines as if refusing to belong to a particular locus. So what does it mean for Muniz to forget? To produce images that argue that something has been forgotten or to partially remember some politically charged images that pertain to America's past. In the 1980s and 90s, around the time when Muniz is working on this series, memory loss was mostly being addressed as a cultural pathology. Forgetting appeared as that which erased history and inspired anxiety. Amnesia was usually associated with repression, trauma, oppression, and passivity. It was mostly understood as a type of flaw, a malicious disruption, a condition related to neurological damage, and thus something to be avoided. In his seventh volume entitled Le lieu de mémoire, French historian Pierre Nora discusses Western society's fear of forgetfulness and obsession with preserving the past in the post-war era. He explains that the anxiety of memory loss is tied to the loss of what he calls, quote, environments of memory, end quote, or physical places that contain the recollection of our past, such as war sites. And because of this detachment between place and memory, Nora argues that instead, quote, modern memory becomes, even more, becomes archival. Similarly, in his book Twilight Memories, Andreas Hoisen discusses society's fixation with fighting cultural amnesia and preserving history, but attributes this phenomenon to the spreading of data storing technologies, such as computers. Many attempts to talk about forgetting have thus led to discussions of the desire to preserve or recover memory, which reinforces the cultural rejection of amnesia. But instead, I propose that memory loss be seen as holding critical function, as perhaps creating a site for contesting power. Moniz's staging of amnesia or selective forgetting actually challenges notions of American historical memory. Specifically during the 80s and the early 90s, a time in US history marked by an effort to make peace to the conflicted nostalgia of the past, evidenced by the erection of both Vietnam and the Korean War memorials in 1982 and 1995, respectively, as well as the creation of the Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1993. Hoisen notes that during this time, both the US and Europe built memorials and museums to stand as, quote, theaters of memory, end quote, as they represented antidotes to forthcoming traumatic loss and placed emphasis on remembering. In earlier decades, objects that established the type of association between memory, trauma, and loss are exemplified by Gerard Richter's early photo paintings. As artistic precedents to Moniz's series, works such as Uncle Rudy from 1965 also complicate the connection between memory, photography, and painting. By intimately depicting his deceased uncle smiling in Nazi uniform after a black and white family photograph, Richter connects memory loss to trauma and violence. He alludes to the repressed memories of Nazi culture and tries to come to terms with the atrocities of the Nazi past in post-war Germany. Moniz's subjects are instead detached figures taking from media culture. The blurry lines of his rendering don't allude to traumatic forgetting, but actually stage a different kind of forgetting through visual cues such as the very loss of resolution. The lack of clarity along with the omission of certain details point to a type of memory loss that actually unsettles hierarchical relationships of power. Nowhere is this more palpable than in the Man on the Moon rendering. In the celebrated photograph captured by Neil Armstrong, we see the American flag printed on Buzz Aldrin's left shoulder. The blue square and red stripes contrast with the astronaut's white gear. The rectangular outline of the flag was still registered in Moniz's memory. He carefully delineated the area the flag was supposed to occupy, not forgetting its geometric perimeter. However, Moniz did not include the flag's defining features, despite it being a pervasive symbol, quite impossible to forget. The stars and stripes which identify the flag as being American were reduced to a grayscale blob that is barely visible, revealing the staging of the artist's forgetting. And even in Brazil, images of the moon landing were one of the most prominent subjects to be reproduced in magazine covers and receive great media attention. The Apollo 11's journey helped deviate attention from the country's aggressive dictatorship regime and instead offered entertainment through America's conquest of the moon. In Javisa Monchici, Armstrong's picture of Buzz Aldrin was featured in the front cover. And other periodicals like Fatos e Fotos even sold a mini LP with the voice recordings