Hey, fellow buddies. Thanks for watching. All right, you guys it is time for 26 bread and butter bolos items to be on the lookout for items you can buy low and sell for a decent profit all of these items I sold on eBay for $35 or less. I call that my bread and butter Typically these items are easier to find. I pick my items up at thrift stores garage sales estate sales Facebook marketplace YouTube auctions So pretty much will source anywhere anywhere. I can find a good deal. All right, you guys my I Keep my cost of goods pretty low So I'm gonna tell you where I got it what I paid for it and what I sold it for so we are gonna get started here And the first item I Let me double check something here. Yeah. All right, I picked this up at a YouTube auction So I purchased it was actually a mystery box that I ordered from Auctions for you and I do have her link down below if you guys are in need of inventory T auctions for you and Donna Telebot Alino do selling events on their YouTube channel And it is a great place to source inventory So this came in a hundred dollar mystery box It was all pretty much all new old stock items and you can check out that video if you like I unboxed everything. I showed you how I listed everything. I showed you what had sold When I had released the video and how I plan to sell everything else and what I expect to make so Go check out that it was a super easy box because everything was pretty much new old stocks So they had like barcodes or I could look them up easily All right, so this Snoopy I ended up taking a best offer of $35 And the buyer paid shipping so it's from 2001. It's the it's a Barbie, but it's Snoopy collection When you're listing Barbies, it's always important to put this number all I think all of them All Barbie boxes have this on it and if you put that in the title that will help with the search All right, you guys one of my favorite things to sell is dollhouse furniture because it is so easy to sell This one is actually a replacement part and Replacement parts really do sell You're gonna see in this video and a couple others coming up a lot of replacement parts so this is from a play school dollhouse and when I got this dollhouse it was Not in great condition. This here is actually very faded if you look right here This is the actual color that it's supposed to be but these dollhouses for some reason they fade So they will still sell Just disclose it. So don't let that deter you from picking it up now Somebody bought three items from me. They bought this. Oh and right in here. Do you see this number? I put that in the title as well. That is on the play school items Okay, so they bought this is just a chimney cap They bought this Changing table and this one's loving family. It's Fisher price. So it's a different brand And they purchased Here it is. This is the best part of the the dollhouse. So this is actually Connected to the play school dollhouse. It's a 1991 dollhouse This has a light on the top a light on the bottom and it plays music and what I did was down here in the description I included a video. Okay, so this piece Can go for 40 to 50 bucks. Some people sell them for less, but I always price mine high The person that bought all three of these in a bundle ended up paying $60 and 20 cents for all three items now. I do a Multi-purchase discount. So when people add items to their cart a discount is automatically applied and they get $5 shipping So they're total after discounts and everything with tax and shipping and all of that was 6189 for all three items The next item I sold came From the Goodwill bins and I've just been saying I need to go back to the bins. I need some bins footage I love those videos. They're super fun and I haven't put one out for you guys in a while So if you want me to go to the bins, let me know in the comments. Just write Ben's So I sold this for the asking price or the sale price of $13 and 99 cents The buyer was all in for $21 and 60 cents. Now. This is just a major bread and butter I picked it up because it was sealed I didn't really know if it was going to be anything or not But it sold and I was happy with my return because the bins is by weight. So I probably had less than a buck in it The next item is this fiesta plush Chihuahua dog. It is I think it's realistic looking I think it's adorable. I saw this and I'm like that will definitely sell it's from 1998 So it is vintage. I got this at a garage sale for $1. It sold for $31 and 50 cents and the buyer was all in for 3805 The next item is a big giant keychain and it says for my loving wife See if you can lose these so it's just like a novelty type keychain I picked this up at a garage sale. Oops. Nope. I'm sorry. I was thinking I got this at a garage sale But it says that I got it at a thrift store So I must be thinking of something else so a dollar at a thrift store I sold it for $10 and 49 cents and the buyer was all in for 1696. This was a long tail item It took a long time to sell The next item I sold is this vintage overly raker Santa I picked this up at a garage sale for a dollar. He is just as cute as can be He sold at pretty quick actually and I really wasn't sure if he would sell or not So I was pretty excited about it I ended up taking a best offer of $34 and the buyer was all in for 47 17 I always include photos of the tags especially on harder to find vintage items The next item came from a different or no wait, this might have been the same one There was a little baggie of toys in the new old stock toys that I got in my box from auctions for you But I've gotten quite a few boxes from her so I can't remember which box it was in but This guy you guys I think I underpriced it. He sold super fast For $18 the buyer was all in for 2490 and he even had this little defect right here Where he like his tooth is missing. I Think I underpriced it because it sold like oh, I think it was the same day or within a day or two It was crazy. I was like whoops. I messed that one up So it's a 1990 Mirage bully Germany TMNT splinter hand-painted toy cake topper and it's just plastic So I found another one that was like it and you know, there's a little bit of paint lost there But uh, yeah, pretty cool, right a Cake topper $18 plus shipping this one came out of a mystery box and I almost just donated it It came inside of a wood box and I was like that's gonna be so heavy so I just took the trains out threw them in a ziplock bag and Shipped it that way to cut down on cost Because you can pick these things up relatively I think for a decent price just retail but Because it's not a high-end brand So I didn't I couldn't charge like 30 bucks for it is what I'm thinking and I could be totally wrong I maybe they are cheaper or more expensive than I think but anyway, this one sold for 1750 The buyer was all in for $27 and 88 cents The next item I sold is this heartstone pottery up on the rooftop mug. I always pick up heartstone I have a weakness for heartstone. It's I think it's local to my area because I find them all the time Now this one is marked this way heartstone They come with many different markings. So as long as it says heartstone don't think it's not Legit because it has a different marking on the bottom. They changed up their stamp So depending on the year it was made it can be different. This one actually says this it's stamped on it Which most of the time that's not there This ended up selling for $20. I got it at a thrift store for two bucks and the buyer was all in for 38 The next item is this vintage big-eye girl address book Made in Japan. I love made in Japan And I was actually watching a video by Rachel Strickland last night if you guys aren't subbed to her definitely go sub her up, but she was Showing an auction hall that she did and she picked up an item that said made in Japan on the bottom And she's like shout out to Bolo buddies because I always tell you guys that I love made in Japan. So Pretty cool. I ended up selling this for $24.50 and the buyer was all in for 33 69 And I got that at an estate sale for about a dollar here is another replacement piece from that Dollhouse you guys and I sold this for $15 the buyer was all in for 21 42 and I talked to you guys about the discoloration and the Fading this is what color it normally is so you can see it's pretty it's pretty faded, but it's still sold The next item is this Disney parks department 56 And I got to be honest when I saw this at the Goodwill I was like Disney parks and department 56 home run and I just bought it and And it wasn't that great it only sold for $18 and the buyer was all in for 29 14 But I only paid six bucks for it. So I'm not complaining. I still made a nice profit But was hoping it was gonna be a big money Bolo The next item is this sweet little angel bear plush. It's got the fiber optic wings you guys it is darling I have a weakness for fiber optics Love them. Love them. Love them Anything like color changing. I just think lights are super cool But anyway, I ended up selling this bear for $34 best offer the buyer was all in for 42 80 And I got it at a garage sale for $1 This next item. Okay, again replacements you guys. So the for real pets these actually go to the for real dinosaur and it's a Bottle and a piece of broccoli. I could have sold them separate, but I knew they went together So I went ahead and put them together. I ended up taking a best offer of 16 for these and the buyer was all in for 2316 I pick up toys all the time. I think this was in like a little baggie of toys So I've got probably 25 cents 50 cents in these The next item is this cats meow It's just like a little wood piece It's you set up like villages if you guys have been following me a while You know, I picked up a huge huge lot of cats meow at a garage sale really really cheap and This is a major bread and butter, but what's great about this is I had three of them. Okay, and if I click on three you'll be able to see that I sold two of them for seven and the other one for seven dollars and 19 cents so One listing. So if you look at it like what $21 or $18 I can't do math 18 wait 714 No, 21 I was right the first time so pretty good for like less than a dollar investment The next item was my husband's pickup If you guys watched the estate sale video where it says we split up my husband and I went into an estate sale He went one way. I went the other and we both came out with a big bag of stuff And I was like on the way home. I'm like we should do a video on this So what we did is we unbagged our stuff on a video and you guys can check out that video I think it was super fun. I really like it when my husband gets involved and he does videos with me I did end up listing his stuff for him. So He kind of you know, he doesn't list a whole lot on eBay. I basically Do most of it, but it was fun. So He got these Tupperware sippy cups and I'm like, I didn't see those and he sold these for $28 and 80 cents The buyer was all in for 37 14 and that was from an estate sale. So the address book that I showed you guys earlier Let me find it. I think it was this one. Nope Here it is. This was from the same estate sale. So this was one of the items I picked up and he picked up the Tupperware So pretty cool The next item is this Ryan's room dollhouse figure fairy land friends. This came out of a mystery box It was new old stock. So I looked it up Nothing big money, but I you know, I feel like when I look something up I can hit sell similar and just list it. So even if it's a bread and butter, I'm okay with that I ended up selling this for $9 and 50 cents and the buyer was all in for $16 and 31 cents And that came out of a thrift store toy box. So my cost of goods probably wasn't very much The next item is this Dell mouse. I remember getting this. I got it at a garage So I really don't like to sell stuff like this, but it was still sealed and I'm like, it's a buck I'm just gonna grab it and I ended up selling it for $10 and eight cents. The buyer was all in for 16 20 plus shipping Things like this. I don't get excited about I don't feel like it's a treasure.  