March NASA Night Sky Network member webinar, tonight we're hosting the webinar from the offices of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in San Francisco, California. We're excited to present this teleconference with our guest speaker, Dr. Orkan Umarhan from NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, just a little bit to the south of us, who will bring us up to date with the latest findings from the New Horizons missions fly by the Pluto system last summer. It'll be a little bit different and he'll explain this a little bit later. We actually have, he actually has a bunch of images that are currently under embargo and he's not really supposed to show them to anyone until Friday, but so we're getting a sneak peek of what some papers will come out with on Friday. You might notice that there's both a chat window and a question and answer window on your desktop. The chat window is for folks to introduce themselves and for a general chat along with any technical issues you might have during the webinar. The question and answer window is where you should submit questions for our guest speaker and we'll get to those towards the end. It'll keep track of your questions so that we'll know if we've answered them or not and I also need to remember to start recording. If I don't do that. Oh, Dave, did you already start recording? We have a couple of announcements here. Clubs whose members have created and logged at least two events in the first quarter of 2016 qualify to enter a drawing for a 3D printed set of Jovian Moon models created by Gion at ShapeWake.com and so this is a great thing I think that we've got a picture on the website someplace so you can check out what these things look like. It's a great addition for your outreach events if you're going to be looking at Jupiter and Jupiter is going to be pretty good here coming up and you can show visitors a good close-up view of each of the four major moons and discuss some of the features and actually look at these 3D printed models and here's another highlight is that Jupiter is high in the sky perfect for observation and NASA's Juno mission is going to be arriving there later this summer and the May webinar on May 11th planned to join us to hear from Steven Levin the project scientist for the Juno mission and so that's we're excited about that so we have five sets of these to give away so make sure you log your events for January through March the more events your club logs the more entries your club will have in the contest to get these the deadline for logging events to qualify is April 16th 2016 also a reminder clubs that log at least two outreach events each quarter are qualified to receive toolkits if you haven't received a toolkit and while and your club has been logging events may have already received all of our toolkits if so please contact us at night sky info at Astros Society org to request additional toolkit if needed or to see if we have any other materials we can ship here. Also stick around after the talk because we have a book to give away we have the total sky watchers manual and so after the presentation I'll hold one up and so you can see what it looks like you will have a little drawing of sorts a virtual drawing to see who might get one of those. So Dr. Orkin Umar Han is a research scientist and space science at NASA Ames Research Center in Moffitt Field California. Dr. Umar Han's research focuses on evolutionary processes both on planetary surfaces and in protoplanetary disks. He's published on a number of topics including astrophysical flows and turbulence fundamentals of sheer flow instabilities geomorphology and landform evolution and its modeling. He joined the New Horizons Geology and Geophysics Investigation Team in June of 2013. His main role on the mission has been in providing mathematical modeling framework for the various geophysical systems are scenarios of interest and appropriate to the Pluto system. Dr. Umar Han regularly writes blog posts from NASA about New Horizons and he's also a co-author on a graduate level textbook on fluid dynamics for physicists due to come out this spring. Please welcome Orkin to the webinar. Hi. Really pleased to be here. So so I'm going to start I'm going to go straight away and start the start. Here we go. Share screen. Here we go. And I'm presuming that everyone can see this. Oh no. I can see it. Oh you can see it. Ah. Okay. Retreat. Is that what it's. Let me. There we go. I got it. I got it. Okay. Here we go. Okay. All right. Reboot. Good. Okay. So I want to tell you about the recent results we have from the New Horizons geology and geophysics efforts. We have a paper that's coming out on Friday on Science Magazine. So I'm going to give you a little bit of a sneak preview of some of the results that we're going to report on. It's very exciting and and I want to emphasize I speak on behalf of the team and in the sense of everyone is very very very excited by results that we're coming out with and publishing. So let me start off with just a little bit of background here. As some of you well know the Pluto is a member of the Kuiper Belt and the Kuiper Belt system. Some would call it the king of the Kuiper Belt. Some would call it the king of the dwarfs. It all depends on your perspective of course. I wanted to emphasize that in the recent years we've discovered a whole family of very large dwarf planets of which Pluto and the Pluto-Sharon system is one of them. And as you can see in the bottom panel here we have a whole number of other planets dwarf planets that have been discovered and for a sense of size and scale you can see how they relate to one another. A mission to how Mia would be cool because we're going to be going to a giant football out there in the Kuiper Belt but you know this is just a personal opinion of course. Anyways so that's the Kuiper Belt you know it's one of the Kuiper Belt had been postulated to exist long before it was discovered and so it's actually in the last 15 years or so that now this region is beginning to be populated in terms of our knowledge of what's out there and it's very exciting insofar as it is also essentially a relic of the formation stage of the solar system. So the things that we see out there are things that were there when the solar system was formed and in some ways is a relic of that age. So just to kind of put things into context as Pluto was discovered and by Claude Tombow in 1930 and so that was it was a big deal it was it was a it was a hunt to discover an object that was thought to be out there and so it was discovered in 1930 and and some of you I won't go into the history of it but it was has intrigued people ever since to see that there's this planet at this distance out there and what might it be. We have here the best Hubble Space Telescope image of Pluto right prior to the New Horizons flybine and the bottom left here you see essentially a true color map of Pluto itself and it's actually it's a composite image through this magic of over sampling it's called when you take a number of images taken in rapid succession with one another and you can actually kind of lay them on top of each other and make it seem like it's actually of higher resolution but the true resolution of the images that were taken at that point even with Hubble Space Telescope is you you see on the right it's fairly low resolution however we were able to identify from that alone that the Pluto surface has a lot of interesting texture at those days that's what we were kind of referring to it as where the light and dark regions essentially is a testament to its relative albedo on the surface. Now in 1978 Pluto was discovered to have a companion and in that companion we called is called Charon is in a synchronous orbit with Pluto in about six and a half day period and so meaning to say that it's synchronous is that the same face of both planets face each other as they go around in as they do their orbital dance. Now Charon's surface was identified as having a lot of water ice to spectroscopic measurements and as of then and actually as of now as well there is no detected atmosphere on Charon and to put this into context the relative size of Charon to Pluto is about two to one and in other words Pluto's radius is twice that of Charon's which puts its mass at approximately eight times that of Charon so you might want to think of it as you and your two-year-old child if you have a child of course so that kind of relate that that kind of relative mass mass size relationship. Now in the last few years and some of you probably followed this story keenly four small rocky moons were discovered to be orbiting the Pluto Charon system sticks sticks Kerberos, Nixon, Hydra and I will show you at the end of the of this talk some images associated with some of the images we've got of those individual moons as well. So now the origins of these moons and where did they come from and a lot of these things are still kind of in debate but it seems very likely that the origins of the entire system is a relic of a past impact that actually formed Charon itself. I'll get to that in a minute. Real quick the surface composition what I'm showing here in the top bar is a spectroscopic spectrum of the surface of Pluto and you can see here essentially what you should take away from this is that Pluto shows copious amounts of absorption in various volatiles including carbon monoxide nitrogen and methane and we were able to make estimates based on just these observations of the spectrum before we got to Pluto that the nitrogen on the surface dominates the that of all the other volatiles by about 10 to one basically still kind of holds. Now the atmosphere had been actually Pluto actually has an atmosphere and it was discovered to be there about 20 25 years ago in 1985 I guess it's almost 30 years ago now and the surface pressure associated with the atmosphere is about 10 micro bars so that essentially puts that is at one one hundred thousandth the current surface pressure on the earth but if you stay if you pay attention to the press conference that will be held at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference next Monday we have some interesting results talking about how this atmosphere may have actually gone through very strong climactic change over the last million years so that's kind of very exciting stuff to of course I really can't say a whole lot about that right now. So yeah some of the stuff here is still holds the atmosphere is considered to be steadily losing mass over the four billion year lifetime of Pluto itself but exactly how much is being lost is now also under debate based on the results