of the astronauts as a free gift. The magazine also published many American advertisements, a clear reminder of American imperialist presence in Brazilian media culture. With this in mind, Moniz's selective forgetting might actually open a space to refuse, critique, and subvert the cultural memory that is exported and imposed. The staging of amnesia this offers an alternative response to America's dominant narratives, specifically during the 80s and 90s, a crucial moment for memory studies and revisionist theories in disciplines like social history. Intellectual Gayatari Spivak, for example, questioned hegemonic power structures in the very making of history by interrogating the status of historical memory of what gets remembered and forgotten. In her acclaimed essay, Can the Subaltern Speak, Spivak advocates a reconsideration of history in colonies such as India through politics of inclusion. She claims that, quote, imperialism establishes the universality of the mode of production narrative, end quote. Pointing to the idea that suppressing and forgetting the past has been deployed in service of the holders of hegemonic power. When Moniz began recollecting the photographs from life in 1988, the following year marked the 20th anniversary of the moon landing. Commemorative stamps and stickers circulated assuring that nobody forgot one of the most successful achievements in America's history. The New York Times issued articles to commemorate the anniversary with titles such as How the Moon Was Won, referring to the moon exploration as a colonizing expedition. And pictures and drawings of the flag planted on the moon's surface recalled colonial connotations of settlers planting flags in the grounds of conquered lands to establish territories. In this way, the missing details of the American flag in Moniz's rendering amidst national identity and resists imperialistic narratives. Looking closely at both Aldrin's helmet from the picture reproduced in life, one also notices that his visor becomes a convex mirror reflecting the astronaut's own shadow, the eagle's shuttle on the far right, Neil Armstrong taking the picture in the center, as well as a tiny presence of the United States flag in the solar wind experiment at the very back. Here, reality is confirmed by its own reflection. In Moniz's version, on the other hand, the artist forgot to register everything except for Armstrong's body, which becomes instead an unrecognizable white spot. Convexity already suggests a certain distortion by its own bent surface, as in Jan van Eyck's Arnofini portrait. The reflection of the convex mirror at the back of the wall reveals the room's altered extension being occupied by two additional figures, one of them believed to be van Eyck himself. Like Buzz Aldrin's visor reflection, van Eyck's mirror attests to reality. It becomes a type of dependable memory, a trustworthy documentation of the past. For Moniz, the convex visor is instead a displaced mirror, one that interrupts memesses and instead places cultural memory in a state of vulnerability. The artist refuses to trust and accept reality. He disturbs the media's imposed reflection through forgetting, substantially questioning the veracity of historical memory. The mirror proves important as it also relates to ideas of colonialism, the mirror being one of the symbols of colonial conquest in the conceptualization of the other. Because the mirror allows for both mimicry and othering, as discussed by scholars like Homie Baba, it reinforces hierarchies and asymmetries. Baba suggests that mimetic representation, quote, emerges as one of the most elusive and effective strategies of colonial power and knowledge, end quote.  Moniz's rendering of the convict's reflection invites then the viewer to experience metaphorically a myopic correction of the representation of the colonial other. The photojournalistic images of Life Magazine are more than mere historical witnesses. They become visual evidence that American democracy succeeded, regardless of its many wars and conflicts. As mass media became one of the most important discursive medium in American history, in American culture, it also became tied to the construction of the country's historical memories. When Moniz is unable to recall specific signs that are encoded in America's history, he permits important political and historical emblems to be forgotten. The staging of memory loss for Moniz is thus a tool for criticizing social political hierarchies, American hegemonic power, the photojournalistic media that helped define it, and with his lapse of memory, he forgets pieces of American life. Thank you.