It's one of my best finds to date I had no idea what it was. I just Did a Google lens when I was at the garage sale and I was like, oh, wow And it had all of these little parts and pieces the actual mountain Had some condition issues. So I'm like, I'm gonna part it out I'm guessing when it's all said and done I'm probably gonna make between seven hundred and a thousand dollars on the parts from this you guys They are just it was just an amazing find and I paid three bucks for it. I Had no idea what a treasure I had until I got home and really started researching So my cost of goods for this item is probably 10 cents if that and I sold this for $30 and the buyer was all in for 3445 and when I say all in that is taxes and shipping sales tax Which eBay collects on our behalf and sends to the state if you're not familiar with that Okay, you guys another one you guys would probably not even mess with but this is a hello kitty It's a McDonald's toy, but what's cool about this is it glows in the dark and I Had two of them. So I just decided to list them separately because they glow I sold one for six dollars and fifty cents. The buyer was all in for eleven dollars and fifty five cents I think I found the first one and then I think later on I found another one I can't remember how that worked, but I still have one left The next item is this ninja turtle and again you guys some of you are not gonna mess with the smalls like this But he's not very big see here But I did and I sold him for seven bucks and the buyer was all in for twelve dollars and eighty two cents And I picked that up in a big lot of toys at a garage sale The next item is this oinking pig. It's by Jimmy I always pick up things that are animated. I think they're fun and they usually sell well Here it is right here so people can see how it works. I believe I got this at Let me see a garage sale for a buck and The buyer offered me seventeen and they were all in for twenty five eighty and if I remember correctly that one went internationally The next item I sold is this wild grinders JJ action figure skateboard. So he's got a little skateboard here I picked this up at a garage sale. I went to the garage sale was all new old stock items One of the best garage sales I've ever been to I bought everything and my cost of goods ended up being about two dollars per item Some of the items were big money bolo. So it really worked out I sold this one for fourteen dollars and thirty nine cents. The buyer was all in for twenty two oh nine and The last item is this vintage Taz mug and this one is plastic. It's from nineteen ninety three I sold this for ten dollars and eighty cents. The buyer was all in for nineteen eighteen and I got this at a garage sale for one dollar There is a Tasmanian mug that is ceramic that is a big money bolo So if you see these Taz mugs definitely look them up because I know that there are some out there that go for a lot All right, you guys, thank you so much for being here. Thank you for watching Be sure to like comment subscribe and share there's gonna be some videos popping up So check out another video my channel is basically about bolo items items to be on the lookout for Let me know if you have any questions. There's a whole bunch of links and stuff down in the description So check those out. I'll pin some videos And leave me a comment of a hat emoji if you made it this far. Thanks for watching


Hi everyone, Joe for jazzy's case breaks.com coming at you with 2019 2020 upper deck SP game used hockey 2 box Random team break number 26 2 boxes from a fresh master case fresh inner case And a very big thank you to all of these folks right here now one spot gets you three teams so let's Triple you up right here. So you see one's last bottom mojo star three times right there and To make I know there's so only 31 teams left in the league right now There's gonna be 32 soon, but coyotes and wilder combo to make 30 on this list And there's the spreadsheet right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it two and a one three times for each list one two and three After three times we've got Frank down to Juan What's going on in hockey right now? Have there been Any any more upsets any latest upsets who seems to be looking like they're gonna take it all two and a one three times For the teams one. I need to follow a hockey some more two and three Maybe conference finals Detroit down to New Jersey. Are we in conference? It's just too much basketball.  There we go Let's sort by column B by team and trades are allowed But while you're trading let's pop this case open and see which what is this two box break? Let's see which two boxes Yeah, two box break. Let's see which two boxes we're gonna do Let's pop this open All right go one two three for the left side four five six for the right side We'll use that guy right there two one two We'll save this For for next time So there's 1920 sp game used for next time Now let's pop this guy open make stacks of two right here Right. Yeah. All right, so one two three four five Actually, it's shrink the top camera right here. We don't need that right now All right, so there's one two three four five if I roll a six. I'll just roll again four one two three four that's the stack we're gonna do these might be Mixed up, but we'll just grab a couple from the back next time we do this randomly So let's mark these with X's So we know that they're from the same We know they're from the same case or the same inner case All right, so there you go. I'm gonna pause the video when we come back It looks like there's some some trade activity happening here So I'm gonna pause the video when we come back We're gonna see if there's any deals done and then we'll have the two box break stick around. We'll be right back All right, welcome back everybody Tiny bit of trade chatter, but in the end no deals were done. It's all good two box ran in team number 26 on the second of September September already crazy big. Thanks everyone for getting into the action really appreciate it now I Know my hockey knowledge is not super strong So hopefully this these two box will give me some easy names easy names is what I'm looking for Let's go easy names Gretzky Sidney Quasby Connor McDavey Finnish names I have trouble with Some Russian names can trip me up Find out what this box has in store for me right out of the gate is Jordan Bennington 81 out of 103 for the blues that goes to Frank We got Villay Hainola and go with that hockey not my strong suit for Winnipeg that goes also goes to Frank Our first autograph is Ryan O'Reilly Ryan O'Reilly Baba O'Reilly St. Louis Blues Frank we got Alex Ovechkin 11 out of 99 That is what does that say over there a piece of history? It says right up there For the caps also for Frank like a personal box for Frank We've got Claude Giroux Center for the Flyers Philadelphia Juan with the Flyers and the last one here another relic. It's Johnny Goudreau for Calgary Piece of his jersey as well Going to go into one as well. So one and Frank with most of the split in the box here. It seems like Thomas Cabot to 275 Ottawa with that one. There's a heated football discussion happening out there David Gustafson for Winnipeg Frank and look at this draft day marks Morgan Frost Five out of 35 this chilly hit going out to Juan and the Flyers. I think this is the first first hockey break fly flyers fly Trying his first hockey break stumbles into a draft day marks. I have no idea if he's good or not but There you go. It looks nice We've got a Brandon Gignac Jersey and autograph authentic rookie Jersey and out of for the New Jersey Devils That'll go to Juan as well. He's good says rich. So there you go Frost Frosty the snowman We got David past your neck. He's an all-star. He must be good That goes to Boston that goes to Andrew With the Bruins and there's William Carlson Jersey for the Golden Knights Las Vegas Golden Knights And that will be for more Vegas Golden Knights. I think technically is what they're called Jake Jake Johnson with that one And there you have it ladies and gentlemen a quick little two box break of 2019 2020 upper deck SP game used hockey We just popped open a fresh inner case out of a fresh master case So there'll be more two box breaks to come on Jasper's case brace calm I'm Joe and I'll break more with you next time. Bye. Bye