that we've gotten but my my primary interest right now is to kind of talk about the surface and the geomorphology and the various geological features that we've observed on the on Pluto itself and also of Sharon. Here's a cutaway are the theorists who work on this study the interior structure have essentially identified based on the size and the mass what kind of internal structure is likely to be the case inside of Pluto and you can see that actually Pluto is primarily has a primarily a rocky core and surrounding it a very thin you know thin but I mean thin could be up to from 20 to 50 kilometers thick water ocean and then surrounding that a water iced mantle of about 200 kilometers thick and then the very very top layers the crust itself the surface is exposed to light probably unlikely composed of nitrogen carbon monoxide and methane as well and so well actually it turns out to be the case so and before I jump into the awesomeness that is the Pluto system in terms of our new horizons images let me say a few words about the origin of the Pluto Sharon system a lot of people have thought about the problem quite deeply especially soon after it was discovered that Sharon was even there and and it's likely from all the extensive modeling that's been done and scientific debates that have raged over the last 20 years on the matter it seems that the the least offensive hypothesis and you know this is how we do things in science we try to find that a scenario that is the is the least it appears to be the least wrong and we think that that the system was probably born from a collision very much like what we think the earth moon system came about in the same way that the earth moon system has come about that there was a large impact and on Pluto part of Pluto was ripped out and debris was ripped out strong enough to remove it from the surface but not strong enough to leave the the gravitational pull of the of Pluto itself and it eventually re-collapsed and formed it formed a planetary object which is the moon Sharon and it's now while we don't yet have 100 percent certain that this is also the origin of the the small rocky moons we do think that the that seems to be the running hypothesis amongst most of the team members and most of the members on the new horizons team who've I mean obviously who've worked on this and we've thought about it very closely so yeah so that's kind of where things that are at as far as the origins are concerned the launch of new horizons itself was on January 19th 2006 and the the trajectory oh so let me just say a couple very short words about the scientific payload the new horizon spacecraft itself is the size of a grand piano so what you see here the artist depiction of the spacecraft itself is quite small and in fact the antenna dish itself being no larger than probably I would say five five and a half feet across in diameter is too is so small that the volume of data that we have actually acquired on the mission requires about 16 months of download time because the antenna transmits at something like a thousand bowed which is like the old telephone mode in lines which I can't believe I'm saying this but I am old enough to remember suffering with one of those but that's kind of how it is and but we're patient and it gives us a lot of time to digest the information that does come down at the trickle rate so maybe this is actually better time to ingest our information and think about it as the data comes down anyways so the instruments that are there are seven instruments that are on the spacecraft lori is the high resolution imager and many of the images that I'll be talking to you about showing you today are very high resolution images that come from this black and white camera some of our best images come at about 90 to 90 meters per pixel and each frame image frame is about 1024 square pixel frames so you kind of get a sense for how close we must have gotten to the surface there are the other instruments there's the various particle and dust counter instruments that are on board pepsi and the sdc the student dust counter swap is the plasma spectrometer which is a spectrometer that's essentially measuring the amount of ionized particles that are coming surrounding the pluto system itself rex is the radio science observant I mean the radio science dish that's on there so it's making radio measurements of the surface there's the alice instrument which is the uv imaging and spectrometer and then of concern for us in addition to lori is the ralph instrument which is the it's a it's a composite which is made of the mvic and lisa cameras lisa just to give you a sense is that actually it's a 256 cube where actually the 256 gives you the image frame and you have 256 channels for each frame which is used for resolving the spectrum of say a particular uh say snapshot so essentially what we we are getting data cubes which is essentially you can for a given point on the surface resolve the resolution associated with that particular camera we get 256 wavelength bins in the infrared so we can actually extract a very uh a relatively detailed spectrum uh in in the in the infrared range as I said so anyways that gives you kind of the larger sense now the the flight route itself as you can see here took about 10 years to get to the Pluto system and it is now as some of you may know it's on its way out into the Kuiper belt itself so uh we have an object that we have essentially directed the spacecraft to go to the a Kuiper belt object called mu-69 and it will if congress funds the mission there will be other people there will be people on the other side on our side to receive the data and it will it should it will be arriving to the mu-69 system in uh January 2019 so more to come um here is a close approach the close approach geometry and I won't spend too much time on it but you can see essentially that the close approach fly by all the meat and the juicy stuff that we got were images and data crammed into essentially an eight hour nine hour period stretch of time and uh so uh you can imagine the precision with which the instruments need to be operating on and and and so on this is of course beyond anything that I could put my head around this is high tech very clever engineering work and those guys deserve a big tip of the hat and uh they did an amazing job and all the people that made that part happen um made our life very easy so let's get to the let's get to it so here is um the highest resolution image full frame we call this the lorry full frame images of world Pluto and Sharon Pluto on the left Sharon on the right and uh this is a a color this is the color mvic so this is a little bit lower resolution than the highest resolution lorry images but we get on this end we have the the color images this is the visual color I neglected to mention that mvic has these uh the other camera which has is basically imaging in four color bands in the visual bit so there is the lisa instrument and there's the mvic and mvic has basically a red green and a blue and then at what we call the methane van there is a particular wavelength in the visual where methane absorbs quite strongly and that's a deep red and so we have those four and this is a composite of um that image of that of those snapshots taken with mvic uh so I'm going to I'm going to get into some more uh depth with this momentarily I just want you to sort of uh absorb and enjoy the grandeur that is the system uh so here is especially a kind of a a place name uh on the for Pluto and we have the uh the basically a bunch of the regions that we've currently identified and we've identified to be geologically interesting and we often we give them uh names now there's a whole story about how the names were selected and there was there had been a um a a uh international web campaign I mean a few years ago where we were collecting names worldwide for suggestions for things for various categories including mostly famous uh famous travelers famous explorers and um and so on so you can kind of see that uh some of the places that we see here obviously Voyager and Hayabusa and Pioneer those were great explorers obviously in this case these were instruments that were sent out in the space of the past uh but you gotta can you can get a sense of kind of the things that we um were um uh the names that we've given here is a nice image of uh Pluto in and as it passed through the um eclipsing uh frame let me just back up here you can see in the uh right about uh one o'clock on um on the day of closest approach uh you see that the new horizons actually the the spacecraft passed right directly behind Pluto and so this is what we see here is the is the shine light that um on the eclipsed side and is breathtaking and we knew pretty much about a couple months after when these images came down and they were very highly resolved that it looks like if you look off the rim here it looks pretty clear that there is haze and there is actually structure in the atmosphere so that was um that was that came to a great great surprise and and many people were quite elated to see such interesting physics kind of taking place now this is a low incidence angle image of the sputnik planum region and this is the southern end of sputnik planum where here if you look to the left you see these giant towering ice blocks and these can tower as high as five kilometers uh this particular region that we're looking at um to the left this mountain range is the hillary mont this is the norge montes or i might have gotten it flipped around i'm sorry i think it's the other way around but this this region is pretty astonishing and uh i just we're still trying to figure out how these things got there so i'll tell you a little bit more about that as a as i cruise on along here the sputnik planum itself is this big giant nitrogen ice sea and then you see that on the right and this is the southern end of it you know i'll say some few more words about that in a moment this is the envik image composite so that as i had mentioned earlier that's the images taken with the envik camera in the four color bands and this was essentially kind of assembled together kind of in this psychedelic tone which is quite nice and it gives you essentially each of the colors here indicate um various kind of various types of topography um and chemical composition now what they are we're still trying to figure that out but it kind of gives you a sense of the the uh variety that is the that is pluto surface itself let me show you a couple of images here now um which focuses on the various absorption features that are associated with the surface so this is based on the lisa