Okay we are discussing the minimal polynomial okay minimal polynomial is a polynomial which has a property it is a polynomial f of t which has the property minimal polynomial is a polynomial f such that f of capital T equal to 0 okay I will give the precise definition but the question is whether there exists such a polynomial okay I had given an example yesterday example of a matrix 2 by 2 matrix and a polynomial so let me recall that I had given this matrix I am looking at the linear transformation whose matrix relative to the standard basis is this linear transformation on R2 and I defined f of t to be t square minus 2 t okay then we notice yesterday that f of a is a 0 matrix okay so at least for this matrix we have shown that there is a polynomial f such that f of a equal to 0 in the general case let me give an argument and then give the precise definition we are seeking a polynomial f which has the property that f of t is 0 given a transformation given an operator t okay in the general case let us look at the following t is a linear operator on a finite dimensional vector space what is the dimension of v as usual it is n what is the dimension of L v n square dimension of L v is n square so if you look at and see L v is the space of all linear operators on v so consider these operators consider the following operators starting from I t t square etc operators on v these are elements of L v etc I go up to t to the n square consider these operators these are in L v so these are elements these are vectors in this vector space these are n square vectors in this vector space n square plus 1 rather they are n square plus 1 vectors in the vector space L of v the dimension of L of v is n square so these must be linearly dependent so there exist scalars not all 0 at least one of them is non-zero not all 0 there exist scalars not all 0 such that scalars I mean alpha I not all 0 such that alpha not I plus alpha 1 t alpha 2 t square etc alpha n square t n square equals to 0 operator these vectors in this space L of v are linearly dependent so there are scalars at least one of which is not 0 all you have to do is pick up the polynomial from this equation define let us say f of t by alpha not plus alpha 1 t alpha 2 t square etc plus alpha n square t to the n square the polynomial coming from this left hand side this polynomial has a property that f of t equals the 0 map okay so we have proved in the general case also for any linear operator on a finite dimensional vector space there is at least one polynomial in fact there are infinitely many there is at least one polynomial f that satisfies f of t equals to 0 operator what we do is look at see as I described yesterday we look at the collection m t this is the set of all polynomials f so I am using f in R t for instance set of all polynomials f with real coefficients over the real variable t such that f of t equals 0 operator what we have just now shown is that this is not empty for any operator this set is not empty this is a subset of R t this is a sub ring this also has a property that it is an ideal and this is an ideal in R t R t is a nucleotid domain it is also called a principal ideal domain f x over the variable x is a principal ideal domain principal ideal domain means that every ideal is generated by a unique element so there exists m in R t such that such that this capital M sub t is generated by this m is generated by this m that is every polynomial in m t is a multiple of this little m every polynomial in m t is a multiple of little m what are the properties of this little m little m has a property that it is a monic polynomial it is a monic polynomial the coefficient of the highest degree of m is 1 what is the other property m has a property that m of t is 0 right it comes from this what is the other property that m has degree of m is less than or equal to degree of f whenever f is such that f of t is 0 okay so let me just write down these properties m satisfies the following the first condition is that it must be such that m of t is 0 such a polynomial is called an annihilating polynomial so I will just write down on this side annihilating polynomials it annihilates t it destroys t that is it takes t to 0 this is called an annihilating polynomial so m of t any polynomial f that satisfies f of t equal to 0 is called an annihilating polynomial in particular m of m must be an annihilating polynomial second property m is monic monic means the coefficient of the highest degree is 1 remember if the coefficient of the highest degree is not 1 you can always divide by that number the coefficient and you will get it so m is monic that is another property property 3 we are calling it a minimal polynomial