When the narcissist realizes you've had enough. When the narcissist realizes you're done. You can't take any more.  There are signs that let the narcissist know that it's over. That you're finished with them. We always talk about the effects that narcissists have on us. But it's also important to understand the power that we have. And the effects that our actions have on the narcissist. Because there are reasons why you don't hear from them. There are reasons why they stop hoovering you. Because they've picked up on these signs. They've realized they can't mess with you anymore. They've realized they're not going to get a reaction out of you. They're not going to get the response they're looking for. It's over. When you stop giving the narcissist your attention. They realize you've had enough. They might text or call you. But you're not giving them time to talk. You're not having a conversation with them. You have no interest in talking to them. You have no interest in what they've been doing while you were away. You're not trying to fix or resolve the situation. You just don't care. You don't mind ending the conversation and going about your day. And they notice that. They notice how you're behaving and feeling about them. When you no longer have any desire to talk to them. When you no longer entertaining their conversations. Because the more involved you are and the more you try to make things right. The more they know that you are still emotionally invested in them. The more they know that you still care. Because you're still trying to make things work. The narcissist realizes you've had enough. When you're no longer worried or concerned. When you show a complete lack of care and bother. When you don't show feelings of agitation or annoyance. When you don't let them bait you in. When you're not getting wound up. When you're not reacting. When you're not giving them your emotions. If you're getting angry and frustrated. It tells them you're still emotionally invested. It tells them you still care.  They think it's funny. It's amusing to them. Because they're still able to toy with your emotions. They're still able to mess with you. But when you're no longer bothered by their insult and put downs. And you're not even reacting to it. It triggers them. It makes them question their own significance. Because you used to get wound up. You used to get very angry. But you're not doing that anymore. So when you take away your emotions. That is a huge trigger for the narcissist. They see it as though something else has hindered their power and control over you. You used to walk on eggshells around the narcissist. You used to be very careful not to offend or upset them. You used to be very careful not to set them off. But when you stop walking on eggshells. And you criticize them. They realize you've had enough. You didn't use to do it. Because you didn't want to hurt them. Because you cared about their feelings. But they didn't care if they hurt you. But when you stop holding back. On the things that you want to say. It a noise that upsets them. They realize you've had enough. Because they've never seen you do that before. But now they're seeing you rise in opposition. You're no longer tolerating it. Which means you're pretty much done. When the narcissist is unable to reach or contact you. Or you have no interest in speaking to them and you keep things short. They realize you're done. They realize they no longer have an effect on you. They realize they no longer have power over you. They realize they can't control you. And this is when they will get really upset. They will behave even more poorly and inappropriately. Their behavior will become even more extreme. Because they're trying to get you to react to it. They want to see if your lack of emotion is real. They want to see if you're really done. Or if you're just trying to punish them. They have to test you. They have to see if it's real. Or if you're just messing with them. And if you stand your ground against their tests. They know it's done. They know you're over them. Thank you for watching. I hope this video wears in it with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate. My PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching inquiries. You can email me at coaching.naxify.co.uk. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here today I bring you another destiny 2 video and today I bring you the Location to travel to to start the first of a new Exhaustic quest found within the black armor DLC But before we go any further guys if you do enjoy the video would like to show you support You can by hitting that like button if you are new around here and enjoy daily destiny 2 videos be sure to subscribe Okay, so upon loading up the black armor You are instructed to go and do a few things regarding the machine gun frame for other one One of the last steps is to go back to other one who sends you to the forge on the EDZ This is the route I took if you haven't done these quest steps yet You still might be able to go here and find where this Exhaustic quest is located So load up the EDZ and travel to the sludge area once you are spawned in follow the route I take to the forge Since you are here travel through these tunnels and eventually you will end up here in this new forge area known as the Valandor Forge But don't jump into the forge people jump down to this hidden cave location Vinit is a loot crate within the loot crate. You are given a new Exhaustic quest It's called the mysterious box and the start is Exhaustic quest that requires as follows an all-night box before locks Each lock has a different symbol and blazoned on it a hand a butterfly a fish hook and a black armory insignia These all represent. I am guessing boxes. You have to open you see states fish hook lock opened but flying lock opened hand lock opened and black armor lock opened now the symbols We see upon other ones chest piece are these exact symbols So somewhere through the universe people are boxes with these symbols on which we need to locate and open up That's the first part is new Exhaustic quest now probably making this video It seems no one has found any yet But if you do want to step to date on Locations and where these boxes might be follow me over on Twitter at DPJ SC 08 Linked within the video description as soon as I find them I will tweet at locations But yeah guys get this quest and help hunt these hidden locations Updates will come through soon enough. So stay tuned nights for sure another thing I will mention as well people you may want to lay off doing a flashpoint this week Which I believe is on Mars as far as I know there's a bug where this actual powerful reward for doing a flashpoint is dropping Below 600 so if you are 600 or higher power level is a good chance your flashpoint Reward will drop below a 600 so hold off and open you can do the flashpoint fair enough Just don't cash in the reward until bungee have sorted this issue That's if it isn't intentional which I wouldn't be surprised, you know bungee, but yeah guys So hold off cashing in that flashpoint of Mars this week until bungee find a fix So you get actual power for gear, but yeah guys just a quick video on this new Exhaustic quest step I hope you enjoyed it And if you did leave me a like really just help out if you're new around here and enjoy daily desk in two videos Be sure to subscribe, but thanks as always for stopping by people and hopefully I'll see you on that next one


Hello, you all. My name is Andrew De Silva. I'm the new extension vegetable specialist. I have talked with you before during the vegetable school 2022 about tomato production, about cucumber production as well, variety selection, fertilizer management, irrigation, and today we are switching gears a little bit and moving to high tunnel vegetable production because I want to just introduce what are the challenges for high tunnel production, what you can grow there and how can you optimize the land and increase your profit. So if you are a small grower or a home garden high high tunnel is a very good, it's a very good approach for you to increase the value of your produce per area because you can produce sometimes that open field cannot do that. And if you are a higher, bigger grower, I saw that there from the from the quick survey that they did in the beginning there are one or two large growers here with 20 to 50 acres. That's also a good opportunity for you like to provide produce or to have produce for like big contracts or even farm markets in a time of the year that it's like not very common. For example, lettuce early during the winter or tomato or the spring. So if you have gone to some grocery stores, you have seen that the price of tomato increase and that's because there's a shortage shortage in the market. So if you have a high tunnel, you can be able to sell your produce at those high high prices. So that's what you would be looking for if you're doing a high tunnel, if you want to install a high tunnel. So this is going to be a very introductory one. So feel free to make questions if you have a particular question how to do some specific thing like what fertilizer or how much water to apply or feel free to make a question. But first I want to start talking about what is a high tunnel? I don't know if you guys are familiar, but a high tunnel has the same green is the same structure as a greenhouse. So it can be of lumber, it can be of aluminum. Just one quick thing if you are doing for organic area, lumber should not be treated while if you have aluminum, you don't have any problem. It's usually covered with one layer of six mil film and it allows for solar heat and wind cooling. So you can allow for ventilation there because you can manually open the sides of your tunnel like you see here we have sides or here in the door we can open the door. So this is a recently new high tunnel, actually we finished building these two high tunnels last Friday. So those two high tunnels are in our organic farm in Chelten in the UV Smith. So if you guys want to visit and see how is a brand new high tunnel that's a good opportunity in an organic field and we can manage them as we want. Usually high tunnels can go from 10 feet by up to 96 like 10 feet off with it like here we have a 32 feet one and can from 10 to 32 wide and it can go up to 96 foot long. So this is what you're going to be dealing with. So if you have a smaller operation so you can go with a 10 feet or a 20 feet you just need to find what is the best specs that's going to allow you for that's going to allow for your area of production. So this is a brand new one like I said that we can open the sides or allow for ventilation. So during the summer when you use two or like when you're going to have like higher temperatures you can open the sides and allow for ventilation to don't let like stressor plants with heat. Those high tunnels they can be permanent which is the most common one but nowadays you have those that are mobile one and then you can move from one location to another. I will not get in depth about those that can be moved I will focus on the permanent one because like 99.9% of the production we have in the state is going to be with permanent one. And here I just put a quick price per square feet and that's how you're going to buy it. You can get it from like many vendors and they are very practical for installation or you can build your own. But why I'm talking about to use those high tunnels because high tunnels have five points of benefits that I want to talk today and that's going to be the focus of my our conversation. So the first one is because high two that they can extend growing season what is it means we can plant like a particular crop early early in the season or we can plant when it's in the spring or we can plant a particular crop later in the fall. So that's