camera that i was telling you a little about before and you see essentially this is an image of the surface and then associated with that particular image is the location of a particular ice particular volatile absorption wavelength so this is some there's an absorption feature in i let's say in i forget what the number is but it's in the infrared regime essentially you can see where the majority of the methane ice is present and it's pretty much all over the place which is pretty uh quite amazing uh this region tartars dorsa is very interesting because it shows prominent methane absorption and we have some ideas about what that might mean about what that region is composed of you also will notice down on the lower left that the cattura regio region itself shows a particular absence of um of methane absorption so just what we're doing is we're trying to make sense of how these particular locations and absorption features on the planet correlate with what we see geologically and geomorphologically um here's a similar image associated with the nitrogen ice absorption and um and you can see here that the nitrogen ice is also quite prevalent but is particularly prevalent in the sputnik plonum region the region that's uh was commonly referred or the tombal regio itself was called the heart of Pluto and this would be the left ventricle or well that'd be the right ventricle depends on what side of Pluto you're on right uh the um you can see that sputnik plonum has a tremendous amount of nitrogen absorption is pretty clear that that is a giant nitrogen ice pool c um similarly because of the similar bond structures that are shared in common between nitrogen and two and and carbon monoxide co the co and nitrogen generally appear together when they do appear on the surface but the co absorption and the amount of co is considerably less but nonetheless you see that there is quite a bit of met carbon monoxide on the surface of sputnik plonum so uh you know it's not the kind of place that you want to make you want your spacer to have a leak or a way for carbon monoxide to penetrate and contaminate your oxygen supply uh because that would be bad and you die but but it's provided that doesn't happen yet this would be a great place to go and study the behavior of these ices at these low temperatures and that's one of the things I get to at the very end for us it's very exciting to see that what we see of Pluto is that it's an active low temperature physics laboratory one that you couldn't it's very difficult to actually reproduce on earth but here we have it and we see it actually doing something so it's really kind of uh that's exciting for all of us I have to say um here is a corresponding water ice absorption image and you can see where the water ice is and it's pretty much concentrated in the Cthulhu regio region and in off in many of the Highland regions surrounding the the the plant the region around say sputnik plonum itself let me show you this was released on the nasa web page about two three weeks ago and this is an updated so this is what happens when you update your data and we're getting more data coming down and we're able to refine our our maps that we're making so on the left is the old water absorption map and on the right is the updated one so we have we were able to generate a lot of improvement in that and and you can see here in the this region which is the tom the Cthulhu regio region which is very dark also shows a strong prominence for water absorption as well so suggesting that the dark material is probably a bunch of you know organic compounds that have rained down onto the surface and that surface is primarily water ice and it's got all this kind of basically you can think of it as ash but we call tholins as rain down on the surface itself so it's something that we are many of the guy folks over in the atmospheres and composition team are actively trying to work out and develop a better model understanding of the processes that lead to that coloration and and what else we might be actually seeing on the surface but that's a talk for someone else who's actually an expert here i want to just show you basically what the professional geologists and planetary geologists on our team including my colleague oliver white he has gone through these painstaking details mapping out various what we call units the geologic features and and then essentially color coding them and kind of as a personal map from us this is not a geologic map this is basically a map of units what we call units various terrain types and whatnot that we're still trying to figure out what they are so just kind of give you a sense of like how much data and and stuff that we're dealing with so it's also pretty exciting because there's just like so much here to understand um here's some more place names around sputnik planum kind of a this is a these are the a number of lorry images and if you look over to the left here you can see we have in sputnik planum we have a number of features which are essentially water ice blocks that have floated out into the middle of sputnik planum i don't know this is something that many of you are aware of but it turns out that nitrogen ice itself is more dense than water ice so in the same way as you have glaciers on the surface of of the earth near the poles similarly water ice blocks themselves if they make it out onto the sputnik planum are likely to be floaters and they float along and until some of the process either pulls it down or they disintegrate things that we don't yet fully understand but it is kind of quite interesting if you look here to the right you see the uh norge montes which is the mountain range that i showed you the low incidence angle image and then just north of it the hillary montes and these blocks themselves which as i said before tower up to four or five kilometers from the base of the the visual base like ie sputnik planum itself these are all water ice blocks so whether or not they're actually rooted to the base of the base of sputnik planum the basin itself or whether or not they're floating uh we don't know but it's quite likely that if they are just lone ice bits that are floating out that they are indeed floating and and uh so a lot of working needs to be done on this of course but that that's kind of where we are thinking as a team is that we have we're starting to think about a lot of the the physics associated with that here is another image again mapping out um done by oliver white as well uh uh sort of designating the various landforms that we have on the surface and i want to get now to some of the good stuff that we have kind of all over the place so you essentially the middle bit here is primarily water i mean nitrogen ice and as well as the the the lighter blue region but the textures begin to show variation as you make your way from the middle out towards the edge i won't go into much depth about that right now but the the the the way that this is a we're approaching this thing in a way that makes it it gives us a lot of elements to start working to understand in terms of separate units of things so uh go on to the next let's get into some of the good stuff so that this is a high resolution image of the middle of sputnik planum itself and you can see here to the left you see essentially we have a bunch of polygonal ovoid patterns and it is likely that this is an example of where it's what's called solid state convection uh nitrogen ice under these conditions is effectively very mushy something in between um kind of night like water ice grains and and say silly putty let's say something in between in between the two it has this very interesting feature that is it's easily deformable and it's actually quite insulating um in fact nitrogen ice is about uh about 20 times more insulating than water ice so it turns out that based on the certain calculations that are done that the interior of of uh of Pluto uh has there is a geothermal gradient that comes out from the interior of the planet and that's a do radioactive decay of various elements like uranium and thorium just much like with the earth and that's enough to drive buoyant convection in this nitrogen ice material and what i mean by buoyant convection and you can see here is sort of a simulation of buoyant convection under conditions that are somewhat similar uh to the nitrogen ice we see here is basically when you have a fluid and you heat it by heating a fluid element of it becomes more buoyant i.e less dense and it floats to the surface but when it comes to the surface it seizes the outside it sees outer space and that fluid then cools off but in cooling off it um it the density goes up and then as a result you can actually set up this giant cycle and that's basically what you see here kind of depicted in this numerical simulation where you have this material is rising makes its way to the surface and then kind of slides over in this conveyor belt type of fashion this is actually a simulation that's meant to be somewhat representative of what we think is going on in the interior of Pluto itself but there's a lot of active work and a lot of individual groups that are working on this problem but you kind of gives you a sense of the time scales that we think is are actually active so this looks quite vigorous and active but this has taken place over tens of thousands of years so just kind of give you a flavor right so here's another nice work that was done by Oliver White and the others on the on our geology mapping team and essentially the dark regions that you see the dark lines is actually a outlines of the the cell boundaries associated with the convection itself and what's nice about this is that it gives you a sense of uh i ought to add that the boundaries of the cells themselves are places where nitrogen ice is actually descending down and towards the interior now how deep the sputnik quantum we don't know but estimates put it anywhere between say two kilometers deep to up to five kilometers deep and this is actually currently an area of active active research and i might add debate as uh as good scientists tend to do it tend to debate and they tend to question and so we don't know how deep it is but it could be anywhere between those then two extreme numbers so it kind of gives you a sense of this this picture is quite nice we jokingly call it the brain it's not a brain obviously i mean don't quote me on that but it's a map of the the downwelling locations anyways let me move on here i'll skip over this um uh this is an image of the uh the um the mountain range called the Al Idrisi mountain range which is on the northwestern end of sputnik planum and