minimal in what sense minimal in the sense of degree if f belongs to R t and f of t equals a 0 polynomial if f belongs to R t and f of t equal to 0 0 operator then so I told you that m t is generated by little m which means I also told you that anything in m t is a multiple of this little m okay so I have this condition degree of m is less than or equal to degree of f I must have this condition satisfied by m for example f could be a multiple of m in which case the degree of f and degree m are the same okay but it cannot be less than the degree of m any annihilating polynomial must have degree less it cannot have degree strictly less than the degree of the minimal polynomial okay so this m is called the minimal polynomial such an m is called the minimal polynomial the minimal polynomial for t for the operator t it depends on t different operators will have different minimal polynomials okay in the worst case when you do not know what an algebra is what a sub ring or what an ideal is you can take it for granted that this definition is sensible there is a minimal polynomial for each operator okay let us look at some examples but maybe before that I need to tell you the relationship between the minimal polynomial so we are discussing eigenvalues eigenvectors what is the relationship between the minimal polynomial and the eigenvalues let us first settle this so let me just prove the following following result t is an L v and v is finite dimensional and so I will always reserve this little m for the minimal polynomial for an operator and the characteristic polynomial I will reserve p okay so m for me will always be the minimal polynomial for t and p will be the characteristic polynomial p will be the characteristic polynomial any other annihilating polynomial I will use f the zeros of the minimal polynomial and the characteristic polynomial for an operator p are the same okay this is the connection the connection between the minimal polynomial and the characteristic polynomial is that they have the same zeros means that is m of lambda equals 0 if and only if p of lambda equals 0 if lambda is a root of the equation m of t equals 0 then lambda is also a root of the equation p of t equals 0 okay how do you prove it can you see that there is a connection now between p is the characteristic polynomial so any root of the equation p t equal to 0 lambda is an eigenvalue so the zeros of the minimal polynomial are the eigenvalues of the operator proof we need to show that let lambda be such that T x equals lambda x for some x not equal to 0 that is lambda is an eigenvalue of t x is a corresponding eigenvector okay we are actually proving the sufficiency part first yeah if lambda is an eigenvalue then I am showing that lambda is 0 of the minimal polynomial okay is this okay m t x equals 0 do you agree with this first m is a minimal polynomial so it is an annihilating polynomial so for any x m t x is 0 in particular for this eigenvector 0 is m t x but you remember this result that we proved m t x if lambda is an eigenvalue this can be written as m lambda x T x equals lambda x we saw this result in the last lecture this is m lambda into x m lambda is a number x is a vector x is an eigenvector so it is not 0 m lambda must be 0 so one part is very simple if lambda satisfies p lambda equal to 0 then we have shown m lambda is 0 okay we have only used the fact that m t x is m lambda x conversely let us suppose that m lambda is 0 we must produce a vector we must show that there exists a vector let us say y such that T y equals lambda we must show that there exists a vector y not equal to 0 such that T y equals lambda y it would then mean that lambda is an eigenvalue and so p of lambda is 0 okay m lambda equal to 0 means that if I use T as the variable for the polynomial m do you agree that I can write m of T as T minus lambda into q of T if lambda is a 0 of m of T equal to 0 then T minus lambda is a factor of m of T T minus lambda is a factor of m of T this is this is by definition what do you know about q of T the degree of q is at least one is precisely one less than the degree of m so q cannot be an annihilating polynomial where q cannot be an annihilating polynomial that is q of capital T cannot be the 0 polynomial the reason since degree of q is strictly less than degree of m and any polynomial of degree less than the minimal degree of the minimal polynomial cannot be an annihilating polynomial so q of T is not the 0 operator q of T not the 0 operator means that there is one nonzero at least one nonzero vector x such that q of T x is not 0 there exists x not equal to 0 such that q of T x is not 0 that is the meaning of saying that an