the benefit and that's what I want to talk. Also it can mitigate risks associated to weather like we're going to talk a little bit later about like the cold this frost that we just got this past weekend or we can talk about having rainfall events. So that's some of the benefits of high tune. It can also reduce past pressure. And we're going to talk about the permanent exclusion system. Dr. A has a very strong program on how to install those exclusion system and he would be a good person for you guys to approach in consideration for like how to avoid insects on high tune. Finally how to manage those high tunnels to enhance crop yield and how do you can get a higher quality. And as the last one I want to talk I'm just going to come back for how marketing and what is the advantage of a high tunnel on you to market your produce. So that's how we're going to be talking today. So first of all we're going to talk about extending growing seeds. So here I put a quick graphic that is an ACS publications from Dr. Campbell on how when to grow vegetable crops in Alabama. And we have for all most of our common vegetable crops here that can also be grown in Alabama. So those are for open field. On high tunnels you can get up to 60 days of early season. So just thinking about why a grower can why a open field grower can be will be harvesting their bell peppers in June, July and August. A high tunnel grower could be harvesting May and April when there is no market when there is no bell pepper in the market. So that's when you can have your higher price. So I just emphasize here in this sentence that a well managed high tunnel growing seed growing system utilizing plastic mulching with razor bed mulching film and brokovers can length the growing season. It's a frost in a frost free period which would be when the grower of the high tunnel would be planting their bell pepper or whatever solar masses by as much as 60 days. So that's the first advantage. I just showing you examples with the bell pepper but the same can be proted by cabbage which is a cool crop which we usually harvest in October for the fall season or in April and May for the winter for the spring season with a high tunnel cabbage in a high tunnel you can harvest it in December or you can harvest it in January. So you don't have that impact of the frost that we usually do have during the winter. So those are the kind of advantages that a high tunnel can provide for a grower. So but to do that you need to be careful. You need to prepare your planting dates. You need to be like you need to keep track of your planting dates, your variety selections, when to plant and how to do the crop succession because you don't want to plant the same crop in the same location to avoid problems with disease and you don't want to plant everything in the same day because you need to support a market. So you want to do different planting dates in order to supply that market with your produce. So keep that in mind playing with planting dates and crop succession is an important thing on a high tunnel production. And how it can mitigate risks associated with the weather. Like I said before we can have frost protection. Here is a common temperature of the this graph here shows a common movement of high temperature in high maximum temperature in red, minimum temperature in blue or how we have during the spring early season as we have January and then all the way to the end of the season. So you need to see when you are planting and what is the weather conditions for that because when you have outside temperatures completely different from the temperature inside the high tunnel. So that's what you need to understand in order to optimize your production and select the right planting dates. One good thing of high tunnel you don't have wind damage, you don't have a directly sun exposure or you can even cover your high tunnels with some shades so you can grow during the summer. And also you don't have the directly impact of rainfall events that you can like soak your field and though all those problems frost wind damage directly sun exposure and rainfall events can cause some of the common disorder in produce like I talking in my first class on tomato production like sun scouting in tomatoes or cracking because of rainfall events and the rapid growth of tomatoes or even you can have some hails on by winds or other problems in your tomato. So those are the advantages of the tomato it's of the the high tunnels it's gonna allow you to produce a high quality and reduce the problems with cools when you are harvesting your produce. We had a very good example like I said in the beginning this past week for a for the frost protection. So this is just a graph where we have Friday, March 11, Saturday, March 12, March 13, March 14, March 15 which is today during this weekend and this is the weather for Central Alabama. I got this from the a little bit for a weather station a little bit north of Montgomery. So just for you to see a high tunnel production the green area here represent optimum temperatures of outside for high tunnel production while the red it's going to be too low for high tunnel production. So imagine if you for field production sorry so imagine if you are a grower who thought that we already had our last our last frost of the year back in January in February and you put your watermelon in the field you put your tomato in the field but then you suddenly had that lower temperatures on Saturday or even Sunday where it's got lows of 27. So that's temperature will definitely kill your plants so but if you had a high tunnel that would not be the case you would have a reduction in growth which would delay your season but it will not kill your plants. So that's a benefit of having a high tunnel you don't have those problems with weather conditions that are very common on open field. Another topic that I'm going to go with very quick on high tunnels is that while the weather is something beneficial insect disease and weeds are also easier to control however keep in mind if you don't do a proper integrated path management and that's what Dr. Sacora will be talking later you're going to have a quick infestation for example these three white flies here in this leaf can quickly become a high population in a high tunnel because they have all favorable conditions to reproduce in a high tunnel it's a closed environment rainfall cannot knock them down and they can quickly spread they can also quickly grow aphids there from a small one they can also be large aphids and they can start to transmit disease and that's what Dr. Sacora will be talking later about the disease problems but see white flies can transmit crumple virus so it can quickly destroy or outbreak your high tunnel production if not properly managed or you can have even other disease for tomatoes if you don't like have soil-borne disease there you will not be able to plant tomato for a while if you have problems there so the management of disease and also weeds and insects in high tunnel must to be quickly managed otherwise you're going to have that area infested and over one season to another you will be losing a lot of yield potential so here is just some example of some goose grass that can go this is in an open field that we have but in a high tunnel it's going to be very similar it can quickly spread in the field and we can even see more high tunnel so my recommendation is if you are growing in a high tunnel and you will not plant in the summer because you are achieving highest yield in your market during early spring and late fall don't go to the beach and leave your high tunnel unattended please go ahead plant a cover crop try to manage problems that you have during the season with a cover crop or with any other uh practice like solarization or any other um cash crop during the summer otherwise you're going to start to having more problems we're going to come back and talk a little bit more about that but I would like to give one of good examples that Dr. A usually talks about the pest exclusion because he has some permanent exclusion system to prevent the pest establishment like the use of shade claws is a low cost option and easily available for the growers so here is an example from Dr. A where we install it he installed it in a growers field like this shade claw this net that will not allow insects to enter in the high tunnel so that's why we say that is a permanent exclusion system it's going to be all the time there it's to allow air movement and most important it will avoid insects to get into your system this is a particular photo that I really like from Dr. A because we have like we can see insects trying to get into the high tunnel but our exclusion system is working the way how it was supposed to be so that's one of the ways that because you can open your sides allow air to ventilation and is still protected from your from insects so switching gear from the IPM program that we still gonna talk later I want to talk about give you guys some options of how you can enhance your crop yield and your crop yield potential and your quality in high tunnel you want to plant high value crops you have a high investment to build that high tunnel or to purchase that high tunnel and you want to make that investment worth so select crops that you gonna have higher yields or I mean higher value so tomato cucumber spinach pepper strawberry strawberry summer squash lettuce and even cut cut flowers are good options for for high tunnel production I just put some photos here that we have from some of the high tunas that we have played tried before and to show you that like those can all all of those crops can be produced in the high tunas in this state of Alabama but to do that you need to do a quick three steps so going let's say you decide to plant on your high tunnel you decide to move forward and yes we're gonna do a high tunnel once you do a high tunnel you select your crop but now follow three steps in order for you to maximize your production and don't have problems first step is do a crop rotation here we have a quick line of what crops should be succeed by the other ones so let's go for a four step crop rotation plan we have first we we grill our leaf green in area one and then in the same area which is the same high tunnel we go with a fruit a tomato a bell pepper next season we're gonna do some root we can plant some carrots we can plant some potatoes there try to diversify and then later you come with a legume plant some beans there plant some dry bean there so this way you can maximize your year and next and in the next season you come for again with greens this will minimize your problems with disease with insects okay so that's a good operation or a crop