these are water ice blocks and we really don't know how they got there but they do look like they came from the highlands that surrounds sputnik planum itself so they probably came from regions further northwest of where these blocks are actually located um and as i mentioned before these water ice block these water blocks themselves are primarily water ice so it's possible that and these are indeed also as i mentioned earlier bits that are floating off into the interior um the origin the wise we don't know yet but this is stuff that we're actively working on here's something that i actually am deeply involved with and it's the question of glacial ice and glacial flow onto sputnik planum itself and this is a this is a a fascinating image where it shows clearly an example of um of of flow that has come from the highlands and the highlands here are over to the right these are color coded so that red is high elevation and the purple blue or low elevation and um if you look very closely you can see what appears to be flow lines and what are called glacial moraines the darkened materials in the icy flats that spill out into sputnik planum itself um are in are an indication of uh kind of a flow pattern uh probably debris that was left behind and you can kind of see as well where the red arrows are pointed locations where the uh flow what are what we call flow lobes um where the extent of this particular flow event kind of reached uh so this is nitrogen ice and it's likely this nitrogen ice over time had built up in the highlands and made its way down in the flats below um what's also interesting is if you look kind of carefully you can see just above this red arrow here the top red arrow on the left you see a bunch of individual blocks these are water ice blocks themselves and they are possibly possibly might have come uh from the highlands themselves so that's stuff that we're kind of uh trying to you know make good sense of here is an image that is um quite fascinating and this is an example what we think is consistent with but we don't know for sure consistent with the notion that maybe this is a cryovolcano and this is essentially these are these beautiful mounds and uh they're quite high uh and they um have these deep vents and the structures themselves are quite new and we judge them to be quite new because there's a clear absence of uh of craters in the zone surrounding them so uh i i don't want to say too much about this right now because this is part of the paper that's coming out in a couple of days but just to kind of give you a sense that uh this is the case uh the top image is uh what's called right mounds and the one below is called card mounds and um yeah well i and i so those are the actual images themselves and then to the left to the right you see essentially the um the elevation maps associated with it i won't give you those numbers uh but if you wait a couple days you can get those numbers as well um now whether or not uh cryovolcanism what is it made of what we know is that this material is probably water ice itself and uh and right the moment it doesn't appear to be active but due to the lack of craters around it yeah it's probably active or came about in the geologic recent history what that is as well as something you're going to have to kind of read about in the paper in a couple of days um we also have very clear evidence of tectonism past tectonism on the surface and uh okay and uh it's really quite a beautiful image this is an image of the region of uh uh tombow ridge i'm sorry um kutulu regio and you can see here the giant crack uh what's called in on a fasse and that giant crack um kind of settles on to this what's called the eliate crater it looks like this giant eyeball looking back at you and what's amazing about this system is that this is uh in the middle of the crater is a lot of nitrogen ice and it we don't know what those what looks what looks like the bloodshot eye the the bloodshot vessels but we think there's probably I you know it could be a number of things but it's clearly nitrogen ice and it's got some kind of activity going on inside there i'm sorry not in honorific this is virgil fasse excuse me i'll skip over that i'll skip over this this is the cliff retreat and this is a region which is quite interesting looks like what we call scar retreat um is a region in the northwestern bit of sputnik planum and it looks like this is a land form that's undergoing sublimation and in doing so the land form is degrading and taking on the shape that we see here periplanitia and vega terra are essentially separated by these cliffs that are um you know a kilometer or so deep and it's probably uh something that's a process in which this this cliff form is likely retreating the upper regions have lots of methane the lower regions like the periplanitia area has lots of water ice and a clear absence of methane so the idea being you're seeing some kind of methane driven sublimation process um similarly we have this famous place thing called the bladed terrain the snakeskin terrain and uh the uh the uh this region is um as is primarily made of nitrogen um methane ice and you see the snakeskin texture um these textures the slopes associated with them are very steep and we are not really clear on how this structure comes about um we have a number of very uh uh sexy speculative ideas about where they came from again something that you but i would highly recommend that you tune in in a few days and you'll hear some more about that um all right so i'm going to skip over this uh when i want to get to this point here and then i want to say a few words about um uh uh charon implication of crater statistics shows that there is a wide range of ages represented on the surface some bits are very old up to four billion years old and some regions for instance but the planum very young in fact we can't actually date how young it is it's that young because there's no evidence of craters in that in that region as it as an example so it's uh it's so exciting because as i said earlier this is a system which is geologically active it ain't dead and it's doing a lot of things it's keeping all of us busy trying to make sense of um let me just do i i want to get through this and i want to show you some pictures of the rocks i'm sadly i wish if i had a little bit more time and that's uh normally this talk i have is an hour long talk uh i would say some a lot more about charon one of the major things about charon that has caught our attention is that charon has the strong tectonic belt which probably came about from the freezing likely due to the freezing of its liquid water ammonium mixed ocean which is uh that was present way back when many billions of years ago but as the planet as the moon cooled off that ocean froze and in freezing causes an expansion and these these uh these cracks you see as a result of uh extensional cracking as we call it but what's interesting is that the northern half of the regions north of it are this very rugged terrain rugged cratered terrain and the regions south of it are relatively smooth also cratered but not nearly as much but very smooth plains and so the the question of interest is why the asymmetry um we don't we can't really say a lot about that right now um but uh i just kind of want to give you a flavor of that region here uh you see that the uh the the vulcan planum itself is relatively relatively cool uh relatively flat also it's pretty cool from a like kind of wow kind of cool perspective but the it's they're relatively uh very smooth and it's probably you know a result of ancient viscous very slushy ice flow back way back when three to four billion years ago probably right around when sharon was still active in its interior but now that that activity is long gone and the sharon is essentially it's a is geologically dead by by comparison here's a very nice image of sharon at a relatively high um resolution and this image was released back in december and so yeah you can kind of kind of gaze upon the wonder that's this uh the system i uh i wish i could dwell on this a bit more but kind of running out of time let me i'm going to skip over to last few slides um the images that we see here are of the moons the small little moonlets and you kind of get a sense here for the uh the scales that we're looking at um and we had a whole team of people uh devoted to studying not just the shape but how the moons rotate on their axes and how they orbit around the uh around the pluto sharon system and um that kind of gives you a flavor of kind of what we're what we're um what we're we're dealing with um many ideas that we've had especially of hydra and possibly even curb us is that these are actually these are these are composite structures where two smaller rocks merged together to form structures that we're seeing again these are still hypotheses and still undergoing tremendous amount of tests but that's some of the things that work the ideas that we're kicking around in terms of trying to make sense of the system um here's some you uh i'll leave i'll skip over this as sort of a list of the various properties of the small moons and i just want to show you this this is essentially based on detailed studies of the relative orientations of the moons during the course of the flyby we're able to actually extract number including the flyby and also including um from observations made of the system before we can kind of we made a bit of a a a movie of how the the moons orbit each other and for some reason sadly it is not um here let's try it this way so you all can see that just a minute well i'm sorry it's um this is a not running but in the upcoming days when we post the full file associated with this you'll see this movie run and one of the things that would be interesting to keep in mind is that uh hydra the further the moon that's furthest out spins extremely fast compared to the other moons so it also poses kind of a theoretical conundrum for for the theorists on the team who work on orbital dynamics and and the evolution of sort of lumpy objects you know in orbit um co so i'm getting close to the end this is a this is the famous space artist from the you know 40s 50s and 60s chesley bonestos that was actually his vision of what Pluto might be looking like and you know it was incredibly prescient by many people's standards this is the artist rendition of the similar uh of Pluto as well and this is when i started to talk off with and um so uh you know it uh you know the artists uh who were thinking about these things kind of uh in this case kind of had it right i mean i'm not saying this is absolutely right but it's definitely