operator is not 0 this is this will be my eigenvector so I will call this y call y as q T x then for one thing y is not 0 also I will start with this 0 m T x that must be 0 because m T is a minimal polynomial 0 equal to m T x this is written as T minus lambda i times the polynomial q into x this is T minus lambda i q T x is y into y so what I have is what I have is T y equals lambda y with y not equal to 0 so I have shown that y is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda in terms of P this means P of lambda is 0 okay now this is an important connection between the minimal polynomial and the characteristic polynomial they have the same roots except for multiplicities okay remember that we have not shown we have not shown that the multiplicities are the same okay but they have the same roots this is an important point maybe we should now look at examples okay some numerical examples my first example will be one that exemplifies this diagonalizability I realized I have not given an example so for diagonalizability let me first do an example and also consider the examples that we have discussed earlier we have discussed at least two examples the first example of an operator which does not have an eigenvalue so it is not diagonalizable second example of an operator which has enough eigenvalues but not enough eigenvectors again it is not diagonalizable third example that I am going to discuss now will be diagonalizable this will also tell you what diagonalizability means for matrices if it is not already clear to you so I am going to discuss examples and also by the side discuss the minimal polynomials okay okay the first one let me consider the operator T whose matrix relative to the standard basis is given by this 3 by 3 matrix I will take this matrix this is the matrix of a linear operator relative to the standard basis let us say I will leave it to you for verifying that the characteristic polynomial of this matrix we are using P the characteristic polynomial of this matrix please check that it is over the minus sign so I will say characteristic equation for this problem the characteristic equation will be please verify that it is lambda plus 1 the whole square into lambda minus 3 this is the characteristic equation of this matrix okay expand this 3 by 3 determinant A minus lambda equal to 0 the eigenvalue minus 1 comes twice eigenvalue 1 comes once what I know is the eigenvectors corresponding to 1 eigenvector corresponding to minus 1 and the eigenvector corresponding to 3 are independent I must verify if minus 1 the eigenspace corresponding to minus 1 has dimension 2 I must verify if the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue minus 1 has dimension 2 okay what is lambda equals minus 1 I need to go back to this look at the case lambda 1 is minus 1 I am looking at the number of independent solutions of this equation Ax equals minus lambda 1 x that is A plus lambda 1 I A plus I x I must solve this is that correct minus 1 yeah I meant lambda 1 x I meant lambda 1 x okay so I have Ax so A plus lambda 1 lambda minus 1 what is going on yeah minus lambda 1 yeah so I need to solve this A plus I x equal to 0 so what are those equations these equations are minus 8 4 4 minus 8 I must add 1 4 4 minus 16 8 8 into x the row reduced echelon form of this matrix will have only 1 nonzero 2 0 rows the first row is minus 2 1 1 or if you want you can say it is 1 minus 1 by 2 minus 1 by 2 in any case the number of solutions of this equation is 2 the rank of this matrix is 1 the row rank of this matrix is 1 because second and third rows are just multiples of the first row so the row rank of this matrix is 1 which means the null space will have nullity is 2 so null space has dimension 2 so there are 2 independent solutions of this equation okay let us compute for completeness I have there is only one equation there is only one equation that I must solve I must write down 2 independent solution this is one equation in 3 unknowns I can fix 2 of them so I will take x 3 to be 1 for the first case and x 2 equal to 1 so I have these let us say x 2 equals 2 so x 1 is 1 is that okay minus 2 plus 2 plus 1 so that is not 0 so I am taking x 3 I can take x 3 to be 0 x 2 is 2 x 1 is 1 so that gives me 1 vector let me write x 1 the superscript 1 that is 1 vector for me 1 2 0 I will write down another vector for the same equation let us say that comes from I will write that here another choice is x 3 x 1 sorry x 2 is 0 x 3 is 2 then x 1 is 1 that gives me another independent vector which is I think I have not written correctly here 1 2 0 x 2 yeah 1 0 2 right is that correct 1 0 2 x 2 and x 3 behave similarly so I can interchange