rotation that your operation should have in order to maximize yield once you select your crop you build your you created your plane of crop rotation then you're going to talk about irrigation and fertilizer management in a high tunnel i will not go in depth crop by crop that should be the fertilization of the crop by crop fertilization program i'm gonna say follow the fertilizer recommendation and use soil samples we have the vegetable book the vegetable handbook we have the high tunnel uh vegetable handbook so you guys have all this information on hand if you don't find it contact your uh your agent they can they can contact us or you can contact us directly and we're gonna help you with that but one thing that i would like to emphasize on the fertilizer and is nowadays the price of fertilizer is just increasing so consider use compost and manure that's not a problem our currently recommendation for goes from 120 to 400 gallons per 100 square feet in high tunnel production and do that about 120 days before harvesting your crop follow the food safety is important in high tunnel production as well because you cannot apply raw manure before if you are harvesting your crop in 120 days so apply it before that otherwise if this is raw manure if you have a composted manure or a treated manure then you are good but if not do if it's a raw manure 120 days before harvesting and i would recommend you guys to apply this uh this uh manure or this compost before planting in advance so you can allow it for uh nutrients to be available and follow up with some liquid fertilization that's important for you to supply nutrients in the middle of the season don't only apply it pre-plant and think that oh we're going to be all fine remember if you have like high temperatures you're going to have mineralization of your nitrogen there you're going to have maybe that nitrogen will not be available for your um for your crop most importantly a lot of compost they are high in phosphorus and then if they have high temperature that phosphorus will not other nutrients and will not allow plants to update other nutrients so don't rely only in a high application of compost and manure it's a very good approach to use manure i would strongly recommend however follow with other fertilization don't only apply the manure and fertilizer or nutrients are linked in a way with irrigation that if you change one you're going to affect the other so irrigation is another key important aspect in an high studio mostly because when you have a high tunnel you are change the environment of your crop you have higher temperatures that will enhance your plant growth but those plant growth that those higher or faster growth also require more water for your plants so irrigation management becomes important in the high tunnel so there are two things when we talk about the irrigation management first is what system to use the most common ones are drip and sprinkler irrigation however i would say say no for sprinkler irrigation because you want to apply water in the soil not in the plant if you apply water in the plant you're create optimal conditions for disease to get into your plants and that's going to be a problem so prioritize drip irrigation if drip is not okay it's not feasible for your operation then it's okay to go with sprinkler or with an overhead irrigation and most of the growers think that oh uh sprinkler irrigation is a single um a single uh investment while drip we need to change every year yes that's true however the likelihood for you to fail with a sprinkler is much higher than with a drip irrigation or you're going to need to have a higher investment in uh disease and past control with a sprinkler when compared with a drip also sprinkler require more water consumption than a drip consequently you're going to have more cost with pumping that water more water also is required so because of all that factors i strongly recommend our growers to install drip irrigation in their high tunas that they're gonna they're gonna see a considerable uh increase in yield and reduction in inputs once the the irrigation system is determined i would go with the irrigation stand if you have seen my talks about irrigation scheduling i usually recommend three types of scheduling in alabama for open field which is the systematic the crop evapotranspiration and soil moisture sensors but that's for open field in high tunnel i would recommend or you do the systematic irrigation which requires a irrigation panel in your high tunnel and you're going to apply the same volume of water every day or you're going to run your system at the same time or you're going to use the soil moisture sensors where you're going to apply water according to your soil uh your soil water availability the reason why i don't recommend the crop water demand or using evapotranspiration is because the environmental conditions within a high tunnel is different than outdoor so you will not be able to provide you will not be able to estimate how much water is being lost by your plant so using the soil moisture sensors are currently the best approach for high tunas in irrigation stamina systematics are okay however you also is applying you are applying water by feeding you think that your your plants need that that volume of water which might be not true so if you are a very experienced high tunnel grower your uh the systematic irrigation or using a panel to apply the same volume every day it's probably going to be a good option however if you are not if you are new i would strongly recommend soil moisture sensors and if from those experienced ones using sensors they're going to see that they have a much better return and an increase in their use so once you are finished with step two i will move for step three which is the best management know your disease know your insects know your weeds we have all the publications available for you to identify that know it in advance for your crop because like i said a disease an insect can quickly spread in your high tunnel for disease do a good cultivar selection select cultivars that are resistant for particular disease in your area and you're going to do always a preventive management which means you don't want to see the disease there you want to first you want to first apply products that will not allow the disease to grow in your area or use cultivars that are resistant for that disease while insect use the permanent exclusion system insects it's more like you control it as you see there so frequent scouting of your high tunnels are very important while the weed management you're going to be doing the scouting for the insect and you need to do that some problems that you have that you're going to have in alabama with weeds in your high tunnel will be nut sad will be morning glory and those are like big weed and those are those weeds that are very common also outdoor so follow those know what you're going to be dealing with so this way you can be like more quickly on the prevention or on the management of these pests so do those three steps and you're going to be able to see some increase on your yield this is a data that a group of in the southeast put together for how much yield can be increased in high tunnel production when compared to open field so just take a look on the cucumber while you can you can yield point half pound half pound per square feet in the open field in a high tunnel you can double it and look at this spinach you can have like almost six or nine times ten times almost nine eight times more on the spinach production bell pepper five times more tomato you can increase four times more so just see how better how higher is your yield if you do a good crop management in your high tunnel so those are the benefits of the high tunnel if you do a good crop management you consequently will have a higher yield than in an open field and you're going to be adding value to that product because high tunnel is much easier for you to a management than open field even for organic so if you are doing a high tunnel I would strongly recommend try to certify that high tunnel if you certify that high tunnel for organic production that's going to be a good approach for you to even increase your profit per area so those are all the benefits that a high tunnel have and when we are talking about marketing that I said that would be my last topic I would come back for those planting dates that I talked in the beginning of my of these presentations so you are looking for off season windows remember bell pepper you don't want to harvest bell pepper off a high tunnel in June you want to harvest that before June or after November so that's when you have your best winter same thing that we talked about cabbage and not and like that and you go on for every single crop do a succession of crops and planting dates try to diversify your production and finally add the value for your product conventional versus organic high tunnel versus open field this way you're going to have a higher profit and optimize the use of your high tunnel so just to summarize a little bit the importance of height of of uh to the take home message from this uh this presentation today keeping in mind that high tunnel they do have an extreme potential and they can be done in Alabama in the entire state however it does require investment it is an upfront investment that you should be considering when you select uh when you have your high tunnel selecting the high value crops can help this paying back but remember you need to do your crop management and your high tunnel maintenance this is key for you to maintain that high tunnel for a long time and you don't need to do more investment or rebuild a high tunnel and finally playing with your mark marketing is fundamental play with your plant aid succession of plants and if you need any of these information at the alabama extension uh at the aces we have a high tunnel crop production book that now is available um i believe we are releasing the second edition of this high tunnel crop production handbook and it's going to be available uh online and you can download that and even read from your cell phone so those are all informations that you have available and if you still have any question you can contact me or contact our agent we can come together with a plan to help with any problem and let me know if you guys have any questions