very similar to things that we see on the surface of Pluto so i kind of want to end it with that um that i was had time i was going to hopefully have some time for um uh some 3d images but i think um that won't be uh possible uh but hopefully in the updated version of the powerpoint file i will provide for you all after the embargo period is up and i'll provide those images as well so you can enjoy them um at home well i guess that's basically it for me um i uh is uh yeah well thank you very much uh dr umar han so that was a you know i really enjoyed that i thought that it was a fantastic images and really a lot of insights and we do have a few questions from some of the listeners and we've had a grand total of 69 different people have logged in during the course of this and so that's pretty good so we had a question from a long time ago uh porgy asks for his son and i'm not sure how to pronounce his name came on uh i believe nine years old asks why does Pluto have a heart why does Pluto have a heart uh we don't know i mean uh the only thing that we can surmise is that this region where it looks like a heart uh and especially the sputnik planum region the left side of that heart is likely to be a very very deep it's a deep basin and it may be a vestige of the original impact event that created the the charon pluto system itself uh but again we we don't know uh but uh it is likely to be the low part the lowest part of Pluto kind of almost like a death valley of Pluto but this death valley is filled in with all this nitrogenized so yeah it's it's one of those things that we don't quite know but uh we are working on that problem that's for sure we're trying to ask that question and try to get an answer for it great thank you jim small asks in the lower left of one of the charon photos there's a nearly linear string of craters is that a coincidence they were uh to the left of the word smooth uh let's see here i can't are you all able to see my screen um can you make it larger can you put it full screen on yours oh yeah i can i just i think i have lost the uh here we go oh here here we go how's that great and so the lower left and left of the word smooth left of the word i don't see what you're speaking of here maybe we're talking about charon here right yes i actually think it was one of the earlier images here let me go back then there lower left uh oh this i see a string here well i mean the string crater events are common especially uh in the outer solar system when you have these incident angle approaches for objects that are say giant meteors or whatever they may be they will break up and when as they pass over they can break up and then basically leave a trace of the the trajectory that that that you know the object itself was undergoing so oftentimes when you see strings like that it's a sign of that type of impact type of impact event i am not a specialist by the way in um and in crater impacts and the impact physics as well so that's the best i can kind of answer i can give you i can tell you about other things i can and if you want i can also send contact information for the people on our team to do work on that okay great thank you uh kathy east asks a question and and since i'm a geologist this is a good question too um how can assumptions be made on the age based on the lack of craters when there's no baseline to compare it to how do geologists know a timeline for cratering or if cratering is common in this section of the solar system yeah the cratering now there is uh there many okay so this goes back to uh the solar system history itself and there was a phase uh during right after the planets have formed uh in which the solar system was essentially going through this rearrangements self rearrangement and that's called the late heavy bombardment and that occurred about a half a half a billion to a billion years after uh the planets and essentially the bulk of the solar system itself had formed and during that period of time during the late heavy bombardment all the remaining debris of the solar system itself was either churned up eaten up by the sun or spat out into the far reaches of uh out of the system itself now the numbers and statistics associated with that late heavy bombardment itself those are fairly fairly well known so what many of the theorists then can do is you you you can take the the density of impactors as a function of time and then you run events on terms of how many impacts you expect during late heavy late heavy bombardment and then from that you leave an imprint on the surface as well so based on all the various models that are associated with the late heavy bombardment phase of the solar system's history you can essentially measure the size of the craters that you see and you find the smallest ones that are resolvable and the smallest ones that are resolvable are the ones that are the oldest ones that are I mean in the following sense that smaller craters degrade faster than larger craters so you by assessing where the crater distribution on the surface turns off you can actually pin an age associated with that surface and so based on that and the based on what you observe coupled with what is expected from theory to be the case during the late heavy bombardment you can kind of correlate and establish a time and that time is is what we use to indicate what the various ages and so as far as regions of Pluto and Charon are concerned some regions show a copious amount of craters and you can actually clearly date that region and some regions like a planum show no craters so if there were craters from before they got washed out because of the activity that's taking place so we can't tell you how old it is but we can tell you how old it isn't it's kind of like you flip the you kind of flip the the reasoning around so for instance with Sputnik Planum we can pretty safely say that it is no younger I mean no older than 10 million years which is a very small fraction compared to the in the history of the of the system itself so that's kind of roughly how we kind of think about these things well we're we're past time but we're going to go one last question and then then we'll wrap up here and so Orkin if you could go ahead and turn your screen share off that would be a good thing to ask so the last question that I'm opposing we're going to end up having to leave a couple of really good questions on the on the table here but Bruce Tinkler asks what is the most surprising thing you've learned about Pluto from the New Horizons flyby the most surprising thing uh I mean I for me personally uh I don't I'm not saying I speak for the team but for me personally the most surprising thing was to discover a place that was active and that was a like I mentioned earlier like a low temperature physics laboratory uh to see the nitrogen glacier ice and to see and for me personally um to see also that there's green convection in the ice that we're observing and almost textbook like you know things that we don't normally see in nature but we see in textbooks and you kind of see that also on the surface itself it's that was very surprising it was almost like a gift from the heavens you know that here is some data to look at and you can develop your theoretical understandings of what's going on and it uh and oh like a gift so for me it was surprising to see such pristine examples of so many geophysical processes in in a very clean way so that's me you know that keep me busy for the next uh you know dozen years I think even yeah well great well this has been most informative I want to thank you very much for joining us and I look forward to seeing the full resolution of the images and so we'll close in just a moment but as promised earlier I said that we were going to have a little raffle for this lovely book which our Vivian and David who are also on the night sky network team were co-authors of this and so we we keep on trying to think of what's the best way to be able to raffle this off to everyone and so we hit upon this and so if everyone's ready in the chat window we're going to take the sixth person to type in the number six and Vivian's going to keep track of who's doing this so okay I think we're well all past six now so Vivian will keep track of that and she will send you a little note and and connect with you so that uh we can make sure that the book comes to you so a little congratulations to Skip Bird oh my so congratulations Skip so okay well that's all for tonight uh you can find this telecom along with many or this webinar along with many others on the night sky network webpage under the Outreach Forces section section just search for webinar tonight's presentation posted on the night sky network youtube page and dedicated research page will be up by the end of the week with all of those nice full resolution embargoed images and the 3d images as well and so get your anaglyph glasses out and tune them up for some good good viewing and so good night everyone keep looking up and mark your calendars for our next webinar on Monday April 18th when we will hear from Dr. Larry Knitler on the Mercury messenger mission from one end of the solar system to the other and mark your calendar for Monday May 9th for a very nice transitor mercury thank you very much we'll see you next month and good night


The president's budget proposal eliminates public media funding. Learn how you can help at lptv.org slash action. While it may not seem like springtime yet, some Minnesotans can't wait to get outside and smell the flowers. For this week's in focus, Mal Meyer got his hands dirty making succulent bird houses. Park Rapids residents have taken shelter from the rain inside Kelly's cottage garden. Kelly Killenin has been hosting these classes in the greenhouse for the last three years. She's done a succulent vertical garden, fairy garden and Christmas wreath class amongst others. I'm finding that people absolutely love to just come out here even if it's just for an hour and put something together with soil and plants. The dreary weather hasn't stopped the eight class participants from looking forward to the springtime. The participants of all ages dropped by to create their own rooftop succulent bird houses. We love to get our hands dirty into the succulents and I brought my 96 year old neighbor and she just loves it too. Marjorie Amick says she had no idea that there were so many different types of succulents. Although I have been to Arizona and different places where they grow normally, you never do actually know what they all are and don't pay that much attention I guess. Killenin says her favorite part is to see the different people come through the doors and be able to share the space with them. It's kind of a time where like family members get together and can visit and just sit side by side at a table putting something together messing around in the soil. Three generations gather around this table. Renee Anderson brought her daughter, cousin and aunt to the event. It was a good chance to get together and do something a little different. A little out of the ordinary so and to bring a little summer and spring into the dreary winter. For Shar Jacobson this was certainly an out of the ordinary experience and for a first-time student she seemed to fare well perhaps in part due to her teacher. Kelly was very helpful giving us the little little ideas on on how to do it. In a few weeks the class participants will be able to come back and see their birdhouse filled out. In Park Rapids with this week's in focus I'm Mal Meyer, Lakeland News. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