their roles that is what I have done so this is another this is one this is another obviously they are independent so I have 2 independent eigenvectors for the eigenvalue minus 1 which comes twice as an eigenvalue okay let us also calculate an eigenvector for the eigenvalue 3 I need to solve Ax equals 3x A minus 3x so I must solve minus 12 4 4 minus 8 A minus 3 0 is that correct 4 minus 16 8 7 minus 3 4 I am looking at A minus 3 minus 12 0 4 all the other entries are the same so this into x I need to do row reduced okay may be just by observation let us do this quickly minus 2 1 1 let us say 2 minus 1 1 that is the first equation second equation is 2 0 1 I divide by 4 4 minus 2 minus 1 I divide by minus 4 minus 2 minus 1 that is correct second row I am dividing by 4 minus 4 2 0 minus 1 I am dividing by minus 4 3 I am dividing by minus 4 3 minus 1 minus 1 okay 1 minus 1 by 3 minus 1 by 3 2 0 minus 1 4 minus 2 minus 1 and then minus 2 times this plus this 1 minus 1 by 3 minus 1 by 3 minus 2 times this that is 2 by 3 2 by 3 minus 1 minus 1 by 3 minus 4 times this plus this okay so I have this to be 0 4 by 3 minus 2 that is minus 2 by 3 minus 4 times this 4 by 3 minus 1 minus 1 by 3 1 by 3 okay so please check I can remove the last row it is the same as the second row without reducing it to the row reduced echelon form etc okay now I see that I must fix x 1 x 2 x 3 can be determined uniquely okay same example I can fix x 1 let me multiply by minus 3 3 x 1 minus x 2 minus x 3 multiply this by 3 2 x 2 minus x 3 let me take x 1 to be 3 maybe x 1 to be 1 then I must solve for these 2 x 2 plus x 3 is 3 2 x 2 minus x 3 is 0 3 x 3 3 x 2 is 3 x 2 is 1 what is x 1 x 2 is 1 sorry x 3 x 1 has been fixed x 3 is 2 I will call this a third vector x 3 first coordinate is 1 second coordinate is 1 third coordinate is 2 so please check that this is another eigenvector 1 1 2 minus 12 plus 4 plus 8 0 minus 8 plus 8 minus 16 plus 8 plus 8 okay so this is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue 3 now look at all these 3 vectors I will use this portion now script B equals x 1 x 2 x 3 these 2 vectors x 1 and x 2 obviously are independent and x 3 must be independent with x 1 x 2 because x 1 x 2 correspond to the eigenvalue minus 1 x 3 correspond to 3 so these 3 are linearly independent vectors so this forms a basis for R 3 such that each vector is an eigenvector so the operator T that we started with must be diagonalizable in particular this matrix A is diagonalizable what is the meaning of A being diagonalizable let us call P as a matrix whose entries are the columns x 1 x 2 x 3 I define a new matrix P whose columns are the eigenvectors taken in this order first correspond to minus 1 second corresponds to 3 is this P invertible P is invertible because the columns are independent so the homogenous equation P x equal to 0 has x equal to 0 as the only solution this P is invertible and P is invertible and look at A P we have done this calculation before A P is A into x 1 x 2 x 3 this A can be got inside A x 1 A x 2 A x 3 but x 1 x 2 x 3 are the eigenvalues so this is minus 1 right minus x 1 minus x 1 3 x 3 minus 1 minus 1 are the eigenvalues for the first 2 vectors for the third one 3 is eigenvector right. Can I write this as x 1 x 2 x 3 into minus 1 0 0 0 minus 1 0 0 0 3 I can please check this I can write it in this manner in our notation this matrix is P let me call the other matrix as D D stands for the diagonal matrix yes this is P into D okay where D is that is A equals P D P inverse you can also look at P inverse A P as D this is what diagonalizability for a matrix means this is what diagonalizability for a matrix means I have also mentioned this when we wrote down the matrix of a linear transformation A is similar to the diagonal matrix D A is similar to the diagonal matrix D and so A is diagonalizable D is diagonalizable if and only if A is diagonalizable A is diagonalizably means that A must be similar to a diagonal matrix okay so this is the first example of a matrix that has been shown to be diagonalizable what is the minimal polynomial for this matrix we have written down the characteristic polynomial let me recall the characteristic polynomial I am using the notation P for this matrix is lambda plus 1 onto the 2 into lambda minus 3 probably it goes to the minus sign but does not matter I am looking at P of lambda equals 0 okay so the characteristic polynomial is lambda plus 1 square lambda minus 3 what is the minimal polynomial for this where do we start with what is the first choice for the minimal polynomial lambda plus 1 into lambda minus 3 okay one choice is lambda plus 1 into lambda minus 3 what is the other