I'm here to invite you guys to join us in a riot. So who in the audience have heard about dye? Raise your hands. Nice. So who in the audience has heard about rye? Nice. And who has used rye up to now? Yeah, two people. We need to work more on that, I guess. So rye is a fork of maker-dow dye.  It has ETH only as collateral. It has a floating peg. So it's not one USD as packed to one USD as dye is. It's self-stabilizing with a PI controller. And it has minimal governance, too. That's what we call ungovernance. And we're pretty sure this is the future of finance. So here we have a quote by Nikolai. He's the technical co-founder of Maker. And the main architect or the main head behind dye. And I'll actually read his quote because it's very relevant to the presentation.  So yeah, suffice to say we're still early. So before I go into what the system is and how it works, I'll tell you guys a story, more of a personal story, actually. So let's do the interactive thing again. And please raise your hands if you have lived in a place with inflation over 100% a year. There's quite a few. Latam, right? So that's great. Kill those to the EF for making the event here. So keep your hands up if you've lived through over 1,000% a year. So yeah, a few of them, right? 2,000, 3,000 good times. So I'm Brazilian. And as a kid, I remember when my family got their paycheck, we would run to the store and buy stuff. Because if you wait until the weekend, next day, you've got less stuff for your money. Basically, prices were raising every day. In a peak inflation in Brazil, we had over 3,000% yearly inflation. Between 93% and 94%, the average yearly inflation was over 2,000%. So here we have the roller coaster that it was, right? It wasn't really smooth. After the military dictatorship in Brazil from the 60s till the mid-80s, they left with a really messy economy. So all the leaders that came in, they came in with a plan. Basically, the focus was, how do we deal with inflation? Some of those plans were disastrous, right? They involved freezing prices, freezing wages. In this one, the color plan, they actually seized people's savings and never gave it back. This is actually new to me. I learned this while preparing to the presentation. Here we have a graph of the number of people in the Monetary Council of Brazil, or the guys setting rates, and the inflation in red. So you see how they correlate, right? So the less people you have, it seems to be better, right? So yes. And this sharply decline in the inflation was in 94. It was called Plano Real. It was really interesting. I mean, they did some obvious things, right? Cut government spending, stop printing money, right? And they also did one thing that was not really obvious. They created another unit of value. So things were priced in this new unit that was called URV, or Unidade Real de Valor, or unit of real value. But they were still paid in the currency of the time. That was the, what's it called, Cruzeiro Real. And after a while, once people were free from the inflation mindset, URV became the Brazilian Real that we have to this day. This plan was mostly successful. So we went from over 2,000% inflation to mostly single digits since then. So now we think, okay, the US is exempt from this, right? So far, so good, but yeah. Actually, they seem to be losing control there. So during the COVID years, they printed 30% of the money supply. And they seem to have underestimated the resulting inflation from it. So they took long to act, and now they seem to be overreacting, throwing the whole world into a recession, right? And now going back to crypto. So we have like a speed run of what we're talking about, right?  Let's do another one. Raise your hands if you lost money in Luna, USD. So yeah, lots of people. And yeah, please, the other ones should pay a beer, you know, to those guys. So yeah, I know it was painful. So Vitalik wrote an article recently about stablecoins just after the fiasco, right? Comparing Rai to USD. And the main takeaway for me at least was that if your stablecoin cannot contract, if it cannot win down, it's likely a Ponzi, right? So here we have, you know, the graph showing, you know, when Luna or USD had to win down for the first time, it was ugly. 50 billion was erased from the market in a fiasco. So that's billion with a B, right? So lots of money. Now think about what happens if the USD has to contract, the USD with a D, right? How would it work? So, but I'll leave this, you know, as an exercise for you guys to think about this. So here, having lived through hyperinflation, I can't help but wonder, you know, how do we get ourselves out of this dark age? So these are some of the questions we were obsessed when building Rai. So what if the humans are the actual main source of instability? What if our currency was honest? What if our currency was not a Ponzi? What if our money supply automatically expanded and contracted? What if proper central banking has never been tried? So here's a picture of Milton Friedman, he's a famous economist, and we're trying to achieve his vision here. So back to what is Rai, we will now go through, not that you guys know why I care so much about this thing, we will go through and explain each one of these bullets to you guys. So like Dai, Rai is over collateralized. You open a collateralized debt position by depositing ETH and minting Rai. We call it a safe. It's not to be confused with it, it knows it's safe. So the Dai CDP is a safe for us. If our collateral ratio drops below the minimum, 135%, your ETH will go to a liquidation auction. Just like Dai, we have an OSM there, so you have a one-hour time delay to react in sharp price changes. And like MKR, we have FLX, so that works as a domain backstop if liquidations fail. And Rai is backed by ETH only. This is very, very important because centralized collaterals have a way of taking over if you're not careful. Dai is now generated from around 80% centralized collateral, the vast majority being USDC. So we all know after the tornado cash events recently that they can freeze any holder, including pools and systems. If that happens, Dai holders will suffer, Dai will lose most of the value. By only backing Rai with ETH, we want Rai to inherit the moniness that ETH has earned. We also made the decision to prevent, sort of like this actually prevents Rai from really scaling. Rai can only grow so much, and we expect that it will grow as ETH grows in value too. I'll get back to this towards the end of the presentation. So people often ask us, how is it stable if it's not one USD? So the way we see this, it's more like a foreign exchange, a foreign currency, right? So here we have the exchange rates of several currencies, the largest ones against USD. And the Rai redemption price is the smoother line in green there. So as you can see, it's not much different than a foreign exchange. We're doing about as good as China there. So peg stablecoins have a big problem, also highlighted by Vitalik. They're either pegged when everything is okay, or they're off peg and everyone is freaking out.  So Rai has one mode. It's always off peg, you know? That's business as usual. It's a matter of degree. So we're not getting out of bed because it's off peg, right? See how cozy this paper is. And here we go to the PI controller. That's the heart of the system, the coolest part too. So we have a graph here. The market price from Uniswap Curve is the red line over there. Redemption price is the smoother line in gray. So when the market price goes above the redemption price, or redemption price is basically the internal system peg, right? When the market price goes above the redemption price, the redemption rate goes down and starts pushing the redemption price down. The opposite is also true. So if the redemption price or if the market price goes below the redemption price, the redemption rate will go up. And here below we have actually the rates. The redemption rate is formed by two rates. We have the P rate in blue and the I rate in orange. The P rate in blue is instantaneous. So when the market price crosses the redemption price, it will immediately cross to the other side. We can see recently in the recent days, it's been the first time in a while where the market price went below the redemption price and the P rate immediately goes positive there. The I rate is towards the error of the last 30 days. So it's like a memory. It makes the controller stickier. This is why it's not yet positive, right? The I rate is a lot higher than the, or a lot higher to the negative side than the P rate there. Stability for right means balancing right supply and demand and not pegging it to one USD. So with right, you know where the yield is coming from when rates are negative, right holders are paying right borrowers. When rates are positive, right borrowers are paying right holders. This value transfer between right holders and borrowers is mediated by the PI controller we saw previously. And they, the controller actually incentivizes the balancing, the supply and demand for right. So we have a saying that the money God always wins. So we say this because it's pointless to fight against the money God. If you push against the controller, the rates increase exponentially against you and you burn money basically.  So you wanna keep him happy. If you help him work though, you can make money out of it. Now on to ungovernance. That's what we call, you know, minimal governance. So the system has been controlled by the community since July this year. When we started, we started with the usual team multi-sig and we completely transitioned to the DAO now. So the team multi-sig is no longer active and has no control of the system. But before doing that, we actually locked down pretty much everything, you know, to prevent governance from being used as an attack factor. So unlike in DAO where the governance can do whatever it pleases, in Rai, governance cannot print Rai, cannot print FLX, cannot steal collateral and so on. So the only things it does right now, or it can do right now, is govern external dependencies like oracles, like saviors and some of the parameters the system has. I mean, some parameters, we felt we were not ready to set in stone like the PI controller parameters. Everyone's still learning. So the community can govern them through a vote. So we believe Rai represents the future of finance. Central banks in the future will be open source programs. The cost of operating a central bank will drop by a thousand times, even more, you know. They will run transparently and autonomously. So the way the Fed works today is like MakerDAO. They get together in meetings and they decide on rates. As autistic people, we know you don't need meetings to set rates. One day everyone else will learn this too. You know, today we treat currency management as a holy art that only Samarkand wizards can perform. In truth, the more we can demonstrate simplicity, the more we can dispel the illusions around how money should work. We believe in a future where communities can take ownership of their own money. Where the cost of deploying and maintaining a currency is as easy as deploying some open source code.  