What is up everybody, welcome back to the channel. Happy freaking Friday. Shit, man, I'm fired up, I'm fired up.  I can't even talk, man. We're 10 days in, 10 days in to 2020. How many of you still got your New Year's resolutions going on? How many of you have quit your New Year's resolutions? Statistically speaking, the majority of the country, and we're talking 90 plus percent, will be back to the same daily routines, the same daily habits, statistically proven that 90 plus percent of our country will be back to their norm by mid-February to the end of February. So mid to end of February, most are back on their BS, right? Good habits, bad habits, whatever, you know, whatever, whatever, whatever. But where are you guys at, man? Where are you guys at with what you got going on, right? With what you got going on with the school, with business, with work, with your goals, with cells, with freaking whatever, being a good person, right?  I'm here to tell you, man, my resolution is to build this YouTube channel. That was one huge thing that I had on my goal list and all it was gonna take and all it's going to take is consistency. Consistency, being a product of the product and just continually putting out stuff that I feel will resonate with a core audience. Will all of you guys like me? No. Do I need all of you to like me? No.   And so the whole title of this video, is it worth it? Is it worth it to build a YouTube channel? I'm here to tell you, man, it wasn't until a few months ago when I started seeing deposits. When I got my first deposit from YouTube, cash deposit, when I first got that deposit, and then I got another deposit and then I got another deposit and the checks keep increasing. That's when I started getting fired up. When I realized, I'm like, dang, 300 bucks, that's a lot of money to most people. Like if anyone, if the average American, I knew this and I know this, if the average American had an extra few hundred a month coming in passively on top of their daytime job, what can that do to a family? Like that's private school for their kid, that's a new car, in some places that's rent. Like, dude, I'm telling you, when I started seeing that YouTube money, I'm like, dude, it's not the most, but at the same time, it's not the least. Like, this is like almost a full-time check. You know what I mean? Where it can be, where it's about to be. Like, I started thinking of things like that. I'm like, dang, dude, what if I just had this a little higher and if it was covering my monthly expenses? Like, what would that be like? You know, not where it's like a full-time job for me, but at the same time, looking at the numbers and starting to see my deposits. I'm like, dude, it's not gonna take me that much longer and it wouldn't take anyone that much longer to build a solid income and a strong monthly income that can pay for a lot of good stuff, right? And so my whole thing is here, man, is that I am on a mission. Like, I'm on a mission this year. I'm telling all of my clients to start a YouTube channel. In fact, I'm even packaging that up into my services that I'm offering my social media clients where I'm gonna also build you a YouTube channel, right? Because here's the deal, man. At the end of it all, it's still all about paid traffic. It's all about paid traffic. You gotta be running paid ads no matter what. But I'm telling you, that video, if you're doing video, which you should be doing video paid ads, that same video that you made for Facebook, you could be parking it over here on YouTube as well. That's all I'm saying. So these videos that my clients are already doing, videos that we're gonna be running on Facebook as advertisements, I'm gonna take that same video. It's gonna take me five minutes to upload that thing to YouTube and start to build them a YouTube channel. And how crazy would that be? Is if I build my clients a YouTube channel and in 12 months, they're seeing an extra 600 a month from the ad money. Like, dude, are you telling me an extra 600 a month wouldn't change your life? And if it took you a year to do that, so be it. So the answer is, man, should everyone start or... Is it worth it to even start a YouTube channel? Hell yeah, it's worth it. Hell yeah, it's worth it.  We're all content creators. Even if you're not building a business, you're still a content creator. If you're putting out content on social media, you are creating content that is your original content.  But for most of us that are actually really trying to do it as a full-time thing, whether you're trying to build a personal brand or you're trying to build a business, you're putting out that content anyways. You might as well put all that in video form and also park it on YouTube. Because in 12 months, in 12 months, you can have a decent channel that is paying you a good amount of money every single month. And so I'll show you, being at such small numbers that I'm at, that's what I'm saying, man, most of you guys can blow me away. What you're interested in, some of you guys, you have a passion in cooking and you guys are the best cooks in the kitchen and you guys can get down and now you got some ideas of putting some videos together and starting a YouTube channel and just talking about it. That's what I'm telling you to do, man, because again, you're gonna take all that. You're taking all this content because you are creating content and you're putting it out on social media. What I'm saying, man, in 2020, you wanna put it on YouTube, bottom line. Put it on YouTube, no matter what. Take that same video that you put out on Facebook, put it on YouTube. Now with YouTube, always make sure you hold the phone horizontal. Always make sure you hold the phone left to right. Wide screen view is how you wanna hold the phone for YouTube video, right? Okay, so none of the portrait, none of the vertical, none of the Instagram shooting, none of that video or anything like that for YouTube. YouTube is widescreen horizontal shot, right? So hell yeah, it's worth it, man. Hell yeah, it's worth it because again, man, in 12 months, when they start sending you a check, you're gonna be glad you started it. And even if it took you two years, it literally took me, and this was because I was inconsistent. It took me, it took me since 20, it was mid, in fact, let's look, dude, let's look.  I think the first video I put out was in 2016, but it was only a few. There were only a few videos in 2016 and then into 2017 was kinda just a few, but I was starting to be a little bit more consistent. And then 2018, a little bit more consistent and I really didn't really catch on until like 2019. But even by 2019, I had already put up a couple hundred videos. By 2019, I already had up a couple hundred videos and I ended up finishing 2019 with over 300 videos. And it wasn't until like mid 2019, it was actually it wasn't until the end of 2019. Look, let's look. My very first video, and so in 20, this is all 2019 material, 2018, 2018 material, not a lot at all, man. Not a lot, I wasn't the most consistent at all.  And I made all these videos, man, all these videos inside of my office, or outside of my office, all these videos in 2018 on my cell phone, man, on my cell phone. Not a lot of viewers at all. I still didn't know what the heck I was doing. This is 2017 cell phone video, cell phone video, and then this right here, June, okay, so it was 2017. June, 2017 is when my first video went up. All of 2017, I didn't know what the heck I was doing. It was all videos on my cell phone into 2018, videos on my cell phone. And then into 2019 is when I started doing more tutorials like this, screen share and focusing on the niche, landing pages, cells, funnels, email automation, making money online, Cartra. 2019 is when I started doing more tutorials, more screen shares like this. And then that's kind of when my channel hit the thousand subscriber mark because you have to have a thousand subscribers and 4,000 watch hours in order to be monetized is what they call it in order for YouTube to start sending you a monthly check on all these ads that are gonna be running on your videos, okay?  You need, yeah, the 1,000 subscribers and the 4,000 watch hours. I was gonna say something else. Oh, it'll come to me, it'll come to me. But it wasn't until 2019, man, when I started getting fired up and started really finding my rhythm.  Get on camera and start talking about something and start to narrow in your interests, start to narrow in your passion, start to narrow in, you know, that channel. So YouTube can know who the heck your audience is and they can start recommending and suggesting your video and you could start getting a ton of more views. But all of these, man, low views, for a couple years, that's why, man, it took me a couple years. It took me a little over two years. And now you see me over here fired up about a few hundred. Why? Like, that doesn't even make sense. Like, if you do the math on that, that doesn't even make sense. Like, but I just know the potential. Like, I know the potential. I know that that income can continue to grow. And that's a form of passive income, man. And I'm all about that residual income. And I told myself, I said, dude, if I can get that income, if I can get that income to cover my monthly expenses, like that would be freaking everything to me. Like that would be everything. Imagine your full-time job or your full-time business.  