choice it must also have another possibility is lambda plus 1 into lambda minus 3 whole square right the number of the zeros must coincide okay but for this matrix I want you to verify that the minimal polynomial is just lambda plus 1 into lambda minus 3 please verify for this matrix that the minimal polynomial is lambda plus 1 into lambda minus 3 the reason why this must be true I will explain a little later but this can be verified by just two matrix multiplication you need to verify that M of A equals 0 that is A plus I into A minus 3 I is 0 okay so please verify in this example that the minimal polynomial is this and observe that the minimal polynomial is a product of distinct linear factors this example the minimal polynomial is a product of distinct linear factors that is it does not have lambda plus 1 whole square or lambda minus 3 whole square it is just a product of these two distinct linear factors okay that is the minimal polynomial for this example let us go back to the second example the second example that we discussed earlier tell me if the entries are correct 3 1 minus 1 2 2 minus 1 2 2 0 can you just check and tell me if this is the second example this is an example of a matrix which is not diagonalizable in spite of the fact that the Eigen values exist are the entries okay okay what is the characteristic polynomial for this matrix we have verified what lambda minus 1 the whole square into lambda minus 2 lambda minus 1 into lambda minus 2 whole square this matrix is not diagonalizable simply because it is defective with regard to the number of Eigen vectors there is no problem with the Eigen values Eigen values are there 1 comes with multiplicity 1 2 comes with multiplicity 2 but it does not have enough Eigen vectors it has only two Eigen vectors that is if you look at the matrix lambda minus if you look at the matrix A minus 2 I we have discussed the example before I just want to consolidate if you look at the matrix A minus 2 I that is 1 1 minus 1 2 0 minus 1 2 2 minus 2 okay you observe that the third row is a same I mean it is multiple of the second so I can delete it the rank is 2 the rank of this matrix is 2 the nullity of this matrix is 1 that is nullity of the linear transformation whose matrix is this nullity is 1 which means the dimension of the null space of A minus 2 I is 1 but dimension of null space of A minus 2 I is precisely the Eigen space the Eigen space is of dimension 1 okay so there is only 1 Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value 2 there is 1 Eigen vector corresponding to 1 in any case I do not have 3 Eigen vectors 3 independent Eigen vectors for this matrix so this is not diagonalizable okay so please check that nullity check that the Eigen space corresponding to the Eigen value 2 that is 1 dimension of the Eigen space corresponding to the second Eigen value is 1 and so there are only 2 independent Eigen vectors for this matrix A so A is not diagonalizable what are the choices for the minimal polynomial the choices are lambda minus 1 into lambda minus 2 lambda minus in whole square into lambda minus 2 or lambda minus 1 into lambda minus 2 whole square okay these are the possible choices I wanted to verify in this example that this is the same as the minimal polynomial okay please verify that the minimal polynomial in this example the same as a characteristic polynomial I told you there are 3 choices for the minimal polynomial 1 is lambda minus 1 into lambda minus 2 you can verify A minus I into A minus 2 I is not 0 the other choices lambda minus 1 whole square into lambda minus 2 that is A minus I the whole square into A minus 2 I verify that that is also not 0 finally this is the other choice verify that M lambda is P lambda okay in this example finally if you look at the third example which is the first example the matrix A is 0 minus 1 1 0 this simply does not have Eigen values what is the characteristic polynomial for this matrix characteristic polynomial is lambda square plus 1 if you look at this as a complex matrix this can be factorized as lambda plus I into lambda minus I so as a complex matrix this has I and minus I as the Eigen values okay the minimal polynomial is a product of if you look at it as a complex matrix then the minimal polynomial will have to have both these roots you please also verify that A square plus I equals 0 and so the minimal polynomial in this example is equal to the characteristic polynomial okay the minimal polynomial is a characteristic polynomial for the reason that A square plus I is 0 and that both the both the factors both the roots minus I and plus I must appear in the minimal polynomial okay probably I will stop here.