If lords, you guys should join us, right? If you have ETH as a collateral in a system that has risk from centralized collaterals, you should move, right? Deposit ETH, like borrow Rai, spend it, no long Rai, short Rai, do basically work with the money God. This is a tweet interesting one from Curin. It talks about a position Vitalik has in the system. So Vitalik in the recent months with the negative rates, he made $75,000 by shorting Rai. So he's helping the money God and making money. You guys should maybe try it too, you know? Also join us on Discord, meme the dream, right? Help us write explainer content. There's a really interesting research channel where people discuss monetary policy, control theory and whatnot, and list also in our dev reserve force we're building right now. And there are plenty of bounties available there also. But not only technical, you know, there's bounties for everyone, so check it out. And lastly, we're also building the money God League. So what do we call the money God League? Basically, we know Rai won't scale. So instead of envisioning one huge table coin to rule them all, we envision a future with thousands of Rai-like systems. So as you can see over here, let me get up front. Makers discussing becoming a Rai-like system now, right? Abandoning the peg so they can get rid of USDC. So maybe they join us in the future, you know, by getting back to the original Nikolai vision there. There's also H2O from Ocean Protocol. It's a fork of Rai that is collateralized by their data tokens. There's also a group working on Tai, which is a multi-collateral version. And maybe you should join us too, you know. If you have an idea, you wanna build another flavor of the system, come talk to me, join our Discord, we're happy to help, you know. The more systems out there, the better, right? Sort of like the Hydra vision of the thing. We don't need a huge table coin. We need several smaller ones to contain failures too, you know, and allow for experimentation. So this meme was made by Charlie Neu from Paradigm. It's some true VC value add here. So I'll leave this running here while I take any questions from you guys. We still have eight minutes left, so. So good morning, Fabrizio. Two questions. Could it be like a PID controller, instead of just PI controller? And other, could it be checking the price of that corrected by inflation, or that's like impossible to do? Yeah, interesting questions. I mean, we started with a P-only controller, actually. Now it's a PI, I don't see why not could be a PID too. So it needs experimentation, right? There's still room for a lot of experimentation. With Rai, we try to make it as pure as possible. So only ETH, minimal governance.  We see like Ty, for example, the guys explained that for a multi-collateral version, you need more governance, right? To onboard new collaterals. And their goal is, of course, to try to keep it to decentralized collaterals. Onto the other question, I forgot what was the second one, please remind me. The price could be checked by corrected by inflation on USD, not just USD. Yeah, so pegging is a true challenge, right? By having no Pag, I mean, I went through like the advantages of it. So if you're pegging to an inflation index, for example, you have the same problems of a Pag currency. I mean, it could be done, but then the negative rates could not be applied to price as we do, right? They could maybe be applied to the stability fees, right?  So yeah, I guess it could, you know? If you feel this is a nice idea, I guess, you know, come join the Money God League, and yeah, build it, working to help. So. Hi. Thank you. Since there is no Pag, when does Rai fail? And under what scenarios will this happen? What are the failure modes? Yeah, that's hard to say.  I mean, we could, as in the Black Thursday, you know, maker failed to liquidate CDPs. This could happen. Regarding the controller, you know, there are some cases in control theory where the controllers go crazy too, right? You've seen like robots going out of control and spinning like crazy and then destroying. Yeah, that's a PID controller failing. That happens. We would need to global settle the system. As Maker did with Sai, we had a proto-Rai before Rai too, we global settled. So if the system becomes unsustainable, it can still be closed down, and then everyone, both safe holders, safe owners and Rai holders can go back there and get their ETH back. So it's not a complete loss. But we have to keep an eye on this. This is also an experiment, right? So we're trying to be conservative, but I don't know, in future iterations, it could be that not on Rai. Rai's pretty much closed down, but I mean, on other money God League members, this could happen. I don't know. We just have to keep an eye to see if, you know, controller is not going crazy on us. Thank you. Yep. This summer, during the, where are you?  Do you hear right? Okay. The summer when it was, when the market and redemption price were different for like months and we were seeing like 30% difference rates, it mean, it kind of struck me that why can't the system tolerate some sort of steady state error where market and redemption price are just like different for a while instead of the eye just punishing us more and more and more. Yeah. That's actually a good point. This happened at the time. We're not sure why, you know? Nikolai claimed we were being attacked by some actor, you know, trying to prove us wrong.  That's the, so yeah, we're still discussing this. There's actually, there will be a proposal to tweak this. We do feel the item right now is too strong, maybe. It could be punishing less. You know, it make it less sticky. So yeah, please join the discussion. You'll like it. There will be a discussion in the forum soon. And until the end of the year, we will tweak the programs. We try not to tweak them really like with a lot of, with a, I mean, too quickly. So we see the results, you know, we see the thing how it plays out. But yeah, there will be one change in this year. It's been like that for over six months now. So, and it, I mean, it withstanding some pretty big shocks in between, you know, we switched from raging bull run to a bear market, right? And then things collapsed and then there were, I mean, people tried, started valuing decentralization more. So yeah, I guess let's see if next year it's more stable too with new programs and we will see. The idea is to tweak less and less and on a smoother way, you know, like until we can set the programs in stone and just ungovern the controller too. What are the incentives for executing liquidations and maintaining the system health? Like for example, like Maker has this decaying, you know, auction where like Ave, you can have, you'll find out that there's a lot of people that should be liquidated that are not liquidated but Maker, everybody eventually gets liquidated. So what's the incentives and how is that maintained? And what telemetry do you have into to see what needs to be liquidated? So when we started the Colletter Auction House was a fixed discount Colletter Auction House. So it provided a fixed discount on ETH, you know, against the market price. Then after six months or so, even before Maker liquidations 2.0, we started with an increasing discount auction. So it's pretty similar to Maker. I mean, the implementation is completely different but the mechanism is the same. And where decentralization freaks too, so every call for keepers in the system is incentivized somehow. Actually, the system right now for the keepers out there is grossly overpaying calls. So you can make a lot of money by helping the system. There will be a proposal soon to lower the rewards because they were adjusted for gas prices from the bull run too.  For other things, I mean, for everything, there's an incentive there. I mean, it depends on the call and on what you're doing. Hello, what's the point of using Rai instead of straight ETH if it's free-floating and it's just backed by ETH?  So while it is free-floating, it is a stable coin, right? It's kind of like the Euro against the USD. You know, of course, it's gonna oscillate, right? Tomorrow it's gonna have a different price but it's not gonna go crazy on you and crash 50% from today to tomorrow, right? So Rai is a very dampened version of ETH, basically. And early on, it's actually quite interesting because we didn't wanna call it a stable coin because everyone called stable coins, you know, the one USD thing. And now we're sort of reclaiming the name. So we feel Rai is the only true stable coin and all the other ones are what we call pegies or pegged coins, you know? So yeah, that's it. So if you need a stable coin that retains, you know, the moneyness of ETH, there's Rai. That's the goal of it. Yep. As the money got grows and adoption grows as a currency. What do you see or what do you expect from central banks and other institutions trying to corrupt or crack down on coins like Rai? So yeah, the more decentralized you are, the harder it is for them, right? So we're taking our precautions from day one. The idea is to have it almost trustless in the future. So yeah, they can try to stop Ethereum.  And yeah, our main goal is actually, you know, some central bankers are actually noticing this. So we feel that central bankers should not be setting rates, right? Cause they're people and they're like subject to politicians, you know, making pressure and influencing them. So in the future, as we see, you know, they need to be very predictable on setting rates. So in the future, as we see, they will have a software, right? Might not be ours, might be theirs, but you know, they will have a set of, you know, an algorithm setting rates.  Yeah, isn't there a danger though in where there will be crackdown, let's say on the use case and then the attention towards stable coins like Rai's will just... Yeah, I mean, there is. I mean, everyone is noticing this, right? We feel Rai is last in line, though. The risk is there. I mean, I agree with you. But for example, if you look at DAI, they have USDC inside. So, you know, there's one action from Circle from being frozen. They also have, you know, a huge governance thing going with lots of people that can tweak and that can do many things in the system. We prevented that. So we try to close these doors. There's also another thing, right? When you look at stable coin regulation, we're lucky that regulators think stable coins are all packed to one. So I think they're overlooking still, you know, like how Rai works and how stable it is.  And we're keen to improve it too, you know, with new designs, new iterations of it. That's amazing.