If you already had your monthly expenses covered by your YouTube channel income, would you stress as much as you do at your current job or would you even be at your current job? Would you stress as much on your current business or would you even be trying to build that kind of business? I know some people that are in automotive and they hate it. They have a business, they have a shop, they do body work, but they hate it. They work 15-hour days, they hate it, right? If you had an income that was paying your total monthly expenses, would you still be doing what you're doing full-time? Probably not, man, and that's what I'm saying. This, even if it turned into just a few hundred a month, with the potential of turning into a few thousand a month, I told my son about this yesterday. It's about investing your time. It's about an investment of time.  And I told my son, I said, those are the YouTubers today that have a hundred million subscribers. Those are the people you follow today, because one, in the last five years, invested his time by taking that video and uploading it to YouTube versus all your other Tom Dick and Harry friends, all these other bozos that are just wasting their time, playing the same exact game, but not seeing the long-term play, not seeing the long-term payoff by simply taking that video and uploading it to YouTube and having the chance to monetize it, right? That's a big, big deal, man, that's a big deal. And none of these other platforms can pay you for your content like that, unless you have hundreds of thousands of followers on Instagram, and now you're being paid sponsorships, unless you're doing that, man, you ain't doing it, okay? Or you're on TikTok and you have 15 million followers on TikTok and now you're getting paid by sponsorships.   And even if it took you two years like me, if it took you two years like me to get up to a few hundred a month, I know for a fact it would still be worth it for you.  Start a YouTube channel.  An extra zero will be at the end of that in no time.  And it took me two years to build it, but now two years later, I got this extra 3,000 a month that hits my bank account every single month. Like, are you kidding me? Like, are you kidding me? That's more than what most of you guys make at your daytime job. Like, I'm not even kidding. That's what I'm telling you. I'm fired up about 300 bucks a month because I know 300 bucks a month will change most people's lives. And that's 300 bucks a month.  Let's narrow it in and let's park it on YouTube. Let's park it on YouTube and let's get this thing monetized, okay? 1,000 subscribers you're gonna need. The watch hours, you're gonna need 400 watch hours or 4,000 watch hours in the life of your channel, right? Actually, I think it's in a year. I think it's in a year. I think it's in a year, 4,000 watch hours. But look, man, at such a small channel as I am right now, 15, 14, those are my subscribers. Shout out to every single one of you, man. And if you're watching this video and you haven't subscribed, please subscribe. Just please subscribe. You don't even have to watch my videos, man. Just subscribe. Smash the bell for notifications so you're at least notified or share this. If you're not gonna subscribe, man, share this. Share this freaking video with people you know that couldn't use an extra income, okay? Anyone out there, I'm telling you, man, share this video, share this video. Please share this video.  And in 12 months, they'll be making more money than you and your mom. I'm telling you, man. I'm telling you, okay? This is real stuff. So looking at my basic numbers, I'm telling you, it just took a few hundred to get me over here talking smack and fired up. Imagine what it can do for you guys.  So let's talk about this really, really quick. In September is when I finally became monetized. But in September, I didn't have the threshold. The threshold is $100. So in a given month, you have to hit a hundred bucks in order for that money to be paid out. YouTube, they'll send you a check or they'll deposit it into your bank account, okay? In September, I didn't hit that hundred. But in October, I did, okay? So whatever you do in that month, it's paid out the following month, okay? So the 42 would have been paid out in October if it hit a hundred. This 42, it had it been a hundred. If it was a hundred, it would have been paid out in October. What happened in October 248 was paid out in November. So in November, here's what happened with my check. This was my first check. My first check was the 42 and the 248. That was 291, okay? That was my first check in November. That was my first check in November. I did a video on that. I was fired up about that. It was $291 that hit my bank account and it was a residual income. It came in from videos that I did in the past and people keep watching them. Very basic and freaking powerful, right? So what happened in September and October was paid out in November. November 21st is when I got that check for the 248 and the 42. And then what I did in November, this 312, this 312 in November was paid out in December and I did a YouTube video on that as well. So in December, right before Christmas, I get a check for 312. I get a check for 312 and I was fired up. I did a video on what I did with that money. That was a huge blessing that month, December of 2019. So what I did in November, 312, that was paid out to me in December. And then what I did in December, which was a little higher, 335, this 335 is now paid out in January. So January of 2020, right here, the filming of this video right now, it is the 10th. So on the 21st, it's roughly the 20th, 21st, when that money's paid out, 335 is coming to me in January of 2020. And then so far in January, this money will be paid out in February, but I still got the entire month, right? It's only the 10th. So in the first 10 days, I've already accumulated commissions of $108. So that money, this 108 will continue to grow for the entire month. And then it stops at the end of the month. And then whatever happens in January, that is paid out in February.    And that's what you're gonna see on my channel in 2020. You're gonna see on average about three videos per week. Monday, Wednesday, Friday is when I'm dropping them. Sometimes you'll get a Saturday. Sometimes you'll get a Saturday, but normally it's Monday, Wednesday, Friday, is when I'm dropping my videos. So, 2020, three videos per week. Right now we're at January. Right now we're at 15, what was it? Let's go back, we're at 15, 14 on the subscribers. Let's see, man, at the end of the year, at the end of 2020, when I'm doing videos in December of 2020, we'll see where that subscriber base is at. Hopefully it's at 15,000. Hopefully it's at 50,000. Who knows? Three videos per week is what it's gonna take, man, is what it's gonna take. And when you upload those videos, you wanna make sure that you're writing content in the description. You wanna make sure that you're putting your tags in the actual tag field. And any links, obviously, to wherever you want people to go, but it's mainly that description for SEO purposes. You wanna make sure that there's keywords in that description. You wanna make sure that there's keywords in the title. And then for the actual thumbnails, I use Canva for all the actual thumbnail design. So you can come in here, click on YouTube, or just type in YouTube and you can go to YouTube thumbnail and it'll be right here. So I use this right here, I'll click on blank, and then I can come in here and I can upload my own picture. I can upload default pictures and templates that they have. A lot of them are free. All these ones are free, free, free, free. So I can take this and I can drag this over. And that could be my thumbnail. It's already, the dimensions are already fit. I can edit this, I can put a new picture. Like I can come over here to my uploads. And if I wanna drag my picture, I could put my picture right there, right? So really, really cool, man, on what you can do with Canva as far as the thumbnail. But you wanna make sure you upload three per week, right? You wanna make sure you put keywords in the description, keywords in the title. And even when you go and save your image, put keywords in the title of the image, okay? That is a good one as well. And then make sure you're putting in the tags. So for example, if I come to a video, it's the tags, let's look at the tag. Let's click on edit details. And these tags, you want them to be keyword rich as well. So there goes the description. There goes the title. And then what you wanna do also is down here. This is where you can upload a new thumbnail or you can choose one from the video. I would make your own custom for sure, do it on Canva. Upload it right there. And then make sure you comply to this. Know it's not made for kids or yes, my channel is for kids. And then these tags. You want these tags to somewhat be related to the content and the video. You want keywords to be in these tags as well. This is a video I did with my church. So I'm putting in all kinds of keywords like that, right? And so that's super important. Installing these two plugins up here, you wanna install keywords everywhere and install TubeBuddy. Those are free plugins give you a lot of insight on keywords and YouTube channels. Those are two platforms or two plugins that are free. Make sure you download those. And at the end of it all, man, stay consistent. Stay consistent. Take what you're already talking about. Park it on YouTube and try to upload at least three per week. If you do one a week, you'll still be able to build a good channel in a 12 month period. But if you can do three a week, if you can do three per week, talking about the same topic and just putting different variations and different spins to it and educating your people, bringing value to an audience, people will start subscribing. People will start subscribing. You'll hit 1,000 subscribers within that first year for sure. For sure, for sure. You'll hit the watch hours, you'll become monetized and you'll have this extra following and this extra income over here that can really pay for a lot of the day to day expenses. We have as parents, we have as normal consumers, as renters, as homeowners, these expenses that continue to come every single freaking month, whether we like it or not, at least you'll have an extra income to help offset it. All right, you guys, so that's my take on YouTube. I'm fired up. I'm building a YouTube channel in 2020. I will take full advantage of this monetization and really bring value to my audience because at the end of the day, it's all about the audience, man. It's all about every single subscriber. Shout out to every single one of you, man. If you haven't subscribed, please subscribe. I'm talking about social media marketing, affiliate marketing and making money online. Subscribe, smash the bell for notifications and I will see you guys on the next video. Over and out, start your channel. Peace.


Emily, I'm here on theCUBE at Node Summit in San Francisco. I'm joined today by Charlie Robbins, who's the CEO of Node Jitsu. It's a Node.js platform as a service. So my first question, Charlie, I think is what is on everybody's mind who's heard about Node Jitsu, is when can I sign up? The public beta is gonna be rolled out probably in the next six weeks to two months. Right now, we're running over a few thousand servers. We've got a lot of people on there. But one of the things we're really focusing on is an infrastructure agnostic platform. There's a few things that we need to tweak before we're ready to roll that out. Okay, so far you've been running on Rackspace, but it sounds like then you're gonna be able to run it on other infrastructure. Right, exactly. The goal is multiple infrastructure providers and we can co-locate with other add-on providers where they need to be. Because these days a lot more matters about where you are than necessarily some of the backend tooling and the support that you have. And we've seen that a lot as Node continues to develop as part of a development stack. You have a legacy app or a Greenfield app that you may have running in a particular data center, a particular cloud provider. And it really matters that your Node app be co-located with that to address latency concerns. Okay, so how did you guys get started on Node Jitsu rather, where were you before? What's the background of the founders? So, Maroc and I actually went to neighboring high schools out on the Andalung Island. And we kind of became good friends again after college and we had worked on some cloud ideas that didn't really work. And then very quickly, we got sort of sucked into the Node community or fell in love with Node itself. This was November, December, 2009. So a little bit more than two years ago. And one night we were just hanging out. We were like, well, what if we kind of apply these concepts to Node? And very quickly, that became a real possibility. Node Jitsu was founded in August of 2010. So we've been around for about almost two years. And we've been working hard on it ever since. And you've got a few beta customers already. Yeah, we've got about a thousand people running in terms of people that we've onboarded. We've been very selective about the people who we let in. You have to actually be enthusiastic. And it's actually a very easy way to get in is to just hang out at IRC room for an hour. And then we'll activate your account. OK. So we've been seeing a lot of other platforms of service companies become polyglot. Polyglot is sort of the word of the day here at Node Summit. But you're going the opposite direction. Or you're staying very focused on Node so far. It seems like do you think that's a disadvantage for you guys? Well, I think that it's very difficult for a company who does everything to do all of it as well as it does everything else. Something is going to be a preference. For example, Heroku may be a polyglot platform. But their node support is not as good as their Ruby support. And I know they're working hard to improve it. But it's very difficult to focus on all of these things at the same time. And the other thing about Node Jitsu is that as we went out and built the platform, we realized that the tools that were in the DevOps space for monitoring and provisioning and configuration management and deployment were not up to snub with what we had expected. And so sort of behind the scenes, we have built a lot of orchestration and infrastructure tools that we realized about six months ago themselves are an interesting enterprise product. So we're really expanding beyond just platform as a service to be an orchestration in infrastructure company. So you're going to be releasing some automation, some DevOps type tools for the enterprise, is that right? Yep, that's correct. Are you in a position yet to talk about any of those? Not yet. But I mean, they really do cover all of those bases. And we think by unifying all of those tools together in a single product, you can get an economy of scale inside of your DevOps organization in the same way that we have as we've built them out. But on the other end, you have open source quite a few packages. Can you talk about a few of those? Yeah, absolutely. I mean, we like to think of it as three layers. There's the infrastructure layer, which we don't touch. That's the rack space and the joints and the Amazons of the world. There's the orchestration layer, which is really, you know, other tools in that space are New Relic, Puppet, Chef, RightScale. And then there's the platform layer. And we have open source strategically parts of the platform layer that we feel are geared towards individual developers and not towards organizations. That's kind of our litmus test for open source but at Node.Jitsu, is that if the target is an individual developer, it will be open source. And if the target is a large organization, it will not be. So the two big tools that we open source, one is Jitsu, which is our command line interface, which not only allows you to create apps, start them, stop them, but also do tarball-based deployment similar to NPM. It's actually based on a large part on top of NPM, the Node package manager. And the other one is Hibu. Hibu is our application deployment server, which is sort of the other end of those tarball-based deployments. We pipe a tarball to our API endpoint, it selects a server and pipes to that, which then pipes it to disk and untars it, all in Node. So we're actually installing your dependencies before the entire tarball has hit disk. Okay, so would you say your primary differentiators in the market then are deep experience with Node and your orchestration layer? Yeah, I think that's a really good way to put it. And I think over time, as this whole DevOps movement grows out and people start to see the value out of a lot more automation, they'll see even more value out in tightly integrating those tools together. I like to use the analogy of sort of the cathedral and the bazaar, right? We are very much living in the bazaar today and I guess we're trying to build a small church around Node.js. Okay. So what are some of the trends that you've been seeing in the platform as a service market as it develops? Are you seeing, how does it compare today compared to a year or two ago when you were first starting out? I mean, two years ago there really weren't a lot of competitors, to Heroku that is. Now I think we're seeing a large commoditization of the platform as a service offering in the public cloud. And most of those platforms are built on top of Amazon. They don't really offer a lot of flexibility in terms of where you put your app or sort of let you tune the dials of, well I don't actually want an LXC container or Ubuntu operating system, I want to be on Red Hat and the instances need to be this large as opposed to a 300 megabyte container for these reasons. And it's a DevOps competency that platforms naturally hide because it makes things easier for them and it also sort of takes away complexities that users don't want. But I think a larger and larger set of users as they get more familiar with these platforms want that sort of functionality back. So there's sort of a trend towards showing people inside the black box, so to speak. Yeah, well one of the more interesting platform plays I've seen over the last year or two is Elastic Beanstalk from Amazon Web Services. And it sort of points one possible future direction that you said you're not touching infrastructure and you're trying to be infrastructure agnostic. But on the other hand, somebody like Amazon can provide somebody with a lot more visibility into the whole stack by offering a platform as a service that could work out of the box or you can customize it extensively and go further down the stack if you really need to. Yeah, I mean I'd be interested to see how Amazon responds to some of the push towards private cloud, so to speak, because a lot of people just can't be in their data center. They need to own those servers themselves. They need to pass compliance issues that might be outside of the scope of how Amazon is dealing with things. I'm obviously not very familiar with how Amazon operates internally, but that push towards doing things on-prem is something that even if there is a large infrastructure player, they might not be able to do or might not want to do or be in their business. Right, and we have been hearing a lot more about private pass. Cloud Foundry is obviously the big player there. Are you playing on doing a private version of Nojitsu? Yeah, yeah. It's pretty much a no-brainer for us, right? If we have this orchestration layer and in the public space, we have some really nice integrations with our platform layer and the orchestration tools that we offer. Offering the whole package to our customers is a pretty natural extension of that. What do you think about Cloud Foundry? I think it has a pretty interesting architecture. Overall, having a single point of failure in your message queue, in terms of I think they're running RabbitMQ or ActiveMQ, one of those two, can be dangerous in a private scenario because depending on what the internal network structure is, that really is a big single point of failure. But I think the community outreach has been well received and as people continue to use it, maybe some of those issues can be resolved. Would that be something that Nojitsu would consider contributing to? You know, that's a good question. We spoke with VMware early on in the project and I don't necessarily know if there's enough compatibility there for anything that we would want to do to be meaningful since it's all Ruby in terms of our core competency. We don't write any Ruby, so if we were gonna add functionality there, we'd kind of be detracting from the other things that we've built. So, can't really comment definitively, but that is kind of our reasoning when we went back and revisited it. So you're pretty much going on alone right now? Yeah, I mean, we have a lot of Red Bull in the office, how can I say? Great, well I think we're gonna take a break here pretty soon. Is there anything else you wanted to talk about before we? No, I think we really covered it. I mean, you know, one of the things I really like to say about Node is that it's the easiest way for two computers to talk to each other. And when you start to think about building complex distributed systems, it's really a natural way to build platforms of service. Great.