Hello, everyone. This is Dhruv. I'm here with my colleague Nirendra. We are from Veritas. And today we are here to talk about a very interesting topic, a topic which is very close to our hearts, Resiliency in Cinder Node. So we all love Cinder, right? We have to love it. I mean, it is the service that provides us our backend, our storage on which our applications actually run. So let's take a very quick look at what Cinder has underneath. So we have Cinder Volume Services, which are talking to a backend exposed over LVM or CIF or things like that. These Cinder Volume Services are running in a node which we very lovingly call it as our Cinder Node. We have Cinder Scheduler and Cinder API services running elsewhere. I then control how they can be running elsewhere as well. All these services talk over a messaging bus, like AMQP. And that's that. And this entire infrastructure is basically exposed to the user via some REST APIs. So what are the failures that can happen in this infrastructure? Well, a network can go down. Network meaning either the management network or the data network. Management network where the control flow happens. The data network, if you have a network exposed storage, so if that network goes down, then we say that it's a data network failure. The storage itself can go down, which means that either there can be a disk failure or there can be a rate controller array failure or things like that. There can be a server failure as well. The entire Cinder Node can get panicked or entire Cinder Node can be rebooted or there can be other software failures on the server. So all these are really frustrating, right? So what are the resolutions? So for this, let's take a very quick look at a very basic implementation here. So if you see there is a compute node, which is talking to a Cinder Node. The storage is exposed through LVM over iSCSI. There are two Cinder Nodes, which is having direct attach storage here. The data is getting continuously replicated in between these two Cinder Nodes. The compute node, which is talking to the Cinder Node, is we are calling it as primary Cinder. The other Cinder, we are calling it as a standby Cinder. So this is a very basic implementation of an open stack architecture. There's, of course, a Cinder Scheduler running elsewhere. So what if a primary Cinder Node goes down? Or there's a failure here? So there can be three types of failures that we just discussed. Either it can be a network failure. So let's say if it is a network failure, then we recommend an admin to basically wait for some time and figure out if it is really a network failure or if it is just a network glitch. So if he figures out that if it's a network failure, then he can go ahead and change the Cinder ownership. The other kind of failure can be a media failure. An admin can use tools like SmartD or other various tools that are available to figure out whether there is a proper media that has failed, whether there's a proper media failure or not. And if he detects that it's a proper media failure, he can simply go ahead and change the Cinder ownership. The other kind of failure can be a Node failure or a software failure. The admin can choose to monitor the Cinder status and based on the Cinder status, he can go ahead and change the Cinder ownership. So in this particular example, let's think that the Node has failed and admin gets to know that my Cinder is now down and now he has to go ahead and change the Cinder ownership. So what steps he would do? Since here, the storage is exposed through LVM over iSCSI. What an admin can do is that the standby Cinder node was already having all the data, he can go ahead and import the volume groups on the standby Cinder node. These are the commands that he would use to do it. So I'm sure everyone is aware. So once the LVM group is imported over the standby Cinder, an admin has to go ahead and change the Cinder ownership via the Cinder scheduler. So once that is done, then admin can see that the standby node has actually now become the primary Cinder node and the compute node is now talking to the secondary Cinder, which is now providing its data. So now, like all of this was very crude, right? I mean, it was a pain for the admin. So now I would like to call upon Nirendra to talk about how Veritas Hyperscale for OpenStack actually goes ahead and deals with such kind of failures. Thank you, Dhruv. So all right, before we talk about failures in Hyperscale, let's talk about Hyperscale a bit. So Hyperscale is an integrated enterprise storage which runs in the OpenStack environment. It's fully integrated with OpenStack. So Hyperscale consists of a set of computes or hypervisor. So these are the nodes which host the virtual machine. Now these virtual machines, of course, they do their IOs using the Hyperscale storage layer. And as it is integrated with the Cinder and NOAA and those are the components that these storage layer belongs to. So when the VM does the IO, then the IOs are synchronously replicated to a peer compute node, which means like a peer compute node always has a delta. So where this delta is required, we'll be talking about it in some time. So also what happens here is over a network switch, the data is periodically synced to another set of nodes which are called data management nodes. Now these data management nodes are interesting because they host a lot of storage. I mean they're the nodes which are heavy on storage. So with this arrangement, the data node is always behind the compute node by some time, let's call it say 15 minutes. So every 15 minutes we are syncing the data. So now what happens is in case there is a compute failure, say the leftmost compute has failed, then what will happen? Like if it has failed in the 15th minute, then the data from the data plane which has just been synced can be hydrated on another compute node. So there is no data loss. What if it fails in the 22nd minute? If that happens, so the data from the data plane, the 15 minutes data can be hydrated and the seven minutes data which was already part of the peer compute node, the delta, that can be synced together and the data can be recovered. So there is no data loss in this architecture pretty much. And the deltas which are getting synced to the peer compute nodes, they can get periodically pulsed. So there's only a 15 minutes delta at most. Now let's talk about the failures here. So what can fail? There can be a media failure. So suppose there's a media failure on a compute one which is the leftmost compute. If that happens, then the data, the IOs immediately are redirected to a peer compute node. In that case, the IOs will be immediately served from the peer compute node and the storage. So now the data, of course the IOs are from peer node which means like they may be having delta, the data which is required, or they may not have the data because the data is with data plane. If that is the case, then data will be periodically synced up from data plane to compute plane to serve the IOs. And now this being a remote IO over the network switch, it could be slow. So the storage is gradually migrated from data management plane to the compute plane. With that, the IOs can get served from the local storage and then the VMs are auto migrated. So with this arrangement, there is no IO loss or there's no data loss in case of a media failure. Now let's see what happens if there is a software failure. So softwares do fail. I mean, no softwares are free of bugs. So if that happens, in that case of software failure, the IOs as I previously mentioned, get immediately migrated to a peer compute node and there is auto healing of software which happens on the node where it failed. And as soon as the software has healed, the IOs are again failed back to the original node. So with this, there is no IO loss and the node which was serving the VM will continue to serve the virtual machine. So let's talk about the network failures. Now they are interesting because the network can fail anywhere. They can fail either between the compute nodes because the data is getting synced or it can fail between the compute node and the data node. So if it fails, suppose in this example, if it failed between the compute node and the data node or the network switch has failed. So the data nodes are a set of nodes. So here we do a lot of intelligent monitoring at the network layer to figure out if it is a network glitch or a real network failure. So some of the things that could be to delay the network failure completely because it could be a network glitch and a lot of other things are done there. Once that is determined, suppose we figure out that it's a nick failure on the data node where the compute was talking to. Then in that case, we immediately do a failover from the network across from one compute to the another data node. So just to summarize, within hyperscale, we do auto migration in case of a media failure, auto healing in case of a software failure and intelligent network handling of the failures in case of a network failure. So in this Boston Summit, we are actually unveiling hyperscale and the hyperscale is of course, it's resilient in case of a dash environment. It's fully resilient. Thank you.